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Song Y, Sun M, Ma F, Xu D, Mu G, Jiao Y, Yu P, Tuo Y. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DLPT4 Protects Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice by Regulating Immune Response and Intestinal Flora. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:321-333. [PMID: 36715883 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DLPT4 was investigated for the immunostimulatory activity in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. L. plantarum DLPT4 was administered to BALB/c mice by oral gavage for 30 days, and CTX was injected intraperitoneally from the 25th to the 27th days. Intraperitoneal injection of CTX caused damage to the thymic cortex and intestines, and the immune dysfunction of the BALB/c mice. L. plantarum DLPT4 oral administration exerted immunoregulating effects evidenced by increasing serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) levels and reducing the genes expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) of the CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. The results of the metagenome-sequencing analysis showed that oral administration of L. plantarum DLPT4 could regulate the intestinal microbial community of the immunosuppressed mice by changing the ratio of Lactiplantibacillus and Bifidobacterium. Meanwhile, the abundance of carbohydrate enzyme (CAZyme), immune diseases metabolic pathways, and AP-1/MAPK signaling pathways were enriched in the mice administrated with L. plantarum DLPT4. In conclusion, oral administration of L. plantarum DLPT4 ameliorated symptoms of CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice by regulating gut microbiota, influencing the abundance of carbohydrate esterase in the intestinal flora, and enhancing immune metabolic activity. L. plantarum DLPT4 could be a potential probiotic to regulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglian Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxue Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiao
- College of Life Science and Engineering of Hexi University, Zhangye, 734000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yu
- High Change (Shenyang) Child-Food Products Co, Ltd, Shenyang, 110011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Castelo-Soccio L, Kim H, Gadina M, Schwartzberg PL, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ. Protein kinases: drug targets for immunological disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:787-806. [PMID: 37188939 PMCID: PMC10184645 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play a major role in cellular activation processes, including signal transduction by diverse immunoreceptors. Given their roles in cell growth and death and in the production of inflammatory mediators, targeting kinases has proven to be an effective treatment strategy, initially as anticancer therapies, but shortly thereafter in immune-mediated diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the status of small molecule inhibitors specifically generated to target protein kinases relevant to immune cell function, with an emphasis on those approved for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. The development of inhibitors of Janus kinases that target cytokine receptor signalling has been a particularly active area, with Janus kinase inhibitors being approved for the treatment of multiple autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as COVID-19. In addition, TEC family kinase inhibitors (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors) targeting antigen receptor signalling have been approved for haematological malignancies and graft versus host disease. This experience provides multiple important lessons regarding the importance (or not) of selectivity and the limits to which genetic information informs efficacy and safety. Many new agents are being generated, along with new approaches for targeting kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Juvenile Myositis Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Torres RM, Turner JA, D’Antonio M, Pelanda R, Kremer KN. Regulation of CD8 T-cell signaling, metabolism, and cytotoxic activity by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:203-222. [PMID: 37096808 PMCID: PMC10523933 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous bioactive lipid that is produced extracellularly and signals to cells via cognate LPA receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mature lymphocytes in mice and humans express three LPA receptors, LPA2 , LPA5, and LPA6 , and work from our group has determined that LPA5 signaling by T lymphocytes inhibits specific antigen-receptor signaling pathways that ultimately impair lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function. In this review, we discuss previous and ongoing work characterizing the ability of an LPA-LPA5 axis to serve as a peripheral immunological tolerance mechanism that restrains adaptive immunity but is subverted during settings of chronic inflammation. Specifically, LPA-LPA5 signaling is found to regulate effector cytotoxic CD8 T cells by (at least) two mechanisms: (i) regulating the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton in a manner that impairs immunological synapse formation between an effector CD8 T cell and antigen-specific target cell, thus directly impairing cytotoxic activity, and (ii) shifting T-cell metabolism to depend on fatty-acid oxidation for mitochondrial respiration and reducing metabolic efficiency. The in vivo outcome of LPA5 inhibitory activity impairs CD8 T-cell killing and tumor immunity in mouse models providing impetus to consider LPA5 antagonism for the treatment of malignancies and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Jacqueline A. Turner
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Marc D’Antonio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
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4
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Palaniyandi S, Strattan E, Kumari R, Mysinger M, Hakim N, Kesler MV, Apatira M, Bittencourt F, Wang L, Jia Z, Gururaja TL, Hill RJ, Hildebrandt GC. Combinatorial inhibition of Tec kinases BTK and ITK is beneficial in ameliorating murine sclerodermatous chronic graft versus host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2023; 58:924-935. [PMID: 37160943 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-023-02001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major factor limiting the widespread use of potentially curative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT). Chronic GVHD is characterized by the activation of alloreactive donor immune cells, especially B- and T-cells, leading to tissue damage and pathogenic fibrosis. In this study, we used highly specific next-generation inhibitors of ITK (PCYC-274), BTK (PCYC-804), and ibrutinib-like BTK/ITK inhibitors (PCYC-914 and PCYC-401) in the B10.D2 → BALB/C model of murine sclerodermatous cGVHD. From the third week onward, allogeneic recipients in each group of respective Tec kinase inhibitors were treated three times weekly with inhibitors at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg or with saline control via oral gavage. Overall, we found that selective BTK inhibition was less effective than combined ITK/BTK or ITK inhibition in lengthening survival and reducing symptoms of cGVHD. ITK inhibition was most efficacious, with PCYC-274 and PCYC-401 demonstrating a nearly 50 percent reduction in GVHD scoring even at the 10 mg/kg dose, while 30 mg/kg of these compounds almost completely ameliorated GVHD symptomology. BTK/ITK and ITK-treated mice showed significant reductions in overall pathology. Significant reductions in dermal thickness and fibrosis were shown for all treatment groups. There was evidence of mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles in the skin of mice with dermal cGVHD, as both IFN-gamma and IL-4 were upregulated in the allogeneic control group, while kinase inhibition significantly reduced levels of these cytokines. Using an in vitro model of T-cell polarization, Th1 cell production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were partially blocked by ITK. Th2 cell production of IL-4 was almost completely blocked synergistically by ITK and BTK inhibition. BTK-specific inhibition was unable to block either Th1 or Th2 cytokine production. Taken together, these results confirm previous reports that ITK-focused inhibition inhibits Th1 and Th2 cells. Additionally, the compound's effects on T-cell proliferation were tested by CFSE assay. Pure ITK inhibition was most effective at blocking T-cell proliferation, with no proliferation in PCYC-274-treated cells even at 0.1uM. PCYC-401 and PCYC-914 showed some inhibition at lower doses, with complete inhibition evident at 10uM. PCYC-804 was only partially able to block proliferation even at 10uM. In conclusion, we observed substantial benefit for differential inhibition of Tec kinases in GVHD, with ITK being most efficacious and Th1 cells being more resistant to inhibition, matching the previously reported findings of a Th2 to Th1 selective pressure in cells treated with ibrutinib. Our data warrants the further development of ITK and ITK/BTK inhibitors with specific inhibitory ratios to improve the treatment of GVHD and other T-cell mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilnathan Palaniyandi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Hematology & Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ethan Strattan
- Division of Hematology & Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Reena Kumari
- Division of Hematology & Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Miranda Mysinger
- Division of Hematology & Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Natalya Hakim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Melissa V Kesler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mutiah Apatira
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | | | - Longcheng Wang
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Zhaozhong Jia
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | | | - Ronald J Hill
- Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard C Hildebrandt
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Division of Hematology & Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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5
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Liu C, Raab M, Gui Y, Rudd CE. Multi-functional adaptor SKAP1: regulator of integrin activation, the stop-signal, and the proliferation of T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192838. [PMID: 37325633 PMCID: PMC10264576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is a complex process involving a network of kinases and downstream molecular scaffolds or adaptors that integrate surface signals with effector functions. One key immune-specific adaptor is Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1 (SKAP1), which is also known as src kinase-associated protein of 55 kDa (SKAP55). This mini-review explains how SKAP1 plays multiple roles in regulating integrin activation, the "stop-signal", and the optimization of the cell cycling of proliferating T cells through interactions with various mediators, including the Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Ongoing research on SKAP1 and its binding partners will likely provide important insights into the regulation of immune function and have implications for the development of new treatments for disease states such as cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yirui Gui
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Rudd
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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Kim JH, Han J, Afridi R, Kim JH, Rahman MH, Park DH, Lee WS, Song GJ, Suk K. A multiplexed siRNA screen identifies key kinase signaling networks of brain glia. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201605. [PMID: 36878638 PMCID: PMC9990460 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic behaviors of brain glial cells in various neuroinflammatory conditions and neurological disorders have been reported; however, little is known about the underlying intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we developed a multiplexed kinome-wide siRNA screen to identify the kinases regulating several inflammatory phenotypes of mouse glial cells in culture, including inflammatory activation, migration, and phagocytosis of glia. Subsequent proof-of-concept experiments involving genetic and pharmacological inhibitions indicated the importance of T-cell receptor signaling components in microglial activation and a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in astrocyte migration. This time- and cost-effective multiplexed kinome siRNA screen efficiently provides exploitable drug targets and novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic regulation of glial cells and neuroinflammation. Moreover, the kinases identified in this screen may be relevant in other inflammatory diseases and cancer, wherein kinases play a critical role in disease signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Neuracle Science Co., Ltd. Seoul, Republic Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Republic Korea; Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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7
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Algahtani MM, Alshehri S, Alqarni SS, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Alqarni SA, Alfardan AS, Ibrahim KE, Attia SM, Nadeem A. Inhibition of ITK Signaling Causes Amelioration in Sepsis-Associated Neuroinflammation and Depression-like State in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098101. [PMID: 37175808 PMCID: PMC10179574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with multiorgan dysfunction that is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality. Sepsis is associated with several morbidities, such as lung, liver, and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Sepsis-associated CNS dysfunction usually leads to several mental problems including depression. IL-17A is one of the crucial cytokines that is expressed and secreted by Th17 cells. Th17 cells are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety in humans and animals. One of the protein tyrosine kinases that plays a key role in controlling the development/differentiation of Th17 cells is ITK. However, the role of ITK in sepsis-associated neuroinflammation and depression-like symptoms in mice has not been investigated earlier. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of the ITK inhibitor, BMS 509744, in sepsis-linked neuroinflammation (ITK, IL-17A, NFkB, iNOS, MPO, lipid peroxides, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-17A) and a battery of depression-like behavioral tests, such as sucrose preference, tail suspension, and the marble burying test. Further, the effect of the ITK inhibitor on anti-inflammatory signaling (Foxp3, IL-10, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD-2) was assessed in the CNS. Our data show that sepsis causes increased ITK protein expression, IL-17A signaling, and neuroinflammatory mediators in the CNS that are associated with a depression-like state in mice. ITK inhibitor-treated mice with sepsis show attenuated IL-17A signaling, which is associated with the upregulation of IL-10/Nrf2 signaling and the amelioration of depression-like symptoms in mice. Our data show, for the first time, that the ITK inhibition strategy may counteract sepsis-mediated depression through a reduction in IL-17A signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Algahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samiyah Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana S Alqarni
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alfardan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Ogishi M, Yang R, Rodriguez R, Golec DP, Martin E, Philippot Q, Bohlen J, Pelham SJ, Arias AA, Khan T, Ata M, Al Ali F, Rozenberg F, Kong XF, Chrabieh M, Laine C, Lei WT, Han JE, Seeleuthner Y, Kaul Z, Jouanguy E, Béziat V, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Rao VK, Neven B, Fieschi C, Mansouri D, Shahrooei M, Pekcan S, Alkan G, Emiroğlu M, Tokgöz H, Uitto J, Hauck F, Bustamante J, Abel L, Keles S, Parvaneh N, Marr N, Schwartzberg PL, Latour S, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Inherited human ITK deficiency impairs IFN-γ immunity and underlies tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213662. [PMID: 36326697 PMCID: PMC9641312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity can underlie tuberculosis (TB). We report three patients from two kindreds without EBV viremia or disease but with severe TB and inherited complete ITK deficiency, a condition associated with severe EBV disease that renders immunological studies challenging. They have CD4+ αβ T lymphocytopenia with a concomitant expansion of CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) αβ and Vδ2- γδ T lymphocytes, both displaying a unique CD38+CD45RA+T-bet+EOMES- phenotype. Itk-deficient mice recapitulated an expansion of the γδ T and DN αβ T lymphocyte populations in the thymus and spleen, respectively. Moreover, the patients' T lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ in response to TCR crosslinking, mitogens, or forced synapse formation with autologous B lymphocytes. Finally, the patients' total lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ, and CD4+, CD8+, DN αβ T, Vδ2+ γδ T, and MAIT cells display impaired IFN-γ production in response to BCG. Inherited ITK deficiency undermines the development and function of various IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets, thereby underlying TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,The David Rockefeller Graduate Program, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rémy Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominic P Golec
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Bohlen
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Simon J Pelham
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrés Augusto Arias
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Taushif Khan
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manar Ata
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima Al Ali
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Department of Virology, Cochin Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Xiao-Fei Kong
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Candice Laine
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ji Eun Han
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Zenia Kaul
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Pediatric Immunology and Hematology Department, Necker Hospital for Sick Children Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Claire Fieschi
- Clinical Immunology Department, Saint Louis Hospital, AP-HP Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1126, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sevgi Pekcan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Alkan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Melike Emiroğlu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Tokgöz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nico Marr
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
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9
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Li C, Fan C, Lu S, Qiu Q, Gao X, Yan X, Wang S, Zhao B, Liu X, Song Y, Deng Y. Targeting Ibrutinib to Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells with a Sialic Acid Conjugate-Modified Phospholipid Complex for Improved Tumor Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:438-450. [PMID: 36382950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) treatment for the clinical therapy of numerous malignancies has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Despite being a promising treatment option, developing complementary strategies to enhance the proportion of patients benefiting from ICB therapy remains a formidable challenge because of the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Ibrutinib (IBR), a covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), has been approved as a clinical therapy for numerous B-cell malignancies. IBR also irreversibly inhibits interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK), an essential enzyme in Th2-polarized T cells that participates in tumor immunosuppression. Ablation of ITK by IBR can elicit Th1-dominant antitumor immune responses and potentially enhance the efficacy of ICB therapy in solid tumors. However, its poor solubility and rapid clearance in vivo restrict T cell targetability and tumor accumulation by IBR. A sialic acid derivative-modified nanocomplex (SA-GA-OCT@PC) has been reported to improve the efficacy of IBR-mediated combination immunotherapy in solid tumors. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that SA-GA-OCT@PC effectively accumulated in tumor-infiltrating T cells mediated by Siglec-E and induced Th1-dominant antitumor immune responses. SA-GA-OCT@PC-mediated combination therapy with PD-L1 blockade agents dramatically suppressed tumor growth and inhibited tumor relapse in B16F10 melanoma mouse models. Overall, the combination of the SA-modified nanocomplex platform and PD-L1 blockade offers a treatment opportunity for IBR in solid tumors, providing novel insights for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Chuizhong Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Qiujun Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Xinyang Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Faculty of Foreign Language, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Yanzhi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Yihui Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
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10
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Velásquez-Lopera MM, Hernández N, Jansen AM, García AL, Luna PC, Rico-Restrepo M, del Mar Saez-de-Ocariz M, Tamayo-Buendía MM, Rivitti-Machado MC. Alopecia Areata in Latin America: Where are We and Where are We Going? Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 13:95-114. [PMID: 36527577 PMCID: PMC9758465 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) represents an underrecognized burden in Latin America (LA), severely impacting quality of life (QoL). This impact is exacerbated by limited access to specialized dermatologic care and therapies for AA within and among nations. Many of the unmet needs for AA globally also exist in LA. The region has geographic, ethnic, cultural, and economic conditions. With new AA medicines targeting immunologic pathways on the horizon, LA must prepare regarding regulatory issues, reimbursement, awareness, and education to give adequate and timely treatment for patients with AA. To address these issues, the Americas Health Foundation convened a panel of six dermatologists from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico who are experts in AA and its comorbidities for a 3-day virtual meeting to discuss AA diagnosis and treatment in LA and create a manuscript offering recommendations to address discussed barriers. This publication examines unmet AA needs in LA, treatment, and innovative therapies and recommends improving AA care. Access constraints to conventional and novel medicines hinder appropriate treatments for patients. Therapy initiation delays can affect QoL, mental health, and disease progression. People with AA face stigmas, discrimination, and misconceptions owing to a lack of disease awareness. With promising new treatments for AA on the horizon, all stakeholders must coordinate efforts to enhance LA's AA management landscape and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita M. Velásquez-Lopera
- Centro de Investigaciones Dermatológicas CIDERM, Sección de Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Cra. 51D # 62-29, Medellín, Colombia
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11
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Asadi M, Xie WJ, Warshel A. Exploring the Role of Chemical Reactions in the Selectivity of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16638-16646. [PMID: 36044733 PMCID: PMC10387326 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A variety of diseases are associated with tyrosine kinase enzymes that activate many proteins via signal transduction cascades. The similar ATP-binding pockets of these tyrosine kinases make it extremely difficult to design selective covalent inhibitors. The present study explores the contribution of the chemical reaction steps to the selectivity of the commercialized inhibitor acalabrutinib over the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and the interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK). Ab initio and empirical valence bond (EVB) simulations of the two kinases indicate that the most favorable reaction path involves a water-assisted mechanism of the 2-butynamide reactive group of acalabrutinib. BTK reacts with acalabrutinib with a substantially lower barrier than ITK, according to our calculated free-energy profile and kinetic simulations. Such a difference is due to the microenvironment of the active site, as further supported by a sequence-based analysis of specificity determinants for several commercialized inhibitors. Our study involves a new approach of simulating directly the IC50 and inactivation efficiency keff, instead of using the standard formulas. This new strategy is particularly important in studies of covalent inhibitors with a very exothermic bonding step. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of understanding the chemical reaction steps in designing selective covalent inhibitors for tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Asadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-1062, United States
| | - Wen Jun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-1062, United States
| | - Arieh Warshel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089-1062, United States
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12
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Liang W, Li K, Zhang Q, Li K, Ai K, Zhang J, Jiao X, Li J, Wei X, Yang J. Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) may participate in the anti-bacterial immune response of Nile tilapia via regulating T-cell activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:419-426. [PMID: 35779809 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) plays a predominant role in the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade to ensure valid T-cell activation and function. Nevertheless, whether it regulates T-cell response of early vertebrates remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the involvement of ITK in the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response, and its regulation to T-cell activation in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Both sequence and structure of O. niloticus ITK (OnITK) were remarkably conserved with its homologues from other vertebrates, implying its potential conserved function. OnITK mRNA was extensively expressed in lymphoid-related tissues, and with the relative highest level in peripheral blood. Once Nile tilapia was infected by Edwardsiella piscicida, OnITK in splenic lymphocytes was significantly up-regulated on 7-day post infection at both transcription and translation levels, suggesting that OnITK might involve in the primary adaptive immune response of teleost. Furthermore, upon splenic lymphocytes were stimulated by T-cell specific mitogen PHA, OnITK mRNA and protein levels were dramatically elevated. More importantly, treatment of splenic lymphocytes with specific inhibitor significantly crippled OnITK expression, which in turn impaired the inducible expression of T-cell activation markers IFN-γ, IL-2 and CD122, indicating the critical roles of ITK in regulating T-cell activation of Nile tilapia. Taken together, our results suggest that ITK takes part in the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity of tilapia, and is indispensable for T-cell activation of teleost. Our findings thus provide novel evidences for understanding the mechanism regulating T-cell immunity of early vertebrates, as well as the evolution of adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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13
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Chen JL, Barr JY, Zuk JJ, Gorman JV, Colgan JD. Reciprocal SH2-SH3 Domain Contacts between ITK Molecules Limit T Cell Receptor Signaling in Th2-type CD4 + T Cells. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:1612-1629. [PMID: 34844506 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.2007262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase ITK is a key component of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway and is required for cytokine production by CD4+ T cells that have differentiated into Th2 cells. Structural and biochemical studies suggest that contacts between the SH2 and SH3 domains of ITK mediate intermolecular self-association, forming a structure that restrains ITK activity by interfering with interactions between ITK and other components of the TCR signaling pathway. Wild-type (WT) ITK and a panel of ITK mutants containing amino acid substitutions in the SH2 and SH3 domains were tested for self-association and for binding to the adaptor protein SLP76, a key ligand for the ITK SH2 domain. WT and ITK mutants were also expressed in Itk-deficient CD4+ T cells via retroviral-mediated gene delivery to analyze their ability to support TCR signaling and cytokine production by Th2 cells. Specific amino acid substitutions in the ITK SH2 or SH3 domains impaired self-association, with the greatest effects being seen when both intermolecular SH2-SH3 domain contacts were disrupted. Two of the SH2 domain substitutions tested reduced ITK self-association but had no effect on binding to SLP-76. When their function was analyzed in Th2 cells, ITK proteins with diminished self-association activity supported greater IL-4 production and calcium flux in response to TCR stimulation compared to WT ITK. Our findings indicate that intermolecular contacts between ITK molecules can restrain the amplitude of TCR signaling, suggesting ITK is a limiting factor for responses by CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Long Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Barr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan J Zuk
- The Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob V Gorman
- The Immunology Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John D Colgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Immunology Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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14
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Petrazzuolo A, Maiuri MC, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Kepp O. Trial Watch: combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2077898. [PMID: 35655707 PMCID: PMC9154809 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2077898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decades witnessed the clinical employment of targeted therapies including but not limited to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that restrain a broad variety of pro-tumorigenic signals. TKIs can be categorized into (i) agents that directly target cancer cells, (ii) normalize angiogenesis or (iii) affect cells of the hematologic lineage. However, a clear distinction of TKIs based on this definition is limited by the fact that many TKIs designed to inhibit cancer cells have also effects on immune cells that are being discovered. Additionally, TKIs originally designed to target hematological cancers exhibit bioactivities on healthy cells of the same hematological lineage. TKIs have been described to improve immune recognition and cancer immunosurveillance, providing the scientific basis to combine TKIs with immunotherapy. Indeed, combination of TKIs with immunotherapy showed synergistic effects in preclinical models and clinical trials and some combinations of TKIs normalizing angiogenesis with immune checkpoint blocking antibodies have already been approved by the FDA for cancer therapy. However, the identification of appropriate drug combinations as well as optimal dosing and scheduling needs to be improved in order to obtain tangible progress in cancer care. This Trial Watch summarizes active clinical trials combining TKIs with various immunotherapeutic strategies to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Petrazzuolo
- Team “Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity”, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - M. Chiara Maiuri
- Team “Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity”, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Clinicobiome, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) Biotheris 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Team “Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity”, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Team “Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity”, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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15
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Rajavel A, Klees S, Hui Y, Schmitt AO, Gültas M. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism Underlying African Animal Trypanosomiasis by Means of the 1000 Bull Genomes Project Genomic Dataset. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050742. [PMID: 35625470 PMCID: PMC9138820 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change is increasing the risk of spreading vector-borne diseases such as African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), which is causing major economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering this disease, we have investigated transcriptomic and genomic data from two cattle breeds, namely Boran and N‘Dama, where the former is known for its susceptibility and the latter one for its tolerance to the AAT. Despite the rich literature on this disease, there is still a need to investigate underlying genetic mechanisms to decipher the complex interplay of regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), their corresponding gene expression profiles and the downstream effectors associated with the AAT disease. The findings of this study complement our previous results, which mainly involve the upstream events, including transcription factors (TFs) and their co-operations as well as master regulators. Moreover, our investigation of significant rSNPs and effectors found in the liver, spleen and lymph node tissues of both cattle breeds could enhance the understanding of distinct mechanisms leading to either resistance or susceptibility of cattle breeds. Abstract African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a neglected tropical disease and spreads by the vector tsetse fly, which carries the infectious Trypanosoma sp. in their saliva. Particularly, this parasitic disease affects the health of livestock, thereby imposing economic constraints on farmers, costing billions of dollars every year, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering the AAT disease as a multistage progression process, we previously performed upstream analysis to identify transcription factors (TFs), their co-operations, over-represented pathways and master regulators. However, downstream analysis, including effectors, corresponding gene expression profiles and their association with the regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), has not yet been established. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the complex interplay of rSNPs, corresponding gene expression and downstream effectors with regard to the AAT disease progression based on two cattle breeds: trypanosusceptible Boran and trypanotolerant N’Dama. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the effectors involved in the regulation of several signal transduction pathways, thereby differentiating the molecular mechanism with regard to the immune responses of the cattle breeds. The effectors and their associated genes (especially MAPKAPK5, CSK, DOK2, RAC1 and DNMT1) could be promising drug candidates as they orchestrate various downstream regulatory cascades in both cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Rajavel
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Selina Klees
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuehan Hui
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
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16
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Ramírez-Marín HA, Tosti A. Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Ritlecitinib for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:363-374. [PMID: 35210753 PMCID: PMC8860347 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s334727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition that causes patchy hair loss, affecting up to 147 million people globally. Currently, there are no treatments approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specific for AA, and there are few effective therapeutic options for widespread and persistent illness. There is an ongoing need for a treatment that demonstrates a good clinical response with a benefit-risk ratio that is suitable for long-term use, especially for patients with chronic, extensive disease. Several clinical trials and case studies that have assessed Janus kinase inhibitors have had encouraging results. Ritlecitinib, a selective JAK3/TEC kinase inhibitor has been demonstrated to inhibit the action of signaling molecules and immune cells that are responsible for hair loss in people with alopecia areata. Furthermore, several clinical trials are investigating the utility of ritlecitinib in patients with vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Advantages of using ritlecitinib when compared with other non-selective JAK inhibitors include avoiding JAK1/JAK2 inhibition’s clinical repercussions, which include pharmacodynamic effects such as increased cholesterol and liver enzymes, and those related to JAK2 inhibition (thrombocytopenia, anemia). Treatment with Ritlecitinib 50 mg and 30 mg daily for 24 weeks has been shown to induce hair regrowth with a significant proportion of patients reaching SALT 20 (≤20% scalp hair loss) after six months of therapy compared to placebo. Additional research is needed for long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Dr. Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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17
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Hopkins BT, Bame E, Bajrami B, Black C, Bohnert T, Boiselle C, Burdette D, Burns JC, Delva L, Donaldson D, Grater R, Gu C, Hoemberger M, Johnson J, Kapadnis S, King K, Lulla M, Ma B, Marx I, Magee T, Meissner R, Metrick CM, Mingueneau M, Murugan P, Otipoby KL, Polack E, Poreci U, Prince R, Roach AM, Rowbottom C, Santoro JC, Schroeder P, Tang H, Tien E, Zhang F, Lyssikatos J. Discovery and Preclinical Characterization of BIIB091, a Reversible, Selective BTK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1206-1224. [PMID: 34734694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury leading to permeant disability. In the early stage of MS, inflammation is the primary driver of the disease progression. There remains an unmet need to develop high efficacy therapies with superior safety profiles to prevent the inflammation processes leading to disability. Herein, we describe the discovery of BIIB091, a structurally distinct orthosteric ATP competitive, reversible inhibitor that binds the BTK protein in a DFG-in confirmation designed to sequester Tyr-551, an important phosphorylation site on BTK, into an inactive conformation with excellent affinity. Preclinical studies demonstrated BIB091 to be a high potency molecule with good drug-like properties and a safety/tolerability profile suitable for clinical development as a highly selective, reversible BTKi for treating autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Hopkins
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eris Bame
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cheryl Black
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tonika Bohnert
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Carrie Boiselle
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Doug Burdette
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremy C Burns
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Luisette Delva
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Douglas Donaldson
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Richard Grater
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marc Hoemberger
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Josh Johnson
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sudarshan Kapadnis
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kris King
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mukesh Lulla
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Isaac Marx
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tom Magee
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert Meissner
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Claire M Metrick
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Mingueneau
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paramasivam Murugan
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kevin L Otipoby
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Evelyne Polack
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robin Prince
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Allie M Roach
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chris Rowbottom
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph C Santoro
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patricia Schroeder
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hao Tang
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eric Tien
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph Lyssikatos
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Approach for the Design of Covalent Protein Kinase Inhibitors via Focused Deep Generative Modeling. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020570. [PMID: 35056884 PMCID: PMC8778003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deep machine learning is expanding the conceptual framework and capacity of computational compound design, enabling new applications through generative modeling. We have explored the systematic design of covalent protein kinase inhibitors by learning from kinome-relevant chemical space, followed by focusing on an exemplary kinase of interest. Covalent inhibitors experience a renaissance in drug discovery, especially for targeting protein kinases. However, computational design of this class of inhibitors has thus far only been little investigated. To this end, we have devised a computational approach combining fragment-based design and deep generative modeling augmented by three-dimensional pharmacophore screening. This approach is thought to be particularly relevant for medicinal chemistry applications because it combines knowledge-based elements with deep learning and is chemically intuitive. As an exemplary application, we report for Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), a major drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and leukemia, the generation of novel candidate inhibitors with a specific chemically reactive group for covalent modification, requiring only little target-specific compound information to guide the design efforts. Newly generated compounds include known inhibitors and characteristic substructures and many novel candidates, thus lending credence to the computational approach, which is readily applicable to other targets.
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19
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Salifu EY, Issahaku AR, Agoni C, Ibrahim MAA, Manimbulu N, Soliman MES. Prioritizing the Catalytic Gatekeepers through Pan- Inhibitory Mechanism of Entrectinib against ALK, ROS1 and TRKA Tyrosine Kinases. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:11-21. [PMID: 35040089 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable clinical activity of kinase inhibitors against anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the closely related Ros1 and TRKA kinases, the emergence of resistance to these inhibitors often leads to relapse in most patients. Resistance is usually in the form of mutations and brain metastasis or inhibitors failing to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. The discovery of entrectinib has recently paved way for further exploration of kinase inhibitors that target ALK after it has reportedly demonstrated potency against ALK, Ros1, and TRKA kinases. However, the molecular mechanism surrounding its multi-targeting activity remains unresolved. As such, in this study, we investigate the pan-inhibitory mechanism of entrectinib towards ALK, Ros1, and TRKA, using in silico techniques. Findings show strong binding affinities of ALK = -40.92 kcal/mol, Ros1 = -36.60 kcal/mol, and TRKA = -45.99 kcal/mol for entrectinib towards ALK, Ros1, and TRKA, respectively. Pan-inhibitory binding of entrectinib is characterized by close interaction with peculiar gatekeeper residues on each tyrosine kinase. Entrectinib induced structural stability and rigidity in the backbone conformation of all three tyrosine kinases by showing a consistent pattern of structural alterations. These structural insights provided presents a baseline for the understanding of the pan-inhibitory activity of entrectinib. Establishing the cruciality of the interactions between the phenyl ring and gatekeeper residues could guide the structure-based design of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors with improved therapeutic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliasu Y Salifu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Abdul Rashid Issahaku
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud A A Ibrahim
- CompChem Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Nlooto Manimbulu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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Mor A, Strazza M. Bridging the Gap: Connecting the Mechanisms of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Autoimmunity Through PD-1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790386. [PMID: 35047501 PMCID: PMC8762228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand (anti-PD-1), and anti-PD-L1 antibodies as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) revolutionized the treatment of numerous types of tumors. These antibodies, both alone and in combination, provide great clinical efficacy as evidenced by tumor regression and increased overall patients' survival. However, with this success comes multiple challenges. First, while patients who respond to ICIs have outstanding outcomes, there remains a large proportion of patients who do not respond at all. This all-or-none response has led to looking downstream of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) for additional therapeutic targets and for new combination therapies. Second, a majority of patients who receive ICIs go on to develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs) characterized by end-organ inflammation with T-cell infiltrates. The hallmarks of these clinically observed irAEs share many similarities with primary autoimmune diseases. The contribution of PD-1 to peripheral tolerance is a major mechanism for protection against expansion of self-reactive T-cell clones and autoimmune disease. In this review, we aim to bridge the gaps between our cellular and molecular knowledge of PD-1 signaling in T cells, ICI-induced irAEs, and autoimmune diseases. We will highlight shared mechanisms and the potential for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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21
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Chen C, Lu D, Sun T, Zhang T. JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: a patent review (2016-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:225-242. [PMID: 34949146 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2023129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to now, a total of eight Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of autoimmune and myeloproliferative disease. The JAK family belongs to the non-receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2. Among these four subtypes, only JAK3 is mainly expressed in hematopoietic tissue cells and is exclusively associated with the cytokines shared in the common gamma chain receptor subunit. Due to its specific tissue distribution and functional characteristics that distinguish it from the other JAKs family subtypes, JAK3 is a promising target for the treatment of autoimmune disease. AREAS COVERED This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the available patent literature on JAK-family inhibitors published from 2016 to the present. In addition, an overview of the clinical activities of selective JAK3 inhibitors in recent years was provided. EXPERT OPINION To date, no selective JAK3 inhibitors have been approved for use in clinics. Over the last five years, an increasing number of studies on JAK3 inhibitors, particularly ritlecitinib by Pfizer, have demonstrated their promising therapeutic potential. In this review, recent studies reported that selective JAK3 inhibitors may offer valid, interesting, and promising therapeutic potential in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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22
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Progress in the development of small molecular inhibitors of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a promising cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 47:116358. [PMID: 34479103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key kinase in the B cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway, which is involved in the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of B cells. BTK has become a significant target for the treatment of hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Ibrutinib, the first-generation BTK inhibitor, has made a great contribution to the treatment of B cell malignant tumors, but there are still some problems such as resistance or miss target of site mutation. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop novel BTK inhibitors to overcome these problems. Besides, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has been successfully applied to the development of BTK degradation agents, which has opened a fresh way for the BTK targeted treatment. This paper reviews the biological function of BTK, the discovery and development of BTK targeted drugs as a promising cancer therapy. It mainly reviews the binding sites and structural characteristics of BTK, structure-activity relationships, activity and drug resistance of BTK inhibitors, as well as potential treatment strategies to overcome the resistance of BTK, which provides a reference for the rational design and development of new powerful BTK inhibitors.
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23
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Lechner K, Mott S, Al-Saifi R, Knipfer L, Wirtz S, Atreya R, Vieth M, Rath T, Fraass T, Winter Z, August A, Luban J, Zimmermann VS, Weigmann B, Neurath MF. Targeting of the Tec Kinase ITK Drives Resolution of T Cell-Mediated Colitis and Emerges as Potential Therapeutic Option in Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1270-1287.e19. [PMID: 34224738 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular checkpoints driving T cell activation and cytokine responses in ulcerative colitis (UC) are incompletely understood. Here, we studied the Tec kinase ITK in UC. METHODS We analyzed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (n = 223) and evaluated ITK activity as well as the functional effects of cyclosporine-A (CsA). In addition, 3 independent murine colitis models were used to investigate the functional role of ITK. Finally, the activity of ITK was blocked via pharmacological inhibitors and genetically engineered mice. Readout parameters were mini-endoscopy, histopathology, mucosal T cell apoptosis, and cytokine production. RESULTS We found an expansion of pITK-expressing mucosal CD4+ T cells in UC rather than Crohn's disease that correlated with disease severity. CsA suppressed activation of ITK in cultured CD4+ T cells and calcineurin-containing microclusters adjacent to the T cell receptor signaling complex. Functionally, the capacity of CsA to suppress activity of experimental colitis was critically dependent on ITK. Genetic inactivation of Itk via gene targeting or induction of allele-sensitive Itk mutants prevented experimental colitis in 3 colitis models, and treatment with pharmacological ITK blockers suppressed established colitis. In addition, ITK controlled apoptosis and activation of mucosal Th2 and Th17 lymphocytes via NFATc2 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS ITK activation was detected in UC and could be down-regulated in cultured T cells by CsA administration. Selective targeting of ITK emerges as an attractive approach for treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation and potentially UC by driving resolution of mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lechner
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mott
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ragheed Al-Saifi
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Knipfer
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Germany
| | - Timo Rath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Valérie S Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany.
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Yang S, Huang X, Gale RP. Cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Transplants and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. Blood Rev 2021; 51:100884. [PMID: 34489116 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial progress in the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), much of it the result of new drug development. As such the definition of high-risk CLL is changing. Nevertheless, few persons with CLL are cured with current therapy. Two types of cell therapies of CLL are currently being evaluated or re-evaluated in the context of these advances: haematopoietic cell transplants and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cells. We discuss the potential role of these cell therapies in the context of the evolving therapy topography of CLL including how these therapies work and who, if anyone, is an appropriate candidate for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmiao Yang
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Centre for Haematology Research, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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25
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Hierarchy of signaling thresholds downstream of the T cell receptor and the Tec kinase ITK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025825118. [PMID: 34452995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025825118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of peptide:MHC interactions with the T cell receptor (TCR) is correlated with the time to first cell division, the relative scale of the effector cell response, and the graded expression of activation-associated proteins like IRF4. To regulate T cell activation programming, the TCR and the TCR proximal interleukin-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) simultaneously trigger many biochemically separate signaling cascades. T cells lacking ITK exhibit selective impairments in effector T cell responses after activation, but under the strongest signaling conditions, ITK activity is dispensable. To gain insight into whether TCR signal strength and ITK activity tune observed graded gene expression through the unequal activation of distinct signaling pathways, we examined Erk1/2 phosphorylation or nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB translocation in naïve OT-I CD8+ cell nuclei. We observed the consistent digital activation of NFAT1 and Erk1/2, but NF-κB displayed dynamic, graded activation in response to variation in TCR signal strength, tunable by treatment with an ITK inhibitor. Inhibitor-treated cells showed the dampened induction of AP-1 factors Fos and Fosb, NF-κB response gene transcripts, and survival factor Il2 transcripts. ATAC sequencing analysis also revealed that genomic regions most sensitive to ITK inhibition were enriched for NF-κB and AP-1 motifs. Specific inhibition of NF-κB during peptide stimulation tuned the expression of early gene products like c-Fos. Together, these data indicate a key role for ITK in orchestrating the optimal activation of separate TCR downstream pathways, specifically aiding NF-κB activation. More broadly, we revealed a mechanism by which variations in TCR signal strength can produce patterns of graded gene expression in activated T cells.
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Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the role of ITK signaling in multiple diseases and investigate the clinical potential of ITK inhibition. The diseases and potential interventions reviewed include T cell-derived malignancies as well as other neoplastic diseases, allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, certain infectious diseases, several autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and finally the use of ITK inhibition in both solid organ and bone marrow transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Weeks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Strazza M, Adam K, Lerrer S, Straube J, Sandigursky S, Ueberheide B, Mor A. SHP2 Targets ITK Downstream of PD-1 to Inhibit T Cell Function. Inflammation 2021; 44:1529-1539. [PMID: 33624224 PMCID: PMC9199348 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PD-1 is a critical therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy and antibodies blocking PD-1 are approved for multiple types of malignancies. The phosphatase SHP2 is the main effector mediating PD-1 downstream signaling and accordingly attempts have been made to target this enzyme as an alternative approach to treat immunogenic tumors. Unfortunately, small molecule inhibitors of SHP2 do not work as expected, suggesting that the role of SHP2 in T cells is more complex than initially hypothesized. To better understand the perplexing role of SHP2 in T cells, we performed interactome mapping of SAP, an adapter protein that is associated with SHP2 downstream signaling. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we discovered that SHP2 dephosphorylates ITK specifically downstream of PD-1 and that this event was associated with PD-1 inhibitory cellular functions. This study suggests that ITK is a unique target in this pathway, and since ITK is a SHP2-dependent specific mediator of PD-1 signaling, the combination of ITK inhibitors with PD-1 blockade may improve upon PD-1 monotherapy in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Strazza
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kieran Adam
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Shalom Lerrer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Johanna Straube
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sabina Sandigursky
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Antitumor Potency of an Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy, Lisocabtagene Maraleucel in Combination With Ibrutinib or Acalabrutinib. J Immunother 2021; 43:107-120. [PMID: 31899702 PMCID: PMC7144752 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising treatment for patients with CD19+ B-cell malignancies. Combination strategies that improve CAR T-cell potency, limit tumor environment–mediated immune dysfunction, and directly reduce tumor burden may increase the potential for durable clinical benefit of CAR T-cell therapy. Lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) is a product therapy candidate being tested in patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo functionality of CAR T cells transduced to express the anti-CD19 CAR of liso-cel in combination with ibrutinib or acalabrutinib. In prolonged stimulation assays, the presence of ibrutinib or acalabrutinib improved the CAR T-cell effector function. RNA-Seq analysis and surface marker profiling of these CAR T cells treated with ibrutinib but not acalabrutinib revealed gene expression changes consistent with skewing toward a memory-like, type 1 T-helper, Bruton tyrosine kinase phenotype. Ibrutinib or acalabrutinib improved CD19+ tumor clearance and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice when used in combination with CAR T cells. A combination of the defined cell product therapy candidate, liso-cel, with ibrutinib or acalabrutinib is an attractive approach that may potentiate the promising clinical responses already achieved in CD19+ B-cell malignancies with each of these single agents.
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29
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Tandon N, Luxami V, Kant D, Tandon R, Paul K. Current progress, challenges and future prospects of indazoles as protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25228-25257. [PMID: 35478899 PMCID: PMC9037120 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The indazole core is an interesting pharmacophore due to its applications in medicinal chemistry. In the past few years, this moiety has been used for the synthesis of kinase inhibitors. Many researchers have demonstrated the use of indazole derivatives as specific kinase inhibitors, including tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine kinases. A number of anticancer drugs with an indazole core are commercially available, e.g. axitinib, linifanib, niraparib, and pazopanib. Indazole derivatives are applied for the targeted treatment of lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancers. In this review, we compile the current development of indazole derivatives as kinase inhibitors and their application as anticancer agents in the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Tandon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala-147004 India
| | - Divya Kant
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 India
| | - Runjhun Tandon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala-147004 India
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30
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Herbaux C, Kornauth C, Poulain S, Chong SJF, Collins MC, Valentin R, Hackett L, Tournilhac O, Lemonnier F, Dupuis J, Daniel A, Tomowiak C, Laribi K, Renaud L, Roos-Weil D, Rossi C, Van Den Neste E, Leyronnas C, Merabet F, Malfuson JV, Tiab M, Ysebaert L, Ng S, Morschhauser F, Staber PB, Davids MS. BH3 profiling identifies ruxolitinib as a promising partner for venetoclax to treat T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2021; 137:3495-3506. [PMID: 33598678 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapies for patients with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), such as cytotoxic chemotherapy and alemtuzumab, have limited efficacy and considerable toxicity. Several novel agent classes have demonstrated preclinical activity in T-PLL, including inhibitors of the JAK/STAT and T-cell receptor pathways, as well as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Recently, the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax also showed some clinical activity in T-PLL. We sought to characterize functional apoptotic dependencies in T-PLL to identify a novel combination therapy in this disease. Twenty-four samples from patients with primary T-PLL were studied by using BH3 profiling, a functional assay to assess the propensity of a cell to undergo apoptosis (priming) and the relative dependence of a cell on different antiapoptotic proteins. Primary T-PLL cells had a relatively low level of priming for apoptosis and predominantly depended on BCL-2 and MCL-1 proteins for survival. Selective pharmacologic inhibition of BCL-2 or MCL-1 induced cell death in primary T-PLL cells. Targeting the JAK/STAT pathway with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib or HDAC with belinostat both independently increased dependence on BCL-2 but not MCL-1, thereby sensitizing T-PLL cells to venetoclax. Based on these results, we treated 2 patients with refractory T-PLL with a combination of venetoclax and ruxolitinib. We observed a deep response in JAK3-mutated T-PLL and a stabilization of the nonmutated disease. Our functional, precision-medicine-based approach identified inhibitors of HDAC and the JAK/STAT pathway as promising combination partners for venetoclax, warranting a clinical exploration of such combinations in T-PLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Herbaux
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- "CANcer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to THERapies (CANTHER)," INSERM 1277, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 9020, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 12, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Blood Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Université (CHU) de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christoph Kornauth
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphanie Poulain
- "CANcer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to THERapies (CANTHER)," INSERM 1277, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 9020, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 12, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Hematology Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Center, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stephen J F Chong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Mary C Collins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca Valentin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Liam Hackett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Olivier Tournilhac
- Clonal Heterogeneity and Leukemic Environment in Therapy Resistance of Chronic Leukemias (CHELTER), Department of Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, CHU, EA7453, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - François Lemonnier
- Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Jehan Dupuis
- Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Adrien Daniel
- Department of Blood Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Université (CHU) de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cecile Tomowiak
- Hematology, Poitiers University Hospital, INSERM Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) 1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Kamel Laribi
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Loïc Renaud
- Department of Blood Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Université (CHU) de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Damien Roos-Weil
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Rossi
- Department of Hematology, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Eric Van Den Neste
- Department of Hematology, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Fatiha Merabet
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hôpital André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | | | - Mourad Tiab
- University Hospital, La Roche-sur-Yon, France; and
| | - Loïc Ysebaert
- Service d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse-Oncopôle, Toulouse, France
| | - Samuel Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Franck Morschhauser
- Department of Blood Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Université (CHU) de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philipp B Staber
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew S Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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31
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Hopkins BT, Bame E, Bell N, Bohnert T, Bowden-Verhoek JK, Bui M, Cancilla MT, Conlon P, Cullen P, Erlanson DA, Fan J, Fuchs-Knotts T, Hansen S, Heumann S, Jenkins TJ, Gua C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lulla M, Marcotte D, Marx I, McDowell B, Mertsching E, Negrou E, Romanowski MJ, Scott D, Silvian L, Yang W, Zhong M. Utilizing structure based drug design and metabolic soft spot identification to optimize the in vitro potency and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties leading to the discovery of novel reversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 44:116275. [PMID: 34314938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an essential node on the BCR signaling in B cells, which are clinically validated to play a critical role in B-cell lymphomas and various auto-immune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Pemphigus, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although non-selective irreversible BTK inhibitors have been approved for oncology, due to the emergence of drug resistance in B-cell lymphoma associated with covalent inhibitor, there an unmet medical need to identify reversible, selective, potent BTK inhibitor as viable therapeutics for patients. Herein, we describe the identification of Hits and subsequence optimization to improve the physicochemical properties, potency and kinome selectivity leading to the discovery of a novel class of BTK inhibitors. Utilizing Met ID and structure base design inhibitors were synthesized with increased in vivo metabolic stability and oral exposure in rodents suitable for advancing to lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eris Bame
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Noah Bell
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tonika Bohnert
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Minna Bui
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Conlon
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Cullen
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel A Erlanson
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Junfa Fan
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tarra Fuchs-Knotts
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stig Hansen
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stacey Heumann
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Chuck Gua
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - YuTing Liu
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mukush Lulla
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Isaac Marx
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bob McDowell
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ella Negrou
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael J Romanowski
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniel Scott
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Laura Silvian
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wenjin Yang
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Min Zhong
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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32
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Guan D, Wang Z, Huo J, Xu S, Lam KP. Bruton's tyrosine kinase regulates gut immune homeostasis through attenuating Th1 response. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:431. [PMID: 33931590 PMCID: PMC8087775 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is driven by multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Patients with mutations in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is known to manifest high prevalence of intestinal disorders including IBD. Although BTK mediates the signaling of various immune receptors, little is known how BTK maintains the homeostasis of the gut immune system. Here, we show that BTK-deficiency promotes IBD progression in a mouse model of colitis. Interestingly, the increased colitis susceptibility of BTK-deficient mice is not caused by gut microbiota changes but rather arises from enhanced pro-inflammatory Th1 response. More importantly, we find the heightened Th1 response in BTK-deficient mice to result from both T cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic mechanisms. BTK-deficient dendritic cells secret elevated levels of the Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12 and BTK-deficient T cells are inherently more prone to Th1 differentiation. Thus, BTK plays critical roles in maintaining gut immune homeostasis and preventing inflammation via regulating T-cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Guan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zixi Wang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianxin Huo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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33
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Puzzolo MC, Del Giudice I, Peragine N, Mariglia P, De Propris MS, Cappelli LV, Trentin L, Reda G, Cuneo A, Molica S, Piciocchi A, Arena V, Mauro FR, Guarini A, Foà R. TH2/TH1 Shift Under Ibrutinib Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637186. [PMID: 33937038 PMCID: PMC8082026 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib may revert the T-helper (Th)2 polarization observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by targeting the IL-2-inducible kinase, that shows a significant homology with the Bruton tyrosine kinase. In the front-line GIMEMA LLC1114 trial (ibrutinib+rituximab for 6 months, followed by ibrutinib maintenance), we investigated the modulation of T-cell cytokine production in 208 peripheral blood paired samples from 71 CLL patients: 71 samples prior to treatment (Day 0, D0) and at day +14 (D14; n=50), at month +8 (M8; 30), +12 (M12; 25), +18 (M18; 22) and +24 (M24; 10) of treatment. We documented a progressive decrease of CD3+CD4+IL-4+ T cells (Th2), that was significant at M8 and at M12 (p=0.019, p=0.002), a relative increase in the CD3+CD4+IFNγ+ T cells (Th1) and a decrease of CD3+CD4+IL-17+ (Th17) cells that was maintained up to M18 (M8 vs D0 p=0.003, M12 vs D0 p=0.003, M18 vs D0 p=0.004) of ibrutinib treatment. The Th2/Th1 ratio significantly decreased already after 14 days of treatment and was maintained thereafter (D14 vs D0 p=0.037, M8 vs D0 p=0.001, M12 vs D0 p=0.005, M18 vs D0 p=0.002). The Th2/Th1 modulation over time was significant only among patients with unmutated IGHV. The Th2/Th1 ratio below a cut-off of 0.088 at M8 was associated with the achievement of a complete response (CR) (p=0.016). Ibrutinib may shape the CLL T-cell profile, limiting Th2 activation and inducing a shift in the Th2/Th1 ratio. The association between the Th2/Th1 ratio decrease and the CR achievement suggests the in vivo generation of a potential host anti-tumor immune activation induced by ibrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Puzzolo
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Del Giudice
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Peragine
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mariglia
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Vincenzo Cappelli
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gianluigi Reda
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Science, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Arcispedale S. Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Molica
- Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera "Pugliese Ciaccio", Presidio Ospedaliero A. Pugliese - Unità Operativa di Ematologia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Romana Mauro
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Guarini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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34
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Rudd CE. How the Discovery of the CD4/CD8-p56 lck Complexes Changed Immunology and Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626095. [PMID: 33791292 PMCID: PMC8005572 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The past 25 years have seen enormous progress in uncovering the receptors and signaling mechanisms on T-cells that activate their various effecter functions. Until the late 1980s, most studies on T-cells had focused on the influx of calcium and the levels of cAMP/GMP in T-cells. My laboratory then uncovered the interaction of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors with the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck which are now widely accepted as the initiators of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade leading to T-cell activation. The finding explained how immune recognition receptors expressed by many immune cells, which lack intrinsic catalytic activity, can transduce activation signals via non-covalent association with non-receptor tyrosine kinases. The discovery also established the concept that a protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascade operated in T-cells. In this vein, we and others then showed that the CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes phosphorylate the TCR complexes which led to the identification of other protein-tyrosine kinases such as ZAP-70 and an array of substrates that are now central to studies in T-cell immunity. Other receptors such as B-cell receptor, Fc receptors and others were also subsequently found to use src kinases to control cell growth. In T-cells, p56lck driven phosphorylation targets include co-receptors such as CD28 and CTLA-4 and immune cell-specific adaptor proteins such as LAT and SLP-76 which act to integrate signals proximal to surface receptors. CD4/CD8-p56lck regulated events in T-cells include intracellular calcium mobilization, integrin activation and the induction of transcription factors for gene expression. Lastly, the identification of the targets of p56lck in the TCR and CD28 provided the framework for the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in the treatment of cancer. In this review, I outline a history of the development of events that led to the development of the “TCR signaling paradigm” and its implications to immunology and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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35
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Small molecule approaches to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (Part I): Kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127862. [PMID: 33609659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases place a huge burden on the healthcare system. Small molecule (SM) therapeutics provide much needed complementary treatment options for these diseases. This digest series highlights the latest progress in the discovery and development of safe and efficacious SMs to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with each part representing a class of SMs, namely: 1) protein kinases; 2) nucleic acid-sensing pathways; and 3) soluble ligands and receptors on cell surfaces. In this first part of the series, the focus is on kinase inhibitors that emerged between 2018 and 2020, and which exhibit increased target and tissue selectivity with the aim of increasing their therapeutic index.
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36
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Abstract
Akt kinases translate various external cues into intracellular signals that control cell survival, proliferation, metabolism and differentiation. This review discusses the requirement for Akt and its targets in determining the fate and function of T cells. We discuss the importance of Akt at various stages of T cell development including β-selection during which Akt fulfills the energy requirements of highly proliferative DN3 cells. Akt also plays an integral role in CD8 T cell biology where its regulation of Foxo transcription factors and mTORC1 metabolic activity controls effector versus memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Finally, Akt promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th1, Th17 and Tfh cells but inhibits the development of Treg cells. We also highlight how modulating Akt in T cells is a promising avenue for enhancing cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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37
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McGee MC, August A, Huang W. TCR/ITK Signaling in Type 1 Regulatory T cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:115-124. [PMID: 33523446 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells can modulate inflammation through multiple direct and indirect molecular and cellular mechanisms and have demonstrated potential for anti-inflammatory therapies. Tr1 cells do not express the master transcription factor of conventional regulatory T cells, Foxp3, but express high levels of the immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-10. IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is conserved between mouse and human and is highly expressed in T cells. ITK signaling downstream of the T-cell receptor (TCR) is critical for T-cell subset differentiation and function. Upon activation by TCR, ITK is critical for Ras activation, leading to downstream activation of MAPKs and upregulation of IRF4, which further enable Tr1 cell differentiation and suppressive function. We summarize here the structure, signaling pathway, and function of ITK in T-cell lineage designation, with an emphasis on Tr1 cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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38
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Joseph RE, Amatya N, Fulton DB, Engen JR, Wales TE, Andreotti A. Differential impact of BTK active site inhibitors on the conformational state of full-length BTK. eLife 2020; 9:60470. [PMID: 33226337 PMCID: PMC7834017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is targeted in the treatment of B-cell disorders including leukemias and lymphomas. Currently approved BTK inhibitors, including Ibrutinib, a first-in-class covalent inhibitor of BTK, bind directly to the kinase active site. While effective at blocking the catalytic activity of BTK, consequences of drug binding on the global conformation of full-length BTK are unknown. Here, we uncover a range of conformational effects in full-length BTK induced by a panel of active site inhibitors, including large-scale shifts in the conformational equilibria of the regulatory domains. Additionally, we find that a remote Ibrutinib resistance mutation, T316A in the BTK SH2 domain, drives spurious BTK activity by destabilizing the compact autoinhibitory conformation of full-length BTK, shifting the conformational ensemble away from the autoinhibited form. Future development of BTK inhibitors will need to consider long-range allosteric consequences of inhibitor binding, including the emerging application of these BTK inhibitors in treating COVID-19. Treatments for blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, rely heavily on chemotherapy, using drugs that target a vulnerable aspect of the cancer cells. B-cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies, require a protein called Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, or BTK for short, to survive. The drug ibrutinib (Imbruvica) is used to treat B-cell cancers by blocking BTK. The BTK protein consists of several regions. One of them, known as the kinase domain, is responsible for its activity as an enzyme (which allows it to modify other proteins by adding a ‘tag’ known as a phosphate group). The other regions of BTK, known as regulatory modules, control this activity. In BTK’s inactive form, the regulatory modules attach to the kinase domain, blocking the regulatory modules from interacting with other proteins. When BTK is activated, it changes its conformation so the regulatory regions detach and become available for interactions with other proteins, at the same time exposing the active kinase domain. Ibrutinib and other BTK drugs in development bind to the kinase domain to block its activity. However, it is not known how this binding affects the regulatory modules. Previous efforts to study how drugs bind to BTK have used a version of the protein that only had the kinase domain, instead of the full-length protein. Now, Joseph et al. have studied full-length BTK and how it binds to five different drugs. The results reveal that ibrutinib and another drug called dasatinib both indirectly disrupt the normal position of the regulatory domains pushing BTK toward a conformation that resembles the activated state. By contrast, the three other compounds studied do not affect the inactive structure. Joseph et al. also examined a mutation in BTK that confers resistance against ibrutinib. This mutation increases the activity of BTK by disrupting the inactive structure, leading to B cells surviving better. Understanding how drug resistance mechanisms can work will lead to better drug treatment strategies for cancer. BTK is also a target in other diseases such as allergies or asthma and even COVID-19. If interactions between partner proteins and the regulatory domain are important in these diseases, then they may be better treated with drugs that maintain the regulatory modules in their inactive state. This research will help to design drugs that are better able to control BTK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - Neha Amatya
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - D Bruce Fulton
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Amy Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
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39
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Lechner KS, Neurath MF, Weigmann B. Role of the IL-2 inducible tyrosine kinase ITK and its inhibitors in disease pathogenesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1385-1395. [PMID: 32808093 PMCID: PMC7524833 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ITK (IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase) belongs to the Tec family kinases and is mainly expressed in T cells. It is involved in TCR signalling events driving processes like T cell development as well as Th2, Th9 and Th17 responses thereby controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies have shown that ITK is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well as in carcinogenesis. The loss of ITK or its activity either by mutation or by the use of inhibitors led to a beneficial outcome in experimental models of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis among others. In humans, biallelic mutations in the ITK gene locus result in a monogenetic disorder leading to T cell dysfunction; in consequence, mainly EBV infections can lead to severe immune dysregulation evident by lymphoproliferation, lymphoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Furthermore, patients who suffer from angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma have been found to express significantly more ITK. These findings put ITK in the strong focus as a target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Lechner
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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40
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Llorente García I, Marsh M. A biophysical perspective on receptor-mediated virus entry with a focus on HIV. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183158. [PMID: 31863725 PMCID: PMC7156917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As part of their entry and infection strategy, viruses interact with specific receptor molecules expressed on the surface of target cells. The efficiency and kinetics of the virus-receptor interactions required for a virus to productively infect a cell is determined by the biophysical properties of the receptors, which are in turn influenced by the receptors' plasma membrane (PM) environments. Currently, little is known about the biophysical properties of these receptor molecules or their engagement during virus binding and entry. Here we review virus-receptor interactions focusing on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as a model system. HIV is one of the best characterised enveloped viruses, with the identity, roles and structure of the key molecules required for infection well established. We review current knowledge of receptor-mediated HIV entry, addressing the properties of the HIV cell-surface receptors, the techniques used to measure these properties, and the macromolecular interactions and events required for virus entry. We discuss some of the key biophysical principles underlying receptor-mediated virus entry and attempt to interpret the available data in the context of biophysical mechanisms. We also highlight crucial outstanding questions and consider how new tools might be applied to advance understanding of the biophysical properties of viral receptors and the dynamic events leading to virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Marsh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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41
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Bhattacharyya ND, Feng CG. Regulation of T Helper Cell Fate by TCR Signal Strength. Front Immunol 2020; 11:624. [PMID: 32508803 PMCID: PMC7248325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical in orchestrating protective immune responses to cancer and an array of pathogens. The interaction between a peptide MHC (pMHC) complex on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells initiates T cell activation, division, and clonal expansion in secondary lymphoid organs. T cells must also integrate multiple T cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals to acquire the effector functions essential for the defense against invading microbes. In the case of T helper cell differentiation, while innate cytokines have been demonstrated to shape effector CD4+ T lymphocyte function, the contribution of TCR signaling strength to T helper cell differentiation is less understood. In this review, we summarize the signaling cascades regulated by the strength of TCR stimulation. Various mechanisms in which TCR signal strength controls T helper cell expansion and differentiation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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42
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Garcia E, Ismail S. Spatiotemporal Regulation of Signaling: Focus on T Cell Activation and the Immunological Synapse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3283. [PMID: 32384769 PMCID: PMC7247333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In a signaling network, not only the functions of molecules are important but when (temporal) and where (spatial) those functions are exerted and orchestrated is what defines the signaling output. To temporally and spatially modulate signaling events, cells generate specialized functional domains with variable lifetime and size that concentrate signaling molecules, enhancing their transduction potential. The plasma membrane is a key in this regulation, as it constitutes a primary signaling hub that integrates signals within and across the membrane. Here, we examine some of the mechanisms that cells exhibit to spatiotemporally regulate signal transduction, focusing on the early events of T cell activation from triggering of T cell receptor to formation and maturation of the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Garcia
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shehab Ismail
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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43
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Tuning T helper cell differentiation by ITK. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:179-185. [PMID: 32049330 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ effector T cells effectuate T cell immune responses, producing cytokines to orchestrate the nature and type of immune responses. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK), a mediator of T cell Receptor signaling, plays a critical role in tuning the development of these effector cells. In this review we discussed the role that signals downstream of ITK, including the Ras/MAPK pathway, play in differentially controlling the differentiation of TH17, Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells, and Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, supporting a model of ITK signals controlling a decision point in the effector T cell differentiation process.
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44
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Wist M, Meier L, Gutman O, Haas J, Endres S, Zhou Y, Rösler R, Wiese S, Stilgenbauer S, Hobeika E, Henis YI, Gierschik P, Walliser C. Noncatalytic Bruton's tyrosine kinase activates PLCγ 2 variants mediating ibrutinib resistance in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5717-5736. [PMID: 32184360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), such as ibrutinib, is limited by primary or secondary resistance to this drug. Examinations of CLL patients with late relapses while on ibrutinib, which inhibits BTK's catalytic activity, revealed several mutations in BTK, most frequently resulting in the C481S substitution, and disclosed many mutations in PLCG2, encoding phospholipase C-γ2 (PLCγ2). The PLCγ2 variants typically do not exhibit constitutive activity in cell-free systems, leading to the suggestion that in intact cells they are hypersensitive to Rac family small GTPases or to the upstream kinases spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK) and Lck/Yes-related novel tyrosine kinase (LYN). The sensitivity of the PLCγ2 variants to BTK itself has remained unknown. Here, using genetically-modified DT40 B lymphocytes, along with various biochemical assays, including analysis of PLCγ2-mediated inositol phosphate formation, inositol phospholipid assessments, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) static laser microscopy, and determination of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+] i ), we show that various CLL-specific PLCγ2 variants such as PLCγ2S707Y are hyper-responsive to activated BTK, even in the absence of BTK's catalytic activity and independently of enhanced PLCγ2 phospholipid substrate supply. At high levels of B-cell receptor (BCR) activation, which may occur in individual CLL patients, catalytically-inactive BTK restored the ability of the BCR to mediate increases in [Ca2+] i Because catalytically-inactive BTK is insensitive to active-site BTK inhibitors, the mechanism involving the noncatalytic BTK uncovered here may contribute to preexisting reduced sensitivity or even primary resistance of CLL to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wist
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Meier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Orit Gutman
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jennifer Haas
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sascha Endres
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Reinhild Rösler
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yoav I Henis
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Peter Gierschik
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Claudia Walliser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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45
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Cho HS, Ha S, Shin HM, Reboldi A, Hall JA, Huh JR, Usherwood EJ, Berg LJ. CD8 + T Cells Require ITK-Mediated TCR Signaling for Migration to the Intestine. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:57-71. [PMID: 32034085 PMCID: PMC7521019 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tec kinase IL-2–inducible T cell kinase (ITK) regulates the expression of TCR-induced genes. Itk−/− T cell responses are impaired but not absent. ITK inhibition prevented colitis disease progression and impaired T cell migration to the colon in mice. To examine the function of ITK in T cell migration to the intestine, we examined the number of gut T cells in Itk−/− mice and then evaluated their expression of gut-homing receptors. Combined with in vitro murine T cell stimulation and in vivo migration assay using congenic B6 mice, we demonstrated an essential role for ITK in T cell migration to the intestine in mice. Reconstitution of Itk−/− mouse CD8+ T cells with IFN regulatory factor 4 restored gut-homing properties, providing mechanistic insight into the function of ITK-mediated signaling in CD8+ T cell migration to the intestinal mucosa in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Soo Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Soyoung Ha
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jason A Hall
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and
| | - Jun R Huh
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Edward J Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
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46
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Karge A, Bonar NA, Wood S, Petersen CP. tec-1 kinase negatively regulates regenerative neurogenesis in planarians. eLife 2020; 9:47293. [PMID: 31958270 PMCID: PMC6970515 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative regulators of adult neurogenesis are of particular interest as targets to enhance neuronal repair, but few have yet been identified. Planarians can regenerate their entire CNS using pluripotent adult stem cells, and this process is robustly regulated to ensure that new neurons are produced in proper abundance. Using a high-throughput pipeline to quantify brain chemosensory neurons, we identify the conserved tyrosine kinase tec-1 as a negative regulator of planarian neuronal regeneration. tec-1RNAi increased the abundance of several CNS and PNS neuron subtypes regenerated or maintained through homeostasis, without affecting body patterning or non-neural cells. Experiments using TUNEL, BrdU, progenitor labeling, and stem cell elimination during regeneration indicate tec-1 limits the survival of newly differentiated neurons. In vertebrates, the Tec kinase family has been studied extensively for roles in immune function, and our results identify a novel role for tec-1 as negative regulator of planarian adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Karge
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Nicolle A Bonar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Scott Wood
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Christian P Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States.,Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
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47
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Shao B, Yago T, Panicker SR, Zhang N, Liu Z, McEver RP. Th1 Cells Rolling on Selectins Trigger DAP12-Dependent Signals That Activate Integrin αLβ2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:37-48. [PMID: 31757864 PMCID: PMC6920551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During inflammation, both neutrophils and effector T cells use selectins to roll and integrins to arrest in postcapillary venules. In both cell types, chemokines can transduce signals that convert integrin αLβ2 to a high-affinity conformation, which interacts with ICAM-1 to mediate arrest. In neutrophils, selectins also trigger an immunoreceptor-like signaling cascade that converts integrin αLβ2 to an intermediate-affinity conformation, which interacts with ICAM-1 to slow rolling. It is not known whether selectins induce similar signaling events in T cells. Ag engagement causes phosphorylation of ITAMs on the TCR; these motifs recruit kinases and adaptors that lead to the activation of αLβ2. We found that mouse Th1 cells rolling on P- or E-selectin triggered signals that promoted αLβ2-dependent slow rolling on ICAM-1 in vitro and in vivo. The selectin signaling cascade resembled that used by the TCR, except that unexpectedly, Th1 cells employed the ITAM-bearing protein DAP12, which was not known to be expressed in these cells. Importantly, outside-in signaling through ligand-occupied αLβ2 also required DAP12. Cooperative selectin and chemokine signaling in Th1 cells promoted αLβ2-dependent slow rolling and arrest in vitro and in vivo and migration into Ag-challenged tissues in vivo. Our findings reveal an important function for DAP12 in Th1 cells and a new mechanism to recruit effector T cells to sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Shao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Tadayuki Yago
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Sumith R Panicker
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Rodger P McEver
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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48
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Wu Z, Niu T, Xiao W. Uev1A promotes breast cancer cell survival and chemoresistance through the AKT-FOXO1-BIM pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:331. [PMID: 31827405 PMCID: PMC6902549 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant UEV1A is required for Ubc13-catalyzed K63-linked poly-ubiquitination that regulates several signaling pathways including NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K/AKT. Previous reports implicate UEV1A as a potential proto-oncogene and have shown that UEV1A promotes breast cancer metastasis through constitutive NF-кB activation. Ubc13-Uev1A along with TARF6 can also ubiquitinate AKT but its downstream events are unclear. Methods In this study, we experimentally manipulated UEV1 expression in two typical breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 under serum starvation conditions and monitored AKT activation and its downstream protein levels, as well as cellular sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Results We found that overexpression of UEV1A is sufficient to activate the AKT signaling pathway that in turn inhibits FOXO1 and BIM expression to promote cell survival under serum starvation conditions and enhances cellular resistance to chemotherapy. Consistently, experimental depletion of Uev1 in breast cancer cells inhibits AKT signaling and promotes FOXO1 and BIM expression to reduce cell survival under serum starvation stress and enhance chemosensitivity. Conclusions Uev1A promotes cell survival under serum starvation stress through the AKT-FOXO1-BIM axis in breast cancer cells, which unveals a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojia Wu
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Tong Niu
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada.,2College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Wei Xiao
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
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49
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Alsanea S, Al-Hosaini KA, Mahmood HM, Alzahrani MZ, Attia SM. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase signaling by tyrphostin AG126 downregulates the IL-21/IL-21R and JAK/STAT pathway in the BTBR mouse model of autism. Neurotoxicology 2019; 77:1-11. [PMID: 31811869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with deficits in social interaction and communication. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 represents a promising therapeutic agent for several neuroinflammatory disorders. There are currently no treatments available that can improve ASD and we previously showed that AG126 treatment exerts beneficial effects on BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, a model for autism that shows the core features of ASD; however, the immunological mechanisms and molecular targets associated with this effect were previously unclear. This study was undertaken to delineate the neuroprotective effect of AG126 on BTBR mice. Here, using this mouse model, we investigated the effects of AG126 administration on IL-21R, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α, NOS2, STAT3, IL-27, and Foxp3 production by CD8+ T cells in the spleen by flow cytometry. We further explored the mRNA and protein expression of IL-21, IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, NOS2, JAK1, STAT3, IL-27, and Foxp3 in brain tissue by RT-PCR, and western blotting. We found that BTBR mice treated with AG126 exhibited significant decreases in IL-21R-, IL-21-, IL-22-, TNF-α-, NOS2-, STAT3-producing, and increases in IL-27- and Foxp3-producing, CD8+ T cells. Our results further demonstrated that AG126 treatment effectively decreased IL-21, IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, NOS2, JAK1, and STAT3, and increased IL-27 and Foxp3 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissues. Our findings suggest that AG126 elicits a neuroprotective response through downregulation of the IL-21/IL-21R and JAK/STAT pathway in BTBR mice, which could represent a promising novel therapeutic target for ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sary Alsanea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Al-Hosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Z Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Colom-Fernández B, Kreutzman A, Marcos-Jiménez A, García-Gutiérrez V, Cuesta-Mateos C, Portero-Sainz I, Pérez-García Y, Casado LF, Sánchez-Guijo F, Martínez-López J, Ayala RM, Boqué C, Xicoy B, Montero I, Soto C, Paz R, Silva G, Vega-Piris L, Steegmann JL, Muñoz-Calleja C. Immediate Effects of Dasatinib on the Migration and Redistribution of Naïve and Memory Lymphocytes Associated With Lymphocytosis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1340. [PMID: 31824308 PMCID: PMC6886582 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dasatinib is a dual SRC/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) that is known to have unique immunomodulatory effects. In particular, dasatinib intake typically causes lymphocytosis, which has been linked to better clinical response. Since the underlying mechanisms are unknown and SRC family kinases are involved in many cell motility processes, we hypothesized that the movement and migration of lymphocytes is modulated by dasatinib. Patients, Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood samples from CML patients treated with second-line dasatinib were collected before and 2 h after the first dasatinib intake, and follow-up samples from the same patients 3 and 6 months after the start of therapy. The migratory capacity and phenotype of lymphocytes and differential blood counts before and after drug intake were compared for all study time-points. Results: We report here for the first time that dasatinib intake is associated with inhibition of peripheral blood T-cell migration toward the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which control the trafficking toward secondary lymphoid organs, mainly the lymph nodes. Accordingly, the proportion of lymphocytes in blood expressing CCR7, the chemokine receptor for both CCL19 and CCL21, decreased after the intake including both naïve CD45RA+ and central memory CD45RO+ T-cells. Similarly, naïve B-cells diminished with dasatinib. Finally, such changes in the migratory patterns did not occur in those patients whose lymphocyte counts remained unchanged after taking the drug. Discussion: We, therefore, conclude that lymphocytosis induced by dasatinib reflects a pronounced redistribution of naïve and memory populations of all lymphocyte subsets including CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Colom-Fernández
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Kreutzman
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jiménez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Cuesta-Mateos
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Itxaso Portero-Sainz
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yaiza Pérez-García
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Felipe Casado
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fermín Sánchez-Guijo
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Ayala
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Boqué
- Servicio de Hematología Clínica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Xicoy
- Servicio de Hematología, Servicio de Hematología Clínica, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, José Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Montero
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - César Soto
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Povisa, Vigo, Spain
| | - Raquel Paz
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Silva
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Vega-Piris
- Unidad de Metodología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Steegmann
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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