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Fathi MA, Dan S, Abdelsalam AM, Chunmei L. Involvement of glyphosate in disruption of biotransformation P450 enzymes and hepatic lipid metabolism in chicken. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4957-4967. [PMID: 37210632 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2214601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the potentially harmful consequences of pure glyphosate or Roundup® on CYP family members and lipid metabolism in newly hatched chicks. On the sixth day, 225 fertilized eggs were randomly divided into three treatments: (1) the control group injected with deionized water, (2) the glyphosate group injected with 10 mg pure glyphosate/Kg egg mass and (3) the Roundup group injected 10 mg the active ingredient glyphosate in Roundup®/Kg egg. The results of the study revealed a reduction in hatchability in chicks treated with Roundup®. Moreover, change of Lipid concentration in serum and the liver-treated groups. Additionally, increased liver function enzymes and increased oxidative stress in the glyphosate and Roundup® groups. Furthermore, liver tissues showed histological changes and several lipid deposits in glyphosate-treated groups. Hepatic CYP1A2 and CYP1A4 expressions were significantly increased (p < .05) after glyphosate exposure, and suppression of CYP1C1 mRNA expression was significant (p < .05) after Roundup® exposure. The pro-inflammatory cytokines genes IFN-γ and IL-1β expression were significantly increased (p < .05) after Roundup® exposure. In addition, there were significant differences in the levels of expression genes which are related to lipid synthesis or catabolism in the liver. In conclusion, in ovo glyphosate exposure caused disruption of biotransformation, pro-inflammatory and lipid metabolism in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Fathi
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Agricultural Research Centre, Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shen Dan
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | | | - Li Chunmei
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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2
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Podszun MC, Alawad AS, Lingala S, Morris N, Huang WCA, Yang S, Schoenfeld M, Rolt A, Ouwerkerk R, Valdez K, Umarova R, Ma Y, Fatima SZ, Lin DD, Mahajan LS, Samala N, Violet PC, Levine M, Shamburek R, Gharib AM, Kleiner DE, Garraffo HM, Cai H, Walter PJ, Rotman Y. Vitamin E treatment in NAFLD patients demonstrates that oxidative stress drives steatosis through upregulation of de-novo lipogenesis. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101710. [PMID: 32920226 PMCID: PMC7494510 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) promotes liver injury and inflammation. Treatment with vitamin E (α-tocopherol, αT), a lipid-soluble antioxidant, improves liver injury but also decreases steatosis, thought to be upstream of OS, through an unknown mechanism. To elucidate the mechanism, we combined a mechanistic human trial interrogating pathways of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) accumulation and in vitro experiments. 50% of NAFLD patients (n = 20) treated with αT (200-800 IU/d) for 24 weeks had a ≥ 25% relative decrease in IHTG by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Paired liver biopsies at baseline and week 4 of treatment revealed a decrease in markers of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) that strongly predicted week 24 response. In vitro, using HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes, αT inhibited glucose-induced DNL by decreasing SREBP-1 processing and lipogenic gene expression. This mechanism is dependent on the antioxidant capacity of αT, as redox-silenced methoxy-αT is unable to inhibit DNL in vitro. OS by itself was sufficient to increase S2P expression in vitro, and S2P is upregulated in NAFLD livers. In summary, we utilized αT to demonstrate a vicious cycle in which NAFLD generates OS, which feeds back to augment DNL and increases steatosis. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01792115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren C Podszun
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmad S Alawad
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shilpa Lingala
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nevitt Morris
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Chun A Huang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Yang
- Nutrition Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan Schoenfeld
- Nutrition Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam Rolt
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Ouwerkerk
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Valdez
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina Umarova
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yanling Ma
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Syeda Zaheen Fatima
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dennis D Lin
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lakshmi S Mahajan
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niharika Samala
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pierre-Christian Violet
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Shamburek
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Martin Garraffo
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Moore MC, Smith MS, Swift LL, Cincotta AH, Ezrokhi M, Cominos N, Zhang Y, Farmer B, Cherrington AD. Bromocriptine mesylate improves glucose tolerance and disposal in a high-fat-fed canine model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E133-E145. [PMID: 32459527 PMCID: PMC7468784 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00479.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromocriptine mesylate treatment was examined in dogs fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 8 wk. After 4 wk on HFD, daily bromocriptine (Bromo; n = 6) or vehicle (CTR; n = 5) injections were administered. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before beginning HFD (OGTT1), 4 wk after HFD began (Bromo only), and after 7.5 wk on HFD (OGTT3). After 8 wk on HFD, clamp studies were performed, with infusion of somatostatin and intraportal replacement of insulin (4× basal) and glucagon (basal). From 0 to 90 min (P1), glucose was infused via peripheral vein to double the hepatic glucose load; and from 90 to 180 min (P2), glucose was infused via the hepatic portal vein at 4 mg·kg-1·min-1, with the HGL maintained at 2× basal. Bromo decreased the OGTT glucose ΔAUC0-30 and ΔAUC0-120 by 62 and 27%, respectively, P < 0.05 for both) without significantly altering the insulin response. Bromo dogs exhibited enhanced net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) compared with CTR (~33 and 21% greater, P1 and P2, respectively, P < 0.05). Nonhepatic glucose uptake (non-HGU) was increased ~38% in Bromo in P2 (P < 0.05). Bromo vs. CTR had higher (P < 0.05) rates of glucose infusion (36 and 30%) and non-HGU (~40 and 27%) than CTR during P1 and P2, respectively. In Bromo vs. CTR, hepatic 18:0/16:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios tended to be elevated in triglycerides and were higher (P < 0.05) in phospholipids, consistent with a beneficial effect of bromocriptine on liver fat accumulation. Thus, bromocriptine treatment improved glucose disposal in a glucose-intolerant model, enhancing both NHGU and non-HGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Courtney Moore
- Department of Metabolic Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marta S Smith
- Department of Metabolic Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Larry L Swift
- Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Farmer
- Department of Metabolic Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Metabolic Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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4
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Roumans KHM, Lindeboom L, Veeraiah P, Remie CME, Phielix E, Havekes B, Bruls YMH, Brouwers MCGJ, Ståhlman M, Alssema M, Peters HPF, de Mutsert R, Staels B, Taskinen MR, Borén J, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Hepatic saturated fatty acid fraction is associated with de novo lipogenesis and hepatic insulin resistance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1891. [PMID: 32312974 PMCID: PMC7170906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is associated with poor cardiometabolic health, with de novo lipogenesis (DNL) contributing to hepatic steatosis and subsequent insulin resistance. Hepatic saturated fatty acids (SFA) may be a marker of DNL and are suggested to be most detrimental in contributing to insulin resistance. Here, we show in a cross-sectional study design (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03211299) that we are able to distinguish the fractions of hepatic SFA, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy and metabolically compromised volunteers using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). DNL is positively associated with SFA fraction and is elevated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and type 2 diabetes. Intriguingly, SFA fraction shows a strong, negative correlation with hepatic insulin sensitivity. Our results show that the hepatic lipid composition, as determined by our 1H-MRS methodology, is a measure of DNL and suggest that specifically the SFA fraction may hamper hepatic insulin sensitivity. Hepatic steatosis is associated with poor cardiometabolic health, with de novo lipogenesis (DNL) contributing to hepatic steatosis and subsequent insulin resistance. Here, the authors use 1H-MRS methodology to show hepatic SFA fraction is a measure of DNL and specifically may hamper hepatic insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay H M Roumans
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pandichelvam Veeraiah
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn M E Remie
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M H Bruls
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, P.O. Box 428, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marjan Alssema
- Unilever Food Innovation Center, Plantage 14, 6708, WJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry P F Peters
- Unilever Food Innovation Center, Plantage 14, 6708, WJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program, Unit Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, P.O box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, P.O. Box 428, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Papandreou C, Bullò M, Tinahones FJ, Martínez-González MÁ, Corella D, Fragkiadakis GA, López-Miranda J, Estruch R, Fitó M, Salas-Salvadó J. Serum metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease development or reversion; a targeted metabolomic approach within the PREDIMED trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:58. [PMID: 28878811 PMCID: PMC5581927 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited prospective studies have examined changes in non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD) related serum-metabolites and none the effects of NAFLD-reversion. We aimed to evaluate whether perturbations in metabolites indicate predisposition to NAFLD development and to assess the effects of NAFLD reversion on metabolite profiles. METHODS A targeted liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry metabolic profiling (n = 453 metabolites) approach was applied, using serum from 45 subjects of the PREDIMED study, at baseline and after a median 3.8-year follow-up. NAFLD was determined using the hepatic steatosis index; with three groups classified and studied: Group 1, not characterized as NAFLD cases during the follow-up (n = 15); Group 2, characterized as NAFLD during the follow-up (n = 15); Group 3, characterized as NAFLD-reversion during the follow-up (n = 15). RESULTS At baseline, significantly lower storage and transport lipids (triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters), several monoetherglycerophosphocholines, acylglycerophosphocholines, ceramides and ceramide to sphingomyelin ratio (P < 0.05), were found; whereas a higher L-cystine to L-glutamate ratio (P < 0.05) was observed, in group 2 as compared to group 1.P-ether acylglycerophosphocholines, ceramides and sphingolipids were significantly different betweengroup 3 and group 1 (P < 0.05). Higher 16:1n-7 to 16:0, and 18:0 to16:0 ratio (P < 0.05), while lower 18:1n-9 to 18:0, 16:0 to 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 ratio (P < 0.05) were observed in the final, compared to baseline values, in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSION The rearrangement of lipid biosynthesis and serum transport may indicate predisposition to NAFLD development. Despite an expected reduction of hepatic lipotoxicity and improved hepatic function in the participants of the study characterized as NAFLD-reversing, the side effects of NAFLD in serum metabolic profiles remained present. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at ISRCTN35739639. Registration date: 5th October 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Papandreou
- Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Bullò
- Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria/Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José López-Miranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, IMIBIC, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, St/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Henriquez-Rodriguez E, Pena RN, Seradj AR, Fraile L, Christou P, Tor M, Estany J. Carotenoid intake and SCD genotype exert complementary effects over fat content and fatty acid composition in Duroc pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2547-2557. [PMID: 28727051 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional and genetic strategies are needed to enhance intramuscular fat (IMF) and MUFA content without altering carcass leanness. Dietary vitamin A restriction has been suggested to specifically promote IMF, whereas a polymorphism of the () gene has shown to specifically increase MUFA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of provitamin A (PVA) carotenoid intake and genotype (>) on hepatic retinoid content and on the liver, muscle (LM and gluteus medius [GM]), and subcutaneous fat (SF) content and fatty acid composition. Following a split-plot design, 32 castrated Duroc pigs, half of each of the 2 homozygous genotypes (CC and TT), were subjected from 165 to 195 d of age to 2 finishing diets differing in the PVA carotenoid content (an enriched-carotene diet [C+] and a control diet [C-]). Both diets were identical except for the corn line used in the feed. The C+ was formulated with 20% of a carotenoid-fortified corn (M37W-Ph3) whereas the C- instead used 20% of its near isogenic M37W line, which did not contain PVA carotenoids. No vitamin A was added to the diets. The C- was estimated to provide, at most, 1,300 IU of vitamin A/kg and the C+ to supply an extra amount of at least 800 IU vitamin A/kg. Compared with the pigs fed the C-, pigs fed with C+ had 3-fold more retinoic acid ( < 0.01) and 4-fold more gene expression in the liver ( = 0.06). The diet did not affect performance traits and backfat thickness, but pigs fed the C+ had less fat (4.0 vs. 5.0%; = 0.07) and MUFA (18.3 vs. 22.5%; = 0.01) in the liver, less IMF (5.4 vs. 8.3%; = 0.04) in the GM, and more fat content (90.4 vs. 87.9%; = 0.09) and MUFA (48.0 vs. 46.6%; = 0.04) in SF. The TT genotype at the gene increased MUFA ( < 0.05) in all tissues (21.4 vs. 19.5% in the liver, 55.0 vs. 53.1% in the LM, 53.9 vs. 51.7% in the GM, and 48.0 vs. 46.7% in SF for TT and CC genotypes, respectively). Liver fat and MUFA content nonlinearly declined with liver all- retinoic acid, indicating a saturation point at relatively low all- retinoic acid content. The results obtained provide evidence for a complementary role between dietary PVA and genotype, in the sense that the TT pigs fed with a low-PVA diet are expected to show higher and more monounsaturated IMF without increasing total fat content.
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7
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Paglialunga S, Dehn CA. Clinical assessment of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:159. [PMID: 27640119 PMCID: PMC5027077 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is heralded as the next big global epidemic. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), the synthesis of new fatty acids from non-lipid sources, is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD. While there is currently no NAFLD-specific therapeutic agent available, pharmaceutical drugs aimed at reducing hepatic fat accretion may prove to be a powerful ally in the treatment and management of this disease. With a focus on NAFLD, the present review summarizes current techniques examining DNL from a clinical perspective, and describes the merits and limitations of three commonly used assays; stable-label isotope tracer studies, fatty acid indexes and indirect calorimetry as non-invasive measures of hepatic DNL. Finally, the application of DNL assessments in the pharmacological and nutraceutical treatment of NAFLD/NASH is summarized. In a clinical research setting, measures of DNL are an important marker in the development of anti-NAFLD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Paglialunga
- Global Clinical Research, Celerion, 2420 West Baseline Road, Tempe, AZ, 85283, USA.
| | - Clayton A Dehn
- Global Clinical Research, Celerion, 2420 West Baseline Road, Tempe, AZ, 85283, USA.,Current affiliation: Umbrella Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA
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8
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Walle P, Takkunen M, Männistö V, Vaittinen M, Lankinen M, Kärjä V, Käkelä P, Ågren J, Tiainen M, Schwab U, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Pihlajamäki J. Fatty acid metabolism is altered in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis independent of obesity. Metabolism 2016; 65:655-666. [PMID: 27085774 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with changes in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. However, specific changes in metabolism and hepatic mRNA expression related to NASH independent of simple steatosis, obesity and diet are unknown. METHODS Liver histology, serum and liver FA composition and estimated enzyme activities based on the FA ratios in cholesteryl esters and triglycerides were assessed in 92 obese participants of the Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study (KOBS) divided to those with normal liver, steatosis or NASH (30 men and 62 women, age 46.8±9.5years (mean±SD), BMI 44.2±6.2kg/m(2)). Plasma FA composition was also investigated in the Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) Study (n=769), in which serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was used as a marker of liver disease. RESULTS Obese individuals with NASH had higher activity of estimated activities of delta-6 desaturase (D6D, p<0.002) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1, p<0.002) and lower activity of delta-5 desaturase (D5D, p<0.002) when compared to individuals with normal liver. Estimated activities of D5D, D6D and SCD1 correlated positively between liver and serum indicating that serum estimates reflected liver metabolism. Accordingly, NASH was associated with higher hepatic mRNA expression of corresponding genes FADS1, FADS2 and SCD. Finally, differences in FA metabolism that associated with NASH in obese individuals were also associated with high ALT in the METSIM Study. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated alterations in FA metabolism and endogenous desaturase activities that associate with NASH, independent of obesity and diet. This suggests that changes in endogenous FA metabolism are related to NASH and that they may contribute to the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Walle
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Markus Takkunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Ville Männistö
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Maija Vaittinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Maria Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Vesa Kärjä
- Department of Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Pirjo Käkelä
- Department of Surgery, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyrki Ågren
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
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9
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Roberts MD, Mobley CB, Toedebush RG, Heese AJ, Zhu C, Krieger AE, Cruthirds CL, Lockwood CM, Hofheins JC, Wiedmeyer CE, Leidy HJ, Booth FW, Rector RS. Western diet-induced hepatic steatosis and alterations in the liver transcriptome in adult Brown-Norway rats. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:151. [PMID: 26519296 PMCID: PMC4628330 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sub-chronic high fat, high sucrose diet (also termed ‘Westernized diet’ or WD) feeding on the liver transcriptome during early nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Methods Brown Norway male rats (9 months of age) were randomly assigned to receive ad libitum access to a control (CTL; 14 % kcal fat, 1.2 % sucrose by weight) diet or WD (42 % kcal from fat, 34 % sucrose by weight) for 6 weeks. Results Six weeks of WD feeding caused hepatic steatosis development as evidenced by the 2.25-fold increase in liver triacylglycerol content, but did not induce advanced liver disease (i.e., no overt inflammation or fibrosis) in adult Brown Norway rats. RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that 94 transcripts were altered in liver by WD feeding (46 up-, 48 down-regulated, FDR < 0.05). Specifically, the top differentially regulated gene network by WD feeding was ‘Lipid metabolism, small molecular biochemistry, vitamin and mineral metabolism’ (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) score 61). The top-regulated canonical signaling pathway in WD-fed rats was the ‘Superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis’ (10/29 genes regulated, p = 1.68E-17), which coincides with a tendency for serum cholesterol levels to increase in WD-fed rats (p = 0.09). Remarkably, liver stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd) mRNA expression was by far the most highly-induced transcript in WD-fed rats (approximately 30-fold, FDR = 0.01) which supports previous literature underscoring this gene as a crucial target during NAFLD development. Conclusions In summary, sub-chronic WD feeding appears to increase hepatic steatosis development over a 6-week period but only induces select inflammation-related liver transcripts, mostly acute phase response genes. These findings continue to outline the early stages of NAFLD development prior to overt liver inflammation and advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Ryan G Toedebush
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Alexander J Heese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Conan Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anna E Krieger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Clayton L Cruthirds
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - John C Hofheins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Charles E Wiedmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Heather J Leidy
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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10
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Kitson AP, Marks KA, Aristizabal Henao JJ, Tupling AR, Stark KD. Prevention of hyperphagia prevents ovariectomy-induced triacylglycerol accumulation in liver, but not plasma. Nutr Res 2015; 35:1085-94. [PMID: 26475180 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is associated with higher plasma and liver triacylglycerol (TAG) and increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Lowering TAG in menopause may be beneficial; however, the mechanism underlying menopause-induced TAG accumulation is not clear. Ovariectomy is a model for menopause and is associated with metabolic alterations and hyperphagia. This study investigated the role of hyperphagia in ovariectomy-induced increases in blood and tissue TAG, as well as differences in lipid metabolism enzymes and resting metabolic measures. It was hypothesized that prevention of hyperphagia would restore blood and tissue TAG, enzyme expression, and metabolic measures to eugonadal levels. Ovariectomized rats were fed ad libitum (OVX + AL) or pair-fed (OVX + PF) relative to sham-operated rats (SHAM) to prevent hyperphagia. OVX + AL had higher TAG concentrations in liver and plasma than SHAM (60% and 50%, respectively), and prevention of hyperphagia in OVX + PF normalized TAG concentrations to SHAM levels in liver, but not plasma. OVX + AL also had 141% higher hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 which was almost completely normalized to SHAM levels by pair-feeding, suggesting normalization of hepatic lipid storage. In contrast, skeletal muscle carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 was 40% lower in OVX + AL than SHAM and was intermediate in OVX + PF, suggesting lower muscle fatty acid oxidation that may underlie the higher plasma TAG in OVX. No differences were seen in energy expenditure, VO2, or VCO2. Overall, this study indicates that prevention of hyperphagia resulting from ovarian hormone withdrawal normalizes hepatic TAG to eugonadal levels but has no effect on ovariectomy-induced increases in plasma TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Kitson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1
| | - Kristin A Marks
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1
| | | | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1.
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11
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Yamada Y, Eto M, Ito Y, Mochizuki S, Son BK, Ogawa S, Iijima K, Kaneki M, Kozaki K, Toba K, Akishita M, Ouchi Y. Suppressive Role of PPARγ-Regulated Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Adipocyte Lipolysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136597. [PMID: 26317347 PMCID: PMC4552558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic syndrome causes insulin resistance and is associated with risk factor clustering, thereby increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. Recently, endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficient (eNOS-/-) mice have been reported to show metabolic disorders. Interestingly, eNOS has also been reported to be expressed in non-endothelial cells including adipocytes, but the functions of eNOS in adipocytes remain unclear. Methods and Results The eNOS expression was induced with adipocyte differentiation and inhibition of eNOS/NO enhanced lipolysis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the administration of a high fat diet (HFD) was able to induce non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in eNOS-/- mice but not in wild type mice. A PPARγ antagonist increased eNOS expression in adipocytes and suppressed HFD-induced fatty liver changes. Conclusions eNOS-/- mice induce NASH development, and these findings provide new insights into the therapeutic approach for fatty liver disease and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamada
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Eto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Mochizuki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bo-Kyung Son
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumito Ogawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Iijima
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Kaneki
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Koichi Kozaki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Toba
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akishita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ouchi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Jacobs S, Schiller K, Jansen EHJM, Boeing H, Schulze MB, Kröger J. Evaluation of various biomarkers as potential mediators of the association between Δ5 desaturase, Δ6 desaturase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity and incident type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:155-64. [PMID: 25971719 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between desaturase activity and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been found in epidemiologic studies, but little is known about potential mediators of this association. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the potential role of diabetes-related biomarkers as mediators of the association between estimated Δ5 desaturase (D5D), Δ6 desaturase (D6D), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity and T2D risk. DESIGN We analyzed a case-cohort study (subcohort: n = 1533; verified incident T2D cases: n = 400), nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam Study involving 27,548 middle-aged participants. We evaluated the impact of adjustment for several T2D-related biomarkers reflecting liver fat accumulation [reflected by γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine transaminase (ALT), fetuin-A, and the algorithm-based fatty liver index (FLI)], dyslipidemia (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides), inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)], and adiponectin on the association between D5D, D6D, and SCD activity, estimated with fatty acid product-to-precursor ratios derived from erythrocyte membrane proportions, and T2D risk. RESULTS Estimated D5D activity was inversely associated with T2D risk, whereas D6D and SCD activities were positively associated with risk of T2D [HRs (95% CIs) (highest vs. lowest tertile): 0.51 (0.36, 0.73), 1.68 (1.18, 2.39), and 1.82 (1.29, 2.58), respectively]. The association between estimated D5D, D6D, and SCD activities and risk of T2D was statistically significantly and markedly attenuated after adjustment for the FLI and, to a lesser extent, after adjustment for triglycerides, whereas adjustment for other desaturase-associated biomarkers (CRP, fetuin-A, ALT, and GGT) did not lead to appreciable attenuations. CONCLUSIONS Liver fat accumulation, as reflected by the FLI, and dyslipidemia, as reflected by triglycerides, may partly explain the association between estimated D5D, D6D, and SCD activity and T2D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Jacobs
- Departments of Molecular Epidemiology and Partner in the German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katja Schiller
- Departments of Molecular Epidemiology and Partner in the German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eugène H J M Jansen
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Departments of Molecular Epidemiology and Partner in the German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janine Kröger
- Departments of Molecular Epidemiology and Partner in the German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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Čermák T, Laštovička P, Mužáková V, Líbalová M, Koukalová L, Kanďár R, Čegan A. Association of fatty acid profile in plasma lipid fractions with HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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14
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Takkunen MJ, Schwab US, de Mello VDF, Eriksson JG, Lindström J, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa MIJ. Longitudinal associations of serum fatty acid composition with type 2 diabetes risk and markers of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:967-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Lee JJ, Lambert JE, Hovhannisyan Y, Ramos-Roman MA, Trombold JR, Wagner DA, Parks EJ. Palmitoleic acid is elevated in fatty liver disease and reflects hepatic lipogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:34-43. [PMID: 25527748 PMCID: PMC4266891 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical evidence has linked the coordinate control of fatty acid (FA) synthesis with the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). The ratio of 16:1n-7 to 16:0 [SCD1₁₆] in plasma triacylglycerol FA has been used as an index to reflect liver SCD1₁₆ activity and has been proposed as a biomarker of FA synthesis, although this use has not been validated by comparison with isotopically measured de novo lipogenesis (DNL(Meas)). OBJECTIVE We investigated plasma lipid 16:1n-7 and FA indexes of elongation and desaturation in relation to lipogenesis. DESIGN In this cross-sectional investigation of metabolism, 24 overweight adults, who were likely to have elevated DNL, consumed D2O for 10 d and had liver fat (LF) measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerols and plasma free FA [nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs)] were analyzed by using gas chromatography for the FA composition (molar percentage) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for deuterium enrichment. RESULTS In all subjects, VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 was significantly (P < 0.01) related to DNL(Meas) (r = 0.56), liver fat (r = 0.53), and adipose insulin resistance (r = 0.56); similar positive relations were shown with the SCD1₁₆ index, and the pattern in NEFAs echoed that of VLDL-triacylglycerols. Compared with subjects with low LF (3.1 ± 2.7%; n = 11), subjects with high LF (18.4 ± 3.6%; n = 13) exhibited a 45% higher VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 molar percentage (P < 0.01), 16% of subjects had lower 18:2n-6 (P = 0.01), and 27% of subjects had higher DNL as assessed by using a published DNL index (ratio of 16:0 to 18:2n-6; P = 0.03), which was isotopically confirmed by DNL(Meas) (increased 2.5-fold; P < 0.01). Compared with 16:0 in the diet, the low amount of dietary 16:1n-7 in VLDL-triacylglycerols corresponded to a stronger signal of elevated DNL. CONCLUSION The current data provide support for the use of the VLDL-triacylglycerol 16:1n-7 molar percentage as a biomarker for elevated liver fat when isotope use is not feasible; however, larger-scale confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lee
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Jennifer E Lambert
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Yelena Hovhannisyan
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Maria A Ramos-Roman
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Justin R Trombold
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - David A Wagner
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- From the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (JJL, JEL, YH, and JRT); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (MAR-R); Metabolic Solutions Inc., Nashua, NH (DAW); and the Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (EJP)
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Moore JB, Gunn PJ, Fielding BA. The role of dietary sugars and de novo lipogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:5679-703. [PMID: 25514388 PMCID: PMC4276992 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary sugar consumption, in particular sugar-sweetened beverages and the monosaccharide fructose, has been linked to the incidence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intervention studies in both animals and humans have shown large doses of fructose to be particularly lipogenic. While fructose does stimulate de novo lipogenesis (DNL), stable isotope tracer studies in humans demonstrate quantitatively that the lipogenic effect of fructose is not mediated exclusively by its provision of excess substrates for DNL. The deleterious metabolic effects of high fructose loads appear to be a consequence of altered transcriptional regulatory networks impacting intracellular macronutrient metabolism and altering signaling and inflammatory processes. Uric acid generated by fructose metabolism may also contribute to or exacerbate these effects. Here we review data from human and animal intervention and stable isotope tracer studies relevant to the role of dietary sugars on NAFLD development and progression, in the context of typical sugar consumption patterns and dietary recommendations worldwide. We conclude that the use of hypercaloric, supra-physiological doses in intervention trials has been a major confounding factor and whether or not dietary sugars, including fructose, at typically consumed population levels, effect hepatic lipogenesis and NAFLD pathogenesis in humans independently of excess energy remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernadette Moore
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Pippa J Gunn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
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Long-term streptozotocin diabetes impairs arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism and ∆5 desaturation indices in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2014; 60:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Huang LL, Wan JB, Wang B, He CW, Ma H, Li TW, Kang JX. Suppression of acute ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis by docosahexaenoic acid is associated with downregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and inflammatory cytokines. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:347-53. [PMID: 23474173 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to hepatic steatosis. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to be effective in reducing hepatic accumulation of triglycerides (TG) by downregulation of TG biosynthesis in the liver. The aim of this study was to examine whether supplementation with the n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can effectively reduce acute alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. Acute alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis was generated in 9-week-old male mice (C57BL/6J) by oral gavage of ethanol (4.7 g/kg BW) diluted in water (60%, v/v), with or without DHA (250 mg/kg BW), every 12 h for 3 administrations. Compared to the control (ethanol-alone) group, animals supplemented with DHA were protected against ethanol-induced TG accumulation in the liver. Accordingly, hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) expression, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNF-α) in the liver were significantly reduced, whereas the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme that can improve cell survival in liver tissue, was markedly increased in DHA-supplemented mice compared to the control animals. There were no differences in serum TG level and hepatic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) between the two groups. Our findings demonstrate that DHA supplementation protects against acute ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, which may be associated with reduced expression of SCD-1 and inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Huang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Indices of fatty acid desaturase activity in healthy human subjects: effects of different types of dietary fat. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:871-9. [PMID: 23414551 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Δ9-Desaturase (stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, SCD-1) regulates the desaturation of SFA, mainly stearic and palmitic, to MUFA. Δ6-Desaturase (D6D) and Δ5-desaturase (D5D) are involved in the metabolism of linoleic and α-linolenic acid to polyunsaturated metabolites. The objective of the present study was to study the effects of different types of dietary fat on indices of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) activity (evaluated as product:precursor ratios) in plasma and skeletal muscle in human subjects. A high SCD-1 index has been related to obesity and metabolic disorders, while the D5D index is associated with insulin sensitivity. Fatty acid composition of serum and skeletal muscle lipids was analysed by GLC during a randomised, controlled, 3-month dietary intervention in healthy subjects. A comparison of the effects of a diet containing butter fat (SFA, n 17) with a diet containing monounsaturated fat (MUFA, n 17), keeping all other dietary components constant, showed a reduced SCD-1 activity index by 20% on the MUFA diet compared with the SFA diet assessed in serum cholesteryl esters. The D6D and D5D indices remained unaffected. Supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduced the SCD-1 index by a similar magnitude while the D6D index decreased and the D5D index increased. It is concluded that changes in the type of fat in the diet affect the indices of FADS activity in serum and skeletal muscle in human subjects. The desaturase activity indices estimated from the serum lipid ester composition are significantly related to corresponding indices studied in skeletal muscle phospholipids.
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Hodson L, Fielding BA. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase: rogue or innocent bystander? Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:15-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Arregui M, Buijsse B, Stefan N, Corella D, Fisher E, di Giuseppe R, Coltell O, Knüppel S, Aleksandrova K, Joost HG, Boeing H, Weikert C. Heterogeneity of the Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) gene and metabolic risk factors in the EPIC-Potsdam study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48338. [PMID: 23139775 PMCID: PMC3491059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) is an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism. In mice and humans its activity has been associated with traits of the metabolic syndrome, but also with the prevention of saturated fatty acids accumulation and subsequent inflammation, whereas for liver fat content inconsistent results have been reported. Thus, variants of the gene encoding SCD1 (SCD1) could potentially modify metabolic risk factors, but few human studies have addressed this question. METHODS In a sample of 2157 middle-aged men and women randomly drawn from the Potsdam cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, we investigated the impact of 7 SCD1 tagging-single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1502593, rs522951, rs11190480, rs3071, rs3793767, rs10883463 and rs508384) and 5 inferred haplotypes with frequency >5% describing 90.9% of the genotype combinations in our population, on triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and fetuin-A. RESULTS No significant associations between any of the SNPs or haplotypes and BMI, WC, fetuin-A and hs-CRP were observed. Associations of rs10883463 with triglycerides, GGT and HbA1c as well as of rs11190480 with ALT activity, were weak and became non-significant after multiple-testing correction. Also associations of the haplotype harbouring the minor allele of rs1502593 with HbA1c levels, the haplotype harbouring the minor alleles of rs11190480 and rs508384 with activity of ALT, and the haplotype harbouring the minor alleles of rs522951, rs10883463 and rs508384 with triglyceride and HbA1C levels and GGT activities did not withstand multiple-testing correction. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there are no associations between common variants of SCD1 or its inferred haplotypes and the investigated metabolic risk factors. However, given the results from animal models, heterogeneity of human SCD1 warrants further investigation, in particular with regard to rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arregui
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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McNamara RK, Magrisso IJ, Hofacer R, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Benoit SC. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augments risperidone-induced hepatic steatosis in rats: positive association with stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:283-91. [PMID: 22750665 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric patients frequently exhibit long-chain n-3 (LCn-3) fatty acid deficits and elevated triglyceride (TAG) production following chronic exposure to second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Emerging evidence suggests that SGAs and LCn-3 fatty acids have opposing effects on stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which plays a pivotal role in TAG biosynthesis. Here we evaluated whether low LCn-3 fatty acid status would augment elevations in rat liver and plasma TAG concentrations following chronic treatment with the SGA risperidone (RSP), and evaluated relationships with hepatic SCD1 expression and activity indices. In rats maintained on the n-3 fatty acid-fortified (control) diet, chronic RSP treatment significantly increased liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios), and significantly increased liver, but not plasma, TAG concentrations. Rats maintained on the n-3 deficient diet exhibited significantly lower liver and erythrocyte LCn-3 fatty acid levels, and associated elevations in LCn-6/LCn-3 ratio. In n-3 deficient rats, RSP-induced elevations in liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios) and liver and plasma TAG concentrations were significantly greater than those observed in RSP-treated controls. Plasma glucose levels were not altered by diet or RSP, and body weight was lower in RSP- and VEH-treated n-3 deficient rats. These preclinical data support the hypothesis that low n-3 fatty acid status exacerbates RSP-induced hepatic steatosis by augmenting SCD1 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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Nishikawa S, Sugimoto J, Okada M, Sakairi T, Takagi S. Gene expression in livers of BALB/C and C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 40:71-82. [PMID: 22105644 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311422078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic lipid accumulation is more severe in BALB/c mice than in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. To understand the changes in liver metabolism, we studied blood chemistry, gene expression, and histopathological changes of the liver in nine-week HFD-fed BALB/c and B6 mice and one- or four-week HFD-fed BALB/c mice. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased in all HFD-fed groups, and one- and four-week HFD-fed BALB/c groups, respectively. Histopathology revealed that vacuolation of hepatocytes was severe in nine-week HFD-fed BALB/c mice, although it was less severe in the other groups. Microarray analysis of mRNA expression of nine-week HFD-fed BALB/c mice showed up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid uptake and biosynthesis, such as Cd36, Acaca, Acly, and Fasn. Some changes were observed in the one- and four-week HFD-fed BALB/c groups and the nine-week HFD-fed B6 group, however these changes in mRNA expression were not so marked. In conclusion, the fatty accumulation observed in BALB/c mice may be caused, at least in part, by up-regulation of fatty acid uptake and biosynthesis. Cd36, Acaca, Acly and Fasn may be involved in these metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nishikawa
- Safety Research Laboratory, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan.
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Kamath S, Chavez AO, Gastaldelli A, Casiraghi F, Halff GA, Abrahamian GA, Davalli AM, Bastarrachea RA, Comuzzie AG, Guardado-Mendoza R, Jimenez-Ceja LM, Mattern V, Paez AM, Ricotti A, Tejero ME, Higgins PB, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA, Dick EJ, Cline GW, Folli F. Coordinated defects in hepatic long chain fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride accumulation contribute to insulin resistance in non-human primates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27617. [PMID: 22125617 PMCID: PMC3220682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in hepatocytes, which may also trigger cirrhosis. The mechanisms of NAFLD are not fully understood, but insulin resistance has been proposed as a key determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kamath
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alberto O. Chavez
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Casiraghi
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Glenn A. Halff
- The UT Transplant Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Abrahamian
- The UT Transplant Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alberto M. Davalli
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Raul A. Bastarrachea
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony G. Comuzzie
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Guardado-Mendoza
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lilia M. Jimenez-Ceja
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vicki Mattern
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ana Maria Paez
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrea Ricotti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mary E. Tejero
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul B. Higgins
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Iram Pablo Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center/Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes. The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011; 22:231-6. [PMID: 21562387 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328347aeca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A net retention of triacylglycerol within the liver is a prerequisite for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The accumulation of liver fat reflects an imbalance between fatty acid input and disposal. Here we summarize recent research into understanding the fate of fatty acids within the hepatocyte. RECENT FINDINGS Several recent studies have elucidated the contribution of different sources of fatty acids to liver fat and to plasma triacylglycerol. Some recent studies have suggested that, contrary to expectations, hepatic fatty acid oxidation is upregulated in insulin-resistant individuals. A recent observation shows the potential importance of fatty acid transformation, especially desaturation, to determination of metabolic fate. These studies highlight our lack of understanding of the regulation of metabolic partitioning of fatty acids within the human liver. SUMMARY The regulation of hepatic fatty acid partitioning involves many factors; not least insulin. Insulin undoubtedly regulates the supply of fatty acids to the liver from adipose tissue; however, whether insulin has a direct intrahepatic effect on hepatic fatty acid partitioning, in humans, remains unclear. The transformation of fatty acids, by desaturases, may have an important role in aiding the disposal of saturated fatty acids via oxidative pathways. Factors that upregulate hepatic fatty acid oxidation need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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