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Ding XF, Fan M. Nonviral Gene Therapy of the Nervous System: Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1382:297-305. [PMID: 26611596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation has been widely used to efficiently transfer foreign genes into the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), and thus plays an important role in gene therapeutic studies on some brain disorders. A lot of work concerning electroporation is focused on gene transfer into rodent brains. This technique involves an injection of nucleic acids into the brain ventricle or specific area and then applying appropriate electrical field to the injected area. Here, we briefly introduced the advantages and the basic procedures of gene transfer into the rodent brain using electroporation. Better understanding of electroporation in rodent brain may further facilitate gene therapeutic studies on brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Ding
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Fan
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Townsend KL, Lee MY, Takahashi H, So K, Hitchcox KM, Markan KR, Hellbach K, Hirshman MF, Tseng YH, Goodyear LJ. A novel role for subcutaneous adipose tissue in exercise-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2015; 64:2002-14. [PMID: 25605808 PMCID: PMC4439563 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training improves whole-body glucose homeostasis through effects largely attributed to adaptations in skeletal muscle; however, training also affects other tissues, including adipose tissue. To determine whether exercise-induced adaptations to adipose tissue contribute to training-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis, subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) from exercise-trained or sedentary donor mice was transplanted into the visceral cavity of sedentary recipients. Remarkably, 9 days post-transplantation, mice receiving scWAT from exercise-trained mice had improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin sensitivity compared with mice transplanted with scWAT from sedentary or sham-treated mice. Mice transplanted with scWAT from exercise-trained mice had increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in tibialis anterior and soleus muscles and brown adipose tissue, suggesting that the transplanted scWAT exerted endocrine effects. Furthermore, the deleterious effects of high-fat feeding on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were completely reversed if high-fat-fed recipient mice were transplanted with scWAT from exercise-trained mice. In additional experiments, voluntary exercise training by wheel running for only 11 days resulted in profound changes in scWAT, including the increased expression of ∼1,550 genes involved in numerous cellular functions including metabolism. Exercise training causes adaptations to scWAT that elicit metabolic improvements in other tissues, demonstrating a previously unrecognized role for adipose tissue in the beneficial effects of exercise on systemic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristen M Hitchcox
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kathleen R Markan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katharina Hellbach
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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3
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Henique C, Mansouri A, Vavrova E, Lenoir V, Ferry A, Esnous C, Ramond E, Girard J, Bouillaud F, Prip‐Buus C, Cohen I. Increasing mitochondrial muscle fatty acid oxidation induces skeletal muscle remodeling toward an oxidative phenotype. FASEB J 2015; 29:2473-83. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Henique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Abdelhak Mansouri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Eliska Vavrova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Véronique Lenoir
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- INSERM U974, CNRS UMR 7215Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMRS 974Institut de MyologieParisFrance
| | - Catherine Esnous
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Elodie Ramond
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Jean Girard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Carina Prip‐Buus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Isabelle Cohen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U1016Institut CochinParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)8104ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
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4
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Ding NZ, He M, He CQ, Hu JS, Teng JL, Chen J. Yin yang-1 regulates the characterized murine focal adhesion-associated protein promoter. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:496-503. [PMID: 21977911 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion-associated protein (FAAP), product of the murine D10Wsu52e gene, is involved in modulating cell adhesion dynamics. The ubiquitously expressed protein belongs to the highly conserved UPF0027 family, the newly identified RNA >p ligase family. To understand the mechanisms underlying FAAP expression and regulation, we first mapped its major transcription start site at the nucleotide 79 bp upstream of the ATG codon. The murine FAAP 2.1 kb 5'-flanking region was cloned, analyzed, and aligned with the corresponding 1.7 kb region of its human homolog HSPC117. Despite the differences in activity, cell in vitro transfection and testis in vivo electroporation identified a 0.2 kb efficient promoter region lacking a functional TATA-box. Gel shift assays confirmed the specific interaction between Yin Yang-1 (YY1) and the potential element in the proximal region of the FAAP promoter. Site mutation, truncation, RNAi, and overexpression analyses suggested that YY1 is an important regulator of the FAAP promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Zheng Ding
- College of Life Science, Peking University , Beijing, China
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Roche JA, Ford-Speelman DL, Ru LW, Densmore AL, Roche R, Reed PW, Bloch RJ. Physiological and histological changes in skeletal muscle following in vivo gene transfer by electroporation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C1239-50. [PMID: 21832248 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00431.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is used to transfect skeletal muscle fibers in vivo, but its effects on the structure and function of skeletal muscle tissue have not yet been documented in detail. We studied the changes in contractile function and histology after EP and the influence of the individual steps involved to determine the mechanism of recovery, the extent of myofiber damage, and the efficiency of expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of adult male C57Bl/6J mice. Immediately after EP, contractile torque decreased by ∼80% from pre-EP levels. Within 3 h, torque recovered to ∼50% but stayed low until day 3. Functional recovery progressed slowly and was complete at day 28. In muscles that were depleted of satellite cells by X-irradiation, torque remained low after day 3, suggesting that myogenesis is necessary for complete recovery. In unirradiated muscle, myogenic activity after EP was confirmed by an increase in fibers with central nuclei or developmental myosin. Damage after EP was confirmed by the presence of necrotic myofibers infiltrated by CD68+ macrophages, which persisted in electroporated muscle for 42 days. Expression of GFP was detected at day 3 after EP and peaked on day 7, with ∼25% of fibers transfected. The number of fibers expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), the distribution of GFP+ fibers, and the intensity of fluorescence in GFP+ fibers were highly variable. After intramuscular injection alone, or application of the electroporating current without injection, torque decreased by ∼20% and ∼70%, respectively, but secondary damage at D3 and later was minimal. We conclude that EP of murine TA muscles produces variable and modest levels of transgene expression, causes myofiber damage due to the interaction of intramuscular injection with the permeabilizing current, and that full recovery requires myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Roche
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Pichavant C, Chapdelaine P, Cerri DG, Bizario JCS, Tremblay JP. Electrotransfer of the full-length dog dystrophin into mouse and dystrophic dog muscles. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 21:1591-601. [PMID: 20553115 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease characterized by the absence of dystrophin (427 kDa). An approach to eventually restore this protein in patients with DMD is to introduce into their muscles a plasmid encoding dystrophin cDNA. Because the phenotype of the dystrophic dog is closer to the human phenotype than is the mdx mouse phenotype, we have studied the electrotransfer of a plasmid carrying the full-length dog dystrophin (FLDYS(dog)) in dystrophic dog muscle. To achieve this nonviral delivery, the FLDYS(dog) cDNA was cloned in two plasmids containing either a cytomegalovirus or a muscle creatine kinase promoter. In both cases, our results showed that the electrotransfer of these large plasmids (∼17 kb) into mouse muscle allowed FLDYS(dog) expression in the treated muscle. The electrotransfer of pCMV.FLDYS(dog) in a dystrophic dog muscle also led to the expression of dystrophin. In conclusion, introduction of the full-length dog dystrophin cDNA by electrotransfer into dystrophic dog muscle is a potential approach to restore dystrophin in patients with DMD. However, the electrotransfer procedure should be improved before applying it to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pichavant
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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7
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Ayuni EL, Gazdhar A, Giraud MN, Kadner A, Gugger M, Cecchini M, Caus T, Carrel TP, Schmid RA, Tevaearai HT. In vivo electroporation mediated gene delivery to the beating heart. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14467. [PMID: 21209934 PMCID: PMC3012686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy may represent a promising alternative strategy for cardiac muscle regeneration. In vivo electroporation, a physical method of gene transfer, has recently evolved as an efficient method for gene transfer. In the current study, we investigated the efficiency and safety of a protocol involving in vivo electroporation for gene transfer to the beating heart. Adult male rats were anesthetised and the heart exposed through a left thoracotomy. Naked plasmid DNA was injected retrograde into the transiently occluded coronary sinus before the electric pulses were applied. Animals were sacrificed at specific time points and gene expression was detected. Results were compared to the group of animals where no electric pulses were applied. No post-procedure arrhythmia was observed. Left ventricular function was temporarily altered only in the group were high pulses were applied; CK-MB (Creatine kinase) and TNT (Troponin T) were also altered only in this group. Histology showed no signs of toxicity. Gene expression was highest at day one. Our results provide evidence that in vivo electroporation with an optimized protocol is a safe and effective tool for nonviral gene delivery to the beating heart. This method may be promising for clinical settings especially for perioperative gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick L. Ayuni
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Noelle Giraud
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kadner
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Gugger
- Department of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Caus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry P. Carrel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A. Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Hendrik T. Tevaearai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Holloway GP, Gurd BJ, Snook LA, Lally J, Bonen A. Compensatory increases in nuclear PGC1alpha protein are primarily associated with subsarcolemmal mitochondrial adaptations in ZDF rats. Diabetes 2010; 59:819-28. [PMID: 20103701 PMCID: PMC2844829 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined in insulin-resistant muscle if, in contrast to long-standing dogma, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is increased and whether this is attributed to an increased nuclear content of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator (PGC) 1alpha and the adaptations of specific mitochondrial subpopulations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Skeletal muscles from male control and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used to determine 1) intramuscular lipid distribution, 2) subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial morphology, 3) rates of palmitate oxidation in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria, and 4) the subcellular localization of PGC1alpha. Electotransfection of PGC1alpha cDNA into lean animals tested the notion that increased nuclear PGC1alpha preferentially targeted subsarcolemmal mitochondria. RESULTS Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that in ZDF animals the number (+50%), width (+69%), and density (+57%) of subsarcolemmal mitochondria were increased (P < 0.05). In contrast, intermyofibrillar mitochondria remained largely unchanged. Rates of palmitate oxidation were approximately 40% higher (P < 0.05) in ZDF subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria, potentially as a result of the increased PPAR-targeted proteins, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I, and fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36. PGC1alpha mRNA and total protein were not altered in ZDF animals; however, a greater (approximately 70%; P < 0.05) amount of PGC1alpha was located in nuclei. Overexpression of PGC1alpha only increased subsarcolemmal mitochondrial oxidation rates. CONCLUSIONS In ZDF animals, intramuscular lipids accumulate in the intermyofibrillar region (increased size and number), and this is primarily associated with increased oxidative capacity in subsarcolemmal mitochondria (number, size, density, and oxidation rates). These changes may result from an increased nuclear content of PGC1alpha, as under basal conditions, overexpression of PGC1alpha appears to target subsarcolemmal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Dennis RG, Smith B, Philp A, Donnelly K, Baar K. Bioreactors for guiding muscle tissue growth and development. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 112:39-79. [PMID: 19290497 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69357-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle tissue bioreactors are devices which are employed to guide and monitor the development of engineered muscle tissue. These devices have a modern history that can be traced back more than a century, because the key elements of muscle tissue bioreactors have been studied for a very long time. These include barrier isolation and culture of cells, tissues and organs after isolation from a host organism; the provision of various stimuli intended to promote growth and maintain the muscle, such as electrical and mechanical stimulation; and the provision of a perfusate such as culture media or blood derived substances. An accurate appraisal of our current progress in the development of muscle bioreactors can only be made in the context of the history of this endeavor. Modern efforts tend to focus more upon the use of computer control and the application of mechanical strain as a stimulus, as well as substrate surface modifications to induce cellular organization at the early stages of culture of isolated muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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Tang H, Macpherson P, Marvin M, Meadows E, Klein WH, Yang XJ, Goldman D. A histone deacetylase 4/myogenin positive feedback loop coordinates denervation-dependent gene induction and suppression. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:1120-31. [PMID: 19109424 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle activity contributes to formation of the neuromuscular junction and affects muscle metabolism and contractile properties through regulated gene expression. However, the mechanisms coordinating these diverse activity-regulated processes remain poorly characterized. Recently, it was reported that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) can mediate denervation-induced myogenin and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene expression. Here, we report that HDAC4 is not only necessary for denervation-dependent induction of genes involved in synaptogenesis (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase) but also for denervation-dependent suppression of genes involved in glycolysis (muscle-specific enolase and phosphofructokinase). In addition, HDAC4 differentially regulates genes involved in muscle fiber type specification by inducing myosin heavy chain IIA and suppressing myosin heavy chain IIB. Consistent with these regulated gene profiles, HDAC4 is enriched in fast oxidative fibers of innervated tibialis anterior muscle and HDAC4 knockdown enhances glycolysis in cultured myotubes. HDAC4 mediates gene induction indirectly by suppressing the expression of Dach2 and MITR that function as myogenin gene corepressors. In contrast, HDAC4 is directly recruited to myocyte enhancer factor 2 sites within target promoters to mediate gene suppression. Finally, we discovered an HDAC4/myogenin positive feedback loop that coordinates gene induction and repression underlying muscle phenotypic changes after muscle denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Tang
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Lahoute C, Sotiropoulos A, Favier M, Guillet-Deniau I, Charvet C, Ferry A, Butler-Browne G, Metzger D, Tuil D, Daegelen D. Premature aging in skeletal muscle lacking serum response factor. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3910. [PMID: 19079548 PMCID: PMC2593784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass, increased adiposity and fibrosis that leads to sarcopenia. At the molecular level, muscle aging is known to alter the expression of a variety of genes but very little is known about the molecular effectors involved. SRF (Serum Response Factor) is a crucial transcription factor for muscle-specific gene expression and for post-natal skeletal muscle growth. To assess its role in adult skeletal muscle physiology, we developed a post-mitotic myofiber-specific and tamoxifen-inducible SRF knockout model. Five months after SRF loss, no obvious muscle phenotype was observed suggesting that SRF is not crucial for myofiber maintenance. However, mutant mice progressively developed IIB myofiber-specific atrophy accompanied by a metabolic switch towards a more oxidative phenotype, muscular lipid accumulation, sarcomere disorganization and fibrosis. After injury, mutant muscles exhibited an altered regeneration process, showing smaller regenerated fibers and persistent fibrosis. All of these features are strongly reminiscent of abnormalities encountered in aging skeletal muscle. Interestingly, we also observed an important age associated decrease in SRF expression in mice and human muscles. Altogether, these results suggest that a naturally occurring SRF down-regulation precedes and contributes to the muscle aging process. Indeed, triggering SRF loss in the muscles of mutant mice results in an accelerated aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lahoute
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
| | - Athanassia Sotiropoulos
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
| | - Marilyne Favier
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Guillet-Deniau
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
| | - Claude Charvet
- INRA, UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- UMR S787, Inserm/UPMC-Paris 6/ Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Metzger
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Department of Functional Genomics, Inserm, U596, CNRS, UMR 7104, Collège de France, Illkirch, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Tuil
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (DT); (DD)
| | - Dominique Daegelen
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (DT); (DD)
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12
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Trollet C, Scherman D, Bigey P. Delivery of DNA into muscle for treating systemic diseases: advantages and challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 423:199-214. [PMID: 18370200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-194-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and safe method to deliver DNA in vivo is a requirement for several purposes, such as the study of gene function and gene therapy applications. Among the different nonviral delivery methods currently under investigation, in vivo DNA electrotransfer has proven to be one of the most efficient and simple methods. This technique is a physical method of gene delivery consisting of a local application of electric pulses after injection of DNA. This technique can be applied to almost any tissue of a living animal, including tumors, skin, liver, kidney, artery, retina, cornea, or even brain, but the focus of this review will be on electrotransfer of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle and its possible therapeutic uses for systemic diseases. Skeletal muscle is a good target for electrotransfer of DNA because of the following features: a large volume of easily accessible tissue, an endocrine organ capable of expressing several local and systemic factors, and muscle fibers as postmitotic cells have a long lifespan, which allows long-term gene expression. In this review, we will describe the main characteristics of DNA electrotransfer, including toxicity and safety issues related to this technique. We will focus on the important possible therapeutic applications of electrotransfer for systemic diseases demonstrated in animal models in the recent years, in the fields of monogenic diseases, tissue-specific diseases, metabolic disorders, immune-system-related diseases, and cancer. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and challenges of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Trollet
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, René Descartes Paris 5 University, Paris, France
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13
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Benton CR, Yoshida Y, Lally J, Han XX, Hatta H, Bonen A. PGC-1alpha increases skeletal muscle lactate uptake by increasing the expression of MCT1 but not MCT2 or MCT4. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:45-54. [PMID: 18523157 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90217.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between PGC-1alpha protein; the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1, 2, and 4; and CD147 1) among six metabolically heterogeneous rat muscles, 2) in chronically stimulated red (RTA) and white tibialis (WTA) muscles (7 days), and 3) in RTA and WTA muscles transfected with PGC-1alpha-pcDNA plasmid in vivo. Among rat hindlimb muscles, there was a strong positive association between PGC-1alpha and MCT1 and CD147, and between MCT1 and CD147. A negative association was found between PGC-1alpha and MCT4, and CD147 and MCT4, while there was no relationship between PGC-1alpha or CD147 and MCT2. Transfecting PGC-1alpha-pcDNA plasmid into muscle increased PGC-1alpha protein (RTA +23%; WTA +25%) and induced the expression of MCT1 (RTA +16%; WTA +28%), but not MCT2 and MCT4. As a result of the PGC-1alpha-induced upregulation of MCT1 and its chaperone CD147 (+29%), there was a concomitant increase in the rate of lactate uptake (+20%). In chronically stimulated muscles, the following proteins were upregulated, PGC-1alpha in RTA (+26%) and WTA (+86%), MCT1 in RTA (+61%) and WTA (+180%), and CD147 in WTA (+106%). In contrast, MCT4 protein expression was not altered in either RTA or WTA muscles, while MCT2 protein expression was reduced in both RTA (-14%) and WTA (-10%). In these studies, whether comparing oxidative capacities among muscles or increasing their oxidative capacities by PGC-1alpha transfection and chronic muscle stimulation, there was a strong relationship between the expression of PGC-1alpha and MCT1, and PGC-1alpha and CD147 proteins. Thus, MCT1 and CD147 belong to the family of metabolic genes whose expression is regulated by PGC-1alpha in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley R Benton
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Draghia-Akli R, Khan AS, Brown PA, Pope MA, Wu L, Hirao L, Weiner DB. Parameters for DNA vaccination using adaptive constant-current electroporation in mouse and pig models. Vaccine 2008; 26:5230-7. [PMID: 18450333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the expression of DNA vaccines requires that specific conditions of delivery are optimized. We describe experiments using adaptive constant-current electroporation (EP) in mice and pigs examining parameters such as target muscle, delay between plasmid delivery and onset of EP pulses and DNA vaccine formulation; our studies show that concentrated formulations result in better expression and immunogenicity. Furthermore, various conditions of EP that limit the amount of muscle damage were measured. The results of these studies will help to advance the success of DNA vaccines in animals into success in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Draghia-Akli
- VGX Pharmaceuticals, 2700 Research Forest Drive, Suite 180, The Woodlands, TX 77381, United States.
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15
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Dennis RG, Smith B, Philp A, Donnelly K, Baar K. Bioreactors for Guiding Muscle Tissue Growth and Development. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Benton CR, Nickerson JG, Lally J, Han XX, Holloway GP, Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP, Graham TE, Heikkila JJ, Bonen A. Modest PGC-1alpha overexpression in muscle in vivo is sufficient to increase insulin sensitivity and palmitate oxidation in subsarcolemmal, not intermyofibrillar, mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:4228-40. [PMID: 18079123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704332200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PGC-1alpha overexpression in skeletal muscle, in vivo, has yielded disappointing and unexpected effects, including disrupted cellular integrity and insulin resistance. These unanticipated results may stem from an excessive PGC-1alpha overexpression in transgenic animals. Therefore, we examined the effects of a modest PGC-1alpha overexpression in a single rat muscle, in vivo, on fuel-handling proteins and insulin sensitivity. We also examined whether modest PGC-1alpha overexpression selectively targeted subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondrial proteins and fatty acid oxidation, because SS mitochondria are metabolically more plastic than intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria. Among metabolically heterogeneous rat hindlimb muscles, PGC-1alpha was highly correlated with their oxidative fiber content and with substrate transport proteins (GLUT4, FABPpm, and FAT/CD36) and mitochondrial proteins (COXIV and mTFA) but not with insulin-signaling proteins (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, IRS-1, and Akt2), nor with 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase, alpha2 subunit, and HSL. Transfection of PGC-1alpha into the red (RTA) and white tibialis anterior (WTA) compartments of the tibialis anterior muscle increased PGC-1alpha protein by 23-25%. This also induced the up-regulation of transport proteins (FAT/CD36, 35-195%; GLUT4, 20-32%) and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase, alpha2 subunit (37-48%), but not other proteins (FABPpm, IRS-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt2, and HSL). SS and IMF mitochondrial proteins were also up-regulated, including COXIV (15-75%), FAT/CD36 (17-30%), and mTFA (15-85%). PGC-1alpha overexpression also increased palmitate oxidation in SS (RTA, +116%; WTA, +40%) but not in IMF mitochondria, and increased insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AKT2 (28-43%) and rates of glucose transport (RTA, +20%; WTA, +38%). Thus, in skeletal muscle in vivo, a modest PGC-1alpha overexpression up-regulated selected plasmalemmal and mitochondrial fuel-handling proteins, increased SS (not IMF) mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and improved insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley R Benton
- Departments of Kinesiology and Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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17
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Chen SE, Jin B, Li YP. TNF-alpha regulates myogenesis and muscle regeneration by activating p38 MAPK. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C1660-71. [PMID: 17151142 PMCID: PMC3099536 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00486.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although p38 MAPK activation is essential for myogenesis, the upstream signaling mechanism that activates p38 during myogenesis remains undefined. We recently reported that p38 activation, myogenesis, and regeneration in cardiotoxin-injured soleus muscle are impaired in TNF-alpha receptor double-knockout (p55(-/-)p75(-/-)) mice. To fully evaluate the role of TNF-alpha in myogenic activation of p38, we tried to determine whether p38 activation in differentiating myoblasts requires autocrine TNF-alpha, and whether forced activation of p38 rescues impaired myogenesis and regeneration in the p55(-/-)p75(-/-) soleus. We observed an increase of TNF-alpha release from C2C12 or mouse primary myoblasts placed in low-serum differentiation medium. A TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibody added to differentiation medium blocked p38 activation and suppressed differentiation markers myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2C, myogenin, p21, and myosin heavy chain in C2C12 myoblasts. Conversely, recombinant TNF-alpha added to differentiation medium stimulated myogenesis at 0.05 ng/ml while inhibited it at 0.5 and 5 ng/ml. In addition, differentiation medium-induced p38 activation and myogenesis were compromised in primary myoblasts prepared from p55(-/-)p75(-/-) mice. Increased TNF-alpha release was also seen in cardiotoxin-injured soleus over the course of regeneration. Forced activation of p38 via the constitutive activator of p38, MKK6bE, rescued impaired myogenesis and regeneration in the cardiotoxin-injured p55(-/-)p75(-/-) soleus. These results indicate that TNF-alpha regulates myogenesis and muscle regeneration as a key activator of p38.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autocrine Communication
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation
- MAP Kinase Kinase 6/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Development/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Diseases/chemically induced
- Muscular Diseases/metabolism
- Muscular Diseases/physiopathology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Ei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Charvet C, Houbron C, Parlakian A, Giordani J, Lahoute C, Bertrand A, Sotiropoulos A, Renou L, Schmitt A, Melki J, Li Z, Daegelen D, Tuil D. New role for serum response factor in postnatal skeletal muscle growth and regeneration via the interleukin 4 and insulin-like growth factor 1 pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:6664-74. [PMID: 16914747 PMCID: PMC1592825 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00138-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a crucial transcriptional factor for muscle-specific gene expression. We investigated SRF function in adult skeletal muscles, using mice with a postmitotic myofiber-targeted disruption of the SRF gene. Mutant mice displayed severe skeletal muscle mass reductions due to a postnatal muscle growth defect resulting in highly hypotrophic adult myofibers. SRF-depleted myofibers also failed to regenerate following injury. Muscles lacking SRF had very low levels of muscle creatine kinase and skeletal alpha-actin (SKA) transcripts and displayed other alterations to the gene expression program, indicating an overall immaturity of mutant muscles. This loss of SKA expression, together with a decrease in beta-tropomyosin expression, contributed to myofiber growth defects, as suggested by the extensive sarcomere disorganization found in mutant muscles. However, we observed a downregulation of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression in mutant myofibers which could also account for their defective growth and regeneration. Indeed, our demonstration of SRF binding to interleukin 4 and IGF-1 promoters in vivo suggests a new crucial role for SRF in pathways involved in muscle growth and regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Base Sequence
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Size
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Integrases/genetics
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Organ Size
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Regeneration
- Sarcomeres/pathology
- Sarcomeres/ultrastructure
- Serum Response Factor/deficiency
- Serum Response Factor/genetics
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Charvet
- Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine Cochin Port Royal, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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19
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Sacco A, Doyonnas R, LaBarge MA, Hammer MM, Kraft P, Blau HM. IGF-I increases bone marrow contribution to adult skeletal muscle and enhances the fusion of myelomonocytic precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 171:483-92. [PMID: 16275752 PMCID: PMC2171272 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200506123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle damage has been shown to enhance the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to regenerating skeletal muscle. One responsible cell type involved in this process is a hematopoietic stem cell derivative, the myelomonocytic precursor (MMC). However, the molecular components responsible for this injury-related response remain largely unknown. In this paper, we show that delivery of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to adult skeletal muscle by three different methods-plasmid electroporation, injection of genetically engineered myoblasts, and recombinant protein injection-increases the integration of BMDCs up to fourfold. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we developed an in vitro fusion assay in which co-cultures of MMCs and myotubes were exposed to IGF-I. The number of fusion events was substantially augmented by IGF-I, independent of its effect on cell survival. These results provide novel evidence that a single factor, IGF-I, is sufficient to enhance the fusion of bone marrow derivatives with adult skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sacco
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Baxter Laboratory in Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Schertzer JD, Plant DR, Lynch GS. Optimizing plasmid-based gene transfer for investigating skeletal muscle structure and function. Mol Ther 2005; 13:795-803. [PMID: 16309967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA is a less cytotoxic alternative to viral vectors for delivering genetic material to skeletal muscle in vivo. However, the low efficiency of plasmid-based gene transfer limits its potential therapeutic efficacy and/or its use for many experimental applications. Current strategies to enhance transfection efficiency (i.e., electroporation) can cause significant muscle damage, confounding physiological assessments such as muscle contractility. Optimizing protocols to limit damage is critical for accurate physiological, biochemical, and molecular measurements. Following extensive testing, we developed an electroporation protocol that enhances transfection efficiency in skeletal muscles without causing muscle damage. Pretreating mouse tibialis anterior muscles with hyaluronidase and electroporation at 75 V/cm (using 50% vol/vol saline as a vehicle for plasmid DNA) resulted in 22 +/- 5% of the muscle fibers expressing a reporter gene. This protocol did not compromise contractile function of skeletal muscles assessed at both the intact (whole) muscle and the cellular (single fiber) level. Furthermore, ectopic expression of insulin-like growth factor I to levels that induced muscle fiber hypertrophy without causing tissue damage or compromising muscle function highlights the therapeutic potential of these methods for myopathies, muscle wasting disorders, and other pathophysiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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21
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Dean DA. Nonviral gene transfer to skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle in living animals. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C233-45. [PMID: 16002623 PMCID: PMC4152902 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00613.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of muscle physiology has undergone many changes over the past 25 years and has moved from purely physiological studies to those intimately intertwined with molecular and cell biological questions. To ask these questions, it is necessary to be able to transfer genetic reagents to cells both in culture and, ultimately, in living animals. Over the past 10 years, a number of different chemical and physical approaches have been developed to transfect living skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle systems with varying success and efficiency. This review provides a survey of these methods and describes some more recent developments in the field of in vivo gene transfer to these various muscle types. Both gene delivery for overexpression of desired gene products and delivery of nucleic acids for downregulation of specific genes and their products are discussed to aid the physiologist, cell biologist, and molecular biologist in their studies on whole animal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dean
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Univ., 240 E. Huron Ave., McGaw 2336, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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22
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Rana ZA, Gundersen K, Buonanno A, Vullhorst D. Imaging transcription in vivo: distinct regulatory effects of fast and slow activity patterns on promoter elements from vertebrate troponin I isoform genes. J Physiol 2005; 562:815-28. [PMID: 15528243 PMCID: PMC1665551 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.075333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Firing patterns typical of slow motor units activate genes for slow isoforms of contractile proteins, but it remains unclear if there is a distinct pathway for fast isoforms or if their expression simply occurs in the absence of slow activity. Here we first show that denervation in adult soleus and EDL muscles reverses the postnatal increase in expression of troponin I (TnI) isoforms, suggesting that high-level transcription of both genes in mature muscles is under neural control. We then use a combination of in vivo transfection, live muscle imaging and fluorescence quantification to investigate the role of patterned electrical activity in the transcriptional control of troponin I slow (TnIs) and fast (TnIf) regulatory sequences by directly stimulating denervated muscles with pattern that mimic fast and slow motor units. Rat soleus muscles were electroporated with green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter constructs harbouring 2.7 and 2.1 kb of TnIs and TnIf regulatory sequences, respectively. One week later, electrodes were implanted and muscles stimulated for 12 days. The change in GFP fluorescence of individual muscle fibres before and after the stimulation was used as a measure for transcriptional responses to different patterns of action potentials. Our results indicate that the response of TnI promoter sequences to electrical stimulation is consistent with the regulation of the endogenous genes. The TnIf and TnIs enhancers were activated by matching fast and slow activity patterns, respectively. Removal of nerve-evoked activity by denervation, or stimulation with a mismatching pattern reduced transcriptional activity of both enhancers. These results strongly suggest that distinct signalling pathways couple both fast and slow patterns of activity to enhancers that regulate transcription from the fast and slow troponin I isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer A Rana
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health & Development/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Grifone R, Laclef C, Spitz F, Lopez S, Demignon J, Guidotti JE, Kawakami K, Xu PX, Kelly R, Petrof BJ, Daegelen D, Concordet JP, Maire P. Six1 and Eya1 expression can reprogram adult muscle from the slow-twitch phenotype into the fast-twitch phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:6253-67. [PMID: 15226428 PMCID: PMC434262 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.14.6253-6267.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fibers show great differences in their contractile and metabolic properties. This diversity enables skeletal muscles to fulfill and adapt to different tasks. In this report, we show that the Six/Eya pathway is implicated in the establishment and maintenance of the fast-twitch skeletal muscle phenotype. We demonstrate that the MEF3/Six DNA binding element present in the aldolase A pM promoter mediates the high level of activation of this promoter in fast-twitch glycolytic (but not in slow-twitch) muscle fibers. We also show that among the Six and Eya gene products expressed in mouse skeletal muscle, Six1 and Eya1 proteins accumulate preferentially in the nuclei of fast-twitch muscles. The forced expression of Six1 and Eya1 together in the slow-twitch soleus muscle induced a fiber-type transition characterized by the replacement of myosin heavy chain I and IIA isoforms by the faster IIB and/or IIX isoforms, the activation of fast-twitch fiber-specific genes, and a switch toward glycolytic metabolism. Collectively, these data identify Six1 and Eya1 as the first transcriptional complex that is able to reprogram adult slow-twitch oxidative fibers toward a fast-twitch glycolytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaelle Grifone
- Departement Génétique, Développement et Pathologie Moléculaire, Institut Cochin-INSERM 567, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris V, France
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24
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Akimoto T, Sorg BS, Yan Z. Real-time imaging of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α promoter activity in skeletal muscles of living mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C790-6. [PMID: 15151904 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00425.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In response to sustained increase in contractile activity, mammalian skeletal muscle undergoes adaptation with enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and fiber type switching. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) was recently identified as a key regulator for these adaptive processes. To investigate the sequence elements in the PGC-1α gene that are responsible for activity-dependent transcriptional activation, we have established a unique system to analyze promoter activity in skeletal muscle of living mice. Expression of PGC-1α-firefly luciferase reporter gene in mouse tibialis anterior muscle transfected by electric pulse-mediated gene transfer was assessed repeatedly in the same muscle by using optical bioluminescence imaging analysis before and after low-frequency (10 Hz) motor nerve stimulation. Nerve stimulation (2 h) resulted in a transient 3-fold increase ( P < 0.05) in PGC-1α promoter activity along with a 1.6-fold increase ( P < 0.05) in endogenous PGC-1α mRNA. Mutation of two consensus myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) binding sites (−2901 and −1539) or a cAMP response element (CRE) (−222) completely abolished nerve stimulation-induced increase in PGC-1α promoter activity. These findings provide direct evidence that contractile activity-induced PGC-1α promoter activity in skeletal muscle is dependent on the MEF2 and the CRE sequence elements. The experimental methods used in the present study have general applicability to studies of gene regulation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Akimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Dept. of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Duke Univ. Independence Park Facility, Durham, NC 27704, USA
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25
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Ngô-Muller V, Bertrand A, Concordet JP, Daegelen D. Mouse muscle identity: the position-dependent and fast fiber-specific expression of a transgene in limb muscles is methylation-independent and cell-autonomous. Dev Dyn 2004; 228:594-605. [PMID: 14648836 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously characterised transgenic mice in which fast-muscle-specific regulatory sequences from the human aldolase A pM promoter drive the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene expression. Mutation of a NF1/MEF2 binding site (M2 motif) in this promoter does not affect fibre-type specificity of the transgene but modifies its expression in a subset of fast-twitch fibres at the limb level, preferentially affecting distal limb muscles. We investigated the molecular and cellular bases of this peculiar expression pattern that provided an adequate model to characterise the mechanisms responsible for muscle positional information. By direct electrotransfer of mutated M2 construct in adult muscle, we demonstrate that positional differences in mutated M2 transgene expression are not observed when the transgene is not integrated into chromatin. Also, this transgene expression pattern does not seem to be correlated with the extent of CpG methylation in its promoter sequence. Finally, we show that positional values reflected by CAT levels are maintained in primary cultures established from different adult limb muscles, as well as in heterotopically transplanted muscles. Our results suggest that mutation of the M2 site contributes to reveal a molecular memory of fibre fate that would be set up on pM promoter during development and persist into adulthood possibly through a chromatin imprint maintained in satellite cells associated with various limb muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Ngô-Muller
- Département de Génétique, Développement et Pathologie Moléculaire, Institut Cochin-INSERM U 567, CNRS UMR 8104, and Université René Descartes Paris V, 24 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques, Paris, France
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26
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Kirby JL, Yang L, Labus JC, Lye RJ, Hsia N, Day R, Cornwall GA, Hinton BT. Characterization of Epididymal Epithelial Cell-Specific Gene Promoters by In Vivo Electroporation1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:613-9. [PMID: 15115732 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian epididymis plays a critical role in sperm maturation, a function dependent on testicular androgens. However, the function of the initial segment, the most proximal part of the epididymis, is also dependent on luminal factors of testicular origin. Efferent duct ligation (EDL), which prevents luminal testicular fluid from reaching the epididymis, results in changes in gene expression within this region. Cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic (cres) gene and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) mRNA IV are highly expressed in the initial segment and are regulated by luminal testicular factors. EDL results in decreased expression of both genes. To evaluate these promoters in the context of their native physiological state, an in vivo electroporation procedure was used. Significant differences were observed in vivo compared to previous in vitro results. Whereas two C/EBP sites were necessary for transcriptional activity from a 135-base-pair (bp) cres promoter in vitro, only the 5' site displayed functional activity in the in vivo system. A 135-bp GGT promoter IV construct was sufficient for reporter gene expression in vitro. However, in vivo, substantial expression was not observed until the construct was extended to 530 bp. Three polyoma enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) sites were found to be necessary for in vivo reporter gene expression from this construct. A cis-acting negative regulatory element between -530 and -681 bp was also identified that was not previously recognized in the in vitro studies. These studies demonstrate the utility of in vivo electroporation for elucidating promoter elements that may not be identified when traditional in vitro methods are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kirby
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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