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Malloy DC, Côté MP. Multi-session transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation prevents chloride homeostasis imbalance and the development of hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury in rat. Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114754. [PMID: 38493983 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Spasticity is a complex and multidimensional disorder that impacts nearly 75% of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and currently lacks adequate treatment options. This sensorimotor condition is burdensome as hyperexcitability of reflex pathways result in exacerbated reflex responses, co-contractions of antagonistic muscles, and involuntary movements. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) has become a popular tool in the human SCI research field. The likeliness for this intervention to be successful as a noninvasive anti-spastic therapy after SCI is suggested by a mild and transitory improvement in spastic symptoms following a single stimulation session, but it remains to be determined if repeated tSCS over the course of weeks can produce more profound effects. Despite its popularity, the neuroplasticity induced by tSCS also remains widely unexplored, particularly due to the lack of suitable animal models to investigate this intervention. Thus, the basis of this work was to use tSCS over multiple sessions (multi-session tSCS) in a rat model to target spasticity after SCI and identify the long-term physiological improvements and anatomical neuroplasticity occurring in the spinal cord. Here, we show that multi-session tSCS in rats with an incomplete (severe T9 contusion) SCI (1) decreases hyperreflexia, (2) increases the low frequency-dependent modulation of the H-reflex, (3) prevents potassium-chloride cotransporter isoform 2 (KCC2) membrane downregulation in lumbar motoneurons, and (4) generally augments motor output, i.e., EMG amplitude in response to single pulses of tSCS, particularly in extensor muscles. Together, this work displays that multi-session tSCS can target and diminish spasticity after SCI as an alternative to pharmacological interventions and begins to highlight the underlying neuroplasticity contributing to its success in improving functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C Malloy
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States of America.
| | - Marie-Pascale Côté
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States of America.
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2
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Laghmani K. Protein Quality Control of NKCC2 in Bartter Syndrome and Blood Pressure Regulation. Cells 2024; 13:818. [PMID: 38786040 PMCID: PMC11120568 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in NKCC2 generate antenatal Bartter syndrome type 1 (type 1 BS), a life-threatening salt-losing nephropathy characterized by arterial hypotension, as well as electrolyte abnormalities. In contrast to the genetic inactivation of NKCC2, inappropriate increased NKCC2 activity has been associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. Given the importance of NKCC2 in salt-sensitive hypertension and the pathophysiology of prenatal BS, studying the molecular regulation of this Na-K-2Cl cotransporter has attracted great interest. Therefore, several studies have addressed various aspects of NKCC2 regulation, such as phosphorylation and post-Golgi trafficking. However, the regulation of this cotransporter at the pre-Golgi level remained unknown for years. Similar to several transmembrane proteins, export from the ER appears to be the rate-limiting step in the cotransporter's maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane. The most compelling evidence comes from patients with type 5 BS, the most severe form of prenatal BS, in whom NKCC2 is not detectable in the apical membrane of thick ascending limb (TAL) cells due to ER retention and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) mechanisms. In addition, type 1 BS is one of the diseases linked to ERAD pathways. In recent years, several molecular determinants of NKCC2 export from the ER and protein quality control have been identified. The aim of this review is therefore to summarize recent data regarding the protein quality control of NKCC2 and to discuss their potential implications in BS and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Laghmani
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
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Frachon N, Demaretz S, Seaayfan E, Chelbi L, Bakhos-Douaihy D, Laghmani K. AUP1 Regulates the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation and Polyubiquitination of NKCC2. Cells 2024; 13:389. [PMID: 38474353 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations of kidney Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2 lead to antenatal Bartter syndrome (BS) type 1, a life-threatening salt-losing tubulopathy. We previously reported that this serious inherited renal disease is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. The purpose of this work is to characterize further the ERAD machinery of NKCC2. Here, we report the identification of ancient ubiquitous protein 1 (AUP1) as a novel interactor of NKCC2 ER-resident form in renal cells. AUP1 is also an interactor of the ER lectin OS9, a key player in the ERAD of NKCC2. Similar to OS9, AUP1 co-expression decreased the amount of total NKCC2 protein by enhancing the ER retention and associated protein degradation of the cotransporter. Blocking the ERAD pathway with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or the α-mannosidase inhibitor kifunensine fully abolished the AUP1 effect on NKCC2. Importantly, AUP1 knock-down or inhibition by overexpressing its dominant negative form strikingly decreased NKCC2 polyubiquitination and increased the protein level of the cotransporter. Interestingly, AUP1 co-expression produced a more profound impact on NKCC2 folding mutants. Moreover, AUP1 also interacted with the related kidney cotransporter NCC and downregulated its expression, strongly indicating that AUP1 is a common regulator of sodium-dependent chloride cotransporters. In conclusion, our data reveal the presence of an AUP1-mediated pathway enhancing the polyubiquitination and ERAD of NKCC2. The characterization and selective regulation of specific ERAD constituents of NKCC2 and its pathogenic mutants could open new avenues in the therapeutic strategies for type 1 BS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Frachon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Demaretz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Elie Seaayfan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Lydia Chelbi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Dalal Bakhos-Douaihy
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Kamel Laghmani
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
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Shaker E, El Agami O, Salamah A. Bumetanide, a Diuretic That Can Help Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:536-542. [PMID: 37021422 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230404114911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common child neurodevelopmental disorder, whose pathogenesis is not completely understood. Until now, there is no proven treatment for the core symptoms of ASD. However, some evidence indicates a crucial link between this disorder and GABAergic signals which are altered in ASD. Bumetanide is a diuretic that reduces chloride, shifts gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) from excitation to inhibition, and may play a significant role in the treatment of ASD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of bumetanide as a treatment for ASD. METHODS Eighty children, aged 3-12 years, with ASD diagnosed by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), ⩾ 30 were included in this double-blind, randomized, and controlled study. Group 1 received Bumetanide, Group 2 received a placebo for 6 months. Follow-up by CARS rating scale was performed before and after 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS The use of bumetanide in group 1 improved the core symptoms of ASD in a shorter time with minimal and tolerable adverse effects. There was a statistically significant decrease in CARS and most of its fifteen items in group 1 versus group 2 after 6 months of treatment (p-value <0.001). CONCLUSION Bumetanide has an important role in the treatment of core symptoms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Shaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Osama El Agami
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abeer Salamah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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Radulovic T, Rajaram E, Ebbers L, Pagella S, Winklhofer M, Kopp-Scheinpflug C, Nothwang HG, Milenkovic I, Hartmann AM. Serine 937 phosphorylation enhances KCC2 activity and strengthens synaptic inhibition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21660. [PMID: 38066086 PMCID: PMC10709408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The potassium chloride cotransporter KCC2 is crucial for Cl- extrusion from mature neurons and thus key to hyperpolarizing inhibition. Auditory brainstem circuits contain well-understood inhibitory projections and provide a potent model to study the regulation of synaptic inhibition. Two peculiarities of the auditory brainstem are (i) posttranslational activation of KCC2 during development and (ii) extremely negative reversal potentials in specific circuits. To investigate the role of the potent phospho-site serine 937 therein, we generated a KCC2 Thr934Ala/Ser937Asp double mutation, in which Ser937 is replaced by aspartate mimicking the phosphorylated state, and the neighbouring Thr934 arrested in the dephosphorylated state. This double mutant showed a twofold increased transport activity in HEK293 cells, raising the hypothesis that auditory brainstem neurons show lower [Cl-]i. and increased glycinergic inhibition. This was tested in a mouse model carrying the same KCC2 Thr934Ala/Ser937Asp mutation by the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Homozygous KCC2 Thr934Ala/Ser937Asp mice showed an earlier developmental onset of hyperpolarisation in the auditory brainstem. Mature neurons displayed stronger glycinergic inhibition due to hyperpolarized ECl-. These data demonstrate that phospho-regulation of KCC2 Ser937 is a potent way to interfere with the excitation-inhibition balance in neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Radulovic
- Division of Physiology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ezhilarasan Rajaram
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lena Ebbers
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sara Pagella
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences IBU, Carl Von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Conny Kopp-Scheinpflug
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Division of Physiology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Malloy DC, Côté MP. Multi-session transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation prevents chloridehomeostasis imbalance and the development of spasticity after spinal cordinjury in rat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563419. [PMID: 37961233 PMCID: PMC10634766 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Spasticity is a complex and multidimensional disorder that impacts nearly 75% of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and currently lacks adequate treatment options. This sensorimotor condition is burdensome as hyperexcitability of reflex pathways result in exacerbated reflex responses, co-contractions of antagonistic muscles, and involuntary movements. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) has become a popular tool in the human SCI research field. The likeliness for this intervention to be successful as a noninvasive anti-spastic therapy after SCI is suggested by a mild and transitory improvement in spastic symptoms following a single stimulation session, but it remains to be determined if repeated tSCS over the course of weeks can produce more profound effects. Despite its popularity, the neuroplasticity induced by tSCS also remains widely unexplored, particularly due to the lack of suitable animal models to investigate this intervention. Thus, the basis of this work was to use tSCS over multiple sessions (multi-session tSCS) in a rat model to target spasticity after SCI and identify the long-term physiological improvements and anatomical neuroplasticity occurring in the spinal cord. Here, we show that multi-session tSCS in rats with an incomplete (severe T9 contusion) SCI (1) decreases hyperreflexia, (2) increases the low frequency-dependent modulation of the H-reflex, (3) prevents potassium-chloride cotransporter isoform 2 (KCC2) membrane downregulation in lumbar motoneurons, and (4) generally augments motor output, i.e., EMG amplitude in response to single pulses of tSCS, particularly in extensor muscles. Together, this work displays that multi-session tSCS can target and diminish spasticity after SCI as an alternative to pharmacological interventions and begins to highlight the underlying neuroplasticity contributing to its success in improving functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C. Malloy
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Marie-Pascale Côté
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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7
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Maex R. An Isotonic Model of Neuron Swelling Based on Co-Transport of Salt and Water. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:206. [PMID: 36837709 PMCID: PMC9958824 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurons spend most of their energy building ion gradients across the cell membrane. During energy deprivation the neurons swell, and the concomitant mixing of their ions is commonly assumed to lead toward a Donnan equilibrium, at which the concentration gradients of all permeant ion species have the same Nernst potential. This Donnan equilibrium, however, is not isotonic, as the total concentration of solute will be greater inside than outside the neurons. The present theoretical paper, in contrast, proposes that neurons follow a path along which they swell quasi-isotonically by co-transporting water and ions. The final neuronal volume on the path is taken that at which the concentration of impermeant anions in the shrinking extracellular space equals that inside the swelling neurons. At this final state, which is also a Donnan equilibrium, all permeant ions can mix completely, and their Nernst potentials vanish. This final state is isotonic and electro-neutral, as are all intermediate states along this path. The path is in principle reversible, and maximizes the work of mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Maex
- Biocomputation Research Group, School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
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Wu Y, Wang F. Inhibition of NKCC1 in spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion results in alleviation of neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord contusion. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231159855. [PMID: 36760008 PMCID: PMC9950615 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231159855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed the relationship between chloride homeostasis and pain. However, the role of sodium potassium chloride co-transporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) in dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) in spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neuropathic pain (NP) remains inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether suppression of NKCC1 in the spinal cord and DRGs alleviate the NP of adult rats with thoracic spinal cord contusion. Thirty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 week-old, weighing 250-280 g) were randomly divided into three groups with ten animals in each group (sham, SCI, and bumetanide groups). The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency were recorded before injury (baseline) and on post-injury days 14, 21, 28, and 35. At the end of experiment, western blotting (WB) analysis, quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence were performed to quantify NKCC1 expression. Our results revealed that NKCC1 protein expression in the spinal cord and DRGs was significantly up-regulated in rats with SCI. Intraperitoneal treatment of bumetanide (an NKCC1 inhibitor) reversed the expression of NKCC1 in the dorsal horn and DRGs and ameliorated mechanical ectopic pain and thermal hypersensitivities in the SCI rats. Our study demonstrated the occurrence of NKCC1 overexpression in the spinal cord and DRGs in a rodent model of NP and indicated that changes in the peripheral nervous system also play a major role in promoting pain sensitization after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyong Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
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Zhao Y, Cao E. Structural Pharmacology of Cation-Chloride Cotransporters. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1206. [PMID: 36557113 PMCID: PMC9784483 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Loop and thiazide diuretics have been cornerstones of clinical management of hypertension and fluid overload conditions for more than five decades. The hunt for their molecular targets led to the discovery of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) that catalyze electroneutral movement of Cl- together with Na+ and/or K+. CCCs consist of two 1 Na+-1 K+-2 Cl- (NKCC1-2), one 1 Na+-1 Cl- (NCC), and four 1 K+-1 Cl- (KCC1-4) transporters in human. CCCs are fundamental in trans-epithelia ion secretion and absorption, homeostasis of intracellular Cl- concentration and cell volume, and regulation of neuronal excitability. Malfunction of NKCC2 and NCC leads to abnormal salt and water retention in the kidney and, consequently, imbalance in electrolytes and blood pressure. Mutations in KCC2 and KCC3 are associated with brain disorders due to impairments in regulation of excitability and possibly cell volume of neurons. A recent surge of structures of CCCs have defined their dimeric architecture, their ion binding sites, their conformational changes associated with ion translocation, and the mechanisms of action of loop diuretics and small molecule inhibitors. These breakthroughs now set the stage to expand CCC pharmacology beyond loop and thiazide diuretics, developing the next generation of diuretics with improved potency and specificity. Beyond drugging renal-specific CCCs, brain-penetrable therapeutics are sorely needed to target CCCs in the nervous system for the treatment of neurological disorders and psychiatric conditions.
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Gamba G. Arterial Blood Pressure, Neuronal Excitability, Mineral Metabolism and Cell Volume Regulation Mechanisms Revealed by Xenopus laevis oocytes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:911. [PMID: 36295670 PMCID: PMC9612257 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis oocytes have been an invaluable tool to discover and explore the molecular mechanisms and characteristics of many proteins, in particular integral membrane proteins. The oocytes were fundamental in many projects designed to identify the cDNA encoding a diversity of membrane proteins including receptors, transporters, channels and pores. In addition to being a powerful tool for cloning, oocytes were later used to experiment with the functional characterization of many of the identified proteins. In this review I present an overview of my personal 30-year experience using Xenopus laevis oocytes and the impact this had on a variety of fields such as arterial blood pressure, neuronal excitability, mineral metabolism and cell volume regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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11
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Hartmann AM, Nothwang HG. NKCC1 and KCC2: Structural insights into phospho-regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:964488. [PMID: 35935337 PMCID: PMC9355526 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.964488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory neurotransmission plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system, with about 30–50% of synaptic connections being inhibitory. The action of both inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) and glycine, mainly relies on the intracellular Cl– concentration in neurons. This is set by the interplay of the cation chloride cotransporters NKCC1 (Na+, K+, Cl– cotransporter), a main Cl– uptake transporter, and KCC2 (K+, Cl– cotransporter), the principle Cl– extruder in neurons. Accordingly, their dysfunction is associated with severe neurological, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. This has triggered great interest in understanding their regulation, with a strong focus on phosphorylation. Recent structural data by cryogenic electron microscopy provide the unique possibility to gain insight into the action of these phosphorylations. Interestingly, in KCC2, six out of ten (60%) known regulatory phospho-sites reside within a region of 134 amino acid residues (12% of the total residues) between helices α8 and α9 that lacks fixed or ordered three-dimensional structures. It thus represents a so-called intrinsically disordered region. Two further phospho-sites, Tyr903 and Thr906, are also located in a disordered region between the ß8 strand and the α8 helix. We make the case that especially the disordered region between helices α8 and α9 acts as a platform to integrate different signaling pathways and simultaneously constitute a flexible, highly dynamic linker that can survey a wide variety of distinct conformations. As each conformation can have distinct binding affinities and specificity properties, this enables regulation of [Cl–]i and thus the ionic driving force in a history-dependent way. This region might thus act as a molecular processor underlying the well described phenomenon of ionic plasticity that has been ascribed to inhibitory neurotransmission. Finally, it might explain the stunning long-range effects of mutations on phospho-sites in KCC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anna-Maria Hartmann,
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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12
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Liao YH, Chen MX, Chen SC, Luo KX, Wang B, Ao LJ, Liu Y. Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Alleviates Spasticity and Increases Expression of the Neuronal K-Cl Cotransporter in the L4–L5 Sections of Rats Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:882127. [PMID: 35634464 PMCID: PMC9133482 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.882127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) has been shown to provide effective activation of the spinal cord neurocircuits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LIFU in order to alleviate spasticity following spinal cord injury (SCI) by activating the spinal neurocircuits and increasing the expression of the neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2. Adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (220–300 g) were randomly divided into a sham control group, a LIFU− group, and a LIFU+ group. The mechanical threshold hold (g) was used to evaluate the behavioral characteristics of spasm. Electromyography (EMG) was used to assess activation of the spinal cord neurocircuits and muscle spontaneous contraction. Spasticity was assessed by frequency-dependent depression (FDD). The expression of KCC2 of the lumbar spinal cord was determined via western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. The spinal cord neurocircuits were activated by LIFU simulation, which significantly reduced the mechanical threshold (g), FDD, and EMG recordings (s) after 4 weeks of treatment. WB and IF staining both demonstrated that the expression of KCC2 was reduced in the LIFU− group (P < 0.05). After 4 weeks of LIFU stimulation, expression of KCC2 had significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the LIFU+ group compared with the LIFU− group. Thus, we hypothesized that LIFU treatment can alleviate spasticity effectively and upregulate the expression of KCC2 in the L4–L5 section of SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Hui Liao
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shao-Chun Chen
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Luo
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Juan Ao
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Juan Ao
| | - Yao Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yao Liu
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13
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Yeo M, Chen Y, Jiang C, Chen G, Wang K, Chandra S, Bortsov A, Lioudyno M, Zeng Q, Wang P, Wang Z, Busciglio J, Ji RR, Liedtke W. Repurposing cancer drugs identifies kenpaullone which ameliorates pathologic pain in preclinical models via normalization of inhibitory neurotransmission. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6208. [PMID: 34707084 PMCID: PMC8551327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory GABA-ergic neurotransmission is fundamental for the adult vertebrate central nervous system and requires low chloride concentration in neurons, maintained by KCC2, a neuroprotective ion transporter that extrudes intracellular neuronal chloride. To identify Kcc2 gene expression‑enhancing compounds, we screened 1057 cell growth-regulating compounds in cultured primary cortical neurons. We identified kenpaullone (KP), which enhanced Kcc2/KCC2 expression and function in cultured rodent and human neurons by inhibiting GSK3ß. KP effectively reduced pathologic pain-like behavior in mouse models of nerve injury and bone cancer. In a nerve-injury pain model, KP restored Kcc2 expression and GABA-evoked chloride reversal potential in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Delta-catenin, a phosphorylation-target of GSK3ß in neurons, activated the Kcc2 promoter via KAISO transcription factor. Transient spinal over-expression of delta-catenin mimicked KP analgesia. Our findings of a newly repurposed compound and a novel, genetically-encoded mechanism that each enhance Kcc2 gene expression enable us to re-normalize disrupted inhibitory neurotransmission through genetic re-programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Yeo
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharat Chandra
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrey Bortsov
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Lioudyno
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jorge Busciglio
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology (Center for Translational Pain Medicine), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Neurology Clinics for Headache, Head-Pain and Trigeminal Sensory Disorders, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Anesthesiology Clinics for Innovative Pain Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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14
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Zhong L, Gleason EL. Adenylate Cyclase 1 Links Calcium Signaling to CFTR-Dependent Cytosolic Chloride Elevations in Chick Amacrine Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:726605. [PMID: 34456687 PMCID: PMC8385318 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.726605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The strength and sign of synapses involving ionotropic GABA and glycine receptors are dependent upon the Cl- gradient. We have shown that nitric oxide (NO) elicits the release of Cl- from internal acidic stores in retinal amacrine cells (ACs); temporarily altering the Cl- gradient and the strength or even sign of incoming GABAergic or glycinergic synapses. The underlying mechanism for this effect of NO requires the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) but the link between NO and CFTR activation has not been determined. Here, we test the hypothesis that NO-dependent Ca2+ elevations activate the Ca2+-dependent adenylate cyclase 1 (AdC1) leading to activation of protein kinase A (PKA) whose activity is known to open the CFTR channel. Using the reversal potential of GABA-gated currents to monitor cytosolic Cl-, we established the requirement for Ca2+ elevations. Inhibitors of AdC1 suppressed the NO-dependent increases in cytosolic Cl- whereas inhibitors of other AdC subtypes were ineffective suggesting that AdC1 is involved. Inhibition of PKA also suppressed the action of NO. To address the sufficiency of this pathway in linking NO to elevations in cytosolic Cl-, GABA-gated currents were measured under internal and external zero Cl- conditions to isolate the internal Cl- store. Activators of the cAMP pathway were less effective than NO in producing GABA-gated currents. However, coupling the cAMP pathway activators with the release of Ca2+ from stores produced GABA-gated currents indistinguishable from those stimulated with NO. Together, these results demonstrate that cytosolic Ca2+ links NO to the activation of CFTR and the elevation of cytosolic Cl-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Evanna L Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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15
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Deng SY, Tang XC, Chang YC, Xu ZZ, Chen QY, Cao N, Kong LJY, Wang Y, Ma KT, Li L, Si JQ. Improving NKCC1 Function Increases the Excitability of DRG Neurons Exacerbating Pain Induced After TRPV1 Activation of Primary Sensory Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:665596. [PMID: 34113239 PMCID: PMC8185156 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.665596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our aim was to investigate the effects of the protein expression and the function of sodium, potassium, and chloride co-transporter (NKCC1) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) in capsaicin-induced acute inflammatory pain and the possible mechanism of action. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, capsaicin, and inhibitor groups. The expression and distribution of TRPV1 and NKCC1 in rat DRG were observed by immunofluorescence. Thermal radiation and acetone test were used to detect the pain threshold of heat and cold noxious stimulation in each group. The expressions of NKCC1 mRNA, NKCC1 protein, and p-NKCC1 in the DRG were detected by PCR and western blotting (WB). Patch clamp and chloride fluorescent probe were used to observe the changes of GABA activation current and intracellular chloride concentration. After intrathecal injection of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (GF109203X) or MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (U0126), the behavioral changes and the expression of NKCC1 and p-ERK protein in L4–6 DRG were observed. Result: TRPV1 and NKCC1 were co-expressed in the DRG. Compared with the control group, the immunofluorescence intensity of NKCC1 and p-NKCC1 in the capsaicin group was significantly higher, and the expression of NKCC1 in the nuclear membrane was significantly higher than that in the control group. The expression of NKCC1 mRNA and protein of NKCC1 and p-NKCC1 in the capsaicin group were higher than those in the control group. After capsaicin injection, GF109203X inhibited the protein expression of NKCC1 and p-ERK, while U0126 inhibited the protein expression of NKCC1. In the capsaicin group, paw withdrawal thermal latency (WTL) was decreased, while cold withdrawal latency (CWL) was prolonged. Bumetanide, GF109203X, or U0126 could reverse the effect. GABA activation current significantly increased in the DRG cells of the capsaicin group, which could be reversed by bumetanide. The concentration of chloride in the DRG cells of the capsaicin group increased, but decreased after bumetanide, GF109203X, and U0126 were administered. Conclusion Activation of TRPV1 by exogenous agonists can increase the expression and function of NKCC1 protein in DRG, which is mediated by activation of PKC/p-ERK signaling pathway. These results suggest that DRG NKCC1 may participate in the inflammatory pain induced by TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xue-Chun Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yue-Chen Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Medical Teaching Experimental Center, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin-Yi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang Central Hospital, China
| | - Nan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Liang-Jing-Yuan Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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16
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Bilchak JN, Caron G, Côté MP. Exercise-Induced Plasticity in Signaling Pathways Involved in Motor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094858. [PMID: 34064332 PMCID: PMC8124911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to numerous chronic and debilitating functional deficits that greatly affect quality of life. While many pharmacological interventions have been explored, the current unsurpassed therapy for most SCI sequalae is exercise. Exercise has an expansive influence on peripheral health and function, and by activating the relevant neural pathways, exercise also ameliorates numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). While the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are still being delineated, major strides have been made in the past decade to understand the molecular underpinnings of this essential treatment. Exercise rapidly and prominently affects dendritic sprouting, synaptic connections, neurotransmitter production and regulation, and ionic homeostasis, with recent literature implicating an exercise-induced increase in neurotrophins as the cornerstone that binds many of these effects together. The field encompasses vast complexity, and as the data accumulate, disentangling these molecular pathways and how they interact will facilitate the optimization of intervention strategies and improve quality of life for individuals affected by SCI. This review describes the known molecular effects of exercise and how they alter the CNS to pacify the injury environment, increase neuronal survival and regeneration, restore normal neural excitability, create new functional circuits, and ultimately improve motor function following SCI.
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17
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GABAergic Mechanisms Can Redress the Tilted Balance between Excitation and Inhibition in Damaged Spinal Networks. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3769-3786. [PMID: 33826070 PMCID: PMC8279998 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Correct operation of neuronal networks depends on the interplay between synaptic excitation and inhibition processes leading to a dynamic state termed balanced network. In the spinal cord, balanced network activity is fundamental for the expression of locomotor patterns necessary for rhythmic activation of limb extensor and flexor muscles. After spinal cord lesion, paralysis ensues often followed by spasticity. These conditions imply that, below the damaged site, the state of balanced networks has been disrupted and that restoration might be attempted by modulating the excitability of sublesional spinal neurons. Because of the widespread expression of inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the spinal cord, their role in the early and late phases of spinal cord injury deserves full attention. Thus, an early surge in extracellular GABA might be involved in the onset of spinal shock while a relative deficit of GABAergic mechanisms may be a contributor to spasticity. We discuss the role of GABA A receptors at synaptic and extrasynaptic level to modulate network excitability and to offer a pharmacological target for symptom control. In particular, it is proposed that activation of GABA A receptors with synthetic GABA agonists may downregulate motoneuron hyperexcitability (due to enhanced persistent ionic currents) and, therefore, diminish spasticity. This approach might constitute a complementary strategy to regulate network excitability after injury so that reconstruction of damaged spinal networks with new materials or cell transplants might proceed more successfully.
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18
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Peerboom C, Wierenga CJ. The postnatal GABA shift: A developmental perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:179-192. [PMID: 33549742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances excitation in the mature brain. The inhibitory action of GABA relies on the inflow of chloride ions (Cl-), which hyperpolarizes the neuron. In early development, GABA signaling induces outward Cl- currents and is depolarizing. The postnatal shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA is a pivotal event in brain development and its timing affects brain function throughout life. Altered timing of the postnatal GABA shift is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we argue that the postnatal shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA represents the final shift in a sequence of GABA shifts, regulating proliferation, migration, differentiation, and finally plasticity of developing neurons. Each developmental GABA shift ensures that the instructive role of GABA matches the circumstances of the developing network. Sensory input may be a crucial factor in determining proper timing of the postnatal GABA shift. A developmental perspective is necessary to interpret the full consequences of a mismatch between connectivity, activity and GABA signaling during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn Peerboom
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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19
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Josiah SS, Meor Azlan NF, Zhang J. Targeting the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Pathway and Cation-Chloride Cotransporters for the Therapy of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1232. [PMID: 33513812 PMCID: PMC7865768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major culprits responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the currently available pharmacological strategies to combat this global disease are scanty. Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) are expressed in several tissues (including neurons) and extensively contribute to the maintenance of numerous physiological functions including chloride homeostasis. Previous studies have implicated two CCCs, the Na+-K+-Cl- and K+-Cl- cotransporters (NKCCs and KCCs) in stroke episodes along with their upstream regulators, the with-no-lysine kinase (WNKs) family and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine rich kinase (SPAK) or oxidative stress response kinase (OSR1) via a signaling pathway. As the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway reciprocally regulates NKCC and KCC, a growing body of evidence implicates over-activation and altered expression of NKCC1 in stroke pathology whilst stimulation of KCC3 during and even after a stroke event is neuroprotective. Both inhibition of NKCC1 and activation of KCC3 exert neuroprotection through reduction in intracellular chloride levels and thus could be a novel therapeutic strategy. Hence, this review summarizes the current understanding of functional regulations of the CCCs implicated in stroke with particular focus on NKCC1, KCC3, and WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling and discusses the current and potential pharmacological treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinwei Zhang
- Hatherly Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK; (S.S.J.); (N.F.M.A.)
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20
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Chávez-Canales M, de los Heros P, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. Physiological Processes Modulated by the Chloride-Sensitive WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinase Signaling Pathway and the Cation-Coupled Chloride Cotransporters. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585907. [PMID: 33192599 PMCID: PMC7606576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Cl- as an intracellular signaling ion has been increasingly recognized in recent years. One of the currently best described roles of Cl- in signaling is the modulation of the With-No-Lysine (K) (WNK) - STE20-Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive Kinase 1 (OSR1) - Cation-Coupled Cl- Cotransporters (CCCs) cascade. Binding of a Cl- anion to the active site of WNK kinases directly modulates their activity, promoting their inhibition. WNK activation due to Cl- release from the binding site leads to phosphorylation and activation of SPAK/OSR1, which in turn phosphorylate the CCCs. Phosphorylation by WNKs-SPAK/OSR1 of the Na+-driven CCCs (mediating ions influx) promote their activation, whereas that of the K+-driven CCCs (mediating ions efflux) promote their inhibition. This results in net Cl- influx and feedback inhibition of WNK kinases. A wide variety of alterations to this pathway have been recognized as the cause of several human diseases, with manifestations in different systems. The understanding of WNK kinases as Cl- sensitive proteins has allowed us to better understand the mechanistic details of regulatory processes involved in diverse physiological phenomena that are reviewed here. These include cell volume regulation, potassium sensing and intracellular signaling in the renal distal convoluted tubule, and regulation of the neuronal response to the neurotransmitter GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola de los Heros
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Hu R, McDonough AA, Layton AT. Sex differences in solute transport along the nephrons: effects of Na + transport inhibition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F487-F505. [PMID: 32744084 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00240.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Each day, ~1.7 kg of NaCl and 180 liters of water are reabsorbed by nephron segments in humans, with urinary excretion fine tuned to meet homeostatic requirements. These tasks are coordinated by a spectrum of renal Na+ transporters and channels. The goal of the present study was to investigate the extent to which inhibitors of transepithelial Na+ transport (TNa) along the nephron alter urinary solute excretion and how those effects may vary between male and female subjects. To accomplish that goal, we developed sex-specific multinephron models that represent detailed transcellular and paracellular transport processes along the nephrons of male and female rat kidneys. We simulated inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2), Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC), and amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). NHE3 inhibition simulations predicted a substantially reduced proximal tubule TNa, and NKCC2 inhibition substantially reduced thick ascending limb TNa. Both gave rise to diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis, with those effects stronger in female rats. While NCC inhibition was predicted to have only minor impact on renal TNa, it nonetheless had a notable effect of enhancing excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl-, particularly in female rats. Inhibition of ENaC was predicted to have opposite effects on the excretion of Na+ (increased) and K+ (decreased) and to have only a minor impact on whole kidney TNa. Unlike inhibition of other transporters, ENaC inhibition induced stronger natriuresis and diuresis in male rats than female rats. Overall, model predictions agreed well with measured changes in Na+ and K+ excretion in response to diuretics and Na+ transporter mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicia A McDonough
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Cheriton School of Computer Science, and School of Pharmacology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Zhang J, Cordshagen A, Medina I, Nothwang HG, Wisniewski JR, Winklhofer M, Hartmann AM. Staurosporine and NEM mainly impair WNK-SPAK/OSR1 mediated phosphorylation of KCC2 and NKCC1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232967. [PMID: 32413057 PMCID: PMC7228128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of KCC2 and NKCC1 in development and maintenance of fast inhibitory neurotransmission and their implication in severe human diseases arouse interest in posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms such as (de)phosphorylation. Staurosporine (broad kinase inhibitor) and N-ethylmalemide (NEM) that modulate kinase and phosphatase activities enhance KCC2 and decrease NKCC1 activity. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism for this reciprocal regulation by mass spectrometry and immunoblot analyses using phospho-specific antibodies. Our analyses revealed that application of staurosporine or NEM dephosphorylates Thr1007 of KCC2, and Thr203, Thr207 and Thr212 of NKCC1. Dephosphorylation of Thr1007 of KCC2, and Thr207 and Thr212 of NKCC1 were previously demonstrated to activate KCC2 and to inactivate NKCC1. In addition, application of the two agents resulted in dephosphorylation of the T-loop and S-loop phosphorylation sites Thr233 and Ser373 of SPAK, a critical kinase in the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling module mediating phosphorylation of KCC2 and NKCC1. Taken together, these results suggest that reciprocal regulation of KCC2 and NKCC1 via staurosporine and NEM is based on WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling. The key regulatory phospho-site Ser940 of KCC2 is not critically involved in the enhanced activation of KCC2 upon staurosporine and NEM treatment, as both agents have opposite effects on its phosphorylation status. Finally, NEM acts in a tissue-specific manner on Ser940, as shown by comparative analysis in HEK293 cells and immature cultured hippocampal neurons. In summary, our analyses identified phospho-sites that are responsive to staurosporine or NEM application. This provides important information towards a better understanding of the cooperative interactions of different phospho-sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Hatherly Laboratories, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Antje Cordshagen
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Igor Medina
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée), Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, Marseille, France
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jacek R. Wisniewski
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Biochemical Proteomics Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences IBU, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Díaz-Casado E, Gómez-Nieto R, de Pereda JM, Muñoz LJ, Jara-Acevedo M, López DE. Analysis of gene variants in the GASH/Sal model of epilepsy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229953. [PMID: 32168507 PMCID: PMC7069730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent seizures, which are caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities. Several animal models of epilepsy mimic the different symptoms of this disorder. In particular, the genetic audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal) animals exhibit sound-induced seizures similar to the generalized tonic seizures observed in epileptic patients. However, the genetic alterations underlying the audiogenic seizure susceptibility of the GASH/Sal model remain unknown. In addition, gene variations in the GASH/Sal might have a close resemblance with those described in humans with epilepsy, which is a prerequisite for any new preclinical studies that target genetic abnormalities. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in GASH/Sal animals and their corresponding controls to identify and characterize the mutational landscape of the GASH/Sal strain. After filtering the results, moderate- and high-impact variants were validated by Sanger sequencing, assessing the possible impact of the mutations by “in silico” reconstruction of the encoded proteins and analyzing their corresponding biological pathways. Lastly, we quantified gene expression levels by RT-qPCR. In the GASH/Sal model, WES showed the presence of 342 variations, in which 21 were classified as high-impact mutations. After a full bioinformatics analysis to highlight the high quality and reliable variants, the presence of 3 high-impact and 15 moderate-impact variants were identified. Gene expression analysis of the high-impact variants of Asb14 (ankyrin repeat and SOCS Box Containing 14), Msh3 (MutS Homolog 3) and Arhgef38 (Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 38) genes showed a higher expression in the GASH/Sal than in control hamsters. In silico analysis of the functional consequences indicated that those mutations in the three encoded proteins would have severe functional alterations. By functional analysis of the variants, we detected 44 significantly enriched pathways, including the glutamatergic synapse pathway. The data show three high-impact mutations with a major impact on the function of the proteins encoded by these genes, although no mutation in these three genes has been associated with some type of epilepsy until now. Furthermore, GASH/Sal animals also showed gene variants associated with different types of epilepsy that has been extensively documented, as well as mutations in other genes that encode proteins with functions related to neuronal excitability, which could be implied in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal. Our findings provide valuable genetic and biological pathway data associated to the genetic burden of the audiogenic seizure susceptibility and reinforce the need to validate the role of each key mutation in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M. de Pereda
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CSIC.—University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis J. Muñoz
- Animal facilities, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Dolores E. López
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Huang H, Song S, Banerjee S, Jiang T, Zhang J, Kahle KT, Sun D, Zhang Z. The WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinases and the Cation-Chloride Cotransporters as Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Diseases. Aging Dis 2019; 10:626-636. [PMID: 31165006 PMCID: PMC6538211 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) have drawn attention in the medical neuroscience research. CCCs include the family of Na+-coupled Cl- importers (NCC, NKCC1, and NKCC2), K+-coupled Cl- exporters (KCCs), and possibly polyamine transporters (CCC9) and CCC interacting protein (CIP1). For decades, CCCs have been the targets of several commonly used diuretic drugs, including hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, and bumetanide. Genetic mutations of NCC and NKCC2 cause congenital renal tubular disorders and lead to renal salt-losing hypotension, secondary hyperreninemia, and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. New studies reveal that CCCs along with their regulatory WNK (Kinase with no lysine (K)), and SPAK (Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase)/OSR1(oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1) are essential for regulating cell volume and maintaining ionic homeostasis in the nervous system, especially roles of the WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 signaling pathway in ischemic brain injury and hypersecretion of cerebrospinal fluid in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. In addition, disruption of Cl- exporter KCC2 has an effect on synaptic inhibition, which may be involved in developing pain, epilepsy, and possibly some neuropsychiatric disorders. Interference with KCC3 leads to peripheral nervous system neuropathy as well as axon and nerve fiber swelling and psychosis. The WNK-SPAK/OSR1-CCCs complex emerges as therapeutic targets for multiple neurological diseases. This review will highlight these new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliate Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Suneel Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Tong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Dandan Sun, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. . Dr. Zhongling Zhang, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China.
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliate Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Dandan Sun, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. . Dr. Zhongling Zhang, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China.
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Heterologous Expression of Aedes aegypti Cation Chloride Cotransporter 2 (aeCCC2) in Xenopus laevis Oocytes Induces an Enigmatic Na⁺/Li⁺ Conductance. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10030071. [PMID: 30875796 PMCID: PMC6468792 DOI: 10.3390/insects10030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti possesses three genes encoding putative Na⁺-coupled cation chloride cotransporters (CCCs): aeNKCC1, aeCCC2, and aeCCC3. To date, none of the aeCCCs have been functionally characterized. Here we expressed aeCCC2 heterologously in Xenopus oocytes and measured the uptake of Li⁺ (a tracer for Na⁺) and Rb⁺ (a tracer for K⁺). Compared to control (H₂O-injected) oocytes, the aeCCC2-expressing oocytes exhibited significantly greater uptake of Li⁺, but not Rb⁺. However, the uptake of Li⁺ was neither Cl--dependent nor inhibited by thiazide, loop diuretics, or amiloride, suggesting unconventional CCC activity. To determine if the Li⁺-uptake was mediated by a conductive pathway, we performed two-electrode voltage clamping (TEVC) on the oocytes. The aeCCC2 oocytes were characterized by an enhanced conductance for Li⁺ and Na⁺, but not K⁺, compared to control oocytes. It remains to be determined whether aeCCC2 directly mediates the Na⁺/Li⁺ conductance or whether heterologous expression of aeCCC2 stimulates an endogenous cation channel in the oocyte plasma membrane.
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A Preliminary Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Bumetanide, an NKCC1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:283-291. [PMID: 30784026 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of cation-chloride cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2 expression was shown to be related to drug-resistant epilepsy. Previous studies suggested that bumetanide, an inhibitor of NKCC1, might have antiepileptic effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of bumetanide add-on therapy in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and its relation to cation-chloride cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2. METHODS We conducted an open-label, single-arm clinical trial in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. This study consisted of three phases: pretreatment (3 months), titration (3 weeks), and active treatment (6 months). During the pretreatment phase, the dose of antiepileptic drugs was stabilized, and bumetanide was then added at an initial dose of 0.5 mg/day, increasing by 0.5 mg/week until a target dose of 2 mg/day was achieved. Bumetanide treatment was then continued for 6 months. Seizure frequency and adverse events were assessed at every monthly visit. Blood samples were collected from patients and 12 healthy controls were used for polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. Primary clinical outcomes were drug safety and change in seizure frequency. Changes in NKCC1 and KCC2 expression were the non-clinical endpoints. RESULTS A total of 30 patients were enrolled, 27 of whom completed the study. The mean duration of epilepsy was 16.5 years. Median seizure frequency per month was 9 [interquartile range (IQR) 7-14.5] at baseline, 3.67 (IQR 1.84-6.17) at the first 3 months, and 2 (IQR 0.84-4.34) at the last 3 months (p < 0.001). Five adverse events were detected in six patients. The reported adverse events were anorexia in four patients, nausea and vomiting in two patients, and agitation, headache and increased seizure frequency in one patient each. The level of NKCC1 and KCC2 gene transcripts and KCC2 protein did not change significantly following treatment (p > 0.05); however, we observed a significant reduction in NKCC1 protein levels (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Bumetanide might be an effective and relatively tolerable drug in patients with drug-resistant TLE. Downregulation of NKCC1 protein following bumetanide treatment may be responsible for its antiepileptic effects. IRANIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS IDENTIFIER IRCT 201012115368N1.
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Allen LL, Seven YB, Baker TL, Mitchell GS. Cervical spinal contusion alters Na +-K +-2Cl- and K +-Cl- cation-chloride cotransporter expression in phrenic motor neurons. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 261:15-23. [PMID: 30590202 PMCID: PMC6939623 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal chloride-dependent synaptic inhibition is critical in regulating breathing and requires neuronal chloride gradients established by cation-chloride cotransporters Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- (KCC2). Spinal transection disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance, diminishing chloride gradients in neurons below injury, contributing to spasticity and chronic pain. It is not known if similar disruptions in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur in respiratory motor neurons after incomplete cervical contusion (C2SC). We hypothesized that C2SC disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance in phrenic motor neurons. NKCC1 and KCC2 immunoreactivity was assessed in CtB-positive phrenic motor neurons. Five weeks post-C2SC: 1) neither membrane-bound nor cytosolic NKCC1 expression were significantly changed, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio increased, consistent with net chloride influx; and 2) both membrane and cytosolic KCC2 expression increased, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio decreased, consistent with net chloride efflux. Thus, contrary to our original hypothesis, complex shifts in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur post-C2SC. The functional significance of these changes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya L Allen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Tracy L Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
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29
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Ravarotto V, Loffing J, Loffing-Cueni D, Heidemeyer M, Pagnin E, Calò LA, Rossi GP. Gitelman's Syndrome: characterization of a novel c.1181G>A point mutation and functional classification of the known mutations. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:578-588. [PMID: 29925901 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanisms by which a novel missense point mutation (c.1181G>A) found in two sisters causes Gitelman's syndrome by impairing the sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC, encoded by SLC12A3 gene) function. The cDNA and in vitro transcribed mRNA of either wild-type or mutated SLC12A3 were transfected into HEK293 cells and injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes, respectively. The expression, maturation, trafficking, and function of the mutated and wild-type NCC were assessed by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and 22Na+ uptake studies. By immunoblotting of lysates from HEK293 cells and oocytes expressing wild-type NCC, two NCC-related bands of approximately 130 kDa and 115 kDa, corresponding to fully and core-glycosylated NCC, respectively, were identified. In contrast, the mutant NCC only showed a single band of approximately 115 kDa, indicating impaired maturation of the protein. Moreover, oocytes injected with wild-type NCC showed thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ uptake, which was absent in those injected with the mutant NCC. The novel mutation was discussed in the context of the functionally characterized NCC mutations causing Gitelman's syndrome, which fit into five classes. In conclusion, the functional characterization of this novel Gly394Asp NCC and its localization on the NCC structure, alongside that of previously known mutations causing Gitelman's syndrome, may provide novel information on the function of the different domains of the human NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Ravarotto
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Nephrology, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisa Pagnin
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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30
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Steffensen AB, Oernbo EK, Stoica A, Gerkau NJ, Barbuskaite D, Tritsaris K, Rose CR, MacAulay N. Cotransporter-mediated water transport underlying cerebrospinal fluid formation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2167. [PMID: 29867199 PMCID: PMC5986890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production occurs at a rate of 500 ml per day in the adult human. Conventional osmotic forces do not suffice to support such production rate and the molecular mechanisms underlying this fluid production remain elusive. Using ex vivo choroid plexus live imaging and isotope flux in combination with in vivo CSF production determination in mice, we identify a key component in the CSF production machinery. The Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC1) expressed in the luminal membrane of choroid plexus contributes approximately half of the CSF production, via its unusual outward transport direction and its unique ability to directly couple water transport to ion translocation. We thereby establish the concept of cotransport of water as a missing link in the search for molecular pathways sustaining CSF production and redefine the current model of this pivotal physiological process. Our results provide a rational pharmacological target for pathologies involving disturbed brain fluid dynamics. Osmotic forces do not suffice to explain the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Here, the authors show that the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter in the choroid plexus contributes substantially to CSF production via its inherent ability to cotransport water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette B Steffensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva K Oernbo
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anca Stoica
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas J Gerkau
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dagne Barbuskaite
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katerina Tritsaris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ranieri M, Zahedi K, Tamma G, Centrone M, Di Mise A, Soleimani M, Valenti G. CaSR signaling down-regulates AQP2 expression via a novel microRNA pathway in pendrin and NaCl cotransporter knockout mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:2148-2159. [PMID: 29212817 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700412rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of urinary calcium counteract vasopressin action via the activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) that is expressed in the luminal membrane of collecting duct cells, which impairs the trafficking of aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Pendrin/NaCl cotransporter double-knockout (dKO) mice display significant calcium wasting and develop severe volume depletion, despite increased circulating vasopressin levels. We hypothesized that the CaSR-mediated impairment of AQP2 expression/trafficking underlies vasopressin resistance in dKO mice. Compared with wild-type mice, in renal inner medulla, dKO mice had reduced total AQP2 sensitive to proteasome inhibitors, higher levels of AQP2-pS261, ubiquitinated AQP2, and p38-MAPK, an enzyme that is activated by CaSR signaling and known to phosphorylate AQP2 at Ser261. CaSR inhibition with the calcilytic NPS2143 reversed these effects, which indicates that CaSR mediates the up-regulation of AQP2-pS261, ubiquitination, and degradation. Of note, dKO mice demonstrated significantly higher AQP2-targeting miRNA-137 that was reduced upon CaSR inhibition, supporting a critical role for CaSR in the down-regulation of AQP2 expression. Our data indicate that CaSR signaling reduces AQP2 abundance both via AQP2-targeting miRNA-137 and the p38-MAPK/AQP2-pS261/ubiquitination/proteasomal axis. These effects may contribute to the reduced renal concentrating ability that has been observed in dKO mice and underscore a physiologic mechanism of the CaSR-dependent regulation of AQP2 abundance via a novel microRNA pathway.-Ranieri, M., Zahedi, K., Tamma, G., Centrone, M., Di Mise, A., Soleimani, M., Valenti, G. CaSR signaling down-regulates AQP2 expression via a novel microRNA pathway in pendrin and NaCl cotransporter knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Kamyar Zahedi
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Centrone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy.,Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Jean-Xavier C, Sharples SA, Mayr KA, Lognon AP, Whelan PJ. Retracing your footsteps: developmental insights to spinal network plasticity following injury. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:521-536. [PMID: 29070632 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00575.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the spinal cord, a precise interaction occurs between descending projections and sensory afferents, with spinal networks that lead to expression of coordinated motor output. In the rodent, during the last embryonic week, motor output first occurs as regular bursts of spontaneous activity, progressing to stochastic patterns of episodes that express bouts of coordinated rhythmic activity perinatally. Locomotor activity becomes functionally mature in the 2nd postnatal wk and is heralded by the onset of weight-bearing locomotion on the 8th and 9th postnatal day. Concomitantly, there is a maturation of intrinsic properties and key conductances mediating plateau potentials. In this review, we discuss spinal neuronal excitability, descending modulation, and afferent modulation in the developing rodent spinal cord. In the adult, plastic mechanisms are much more constrained but become more permissive following neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury. We discuss parallel mechanisms that contribute to maturation of network function during development to mechanisms of pathological plasticity that contribute to aberrant motor patterns, such as spasticity and clonus, which emerge following central injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jean-Xavier
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - S A Sharples
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - K A Mayr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - A P Lognon
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - P J Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
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Alshahrani S, Soleimani M. Ablation of the Cl-/HCO3- Exchanger Pendrin Enhances Hydrochlorothiazide-Induced Diuresis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:444-455. [PMID: 28750403 PMCID: PMC10947751 DOI: 10.1159/000479296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The Cl-/HCO3- exchanger pendrin and the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter NCC are expressed in the kidney distal nephron and mediate salt absorption. We hypothesized that deletion of pendrin leaves NCC as the major salt absorbing transporter in the distal nephron and therefore enhances salt excretion by hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). METHODS Metabolic cage studies were performed in wild type, pendrin KO and NCC KO mice at baseline and following HCTZ treatment. In parallel studies, systemic blood pressure was measured in mice treated with HCTZ with the tail cuff method. RESULTS Urine output, salt excretion and water intake were comparable in all groups under baseline condition. Urine output and water intake increased significantly only in pendrin KO mice in response to HCTZ, but not in WT or NCC KO mice. Sodium and chloride excretion increased in HCTZ-treated pendrin KO mice, but they remained unchanged in WT or NCC KO mice. Pendrin KO mice treated with HCTZ developed volume depletion, as determined by increased expression of renin mRNA and protein. The expression of ENaC and pendrin increased in HCTZ-treated WT mice. HCTZ treatment did not significantly modify blood pressure in any of the experimental group. CONCLUSION The ablation of the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger Pendrin enhances the magnitude of salt wasting by HCTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati and VA Research Services, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Veterans Administration Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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34
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Turner AL, Perry MS. Outside the box: Medications worth considering when traditional antiepileptic drugs have failed. Seizure 2017; 50:173-185. [PMID: 28704741 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Review and discuss medications efficacious for seizure control, despite primary indications for other diseases, as treatment options in patients who have failed therapy with traditional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). METHODS Literature searches were conducted utilizing PubMed and MEDLINE databases employing combinations of search terms including, but not limited to, "epilepsy", "refractory", "seizure", and the following medications: acetazolamide, amantadine, bumetanide, imipramine, lidocaine, verapamil, and various stimulants. RESULTS Data from relevant case studies, retrospective reviews, and available clinical trials were gathered, analyzed, and reported. Experience with acetazolamide, amantadine, bumetanide, imipramine, lidocaine, verapamil, and various stimulants show promise for cases of refractory epilepsy in both adults and children. Many medications lack large scale, randomized clinical trials, but the available data is informative when choosing treatment for patients that have failed traditional epilepsy therapies. CONCLUSIONS All neurologists have encountered a patient that failed nearly every AED, diet, and surgical option. For these patients, we often seek fortuitous discoveries within small series and case reports, hoping to find a treatment that might help the patient. In the present review, we describe medications for which antiepileptic effect has been ascribed after they were introduced for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Turner
- Department of Pharmacy, Cook Children's Medical Center, 1500 Cooper Street, 4th Floor, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA
| | - M Scott Perry
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Stakišaitis D, Mozūraitė R, Kavaliauskaitė D, Šlekienė L, Balnytė I, Juodžiukynienė N, Valančiūtė A. Sex-related differences of urethane and sodium valproate effects on Ki-67 expression in urethane-induced lung tumors of mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2741-2750. [PMID: 28587335 PMCID: PMC5450691 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate sex differences in tumorigenesis by assessing the number of Ki-67-positive cells [Ki-67(+)] in urethane-induced mice lung tumors and the effect of sodium valproate (NaVP) in BALB/c mice. Gonad-intact and gonadectomized female and male mice were divided into the following groups: i) Treated with urethane, ii) treated with urethane and NaVP and iii) gonad-intact or gonadectomized control. Urethane (total 50 mg/mouse) was injected intraperitoneally. The NaVP 0.4% solution was administered orally for 6 months. Histologically, lung tumors were divided into adenomas and adenocarcinomas and assessed immunohistochemically using antibodies against Ki-67. The Ki-67(+) was calculated per one mm2 of a tumor. In adenomas, Ki-67(+) in the urethane-treated gonad-intact males was significantly higher than in females (P=0.001) and in castrated males (P<0.01); Ki-67(+) in adenomas of the urethane-treated gonad-intact males was significantly higher than in urethane-NaVP-treated ones (P<0.04). No significant differences were found in analogous female groups. In adenocarcinomas, Ki-67(+) in urethane-treated gonad-intact males was significantly higher than in females and gonadectomized mice of both sexes (P<0.001), and in ovariectomized females was significantly higher than in ovary-intact group (P=0.01). A significantly higher number of Ki-67(+) cells were observed in gonad-intact adenocarcinomas of the urethane-NaVP-treated females compared with the urethane-treated ones (P<0.001). Comparing between urethane-NaVP-treated gonadectomized males and females in adenocarcinomas, determined that Ki-67(+) was significantly lower in females (P=0.005). In adenocarcinomas, Ki-67(+) in urethane-NaVP-treated gonadectomized males and females was significantly lower than in gonad-intact mice of the same sex (P<0.001). In summary, gonadectomy with NaVP treatment decreased Ki-67(+) in adenocarcinomas for mice of both sexes. The results of the present study indicate sex-related differences in mice lung tumorigenesis, and a sex-related effect of NaVP on progression in urethane-induced BALB/c mice lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatas Stakišaitis
- Laboratory of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Raminta Mozūraitė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Kavaliauskaitė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Šlekienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nomeda Juodžiukynienė
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Lin CR, Cheng JK, Wu CH, Chen KH, Liu CK. Epigenetic suppression of potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Eur J Pain 2017; 21:309-321. [PMID: 27506893 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple mechanisms contribute to the stimulus-evoked pain hypersensitivity that may be experienced after peripheral inflammation. Persistent pathological stimuli in many pain conditions affect the expression of certain genes through epigenetic alternations. The main purpose of our study was to investigate the role of epigenetic modification on potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) gene expression in the persistence of inflammatory pain. METHODS Persistent inflammatory pain was induced through the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the left hind paw of rats. Acetyl-histone H3 and H4 level was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation in the spinal dorsal horn. Pain behaviour and inhibitory synaptic function of spinal cord were determined before and after CFA injection. KCC2 expression was determined by real time RT-PCR and Western blot. Intrathecal KCC2 siRNA (2 μg per 10 μL per rat) or HDAC inhibitor (10 μg per 10 μL per rat) was injected once daily for 3 days before CFA injection. RESULTS Persistent inflammatory pain epigenetically suppressed KCC2 expression through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in decreased inhibitory signalling efficacy. KCC2 knock-down caused by intrathecal administration of KCC2 siRNA in naïve rats reduced KCC2 expression in the spinal cord, leading to sensitized pain behaviours and impaired inhibitory synaptic transmission in their spinal cords. Moreover, intrathecal HDAC inhibitor injection in CFA rats increased KCC2 expression, partially restoring the spinal inhibitory synaptic transmission and relieving the sensitized pain behaviour. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the transcription of spinal KCC2 is regulated by histone acetylation epigenetically following CFA. SIGNIFICANCE Persistent pain suppresses KCC2 expression through HDAC-mediated histone hypoacetylation and consequently impairs the inhibitory function of inhibitory interneurons. Drugs such as HDAC inhibitors that suppress the influences of persistent pain on the expression of KCC2 may serve as a novel analgesic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-R Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - J-K Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K-H Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-K Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Rahmanzadeh R, Shahbazi A, Ardakani MRK, Mehrabi S, Rahmanzade R, Joghataei MT. Lack of the effect of bumetanide, a selective NKCC1 inhibitor, in patients with schizophrenia: A double-blind randomized trial. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:72-73. [PMID: 27800670 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahmanzadeh
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soraya Mehrabi
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Rahmanzade
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alfonsa H, Lakey JH, Lightowlers RN, Trevelyan AJ. Cl-out is a novel cooperative optogenetic tool for extruding chloride from neurons. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13495. [PMID: 27853135 PMCID: PMC5118542 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride regulation affects brain function in many ways, for instance, by dictating the GABAergic reversal potential, and thereby influencing neuronal excitability and spike timing. Consistent with this, there is increasing evidence implicating chloride in a range of neurological conditions. Investigations about these conditions, though, are made difficult by the limited range of tools available to manipulate chloride levels. In particular, there has been no way to actively remove chloride from neurons; we now describe an optogenetic strategy, ‘Cl-out', to do exactly this. Cl-out achieves its effect by the cooperative action of two different component opsins: the proton pump, Archaerhodopsin and a chloride channel opsin. The removal of chloride happens when both are activated together, using Archaerhodopsin as an optical voltage clamp to provide the driving force for chloride removal through the concurrently opened, chloride channels. We further show that this novel optogenetic strategy can reverse an in vitro epileptogenic phenotype. Chloride regulation is important for setting GABAergic reversal potential, though tools to manipulate chloride levels are limited. Here, the authors combine Archaerhodopsin with a chloride channel opsin to generate an optogenetic chloride extrusion strategy, ‘Cl-out', which they demonstrate in hippocampal slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Alfonsa
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jeremy H Lakey
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert N Lightowlers
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Activation of GABA A receptors controls mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy despite changes in chloride transporters expression: In vivo and in silico approach. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:11-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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KCC3 deficiency-induced disruption of paranodal loops and impairment of axonal excitability in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 2016; 335:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
WNK (With-No-Lysine (K)) kinases are serine-threonine kinases characterized by an atypical placement of a catalytic lysine within the kinase domain. Mutations in human WNK1 or WNK4 cause an autosomal dominant syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalemia, reflecting the fact that WNK kinases are critical regulators of renal ion transport processes. Here, the role of WNKs in the regulation of ion transport processes in vertebrate and invertebrate renal function, cellular and organismal osmoregulation, and cell migration and cerebral edema will be reviewed, along with emerging literature demonstrating roles for WNKs in cardiovascular and neural development, Wnt signaling, and cancer. Conserved roles for these kinases across phyla are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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Hwang JH, Chan YC. Expressions of ion co-transporter genes in salicylate-induced tinnitus and treatment effects of spirulina. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:159. [PMID: 27590453 PMCID: PMC5009550 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the activity of tinnitus-related ion co-transporter are known, their mRNA expressions has seldom been reported. We aimed to investigate the mRNA expressions of tinnitus-related ion co-transporter genes, and treatment effects of Spirulina. METHODS The mRNA expressions of K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter (KCC2) and Na-K-2Cl co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) genes in the cochlea and brain of mice were evaluated after tinnitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of salicylate. The effects of spirulina water extract on these gene expressions were investigated. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the tinnitus scores increased significantly, however, the salicylate-induced tinnitus could be reduced significantly by spirulina water extract. The tinnitus group had higher of borderline significance mRNA expression of KCC2 gene in the cochlear, significantly higher in the temporal lobes and in the frontal lobes. Meanwhile, compared to the tinnitus group, the spirulina group had significantly lower mRNA expression of KCC2 gene in the cochlear, temporal lobes, frontal lobes and parahippocampus/hippocampus. However, the NKCC1 mRNA expression was not significantly different between three groups in the cochlea and these brain areas. CONCLUSION Salicylate-induced tinnitus might be associated with increased mRNA expression of KCC2 gene, but not with mRNA expressions of NKCC1 gene in the cochlear and some tinnitus-related brain areas. Spirulina reduced the expression of KCC2 genes in salicylate-induced tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juen-Haur Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ching Chan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Physiological role of SLC12 family members in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F131-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12, as numbered according to Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) nomenclature, encodes the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that are expressed in many cells and tissues; they play key roles in important physiological events, such as cell volume regulation, modulation of the intracellular chloride concentration, and transepithelial ion transport. Most of these family members are expressed in specific regions of the nephron. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2, which is located in the thick ascending limb, and the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is located in the distal convoluted tubule, play important roles in salt reabsorption and serve as the receptors for loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively (Thiazide diuretics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world.). The activity of these transporters correlates with blood pressure levels; thus, their regulation has been a subject of intense research for more than a decade. The K-Cl cotransporters KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 are expressed in several nephron segments, and their role in renal physiology is less understood but nevertheless important. Evidence suggests that they are involved in modulating proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, thick ascending limb salt reabsorption and collecting duct proton secretion. In this work, we present an overview of the physiological roles of these transporters in the kidney, with particular emphasis on the knowledge gained in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Merner ND, Mercado A, Khanna AR, Hodgkinson A, Bruat V, Awadalla P, Gamba G, Rouleau GA, Kahle KT. Gain-of-function missense variant in SLC12A2, encoding the bumetanide-sensitive NKCC1 cotransporter, identified in human schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 77:22-6. [PMID: 26955005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission in the human prefrontal cortex have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ), but the mechanisms are unclear. NKCC1 (SLC12A2) is a Cl(-)-importing cation-Cl(-) cotransporter that contributes to the maintenance of depolarizing GABA activity in immature neurons, and variation in SLC12A2 has been shown to increase the risk for schizophrenia via alterations of NKCC1 mRNA expression. However, no disease-causing mutations or functional variants in NKCC1 have been identified in human patients with SCZ. Here, by sequencing three large French-Canadian (FC) patient cohorts of SCZ, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and intellectual disability (ID), we identified a novel heterozygous NKCC1 missense variant (p.Y199C) in SCZ. This variant is located in an evolutionarily conserved residue in the critical N-terminal regulatory domain and exhibits high predicted pathogenicity. No NKCC1 variants were detected in ASD or ID, and no KCC3 variants were identified in any of the three neurodevelopmental disorder cohorts. Functional experiments show Y199C is a gain-of-function variant, increasing Cl(-)-dependent and bumetanide-sensitive NKCC1 activity even in conditions in which the transporter is normally functionally silent (hypotonicity). These data are the first to describe a functional missense variant in SLC12A2 in human SCZ, and suggest that genetically encoded dysregulation of NKCC1 may be a risk factor for, or contribute to the pathogenesis of, human SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Merner
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Adriana Mercado
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alan Hodgkinson
- CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Bruat
- CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philip Awadalla
- CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; CARTaGENE, 3333 Queen Mary Road, Office 493, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Uinit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Univesidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Seaayfan E, Defontaine N, Demaretz S, Zaarour N, Laghmani K. OS9 Protein Interacts with Na-K-2Cl Co-transporter (NKCC2) and Targets Its Immature Form for the Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation Pathway. J Biol Chem 2016. [PMID: 26721884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702514.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the renal specific Na-K-2Cl co-transporter (NKCC2) lead to type I Bartter syndrome, a life-threatening kidney disease featuring arterial hypotension along with electrolyte abnormalities. We have previously shown that NKCC2 and its disease-causing mutants are subject to regulation by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). The aim of the present study was to identify the protein partners specifically involved in ERAD of NKCC2. To this end, we screened a kidney cDNA library through a yeast two-hybrid assay using NKCC2 C terminus as bait. We identified OS9 (amplified in osteosarcomas) as a novel and specific binding partner of NKCC2. Co-immunoprecipitation assays in renal cells revealed that OS9 association involves mainly the immature form of NKCC2. Accordingly, immunocytochemistry analysis showed that NKCC2 and OS9 co-localize at the endoplasmic reticulum. In cells overexpressing OS9, total cellular NKCC2 protein levels were markedly decreased, an effect blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Pulse-chase and cycloheximide-chase assays demonstrated that the marked reduction in the co-transporter protein levels was essentially due to increased protein degradation of the immature form of NKCC2. Conversely, knockdown of OS9 by small interfering RNA increased NKCC2 expression by increasing the co-transporter stability. Inactivation of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor homology domain of OS9 had no effect on its action on NKCC2. In contrast, mutations of NKCC2 N-glycosylation sites abolished the effects of OS9, indicating that OS9-induced protein degradation is N-glycan-dependent. In summary, our results demonstrate the presence of an OS9-mediated ERAD pathway in renal cells that degrades immature NKCC2 proteins. The identification and selective modulation of ERAD components specific to NKCC2 and its disease-causing mutants might provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of type I Bartter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Seaayfan
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nadia Defontaine
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Sylvie Demaretz
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nancy Zaarour
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kamel Laghmani
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Research into the fundamental mechanisms of erythropoiesis has provided critical insights into inherited and acquired disorders of the erythrocyte. Studies of human erythropoiesis have primarily utilized in-vitro systems, whereas murine models have provided insights from in-vivo studies. This report reviews recent insights into human and murine erythropoiesis gained from transcriptome-based analyses. RECENT FINDINGS The availability of high-throughput genomic methodologies has allowed attainment of detailed gene expression data from cells at varying developmental and differentiation stages of erythropoiesis. Transcriptome analyses of human and murine reveal both stage and species-specific similarities and differences across terminal erythroid differentiation. Erythroid-specific long noncoding RNAs exhibit poor sequence conservation between human and mouse. Genome-wide analyses of alternative splicing reveal that complex, dynamic, stage-specific programs of alternative splicing program are utilized during terminal erythroid differentiation. Transcriptome data provide a significant resource for understanding mechanisms of normal and perturbed erythropoiesis. Understanding these processes will provide innovative strategies to detect, diagnose, prevent, and treat hematologic disease. SUMMARY Understanding the shared and different mechanisms controlling human and murine erythropoiesis will allow investigators to leverage the best model system to provide insights in normal and perturbed erythropoiesis.
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Do TD, Chen H, Hien VTT, Hamwieh A, Yamada T, Sato T, Yan Y, Cong H, Shono M, Suenaga K, Xu D. Ncl Synchronously Regulates Na+, K+, and Cl- in Soybean and Greatly Increases the Grain Yield in Saline Field Conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19147. [PMID: 26744076 PMCID: PMC4705485 DOI: 10.1038/srep19147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress inhibits soybean growth and reduces gain yield. Genetic improvement of salt tolerance is essential for sustainable soybean production in saline areas. In this study, we isolated a gene (Ncl) that could synchronously regulate the transport and accumulation of Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) from a Brazilian soybean cultivar FT-Abyara using map-based cloning strategy. Higher expression of the salt tolerance gene Ncl in the root resulted in lower accumulations of Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) in the shoot under salt stress. Transfer of Ncl with the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method into a soybean cultivar Kariyutaka significantly enhanced its salt tolerance. Introgression of the tolerance allele into soybean cultivar Jackson, using DNA marker-assisted selection (MAS), produced an improved salt tolerance line. Ncl could increase soybean grain yield by 3.6-5.5 times in saline field conditions. Using Ncl in soybean breeding through gene transfer or MAS would contribute to sustainable soybean production in saline-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Duc Do
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
- Cuulong Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI), Thoilai, Cantho, Vietnam
| | - Huatao Chen
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Vu Thi Thu Hien
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
- Genetic Engineering Division, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Aladdin Hamwieh
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yongliang Yan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hua Cong
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mariko Shono
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suenaga
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Donghe Xu
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
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Seaayfan E, Defontaine N, Demaretz S, Zaarour N, Laghmani K. OS9 Protein Interacts with Na-K-2Cl Co-transporter (NKCC2) and Targets Its Immature Form for the Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:4487-502. [PMID: 26721884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the renal specific Na-K-2Cl co-transporter (NKCC2) lead to type I Bartter syndrome, a life-threatening kidney disease featuring arterial hypotension along with electrolyte abnormalities. We have previously shown that NKCC2 and its disease-causing mutants are subject to regulation by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). The aim of the present study was to identify the protein partners specifically involved in ERAD of NKCC2. To this end, we screened a kidney cDNA library through a yeast two-hybrid assay using NKCC2 C terminus as bait. We identified OS9 (amplified in osteosarcomas) as a novel and specific binding partner of NKCC2. Co-immunoprecipitation assays in renal cells revealed that OS9 association involves mainly the immature form of NKCC2. Accordingly, immunocytochemistry analysis showed that NKCC2 and OS9 co-localize at the endoplasmic reticulum. In cells overexpressing OS9, total cellular NKCC2 protein levels were markedly decreased, an effect blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Pulse-chase and cycloheximide-chase assays demonstrated that the marked reduction in the co-transporter protein levels was essentially due to increased protein degradation of the immature form of NKCC2. Conversely, knockdown of OS9 by small interfering RNA increased NKCC2 expression by increasing the co-transporter stability. Inactivation of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor homology domain of OS9 had no effect on its action on NKCC2. In contrast, mutations of NKCC2 N-glycosylation sites abolished the effects of OS9, indicating that OS9-induced protein degradation is N-glycan-dependent. In summary, our results demonstrate the presence of an OS9-mediated ERAD pathway in renal cells that degrades immature NKCC2 proteins. The identification and selective modulation of ERAD components specific to NKCC2 and its disease-causing mutants might provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of type I Bartter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Seaayfan
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nadia Defontaine
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Sylvie Demaretz
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nancy Zaarour
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kamel Laghmani
- From INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, U1138, Paris 75006, France, CNRS, ERL8228, Paris 75006, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris 75005, France
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Stakisaitis D, Mozuraite R, Juodziukyniene N, Didziapetriene J, Uleckiene S, Matusevicius P, Valanciute A. Sodium Valproate Enhances the Urethane-Induced Lung Adenomas and Suppresses Malignization of Adenomas in Ovariectomized Female Mice. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:218219. [PMID: 26491438 PMCID: PMC4600510 DOI: 10.1155/2015/218219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the possible effect of sodium valproate (NaVP) on urethane-induced lung tumors in female mice has been evaluated. BALB/c mice (n = 60; 4-6 weeks old, females) were used in the following groups: (1) urethane-treated; (2) urethane-NaVP-treated; (3) only NaVP-treated; (4) control. In the same groups, ovariectomized female mice (n = 60) were investigated. Urethane was given intraperitoneally, with a total dose of 50 mg/mouse. In NaVP-treated mice groups, 0.4% aqueous solution of NaVP was offered to mice ad libitum. The duration of the experiment was 6 months. The number of tumors per mouse in ovariectomized mice and in those treated with urethane and NaVP was significantly higher than in mice treated with urethane only (8.29 ± 0.58 versus 6.0 ± 0.63, p < 0.02). No significant difference in the number of tumors per mouse was revealed while comparing the nonovariectomized urethane- and urethane-NaVP-treated groups (p = 0.13). A significant decrease of adenocarcinoma number in ovariectomized mice treated with a urethane-NaVP as compared with ovariectomized mice treated with urethane only was found (p = 0.031). NaVP together with low estrogen may have a protective effect on the malignization of adenomas in ovariectomized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatas Stakisaitis
- Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Tumor Pathophysiology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius University, Santariskiu 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raminta Mozuraite
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nomeda Juodziukyniene
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Janina Didziapetriene
- Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Tumor Pathophysiology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius University, Santariskiu 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saule Uleckiene
- Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Tumor Pathophysiology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius University, Santariskiu 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Matusevicius
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Angelija Valanciute
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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50
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Adragna NC, Ravilla NB, Lauf PK, Begum G, Khanna AR, Sun D, Kahle KT. Regulated phosphorylation of the K-Cl cotransporter KCC3 is a molecular switch of intracellular potassium content and cell volume homeostasis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217182 PMCID: PMC4496573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The defense of cell volume against excessive shrinkage or swelling is a requirement for cell function and organismal survival. Cell swelling triggers a coordinated homeostatic response termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD), resulting in K+ and Cl− efflux via activation of K+ channels, volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs), and the K+-Cl− cotransporters, including KCC3. Here, we show genetic alanine (Ala) substitution at threonines (Thr) 991 and 1048 in the KCC3a isoform carboxyl-terminus, preventing inhibitory phosphorylation at these sites, not only significantly up-regulates KCC3a activity up to 25-fold in normally inhibitory isotonic conditions, but is also accompanied by reversal of activity of the related bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1). This results in a rapid (<10 min) and significant (>90%) reduction in intracellular K+ content (Ki) via both Cl-dependent (KCC3a + NKCC1) and Cl-independent [DCPIB (VRAC inhibitor)-sensitive] pathways, which collectively renders cells less prone to acute swelling in hypotonic osmotic stress. Together, these data demonstrate the phosphorylation state of Thr991/Thr1048 in KCC3a encodes a potent switch of transporter activity, Ki homeostasis, and cell volume regulation, and reveal novel observations into the functional interaction among ion transport molecules involved in RVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma C Adragna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Nagendra B Ravilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Peter K Lauf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA ; Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Boston, MA, USA ; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard University Boston, MA, USA
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