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Origüela V, Ferrer-Aguilar P, Gázquez A, Pérez-Cruz M, Gómez-Roig MD, Gómez-Llorente C, Larqué E. Placental MFSD2A expression in fetal growth restriction and maternal and fetal DHA status. Placenta 2024; 150:31-38. [PMID: 38583303 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal growth restriction (FGR) may affect placental transfer of key nutrients to the fetus, such as the fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A (MFSD2A) has been described as a specific DHA carrier in placenta, but its expression has not been studied in FGR. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the placental MFSD2A levels in late-FGR pregnancies and the maternal and cord plasma DHA. METHODS 87 pregnant women from a tertial reference center were classified into late-FGR (N = 18) or control (N = 69). Fatty acid profile was determined in maternal and cord venous plasma, as well as placental levels of MFSD2A and of insulin mediators like phospho-protein kinase B (phospho-AKT) and phospho-extracellular regulated kinase (phospho-ERK). RESULTS Maternal fatty acid profile did not differ between groups. Nevertheless, late-FGR cord vein presented higher content of saturated fatty acids than control, producing a concomitant decrease in the percentage of some unsaturated fatty acids. In the late-FGR group, a lower DHA fetal/maternal ratio was observed when using percentages, but not with concentrations. No alterations were found in the expression of MFSD2A in late-FGR placentas, nor in phospho-AKT or phospho-ERK. DISCUSSION MFSD2A protein expression was not altered in late-FGR placentas, in line with no differences in cord DHA concentration between groups. The increase in the saturated fatty acid content of late-FGR cord might be a compensatory mechanism to ensure fetal energy supply, decreasing other fatty acids percentage. Future studies are warranted to elucidate if altered saturated fatty acid profile in late-FGR fetuses might predispose them to postnatal catch-up and to long-term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Origüela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Ferrer-Aguilar
- BCNatal, Barcelona Centre for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08950, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Research Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), RD21/0012/0003, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120, Murcia, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), RD21/0012/0003, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Pérez-Cruz
- BCNatal, Barcelona Centre for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08950, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Research Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), RD21/0012/0003, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez-Roig
- BCNatal, Barcelona Centre for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08950, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Research Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), RD21/0012/0003, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gómez-Llorente
- Institute of Biosanitary Research ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), CB12/03/30038, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120, Murcia, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), RD21/0012/0003, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Brown LD, Rozance PJ, Wang D, Eroglu EC, Wilkening RB, Solmonson A, Wesolowski SR. Increased hepatic glucose production with lower oxidative metabolism in the growth-restricted fetus. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176497. [PMID: 38687612 PMCID: PMC11141920 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is accompanied by early activation of hepatic glucose production (HGP), a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we used fetal hepatic catheterization to directly measure HGP and substrate flux in a sheep FGR model. We hypothesized that FGR fetuses would have increased hepatic lactate and amino acid uptake to support increased HGP. Indeed, FGR fetuses compared with normal (CON) fetuses had increased HGP and activation of gluconeogenic genes. Unexpectedly, hepatic pyruvate output was increased, while hepatic lactate and gluconeogenic amino acid uptake rates were decreased in FGR liver. Hepatic oxygen consumption and total substrate uptake rates were lower. In FGR liver tissue, metabolite abundance, 13C-metabolite labeling, enzymatic activity, and gene expression supported decreased pyruvate oxidation and increased lactate production. Isolated hepatocytes from FGR fetuses had greater intrinsic capacity for lactate-fueled glucose production. FGR livers also had lower energy (ATP) and redox state (NADH/NAD+ ratio). Thus, reduced hepatic oxidative metabolism may make carbons available for increased HGP, but also produces nutrient and energetic stress in FGR liver. Intrinsic programming of these pathways regulating HGP in the FGR fetus may underlie increased HGP and T2D risk postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Evren C Eroglu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Randall B Wilkening
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashley Solmonson
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Kennedy VC, Lynch CS, Tanner AR, Winger QA, Gad A, Rozance PJ, Anthony RV. Fetal Hypoglycemia Induced by Placental SLC2A3-RNA Interference Alters Fetal Pancreas Development and Transcriptome at Mid-Gestation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4780. [PMID: 38731997 PMCID: PMC11084495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose, the primary energy substrate for fetal oxidative processes and growth, is transferred from maternal to fetal circulation down a concentration gradient by placental facilitative glucose transporters. In sheep, SLC2A1 and SLC2A3 are the primary transporters available in the placental epithelium, with SLC2A3 located on the maternal-facing apical trophoblast membrane and SLC2A1 located on the fetal-facing basolateral trophoblast membrane. We have previously reported that impaired placental SLC2A3 glucose transport resulted in smaller, hypoglycemic fetuses with reduced umbilical artery insulin and glucagon concentrations, in addition to diminished pancreas weights. These findings led us to subject RNA derived from SLC2A3-RNAi (RNA interference) and NTS-RNAi (non-targeting sequence) fetal pancreases to qPCR followed by transcriptomic analysis. We identified a total of 771 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Upregulated pathways were associated with fat digestion and absorption, particularly fatty acid transport, lipid metabolism, and cholesterol biosynthesis, suggesting a potential switch in energetic substrates due to hypoglycemia. Pathways related to molecular transport and cell signaling in addition to pathways influencing growth and metabolism of the developing pancreas were also impacted. A few genes directly related to gluconeogenesis were also differentially expressed. Our results suggest that fetal hypoglycemia during the first half of gestation impacts fetal pancreas development and function that is not limited to β cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Kennedy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (V.C.K.); (C.S.L.); (A.R.T.); (Q.A.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Cameron S. Lynch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (V.C.K.); (C.S.L.); (A.R.T.); (Q.A.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Amelia R. Tanner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (V.C.K.); (C.S.L.); (A.R.T.); (Q.A.W.); (A.G.)
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Quinton A. Winger
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (V.C.K.); (C.S.L.); (A.R.T.); (Q.A.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmed Gad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (V.C.K.); (C.S.L.); (A.R.T.); (Q.A.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Paul J. Rozance
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Russell V. Anthony
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (V.C.K.); (C.S.L.); (A.R.T.); (Q.A.W.); (A.G.)
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Dimasi CG, Darby JRT, Cho SKS, Saini BS, Holman SL, Meakin AS, Wiese MD, Macgowan CK, Seed M, Morrison JL. Reduced in utero substrate supply decreases mitochondrial abundance and alters the expression of metabolic signalling molecules in the fetal sheep heart. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37996982 DOI: 10.1113/jp285572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Babies born with fetal growth restriction (FGR) are at higher risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases across the life course. The reduction in substrate supply to the developing fetus that causes FGR not only alters cardiac growth and structure but may have deleterious effects on metabolism and function. Using a sheep model of placental restriction to induce FGR, we investigated key cardiac metabolic and functional markers that may be altered in FGR. We also employed phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging MRI to assess left ventricular cardiac output (LVCO) as a measure of cardiac function. We hypothesized that signalling molecules involved in cardiac fatty acid utilisation and contractility would be impaired by FGR and that this would have a negative impact on LVCO in the late gestation fetus. Key glucose (GLUT4 protein) and fatty acid (FATP, CD36 gene expression) substrate transporters were significantly reduced in the hearts of FGR fetuses. We also found reduced mitochondrial numbers as well as abundance of electron transport chain complexes (complexes II and IV). These data suggest that FGR diminishes metabolic and mitochondrial capacity in the fetal heart; however, alterations were not correlated with fetal LVCO. Overall, these data show that FGR alters fetal cardiac metabolism in late gestation. If sustained ex utero, this altered metabolic profile may contribute to poor cardiac outcomes in FGR-born individuals after birth. KEY POINTS: Around the time of birth, substrate utilisation in the fetal heart switches from carbohydrates to fatty acids. However, the effect of fetal growth restriction (FGR) on this switch, and thus the ability of the fetal heart to effectively metabolise fatty acids, is not fully understood. Using a sheep model of early onset FGR, we observed significant downregulation in mRNA expression of fatty acid receptors CD36 and FABP in the fetal heart. FGR fetuses also had significantly lower cardiac mitochondrial abundance than controls. There was a reduction in abundance of complexes II and IV within the electron transport chain of the FGR fetal heart, suggesting altered ATP production. This indicates reduced fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial function in the heart of the FGR fetus, which may have detrimental long-term implications and contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Dimasi
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jack R T Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steven K S Cho
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brahmdeep S Saini
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey L Holman
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ashley S Meakin
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael D Wiese
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher K Macgowan
- Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhao W, Kelly AC, Luna-Ramirez RI, Bidwell CA, Anderson MJ, Limesand SW. Decreased Pyruvate but Not Fatty Acid Driven Mitochondrial Respiration in Skeletal Muscle of Growth Restricted Fetal Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15760. [PMID: 37958743 PMCID: PMC10648961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (FGR) have impaired oxidative and energy metabolism, with persistent consequences on their postnatal development. In this study, we test the hypothesis that FGR skeletal muscle has lower mitochondrial respiration rate and alters the transcriptomic profiles associated with energy metabolism in an ovine model. At late gestation, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) and transcriptome profiles were evaluated in the skeletal muscle collected from FGR and control fetuses. The ex vivo mitochondrial OCRs were reduced (p < 0.01) in permeabilized FGR soleus muscle compared to the control muscle but only with pyruvate as the metabolic substrate. Mitochondrial OCRs were similar between the FGR and control groups for palmitoyl-carnitine (fatty acid-driven) or pyruvate plus palmitoyl-carnitine metabolic substrates. A total of 2284 genes were differentially expressed in the semitendinosus muscle from growth restricted fetuses (false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05). A pathway analysis showed that the upregulated genes (FGR compared to control) were overrepresented for autophagy, HIF-1, AMPK, and FOXO signaling pathways (all with an FDR < 0.05). In addition, the expression of genes modulating pyruvate's entry into the TCA cycle was downregulated, whereas the genes encoding key fatty acid oxidation enzymes were upregulated in the FGR muscle. These findings show that FGR skeletal muscle had attenuated mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation, possibly associated with the inability of pyruvate to enter into the TCA cycle, and that fatty acid oxidation might compensate for the attenuated energy metabolism. The current study provided phenotypic and molecular evidence for adaptive deficiencies in FGR skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhao
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (W.Z.); (A.C.K.); (R.I.L.-R.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Amy C. Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (W.Z.); (A.C.K.); (R.I.L.-R.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Rosa I. Luna-Ramirez
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (W.Z.); (A.C.K.); (R.I.L.-R.); (M.J.A.)
| | | | - Miranda J. Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (W.Z.); (A.C.K.); (R.I.L.-R.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Sean W. Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (W.Z.); (A.C.K.); (R.I.L.-R.); (M.J.A.)
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Zhang C, Wu Z, Hu G, Zhang Y, Ao Z. Exploring characteristics of placental transcriptome and cord serum metabolome associated with low birth weight in Kele pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:340. [PMID: 37770796 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The neonate with low birth weight (LBW) resulted from intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) exists a substantial risk of postpartum death. Placental insufficiency is responsible for inadequate fetal growth; however, the pathological mechanisms of placental dysfunction-induced IUGR in pigs remain unclear. In this study, the characteristics of placental morphology, placental transcriptome, and cord serum metabolome were explored between the Kele piglets with LBW and the ones with normal birth weight (NBW). Results showed that LBW was a common occurrence in Kele piglets. The LBW placentas showed inferior villus development and lower villi density compared to NBW placentas. There were 1024 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis between the LBW and NBW placentas, of which 218 and 806 genes were up- and down-regulated in the LBW placentas, respectively. PPI network analysis showed that ITGB2, CD4, IL6, ITGB3, LCK, RAC2, CD8A, JAK3, TYROBP, and CXCR4 were hub genes in all DEGs. From GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, DEGs were primarily enriched in immunological response, cell adhesion, immune response, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. By using metabolomic analysis, a total of 115 differential metabolites in the cord serum of LBW and NBW piglets were found, mostly linked to amino acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. In comparison to NBW piglets, LBW piglets had lower levels of arginine, isoleucine, and aspartic acid in the cord. Taken together, these data revealed dysplasia of the placental villus, insufficient supply of nutrients, and abnormal immune function of the placenta may be associated with the occurrence and development of LBW in Kele pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guangling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zheng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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White MR, Yates DT. Dousing the flame: reviewing the mechanisms of inflammatory programming during stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction and the potential for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250134. [PMID: 37727657 PMCID: PMC10505810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) arises when maternal stressors coincide with peak placental development, leading to placental insufficiency. When the expanding nutrient demands of the growing fetus subsequently exceed the capacity of the stunted placenta, fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia result. Poor fetal nutrient status stimulates greater release of inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines, which in turn lead to thrifty growth and metabolic programming that benefits fetal survival but is maladaptive after birth. Specifically, some IUGR fetal tissues develop enriched expression of inflammatory cytokine receptors and other signaling cascade components, which increases inflammatory sensitivity even when circulating inflammatory cytokines are no longer elevated after birth. Recent evidence indicates that greater inflammatory tone contributes to deficits in skeletal muscle growth and metabolism that are characteristic of IUGR offspring. These deficits underlie the metabolic dysfunction that markedly increases risk for metabolic diseases in IUGR-born individuals. The same programming mechanisms yield reduced metabolic efficiency, poor body composition, and inferior carcass quality in IUGR-born livestock. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are diet-derived nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory effects that have been used to improve conditions of chronic systemic inflammation, including intrauterine stress. In this review, we highlight the role of sustained systemic inflammation in the development of IUGR pathologies. We then discuss the potential for ω-3 PUFA supplementation to improve inflammation-mediated growth and metabolic deficits in IUGR offspring, along with potential barriers that must be considered when developing a supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Jing Y, Gan M, Xie Z, Ma J, Chen L, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Niu L, Wang Y, Zhu L, Shen L. Characteristics of microRNAs in Skeletal Muscle of Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1372. [PMID: 37510277 PMCID: PMC10379088 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are a class of small RNAs that have been extensively studied, which are involved in many biological processes and disease occurrence. The incidence of intrauterine growth restriction is higher in mammals, especially multiparous mammals. In this study, we found that the weight of the longissimus dorsi of intrauterine growth-restricted pigs was significantly lower than that of normal pigs. Then, intrauterine growth-restricted pig longissimus dorsi were used to characterize miRNA expression profiles by RNA sequencing. A total of 333 miRNAs were identified, of which 26 were differentially expressed. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed miRNAs regulate the expression of their target genes (such as PIK3R1, CCND2, AKT3, and MAP3K7), and these target genes play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle through signaling pathways such as the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and FoxO signaling pathways. Furthermore, miRNA-451 was significantly upregulated in IUGR pig skeletal muscle. Overexpression of miR-451 in C2C12 cells significantly promoted the expression of Mb, Myod, Myog, Myh1, and Myh7, suggesting that miR-451 may be involved in the regulation of the myoblastic differentiation of C2C12 cells. Our results reveal the role of miRNA-451 in regulating myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle in pigs with intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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9
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Kyllo HM, Wang D, Lorca RA, Julian CG, Moore LG, Wilkening RB, Rozance PJ, Brown LD, Wesolowski SR. Adaptive responses in uteroplacental metabolism and fetoplacental nutrient shuttling and sensing during placental insufficiency. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E556-E568. [PMID: 37126847 PMCID: PMC10259853 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00046.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucose, lactate, and amino acids are major fetal nutrients. During placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (PI-IUGR), uteroplacental weight-specific oxygen consumption rates are maintained, yet fetal glucose and amino acid supply is decreased and fetal lactate concentrations are increased. We hypothesized that uteroplacental metabolism adapts to PI-IUGR by altering nutrient allocation to maintain oxidative metabolism. Here, we measured nutrient flux rates, with a focus on nutrients shuttled between the placenta and fetus (lactate-pyruvate, glutamine-glutamate, and glycine-serine) in a sheep model of PI-IUGR. PI-IUGR fetuses weighed 40% less and had decreased oxygen, glucose, and amino acid concentrations and increased lactate and pyruvate versus control (CON) fetuses. Uteroplacental weight-specific rates of oxygen, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate uptake were similar. In PI-IUGR, fetal glucose uptake was decreased and pyruvate output was increased. In PI-IUGR placental tissue, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) phosphorylation was decreased and PDH activity was increased. Uteroplacental glutamine output to the fetus and expression of genes regulating glutamine-glutamate metabolism were lower in PI-IUGR. Fetal glycine uptake was lower in PI-IUGR, with no differences in uteroplacental glycine or serine flux. These results suggest increased placental utilization of pyruvate from the fetus, without higher maternal glucose utilization, and lower fetoplacental amino acid shuttling during PI-IUGR. Mechanistically, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation was higher and associated with thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) content, a marker of oxidative stress, and PDH activity in the PI-IUGR placenta, supporting a potential link between oxidative stress, AMPK, and pyruvate utilization. These differences in fetoplacental nutrient sensing and shuttling may represent adaptive strategies enabling the placenta to maintain oxidative metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These results suggest increased placental utilization of pyruvate from the fetus, without higher maternal glucose uptake, and lower amino acid shuttling in the placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (PI-IUGR) placenta. AMPK activation was associated with oxidative stress and PDH activity, supporting a putative link between oxidative stress, AMPK, and pyruvate utilization. These differences in fetoplacental nutrient sensing and shuttling may represent adaptive strategies enabling the placenta to maintain oxidative metabolism at the expense of fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Kyllo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Ramón A Lorca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Colleen G Julian
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Lorna G Moore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Randall B Wilkening
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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10
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van Uden L, Tchirikov M. A Study of the Literature on Intrauterine Treatment Options for Chronic Placental Insufficiency with Intrauterine Growth Restriction Using Intrauterine Intravascular Amino Acid Supplementation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1232. [PMID: 37374014 DOI: 10.3390/life13061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a very serious prenatal condition with 3-5% incidence of all pregnancies. It results from numerous factors, including chronic placental insufficiency. IUGR is associated with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity and is considered a major cause of fetal mortality. Currently, treatment options are significantly limited and often result in preterm delivery. Postpartum, IUGR infants also have higher risks of disease and neurological abnormalities. METHODS The PubMed database was searched using the keywords "IUGR", "fetal growth restriction", "treatment", "management" and "placental insufficiency" for the period between 1975 and 2023. These terms were also combined together. RESULTS There were 4160 papers, reviews and articles dealing with the topic of IUGR. In total, only 15 papers directly dealt with a prepartum therapy of IUGR; 10 of these were based on an animal model. Overall, the main focus was on maternal intravenous therapy with amino acids or intraamniotic infusion. Treatment methods have been tested since the 1970s to supplement the fetuses with nutrients lacking due to chronic placental insufficiency in various ways. In some studies, pregnant women were implanted with a subcutaneous intravascular perinatal port system, thus infusing the fetuses with a continuous amino acid solution. Prolongation of pregnancy was achieved, as well as improvement in fetal growth. However, insufficient benefit was observed in infusion with commercial amino acid solution in fetuses below 28 weeks' gestation. The authors attribute this primarily to the enormous variation in amino acid concentrations of the commercially available solutions compared with those observed in the plasma of preterm infants. These different concentrations are particularly important because differences in the fetal brain caused by metabolic changes have been demonstrated in the rabbit model. Several brain metabolites and amino acids were significantly decreased in IUGR brain tissue samples, resulting in abnormal neurodevelopment with decreased brain volume. DISCUSSION There are currently only a few studies and case reports with correspondingly low case numbers. Most of the studies refer to prenatal treatment by supplementation of amino acids and nutrients to prolong pregnancy and support fetal growth. However, there is no infusion solution that matches the amino acid concentrations found in fetal plasma. The commercially available solutions have mismatched amino acid concentrations and have not shown sufficient benefit in fetuses below 28 weeks' gestation. More treatment avenues need to be explored and existing ones improved to better treat multifactorial IUGR fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa van Uden
- University Clinic of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Center of Fetal Surgery, University Medical Center Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Strasse 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Tchirikov
- University Clinic of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Center of Fetal Surgery, University Medical Center Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Strasse 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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11
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Rozance PJ, Boehmer BH, Chang EI, Wesolowski SR, Brown LD. Chronic Fetal Leucine Infusion Increases Rate of Leucine Oxidation but Not of Protein Synthesis in Late Gestation Fetal Sheep. J Nutr 2023; 153:493-504. [PMID: 36894241 PMCID: PMC10196590 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine increases protein synthesis rates in postnatal animals and adults. Whether supplemental leucine has similar effects in the fetus has not been determined. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a chronic leucine infusion on whole-body leucine oxidation and protein metabolic rates, muscle mass, and regulators of muscle protein synthesis in late gestation fetal sheep. METHODS Catheterized fetal sheep at ∼126 d of gestation (term = 147 d) received infusions of saline (CON, n = 11) or leucine (LEU; n = 9) adjusted to increase fetal plasma leucine concentrations by 50%-100% for 9 d. Umbilical substrate net uptake rates and protein metabolic rates were determined using a 1-13C leucine tracer. Myofiber myosin heavy chain (MHC) type and area, expression of amino acid transporters, and abundance of protein synthesis regulators were measured in fetal skeletal muscle. Groups were compared using unpaired t tests. RESULTS Plasma leucine concentrations were 75% higher in LEU fetuses compared with CON by the end of the infusion period (P < 0.0001). Umbilical blood flow and uptake rates of most amino acids, lactate, and oxygen were similar between groups. Fetal whole-body leucine oxidation was 90% higher in LEU (P < 0.0005) but protein synthesis and breakdown rates were similar. Fetal and muscle weights and myofiber areas were similar between groups, however, there were fewer MHC type IIa fibers (P < 0.05), greater mRNA expression levels of amino acid transporters (P < 0.01), and a higher abundance of signaling proteins that regulate protein synthesis (P < 0.05) in muscle from LEU fetuses. CONCLUSIONS A direct leucine infusion for 9 d in late gestation fetal sheep does not increase protein synthesis rates but results in higher leucine oxidation rates and fewer glycolytic myofibers. Increasing leucine concentrations in the fetus stimulates its own oxidation but also increases amino acid transporter expression and primes protein synthetic pathways in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Rozance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brit H Boehmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eileen I Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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12
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Trotta RJ, Vasquez-Hidalgo MA, Smith BI, Reed SA, Govoni KE, Vonnahme KA, Swanson KC. Timing of maternal nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influences net umbilical uptake of glucose and amino acids in adolescent sheep. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad383. [PMID: 37982730 PMCID: PMC10684045 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that maternal nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influenced net umbilical uptakes of glucose and amino acids in sheep. However, it is unclear how the timing and duration of nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation influences net uterine, uteroplacental, and fetal flux of glucose and amino acids. On day 50 of gestation, 41 adolescent ewe lambs carrying singletons were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments: 1) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation (CON; n = 7); 2) 60% of nutrient requirements (RES; n = 7) from days 50 to 90 of gestation; 3) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 130 of gestation (CON-CON; n = 6); 4) 100% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation and 60% of nutrient requirements from days 90 to 130 of gestation (CON-RES; n = 7); 5) 60% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 90 of gestation and 100% of nutrient requirements from days 90 to 130 of gestation (RES-CON; n = 7); or 6) 60% of nutrient requirements from days 50 to 130 of gestation (RES-RES; n = 7). On day 90 (n = 14) and day 130 (n = 27), intraoperative procedures were performed to evaluate uteroplacental blood flows, collect blood samples, and then ewes were euthanized. Net uterine, uteroplacental, and umbilical fluxes of glucose and amino acids were calculated by multiplying blood flow by the arterial-venous concentration difference. Data from days 90 and 130 were analyzed separately using ANOVA in SAS. Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased (P = 0.04) net umbilical glucose uptake but, maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation decreased (P = 0.02) net umbilical glucose uptake. Net umbilical essential amino acid uptake decreased (P = 0.03) with nutrient restriction during mid-gestation; however, net umbilical uptakes of Phe (P = 0.02), Thr (P = 0.05), Met (P = 0.09), and His (P = 0.08) increased or tended to increase after nutrient restriction during late-gestation. These data demonstrate that net umbilical glucose and amino acid uptakes were influenced by the timing of nutrient restriction during mid- to late-gestation. Elevated net umbilical glucose uptake after mid-gestational nutrient restriction was sustained throughout late-gestation, independent of late-gestational feeding level. Long-term adaptations in umbilical glucose uptake may have implications for prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | | | - Brandon I Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kimberly A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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13
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Altered Liver Metabolism, Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Status, and Inflammatory Response in Intrauterine Growth Restriction Piglets with Different Growth Patterns before Weaning. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111053. [PMID: 36355136 PMCID: PMC9696915 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) causes huge economic losses in the pig industry. Accelerated catch-up growth (CUG) in the early stage of life could restore multiple adverse outcomes of IUGR offspring; however, there is little knowledge about this beneficial phenomenon. We previously found that nutrient absorption related to intestinal function was globally promoted in CUG-IUGR piglets before weaning, which might be the dominant reason for CUG, but what this alteration could lead to in subsequent liver metabolism is still unknown. Firstly, a Normal, CUG, and non-catch-up growth (NCUG) piglet model before weaning was established by dividing eighty litters of newborn piglets into normal birth weight (NBW) and IUGR groups according to birth weight, and those piglets with IUGR but above-average weanling body weight were considered CUG, and the piglets with IUGR still below average body weight were considered NCUG at weaning day (d 26). Liver samples were collected and then systematically compared in glycolipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, antioxidant status, and inflammatory status among these three different growth models. Enhanced hepatic uptake of fatty acids, diminished de novo synthesis of fatty acids, and increased oxidation of fatty acids were observed in CUG livers compared to Normal and NCUG. In contrast, the NCUG liver showed enhanced glucose uptake and gluconeogenesis compared to Normal and CUG. We also observed deteriorating hepatic vacuolation in NCUG piglets, while increasing hepatic lipid deposition in CUG piglets. Besides, the expression of genes related to mitochondrial energy metabolism and biogenesis was reduced in CUG piglets and the phosphorylation level of AMPK was significantly higher compared to Normal (p < 0.05). Moreover, NCUG liver showed decreased T-AOC (p < 0.01) and GSH-PX (p < 0.05), increased MDA concentrations (p < 0.01), upregulated phosphorylation levels of ERK and NF-κB (p < 0.05), and elevated pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.05) compared to Normal. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between glucose metabolism and inflammatory factors, while a negative correlation between mitochondrial function-related genes and fatty acid transport. NGUG piglets showed simultaneous enhancement of glucose uptake and gluconeogenesis, as well as reduced antioxidant capacity and increased inflammatory status, whereas CUG comes at the expense of impaired hepatic mitochondrial function and pathological fat accumulation.
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14
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Brown LD, Palmer C, Teynor L, Boehmer BH, Stremming J, Chang EI, White A, Jones AK, Cilvik SN, Wesolowski SR, Rozance PJ. Fetal Sex Does Not Impact Placental Blood Flow or Placental Amino Acid Transfer in Late Gestation Pregnant Sheep With or Without Placental Insufficiency. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:1776-1789. [PMID: 34611848 PMCID: PMC8980110 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant sheep have been used to model complications of human pregnancies including placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction. Some of the hallmarks of placental insufficiency are slower uterine and umbilical blood flow rates, impaired placental transport of oxygen and amino acids, and lower fetal arterial concentrations of anabolic growth factors. An impact of fetal sex on these outcomes has not been identified in either human or sheep pregnancies. This is likely because most studies measuring these outcomes have used small numbers of subjects or animals. We undertook a secondary analysis of previously published data generated by our laboratory in late-gestation (gestational age of 133 ± 0 days gestational age) control sheep (n = 29 male fetuses; n = 26 female fetuses; n = 3 sex not recorded) and sheep exposed to elevated ambient temperatures to cause experimental placental insufficiency (n = 23 male fetuses; n = 17 female fetuses; n = 1 sex not recorded). The primary goal was to determine how fetal sex modifies the effect of the experimental insult on outcomes related to placental blood flow, amino acid and oxygen transport, and fetal hormones. Of the 112 outcomes measured, we only found an interaction between fetal sex and experimental insult for the uterine uptake rates of isoleucine, phenylalanine, and arginine. Additionally, most outcomes measured did not show a difference based on fetal sex when adjusting for the impact of placental insufficiency. Exceptions included fetal norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations, which were higher in female compared to male fetuses. For the parameters measured in the current analysis, the impact of fetal sex was not widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brown
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Claire Palmer
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lucas Teynor
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brit H Boehmer
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jane Stremming
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eileen I Chang
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alicia White
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Amanda K Jones
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sarah N Cilvik
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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15
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Vautier AN, Cadaret CN. Long-Term Consequences of Adaptive Fetal Programming in Ruminant Livestock. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.778440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental perturbations during gestation can alter fetal development and postnatal animal performance. In humans, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting from adaptive fetal programming is known as a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and predisposes offspring to metabolic disease, however, the prevalence and impact in livestock is not characterized as well. Multiple animal models have been developed as a proxy to determine mechanistic changes that underlie the postnatal phenotype resulting from these programming events in humans but have not been utilized as robustly in livestock. While the overall consequences are similar between models, the severity of the conditions appear to be dependent on type, timing, and duration of insult, indicating that some environmental insults are of more relevance to livestock production than others. Thus far, maternofetal stress during gestation has been shown to cause increased death loss, low birth weight, inefficient growth, and aberrant metabolism. A breadth of this data comes from the fetal ruminant collected near term or shortly thereafter, with fewer studies following these animals past weaning. Consequently, even less is known about how adaptive fetal programming impacts subsequent progeny. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the postnatal phenotype of livestock resulting from different models of fetal programming, with a focus on growth, metabolism, and reproductive efficiency. We further describe what is currently known about generational impacts of fetal programming in production systems, along with gaps and future directions to consider.
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16
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Camacho LE, Davis MA, Kelly AC, Steffens NR, Anderson MJ, Limesand SW. Prenatal Oxygen and Glucose Therapy Normalizes Insulin Secretion and Action in Growth Restricted Fetal Sheep. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6585511. [PMID: 35560217 PMCID: PMC9113332 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Placental insufficiency (PI) lowers fetal oxygen and glucose concentrations, which disrupts glucose-insulin homeostasis and promotes fetal growth restriction (FGR). To date, prenatal treatments for FGR have not attempted to correct the oxygen and glucose supply simultaneously. Therefore, we investigated whether a five-day correction of oxygen and glucose concentrations in PI-FGR fetuses would normalize insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. Experiments were performed in near-term FGR fetal sheep with maternal hyperthermia-induced PI. Fetal arterial oxygen tension was increased to normal levels by increasing the maternal inspired oxygen fraction and glucose was infused into FGR fetuses (FGR-OG). FGR-OG fetuses were compared to maternal air insufflated, saline-infused fetuses (FGR-AS) and control fetuses. Prior to treatment, FGR fetuses were hypoxemic and hypoglycemic and had reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). During treatment, oxygen, glucose, and insulin concentrations increased, and norepinephrine concentrations decreased in FGR-OG fetuses, whereas FGR-AS fetuses were unaffected. On treatment day 4, glucose fluxes were measured with euglycemic and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. During both clamps, rates of glucose utilization and production were greater in FGR-AS than FGR-OG fetuses, while glucose fluxes in FGR-OG fetuses were not different than control rates. After five-days of treatment, GSIS increased in FGR-OG fetuses to control levels and their ex vivo islet GSIS was greater than FGR-AS islets. Despite normalization in fetal characteristics, GSIS, and glucose fluxes, FGR-OG and FGR-AS fetuses weighed less than controls. These findings show that sustained, simultaneous correction of oxygen and glucose normalized GSIS and whole-body glucose fluxes in PI-FGR fetuses after the onset of FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Nathan R Steffens
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
- Correspondence: Sean W. Limesand, PhD, Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1650 E Limberlost Dr, Tucson AZ 85719, USA.
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17
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Stremming J, Chang EI, Knaub LA, Armstrong ML, Baker PR, Wesolowski SR, Reisdorph N, Reusch JEB, Brown LD. Lower citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial complex expression, and fewer oxidative myofibers characterize skeletal muscle from growth-restricted fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R228-R240. [PMID: 34907787 PMCID: PMC8858669 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle from the late gestation sheep fetus with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has evidence of reduced oxidative metabolism. Using a sheep model of placental insufficiency and IUGR, we tested the hypothesis that by late gestation, IUGR fetal skeletal muscle has reduced capacity for oxidative phosphorylation because of intrinsic deficits in mitochondrial respiration. We measured mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers from biceps femoris (BF) and soleus (SOL) from control and IUGR fetal sheep. Using muscles including BF, SOL, tibialis anterior (TA), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), we measured citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial complex subunit abundance, fiber type distribution, and gene expression of regulators of mitochondrial biosynthesis. Ex vivo mitochondrial respiration was similar in control and IUGR muscle. However, CS activity was lower in IUGR BF and TA, indicating lower mitochondrial content, and protein expression of individual mitochondrial complex subunits was lower in IUGR TA and BF in a muscle-specific pattern. IUGR TA, BF, and FDS also had lower expression of type I oxidative fibers. Fiber-type shifts that support glycolytic instead of oxidative metabolism may be advantageous for the IUGR fetus in a hypoxic and nutrient-deficient environment, whereas these adaptions may be maladaptive in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Stremming
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eileen I Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Leslie A Knaub
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Peter R Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Jane E B Reusch
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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18
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Jones AK, Wang D, Goldstrohm DA, Brown LD, Rozance PJ, Limesand SW, Wesolowski SR. Tissue-specific responses that constrain glucose oxidation and increase lactate production with the severity of hypoxemia in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E181-E196. [PMID: 34957858 PMCID: PMC8816623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00382.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal hypoxemia decreases insulin and increases cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations and may restrict growth by decreasing glucose utilization and altering substrate oxidation. Specifically, we hypothesized that hypoxemia would decrease fetal glucose oxidation and increase lactate and pyruvate production. We tested this by measuring whole body glucose oxidation and lactate production, and molecular pathways in liver, muscle, adipose, and pancreas tissues of fetuses exposed to maternal hypoxemia for 9 days (HOX) compared with control fetal sheep (CON) in late gestation. Fetuses with more severe hypoxemia had lower whole body glucose oxidation rates, and HOX fetuses had increased lactate production from glucose. In muscle and adipose tissue, expression of the glucose transporter GLUT4 was decreased. In muscle, pyruvate kinase (PKM) and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) expression was decreased. In adipose tissue, LDHA and lactate transporter (MCT1) expression was increased. In liver, there was decreased gene expression of PKLR and MPC2 and phosphorylation of PDH, and increased LDHA gene and LDH protein abundance. LDH activity, however, was decreased only in HOX skeletal muscle. There were no differences in basal insulin signaling across tissues, nor differences in pancreatic tissue insulin content, β-cell area, or genes regulating β-cell function. Collectively, these results demonstrate coordinated metabolic responses across tissues in the hypoxemic fetus that limit glucose oxidation and increase lactate and pyruvate production. These responses may be mediated by hypoxemia-induced endocrine responses including increased norepinephrine and cortisol, which inhibit pancreatic insulin secretion resulting in lower insulin concentrations and decreased stimulation of glucose utilization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxemia lowered fetal glucose oxidation rates, based on severity of hypoxemia, and increased lactate production. This was supported by tissue-specific metabolic responses that may result from increased norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations, which decrease pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin concentrations and decrease glucose utilization. This highlights the vulnerability of metabolic pathways in the fetus and demonstrates that constrained glucose oxidation may represent an early event in response to sustained hypoxemia and fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Goldstrohm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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19
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Cortes-Araya Y, Stenhouse C, Salavati M, Dan-Jumbo SO, Ho W, Ashworth CJ, Clark E, Esteves CL, Donadeu FX. KLB dysregulation mediates disrupted muscle development in intrauterine growth restriction. J Physiol 2022; 600:1771-1790. [PMID: 35081669 PMCID: PMC9303651 DOI: 10.1113/jp281647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic animals. Developmental adaptations of skeletal muscle in IUGR lead to increased risk of premature muscle loss and metabolic disease in later life. Here, we identified β‐Klotho (KLB), a fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) co‐receptor, as a novel regulator of muscle development in IUGR. Using the pig as a naturally‐occurring disease model, we performed transcriptome‐wide profiling of fetal muscle (day 90 of pregnancy) from IUGR and normal‐weight (NW) littermates. We found that, alongside large‐scale transcriptional changes comprising multiple developmental, tissue injury and metabolic gene pathways, KLB was increased in IUGR muscle. Moreover, FGF21 concentrations were increased in plasma in IUGR fetuses. Using cultures of fetal muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), we showed reduced myogenic capacity of IUGR compared to NW muscle in vitro, as evidenced by differences in fusion indices and myogenic transcript levels, as well as mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Moreover, transfection of MPCs with KLB small interfering RNA promoted myogenesis and mTOR activation, whereas treatment with FGF21 had opposite and dose‐dependent effects in porcine and also in human fetal MPCs. In conclusion, our results identify KLB as a novel and potentially critical mediator of impaired muscle development in IUGR, through conserved mechanisms in pigs and humans. Our data shed new light onto the pathogenesis of IUGR, a significant cause of lifelong ill‐health in humans and animals. Key points Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with large‐scale transcriptional changes in developmental, tissue injury and metabolic gene pathways in fetal skeletal muscle. Levels of the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) co‐receptor, β‐Klotho (KLB) are increased in IUGR fetal muscle, and FGF21 concentrations are increased in IUGR fetal plasma. KLB mediates a reduction in muscle development through inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin signalling. These effects of KLB on muscle cells are conserved in pig and human, suggesting a vital role of this protein in the regulation of muscle development and function in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yennifer Cortes-Araya
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Claire Stenhouse
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Present address: Physiology of Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 440 Kleberg Center, College Station, Texas, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Mazdak Salavati
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Susan O Dan-Jumbo
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - William Ho
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Cheryl J Ashworth
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Emily Clark
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Cristina L Esteves
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - F Xavier Donadeu
- Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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20
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Cadaret CN, Posont RJ, Swanson RM, Beard JK, Gibbs RL, Barnes TL, Marks-Nelson ES, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Intermittent maternofetal oxygenation during late gestation improved birthweight, neonatal growth, body symmetry, and muscle metabolism in intrauterine growth-restricted lambs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skab358. [PMID: 34865027 PMCID: PMC8722764 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and animals, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results from fetal programming responses to poor intrauterine conditions. Chronic fetal hypoxemia elevates circulating catecholamines, which reduces skeletal muscle β2 adrenoceptor content and contributes to growth and metabolic pathologies in IUGR-born offspring. Our objective was to determine whether intermittent maternofetal oxygenation during late gestation would improve neonatal growth and glucose metabolism in IUGR-born lambs. Pregnant ewes were housed at 40 °C from the 40th to 95th day of gestational age (dGA) to produce IUGR-born lambs (n = 9). A second group of IUGR-born lambs received prenatal O2 supplementation via maternal O2 insufflation (100% humidified O2, 10 L/min) for 8 h/d from dGA 130 to parturition (IUGR+O2, n = 10). Control lambs (n = 15) were from pair-fed thermoneutral ewes. All lambs were weaned at birth, hand-reared, and fitted with hindlimb catheters at day 25. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and hindlimb hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) studies were performed at days 28 and 29, respectively. At day 30, lambs were euthanized and ex vivo HEC studies were performed on isolated muscle. Without maternofetal oxygenation, IUGR lambs were 40% lighter (P < 0.05) at birth and maintained slower (P < 0.05) growth rates throughout the neonatal period compared with controls. At 30 d of age, IUGR lambs had lighter (P < 0.05) hindlimbs and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles. IUGR+O2 lambs exhibited improved (P < 0.05) birthweight, neonatal growth, hindlimb mass, and FDS mass compared with IUGR lambs. Hindlimb insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and oxidation rates were reduced (P < 0.05) in IUGR but not IUGR+O2 lambs. Ex vivo glucose oxidation rates were less (P < 0.05) in muscle from IUGR but not IUGR+O2 lambs. Surprisingly, β2 adrenoceptor content and insulin responsiveness were reduced (P < 0.05) in muscle from IUGR and IUGR+O2 lambs compared with controls. In addition, GSIS was reduced (P < 0.05) in IUGR lambs and only modestly improved (P < 0.05) in IUGR+O2. Insufflation of O2 also increased (P < 0.05) acidosis and hypercapnia in dams, perhaps due to the use of 100% O2 rather than a gas mixture with a lesser O2 percentage. Nevertheless, these findings show that intermittent maternofetal oxygenation during late gestation improved postnatal growth and metabolic outcomes in IUGR lambs without improving muscle β2 adrenoceptor content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Rebecca M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Joslyn K Beard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Rachel L Gibbs
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Taylor L Barnes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | | | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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21
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Fowden AL, Forhead AJ. Endocrine regulation of fetal metabolism towards term. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106657. [PMID: 34525421 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hormones have an important role in regulating fetal metabolism in relation to the prevailing nutritional conditions both in late gestation and during the prepartum period as the fetus prepares for birth. In particular, the pancreatic, thyroid and adrenal hormones all affect fetal uptake and utilization of nutrients for oxidative metabolism, tissue accretion and fuel storage. These hormones also influence the fetal metabolic preparations for the nutritional transition from intra- to extra-uterine life. This review discusses the role of insulin, glucagon, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, cortisol and the catecholamines in these processes during normal intrauterine conditions and in response to maternal undernutrition with particular emphasis on the sheep fetus. It also considers the metabolic interactions between these hormones and their role in the maturation of key tissues, such as the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, in readiness for their new metabolic functions after birth. Endocrine regulation of fetal metabolism is shown to be multifactorial and dynamic with a central role in optimizing metabolic fitness for survival both in utero and at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Alison J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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22
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Gibbs RL, Yates DT. The Price of Surviving on Adrenaline: Developmental Programming Responses to Chronic Fetal Hypercatecholaminemia Contribute to Poor Muscle Growth Capacity and Metabolic Dysfunction in IUGR-Born Offspring. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 2:769334. [PMID: 34966907 PMCID: PMC8713512 DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.769334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternofetal stress induces fetal programming that restricts skeletal muscle growth capacity and metabolic function, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus. This thrifty phenotype aids fetal survival but also yields reduced muscle mass and metabolic dysfunction after birth. Consequently, IUGR-born individuals are at greater lifelong risk for metabolic disorders that reduce quality of life. In livestock, IUGR-born animals exhibit poor growth efficiency and body composition, making these animals more costly and less valuable. Specifically, IUGR-associated programming causes a greater propensity for fat deposition and a reduced capacity for muscle accretion. This, combined with metabolic inefficiency, means that these animals produce less lean meat from greater feed input, require more time on feed to reach market weight, and produce carcasses that are of less quality. Despite the health and economic implications of IUGR pathologies in humans and food animals, knowledge regarding their specific underlying mechanisms is lacking. However, recent data indicate that adaptive programing of adrenergic sensitivity in multiple tissues is a contributing factor in a number of IUGR pathologies including reduced muscle mass, peripheral insulin resistance, and impaired glucose metabolism. This review highlights the findings that support the role for adrenergic programming and how it relates to the lifelong consequences of IUGR, as well as how dysfunctional adrenergic signaling pathways might be effective targets for improving outcomes in IUGR-born offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Gibbs
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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23
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Hicks ZM, Yates DT. Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 2. [PMID: 34825243 PMCID: PMC8612632 DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.761421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on health in humans is well-recognized. It is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality worldwide, and it is associated with deficits in metabolism and muscle growth that increase lifelong risk for hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. Comparatively, the barrier that IUGR imposes on livestock production is less recognized by the industry. Meat animals born with low birthweight due to IUGR are beset with greater early death loss, inefficient growth, and reduced carcass merit. These animals exhibit poor feed-to-gain ratios, less lean mass, and greater fat deposition, which increase production costs and decrease value. Ultimately, this reduces the amount of meat produced by each animal and threatens the economic sustainability of livestock industries. Intrauterine growth restriction is most commonly the result of fetal programming responses to placental insufficiency, but the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are not well-understood. In uncompromised pregnancies, inflammatory cytokines are produced at modest rates by placental and fetal tissues and play an important role in fetal development. However, unfavorable intrauterine conditions can cause cytokine activity to be excessive during critical windows of fetal development. Our recent evidence indicates that this impacts developmental programming of muscle growth and metabolism and contributes to the IUGR phenotype. In this review, we outline the role of inflammatory cytokine activity in the development of normal and IUGR phenotypes. We also highlight the contributions of sheep and other animal models in identifying mechanisms for IUGR pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena M Hicks
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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24
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García-García RM, Arias-Álvarez M, Rodríguez M, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Formoso-Rafferty N, Lorenzo PL, Rebollar PG. Effects of feed restriction during pregnancy on maternal reproductive outcome, foetal hepatic IGF gene expression and offspring performance in the rabbit. Animal 2021; 15:100382. [PMID: 34653786 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primiparous female rabbits have high nutritional requirements and, while it is recommended that they are subjected to an extensive reproductive rhythm, this could lead to overweight, affecting reproductive outcomes. We hypothesised that restricting food intake during the less energetic period of gestation could improve reproductive outcome without impairing offspring viability. This study compares two groups of primiparous rabbit does in an extensive reproductive programme, one in which feed was restricted from Day 0 to Day 21 of gestation (R021), and another in which does were fed ad libitum (control) throughout pregnancy. The mother and offspring variables compared were (1) mother reproductive outcomes at the time points pre-implantation (Day 3 postartificial insemination [AI]), preterm (Day 28 post-AI) and birth; and (2) the prenatal offspring characteristic IGF system gene expression in foetal liver, liver fibrosis and foetus sex ratio, and postnatal factor viability and growth at birth, and survival and growth until weaning. Feed restriction did not affect the conception rate, embryo survival, or the number of morulae and blastocysts recovered at Day 3 post-AI. Preterm placenta size and efficiency were similar in the two groups. However, both implantation rate (P < 0.001) and the number of foetuses (P = 0.05) were higher in the R021 mothers than controls, while there was no difference in foetal viability. Foetal size and weight, the weights of most organs, organ weight/BW ratios and sex ratio were unaffected by feed restriction; these variables were only affected by uterine position (P < 0.05). Conversely, in the R021 does, foetal liver IGBP1 and IGF2 gene expression were dysregulated despite no liver fibrosis and a normal liver structure. No effects of restricted feed intake were produced on maternal fertility, prolificacy, or offspring birth weight, but control females weaned more kits. Litter weight and mortality rate during the lactation period were also unaffected. In conclusion, pre-implantation events and foetal development were unaffected by feed restriction. While some genes of the foetal hepatic IGF system were dysregulated during pregnancy, liver morphology appeared normal, and the growth of foetuses and kits until weaning was unmodified. This strategy of feed restriction in extensive reproductive rhythms seems to have no significant adverse effects on dam reproductive outcome or offspring growth and viability until weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M García-García
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Arias-Álvarez
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez
- Department of Agrarian Production, ETSIAAB, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Formoso-Rafferty
- Department of Agrarian Production, ETSIAAB, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P L Lorenzo
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P G Rebollar
- Department of Agrarian Production, ETSIAAB, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Posont RJ, Cadaret CN, Beard JK, Swanson RM, Gibbs RL, Marks-Nelson ES, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Maternofetal inflammation induced for 2 wk in late gestation reduced birth weight and impaired neonatal growth and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in lambs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6199898. [PMID: 33780540 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine stress impairs growth and metabolism in the fetus and offspring. We recently found that sustained maternofetal inflammation resulted in intrauterine growth-restricted (MI-IUGR) fetuses with asymmetric body composition, impaired muscle glucose metabolism, and β-cell dysfunction near term. These fetuses also exhibited heightened inflammatory tone, which we postulated was a fetal programming mechanism for the IUGR phenotype. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether poor growth and metabolism persisted in MI-IUGR lambs after birth. Polypay ewes received serial lipopolysaccharide or saline injections in the first 2 wk of the third trimester of pregnancy to produce MI-IUGR (n = 13) and control (n = 12) lambs, respectively. Lambs were catheterized at 25 d of age. β-Cell function was assessed at 29 d, hindlimb glucose metabolism at 30 d, and daily blood parameters from day 26 to 31. Glucose metabolism was also assessed in flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle isolated at necropsy on day 31. Asymmetric body composition persisted in MI-IUGR neonates, as these lambs were lighter (P < 0.05) than controls at birth and 31 d, but body and cannon bone lengths did not differ at either age. FDS muscles from MI-IUGR lambs were smaller (P < 0.05) and exhibited reduced (P < 0.05) glucose oxidation and Akt phosphorylation but similar glucose uptake compared with controls when incubated in basal or insulin-spiked media. Similarly, hindlimb glucose oxidation was reduced (P < 0.05) in MI-IUGR lambs under basal and hyperinsulinemic conditions, but hindlimb glucose utilization did not differ from controls. Circulating urea nitrogen and cholesterol were reduced (P < 0.05), and triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose-to-insulin ratios were increased (P < 0.05) in MI-IUGR lambs. Glucose and insulin concentrations did not differ between groups during basal or hyperglycemic conditions. Although circulating monocyte and granulocyte concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in MI-IUGR lambs, plasma tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was reduced (P < 0.05). FDS muscle contained greater (P < 0.05) TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and IκBα protein content. These findings indicate that maternofetal inflammation in late pregnancy results in fetal programming that impairs growth capacity, muscle glucose oxidation, and lipid homeostasis in offspring. Inflammatory indicators measured in this study appear to reflect heightened cytokine sensitivity in muscle and compensatory systemic responses to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Joslyn K Beard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Rebecca M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Rachel L Gibbs
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Eileen S Marks-Nelson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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26
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Pendleton AL, Wesolowski SR, Regnault TRH, Lynch RM, Limesand SW. Dimming the Powerhouse: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Intrauterine Growth Restricted Fetuses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:612888. [PMID: 34079518 PMCID: PMC8165279 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.612888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus, resulting from placental insufficiency (PI), is characterized by low fetal oxygen and nutrient concentrations that stunt growth rates of metabolic organs. Numerous animal models of IUGR recapitulate pathophysiological conditions found in human fetuses with IUGR. These models provide insight into metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle and liver. For example, cellular energy production and metabolic rate are decreased in the skeletal muscle and liver of IUGR fetuses. These metabolic adaptations demonstrate that fundamental processes in mitochondria, such as substrate utilization and oxidative phosphorylation, are tempered in response to low oxygen and nutrient availability. As a central metabolic organelle, mitochondria coordinate cellular metabolism by coupling oxygen consumption to substrate utilization in concert with tissue energy demand and accretion. In IUGR fetuses, reducing mitochondrial metabolic capacity in response to nutrient restriction is advantageous to ensure fetal survival. If permanent, however, these adaptations may predispose IUGR fetuses toward metabolic diseases throughout life. Furthermore, these mitochondrial defects may underscore developmental programming that results in the sequela of metabolic pathologies. In this review, we examine how reduced nutrient availability in IUGR fetuses impacts skeletal muscle and liver substrate catabolism, and discuss how enzymatic processes governing mitochondrial function, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain, are regulated. Understanding how deficiencies in oxygen and substrate metabolism in response to placental restriction regulate skeletal muscle and liver metabolism is essential given the importance of these tissues in the development of later lifer metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Pendleton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Ronald M. Lynch
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sean W. Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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27
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Davis MA, Camacho LE, Pendleton AL, Antolic AT, Luna-Ramirez RI, Kelly AC, Steffens NR, Anderson MJ, Limesand SW. Augmented glucose production is not contingent on high catecholamines in fetal sheep with IUGR. J Endocrinol 2021; 249:195-207. [PMID: 33994373 PMCID: PMC8175032 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have high concentrations of catecholamines, which lowers the insulin secretion and glucose uptake. Here, we studied the effect of hypercatecholaminemia on glucose metabolism in sheep fetuses with placental insufficiency-induced IUGR. Norepinephrine concentrations are elevated throughout late gestation in IUGR fetuses but not in IUGR fetuses with a bilateral adrenal demedullation (IAD) at 0.65 of gestation. Euglycemic (EC) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HEC) clamps were performed in control, intact-IUGR, and IAD fetuses at 0.87 of gestation. Compared to controls, basal oxygen, glucose, and insulin concentrations were lower in IUGR groups. Norepinephrine concentrations were five-fold higher in IUGR fetuses than in IAD fetuses. During the EC, rates of glucose entry (GER, umbilical + exogenous), glucose utilization (GUR), and glucose oxidation (GOR) were greater in IUGR groups than in controls. In IUGR and IAD fetuses with euglycemia and euinsulinemia, glucose production rates (GPR) remained elevated. During the HEC, GER and GOR were not different among groups. In IUGR and IAD fetuses, GURs were 40% greater than in controls, which paralleled the sustained GPR despite hyperinsulinemia. Glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations were augmented in IAD fetuses compared to IUGR fetuses. Fetal weights were not different between IUGR groups but were less than controls. Regardless of norepinephrine concentrations, IUGR fetuses not only develop greater peripheral insulin sensitivity for glucose utilization but also develop hepatic insulin resistance because GPR was maintained and unaffected by euglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. These findings show that adaptation in glucose metabolism of IUGR fetuses are independent of catecholamines, which implicate that hypoxemia and hypoglycemia cause the metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander L Pendleton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew T Antolic
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rosa I Luna-Ramirez
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nathan R Steffens
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Cilvik SN, Wesolowski SR, Anthony RV, Brown LD, Rozance PJ. Late gestation fetal hyperglucagonaemia impairs placental function and results in diminished fetal protein accretion and decreased fetal growth. J Physiol 2021; 599:3403-3427. [PMID: 33878802 DOI: 10.1113/jp281288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fetal glucagon concentrations are elevated in the setting of placental insufficiency, hypoxia and elevated stress hormones. Chronically elevated glucagon concentrations in the adult result in profound decreases in amino acid concentrations and lean body mass. Experimental elevation of fetal glucagon concentrations in a late-gestation pregnant sheep results in lower fetal amino acid concentrations, lower protein accretion and lower fetal weight, in addition to decreased placental function. This study demonstrates a negative effect of glucagon on fetal protein accretion and growth, and also provides the first example of a fetal hormone that negatively regulates placental nutrient transport and blood flow. ABSTRACT Fetal glucagon concentrations are elevated in the setting of placental insufficiency and fetal stress. Postnatal studies have demonstrated the importance of glucagon in amino acid metabolism, and limited fetal studies have suggested that glucagon inhibits umbilical uptake of certain amino acids. We hypothesized that chronic fetal hyperglucagonaemia would decrease amino acid transfer and increase amino acid oxidation by the fetus. Late gestation singleton fetal sheep received a direct intravenous infusion of glucagon (GCG; 5 or 50 ng/kg/min; n = 7 and 5, respectively) or a vehicle control (n = 10) for 8-10 days. Fetal and maternal nutrient concentrations, uterine and umbilical blood flows, fetal leucine flux, nutrient uptake rates, placental secretion of chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH), and targeted placental gene expression were measured. GCG fetuses had 13% lower fetal weight compared to controls (P = 0.0239) and >28% lower concentrations of 16 out of 21 amino acids (P < 0.02). Additionally, protein synthesis was 49% lower (P = 0.0005), and protein accretion was 92% lower in GCG fetuses (P = 0.0006). Uterine blood flow was 33% lower in ewes with GCG fetuses (P = 0.0154), while umbilical blood flow was similar. Fetal hyperglucagonaemia lowered uterine uptake of 10 amino acids by >48% (P < 0.05) and umbilical uptake of seven amino acids by >29% (P < 0.04). Placental secretion of CSH into maternal circulation was reduced by 80% compared to controls (P = 0.0080). This study demonstrates a negative effect of glucagon on fetal protein accretion and growth. It also demonstrates that glucagon, a hormone of fetal origin, negatively regulates maternal placental nutrient transport function, placental CSH production and uterine blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Cilvik
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | | | - Russ V Anthony
- Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laura D Brown
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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29
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Bradbery AN, Coverdale JA, Hartz CJ, Millican AA, Goehring MS, Fikes KK, Picking E, Hammer CJ, Dunlap KA, Cardoso RC, Wickersham TA, Leatherwood JL, Satterfield MC. Effect of maternal overnutrition on predisposition to insulin resistance in the foal: Maternal parameters and foal pancreas histoarchitecture. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 227:106720. [PMID: 33636430 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Results from previous studies indicate that maternal overnutrition during late gestation predisposes foals to metabolic disease, however, specific mechanisms resulting in disease remain unknown. Quarter Horse mares (n = 16), were randomly assigned to dietary treatments, beginning on gestational day 235, and consisted of a control group (CON- diet meeting nutrient requirement; n = 8) or an overfed diet (HIGH; n = 8) where mares received an additional 40 % above CON. On gestational days 285 and 315, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT) was conducted. Following parturition, foals were separated from the mare, prohibited from nursing, and an FSIGTT was conducted at 2 h postpartum. Foals were immediately euthanized and tissues preserved for analyses. There was no effect of treatment on foal BW (P = 0.50), pancreas weight (P = 0.60), or FSIGTT area under the curve for glucose (P = 0.80) and insulin (P = 0.70). Colocalization of α-amylase to isolate pancreatic islets of Langerhans indicated increased islet number and size in foals from HIGH mares (P < 0.01). Immunofluoresent analysis of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin indicate no difference in intensity of staining (P> 0.10). Foals exposed to overnutrition during peak fetal growth had altered pancreatic islet development that may lead to adult-onset metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Bradbery
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - J A Coverdale
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - C J Hartz
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - A A Millican
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - M S Goehring
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - K K Fikes
- Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, United States
| | - E Picking
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - C J Hammer
- North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, United States
| | - K A Dunlap
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - R C Cardoso
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - T A Wickersham
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - J L Leatherwood
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| | - M C Satterfield
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
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30
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Tanner AR, Lynch CS, Ali A, Winger QA, Rozance PJ, Anthony RV. Impact of chorionic somatomammotropin RNA interference on uterine blood flow and placental glucose uptake in the absence of intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R138-R148. [PMID: 33146554 PMCID: PMC7948125 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) is one of the most abundantly produced placental hormones, yet its exact function remains elusive. Near-term [135 days of gestational age (dGA)], CSH RNA interference (RNAi) results in two distinct phenotypes: 1) pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and 2) pregnancies with normal fetal and placental weights. Here, we report the physiological changes in CSH RNAi pregnancies without IUGR. The trophectoderm of hatched blastocysts (9 dGA) were infected with lentiviral-constructs expressing either a scrambled control (Control RNAi) or CSH-specific shRNA (CSH RNAi), prior to transfer into synchronized recipient ewes. At 126 dGA, Control RNAi (n = 6) and CSH RNAi (n = 6) pregnancies were fitted with maternal and fetal catheters. Uterine and umbilical blood flows were measured at 132 dGA and nutrient uptakes were calculated by the Fick's principle. Control RNAi and CSH RNAi pregnancies were compared by analysis of variance, and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Absolute (mL/min) and relative (mL/min/kg fetus) uterine blood flows were reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in CSH RNAi pregnancies, but umbilical flows were not impacted. The uterine artery-to-vein glucose gradient (mmol/L) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased. The uteroplacental glucose uptake (μmoL/min/kg placenta) was increased (P ≤ 0.05), whereas umbilical glucose uptake (μmoL/min/kg fetus) was reduced. Our results demonstrate that CSH RNAi has significant physiological ramifications, even in the absence of IUGR, and comparing CSH RNAi pregnancies exhibiting both IUGR and non-IUGR phenotypes may help determine the direct effects of CSH and its potential impact on fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R. Tanner
- 1Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Cameron S. Lynch
- 1Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Asghar Ali
- 1Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Quinton A. Winger
- 1Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul J. Rozance
- 2Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Russell V. Anthony
- 1Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Narai S, Kawashima-Sonoyama Y, Fujimoto M, Miura M, Adachi K, Nanba E, Namba N. Cord Blood from SGA Preterm Infants Exhibits Increased GLUT4 mRNA Expression. Yonago Acta Med 2021; 64:57-66. [PMID: 33642904 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling plays an important role in prenatal and postnatal growth and glucose metabolism. Both small-for-gestational age (SGA) and preterm infants have abnormal growth and glucose metabolism. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Recently, we showed that term SGA infants have abnormal insulin/IGF signaling in cord blood. In this study, we examined whether preterm infants show similar aberrations in cord blood insulin/IGF signaling. Methods A total of 41 preterm cord blood samples were collected. Blood glucose, insulin, IGF-1, and C-peptide concentrations were measured, and mRNA expression of IGF1R, INSR, IRS1, IRS2, and SLC2A4 (i.e., GLUT4) was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Results This study included 34 appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) and 7 SGA preterm neonates. No hyperinsulinemia or any differences in IGF1R or INSR mRNA expression were detected between the two groups. However, GLUT4 mRNA levels were increased in preterm SGA. Moreover, the expression level in hypoglycemic preterm SGA was significantly higher than that in hypoglycemic preterm AGA. IRS2 mRNA expression did not show a statistically significant difference between preterm SGA and AGA neonates. Conclusion SGA preterm birth does not induce hyperinsulinemia; however, it modifies insulin/IGF signaling components such as GLUT4 in umbilical cord blood. Our study suggests that prematurity or adaptation to malnutrition alters the insulin/IGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Narai
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Yuki Kawashima-Sonoyama
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Mazumi Miura
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
| | - Kaori Adachi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan and
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Wang P, He C, Yue M, Wang T, Bai L, Wu Y, Liu D, Wang M, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Liu H. The AT1 receptor autoantibody causes hypoglycemia in fetal rats via promoting the STT3A-GLUT1-glucose uptake axis in liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111022. [PMID: 32871226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose is of great importance to development and metabolic homeostasis in fetuses. Stimulation of harmful factors during gestation induces pathoglycemia. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA), a newly discovered gestational harmful factor, has been shown to induce intrauterine growth restriction in fetuses and glucose disorders in adults. However, whether and how AT1-AA influences the blood glucose level of fetuses during gestation is not yet clear. The purpose of the current study was to observe the fetal blood glucose level of AT1-AA-positive pregnant rats during late pregnancy and to determine the roles that hepatic glucose transporters play in this process. We established AT1-AA-positive pregnant rats by injecting AT1-AA into the caudal veins of rats in the 2nd trimester of gestation. Although the fetal blood glucose level in the 3rd trimester of gestation decreased, hepatic glucose uptake increased detected. Through separating membrane and cytosolic proteins, we demonstrated that both the expression and membrane transport ratio of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), which is responsible for glucose transport in fetal hepatocytes, were upregulated, accompanied by increased expression of N-glycosyltransferase STT3A, which contributes to the N-glycosylation of GLUT1. In vitro, we identified that AT1-AA increased glucose uptake, the expression and membrane transport ratio of GLUT1 and the expression of STT3A in HepG2 cell lines via separating membrane and cytosolic proteins and immunofluorescence, resulting in the decreased glucose content in the medium. The GLUT1 inhibitor WZB117 reversed the decreases in glucose content in the medium, the increases in glucose uptake, the increases in the expression and membrane transport ratio of GLUT1 caused by AT1-AA. The N-glycosyltransferase inhibitor NGI as well as si-STT3A reversed the AT1-AA-induced upregulation of the STT3A-GLUT1-glucose uptake effect. This study demonstrates that AT1-AA lowers the blood glucose level of fetuses via the STT3A-GLUT1-glucose uptake axis in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Chunyu He
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Mingming Yue
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Lina Bai
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101300, PR China
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Ali A, Swanepoel CM, Winger QA, Rozance PJ, Anthony RV. Chorionic somatomammotropin RNA interference alters fetal liver glucose utilization. J Endocrinol 2020; 247:251-262. [PMID: 33108344 PMCID: PMC7643541 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) is a placenta-specific hormone associated with fetal growth, and fetal and maternal metabolism in both humans and sheep. We hypothesized that CSH deficiency could impact sheep fetal liver glucose utilization. To generate CSH-deficient pregnancies, day 9 hatched blastocysts were infected with lentiviral particles expressing CSH-specific shRNA (RNAi) or scramble control shRNA (SC) and transferred to synchronized recipients. CSH RNAi generated two distinct phenotypes at 135 days of gestational age (dGA); pregnancies with IUGR (RNAi-IUGR) or with normal fetal weight (RNAi-NW). Fetal body, fetal liver and placental weights were reduced (P < 0.05) only in RNAi-IUGR pregnancies compared to SC. Umbilical artery plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) concentrations were decreased, whereas insulin receptor beta (INSR) concentration in fetal liver was increased (P < 0.05) in both RNAi phenotypes. The mRNA concentrations of IGF1, IGF2, IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) and IGFBP3 were decreased (P < 0.05) in fetal livers from both RNAi phenotypes. Fetal liver glycogen concentration and glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) concentration were increased (P < 0.05), whereas fetal liver phosphorylated-GYS (inactive GYS) concentration was reduced (P < 0.05) in both RNAi phenotypes. Lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) concentration was increased (P < 0.05) and IGF2 concentration was decreased (P < 0.05) in RNAi-IUGR fetal livers only. Our findings suggest that fetal liver glucose utilization is impacted by CSH RNAi, independent of IUGR, and is likely tied to enhanced fetal liver insulin sensitivity in both RNAi phenotypes. Determining the physiological ramifications of both phenotypes, may help to differentiate direct effect of CSH deficiency or its indirect effect through IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ali
- Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | - Callie M. Swanepoel
- Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | - Quinton A. Winger
- Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | - Paul J. Rozance
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, US
| | - Russell V. Anthony
- Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, CO, US
- Corresponding Author: 1683 Campus Delivery, 3107 Rampart Road, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1683. Telephone: 970-491-2586; FAX: 970-491-3557;
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Liu F, Ford EM, Morrison RS, Brewster CJ, Henman DJ, Smits RJ, Zhao W, Cottrell JJ, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR, Bell AW. The Greater Proportion of Born-Light Progeny from Sows Mated in Summer Contributes to Increased Carcass Fatness Observed in Spring. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112080. [PMID: 33182569 PMCID: PMC7696037 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pig producers are required to supply consistent lean carcasses to the market. However, the pig production cycle contains seasonal variation in carcass fatness, such that pigs finished in spring have a greater carcass backfat thickness than those finished in summer. Our experiment showed that when sows were mated in summer they had an increased incidence of born-light progeny (≤1.1 kg), which when finished in spring, had increased fatness. This finding provides a novel explanation for the seasonal variation of carcass fatness and sets a research direction for future mitigation strategies. Abstract The backfat of pig carcasses is greater in spring than summer in Australia. The unexplained seasonal variation in carcass backfat creates complications for pig producers in supplying consistent lean carcasses. As a novel explanation, we hypothesised that the increased carcass fatness in spring was due to a greater percentage of born-light progeny from sows that were mated in summer and experienced hot conditions during early gestation. The first part of our experiment compared the birth weight of piglets born to the sows mated in summer (February, the Southern Hemisphere) with those born to sows mated in autumn (May; the Southern Hemisphere), and the second part of the experiment compared the growth performance and carcass fatness of the progeny that were stratified as born-light (0.7–1.1 kg) and born-normal (1.3–1.7 kg) from the sows mated in these two seasons. The results showed that the sows mated in summer experienced hotter conditions during early gestation as evidenced by an increased respiration rate and rectal temperature, compared with those mated in autumn. The sows mated in summer had a greater proportion of piglets that were born ≤1.1 kg (24.2% vs. 15.8%, p < 0.001), lower average piglet birth weight (1.39 kg vs. 1.52 kg, p < 0.001), lower total litter weights (18.9 kg vs. 19.5 kg, p = 0.044) and lower average placental weight (0.26 vs. 0.31 kg, p = 0.011) than those mated in autumn, although litter sizes were similar. Feed intake and growth rate of progeny from 14 weeks of age to slaughter (101 kg live weight) were greater for the born-normal than born-light pigs within the progeny from sows mated in autumn, but there was no difference between the born-light and normal progeny from sows mated in summer, as evidenced by the interaction between piglet birth weight and sow mating season (Both p < 0.05). Only the born-light piglets from the sows mated in summer had a greater backfat thickness and loin fat% than the progeny from the sows mated in autumn, as evidenced by a trend of interaction between piglet birth weight and sow mating season (Both p < 0.10). In conclusion, the increased proportion of born-light piglets (0.7–1.1 kg range) from the sows mated in summer contributed to the increased carcass fatness observed in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (E.M.F.); (R.S.M.); (C.J.B.); (D.J.H.); or (R.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-6033-8265
| | - Erin M. Ford
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (E.M.F.); (R.S.M.); (C.J.B.); (D.J.H.); or (R.J.S.)
| | - Rebecca S. Morrison
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (E.M.F.); (R.S.M.); (C.J.B.); (D.J.H.); or (R.J.S.)
| | - Chris J. Brewster
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (E.M.F.); (R.S.M.); (C.J.B.); (D.J.H.); or (R.J.S.)
| | - David J. Henman
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (E.M.F.); (R.S.M.); (C.J.B.); (D.J.H.); or (R.J.S.)
| | - Robert J. Smits
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (E.M.F.); (R.S.M.); (C.J.B.); (D.J.H.); or (R.J.S.)
| | - Weicheng Zhao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.Z.); (J.J.C.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Jeremy J. Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.Z.); (J.J.C.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Brian J. Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.Z.); (J.J.C.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.Z.); (J.J.C.); (B.J.L.); (F.R.D.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alan W. Bell
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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Rozance PJ, Jones AK, Bourque SL, D'Alessandro A, Hay WW, Brown LD, Wesolowski SR. Effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia on metabolic pathways and insulin signaling in the fetal liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E721-E733. [PMID: 32830555 PMCID: PMC7864241 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00323.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronic of hyperinsulinemia in the fetal liver is poorly understood. Here, we produced hyperinsulinemia with euglycemia for ∼8 days in fetal sheep [hyperinsulinemic (INS)] at 0.9 gestation. INS fetuses had increased insulin and decreased oxygen and amino acid (AA) concentrations compared with saline-infused fetuses [control (CON)]. Glucose (whole body) utilization rates were increased, as expected, in INS fetuses. In the liver, however, there were few differences in genes and metabolites related to glucose and lipid metabolism and no activation of insulin signaling proteins (Akt and mTOR). There was increased p-AMPK activation and decreased mitochondrial mass (PGC1A expression, mitochondrial DNA content) in INS livers. Using an unbiased multivariate analysis with 162 metabolites, we identified effects on AA and one-carbon metabolism in the INS liver. Expression of the transaminase BCAT2 and glutaminase genes GLS1 and GLS2 was decreased, supporting decreased AA utilization. We further evaluated the roles of hyperinsulinemia and hypoxemia, both present in INS fetuses, on outcomes in the liver. Expression of PGC1A correlated only with hyperinsulinemia, p-AMPK correlated only with hypoxemia, and other genes and metabolites correlated with both hyperinsulinemia and hypoxemia. In fetal hepatocytes, acute treatment with insulin activated p-Akt and decreased PGC1A, whereas hypoxia activated p-AMPK. Overall, chronic hyperinsulinemia produced greater effects on amino acid metabolism compared with glucose and lipid metabolism and a novel effect on one-carbon metabolism in the fetal liver. These hepatic metabolic responses may result from the downregulation of insulin signaling and antagonistic effects of hypoxemia-induced AMPK activation that develop with chronic hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Rozance
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amanda K Jones
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie L Bourque
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura D Brown
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Zarate MA, Wesolowski SR, Nguyen LM, De Dios RK, Wilkening RB, Rozance PJ, Wright CJ. In utero inflammatory challenge induces an early activation of the hepatic innate immune response in late gestation fetal sheep. Innate Immun 2020; 26:549-564. [PMID: 32538259 PMCID: PMC7556190 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920928388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is associated with inflammatory end-organ damage in the fetus. Tissues in direct contact with amniotic fluid drive a pro-inflammatory response and contribute to this injury. However, due to a lack of direct contact with the amniotic fluid, the liver contribution to this response has not been fully characterized. Given its role as an immunologic organ, we hypothesized that the fetal liver would demonstrate an early innate immune response to an in utero inflammatory challenge. Fetal sheep (131 ± 1 d gestation) demonstrated metabolic acidosis and high cortisol and norepinephrine values within 5 h of exposure to intra-amniotic LPS. Likewise, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased significantly at 1 and 5 h of exposure. This was associated with NF-κB activation, by inhibitory protein IκBα degradation, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits (p65/p50). Corroborating these findings, LPS exposure significantly increased pro-inflammatory innate immune gene expression in fetal sheep hepatic macrophages in vitro. Thus, an in utero inflammatory challenge induces an early hepatic innate immune response with systemic metabolic and stress responses. Within the fetal liver, hepatic macrophages respond robustly to LPS exposure. Our results demonstrate that the fetal hepatic innate immune response must be considered when developing therapeutic approaches to attenuate end-organ injury associated with in utero inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zarate
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Leanna M Nguyen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robyn K De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Randall B Wilkening
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Davis MA, Camacho LE, Anderson MJ, Steffens NR, Pendleton AL, Kelly AC, Limesand SW. Chronically elevated norepinephrine concentrations lower glucose uptake in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R255-R263. [PMID: 32667834 PMCID: PMC7509250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal conditions associated with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) chronically elevate plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of chronically elevated NE on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in normally grown, non-IUGR fetal sheep, which are independent of other IUGR-related reductions in nutrients and oxygen availability. After surgical placement of catheters, near-term fetuses received either a saline (control) or NE intravenous infusion with controlled euglycemia. In NE fetuses, plasma NE concentrations were 5.5-fold greater than controls, and fetal euglycemia was maintained with a maternal insulin infusion. Insulin secretion was blunted in NE fetuses during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Weight-specific fluxes for glucose were measured during a euinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (EEC) and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC). Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not different between groups within each clamp, but insulin concentrations increased 10-fold between the EEC and the HEC. During the EEC, rates of glucose uptake (umbilical uptake + exogenous infusion) and glucose utilization were 47% and 35% lower (P < 0.05) in NE fetuses compared with controls. During the HEC, rates of glucose uptake were 28% lower (P < 0.05) in NE fetuses than controls. Glucose production was undetectable in either group, and glucose oxidation was unaffected by the NE infusion. These findings indicate that chronic exposure to high plasma NE concentrations lowers rates of net glucose uptake in the fetus without affecting glucose oxidation rates or initiating endogenous glucose production. Lower fetal glucose uptake was independent of insulin, which indicates insulin resistance as a consequence of chronically elevated NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan R Steffens
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alexander L Pendleton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Pendleton AL, Antolic AT, Kelly AC, Davis MA, Camacho LE, Doubleday K, Anderson MJ, Langlais PR, Lynch RM, Limesand SW. Lower oxygen consumption and Complex I activity in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E67-E80. [PMID: 32396498 PMCID: PMC7468780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00057.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fetal sheep with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have lower hindlimb oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), indicating depressed mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity in their skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that OCRs are lower in skeletal muscle mitochondria from IUGR fetuses, due to reduced electron transport chain (ETC) activity and lower abundances of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes. IUGR sheep fetuses (n = 12) were created with mid-gestation maternal hyperthermia and compared with control fetuses (n = 12). At 132 ± 1 days of gestation, biceps femoris muscles were collected, and the mitochondria were isolated. Mitochondria from IUGR muscle have 47% lower State 3 (Complex I-dependent) OCRs than controls, whereas State 4 (proton leak) OCRs were not different between groups. Furthermore, Complex I, but not Complex II or IV, enzymatic activity was lower in IUGR fetuses compared with controls. Proteomic analysis (n = 6/group) identified 160 differentially expressed proteins between groups, with 107 upregulated and 53 downregulated mitochondria proteins in IUGR fetuses compared with controls. Although no differences were identified in ETC subunit protein abundances, abundances of key TCA cycle enzymes [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 3 noncatalytic subunit β (IDH3B), succinate-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit-β (SUCLA2), and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH)] were lower in IUGR mitochondria. IUGR mitochondria had a greater abundance of a hypoxia-inducible protein, NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplex 4-like 2, which is known to incorporate into Complex I and lower Complex I-mediated NADH oxidation. Our findings show that mitochondria from IUGR skeletal muscle adapt to hypoxemia and hypoglycemia by lowering Complex I activity and TCA cycle enzyme concentrations, which together, act to lower OCR and NADH production/oxidation in IUGR skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Pendleton
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andrew T Antolic
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kevin Doubleday
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ronald M Lynch
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sean W Limesand
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Wang J, Liu X, Dong M, Sun X, Xiao J, Zeng W, Hu J, Li X, Guo L, Rong Z, He G, Sun J, Ning D, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Ma W, Liu T. Associations of maternal ambient temperature exposures during pregnancy with the placental weight, volume and PFR: A birth cohort study in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105682. [PMID: 32248024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta performs crucial functions to ensure normal fetal development. Experimental studies have indicated associations between exposure to elevated temperatures during pregnancy and reduction in placental weight and volume. However, epidemiological studies in humans are lacking. OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations between prenatal exposure to ambient temperature with placental weight, volume, and the placental weight to birth weight ratio (PFR). METHODS We conducted a prospective birth cohort study using the Prenatal Environment and Offspring Health Cohort (PEOH Cohort) beginning in 2016 in Guangzhou, China. Women in early pregnancy were recruited and followed up during their hospitalization for childbirth. An inverse distance-weighted method was employed to estimate the average temperature exposure of every 4 weeks as well as the trimester-specific average temperature exposure at the individual's residential address. A generalized linear model was applied to estimate the effects of temperature exposure during pregnancy on the placental weight, volume, and PFR. RESULTS A total of 4051 pregnant women were enrolled. Compared with the reference temperature of 20 °C, maternal exposure to 29 °C (95th centile) during late pregnancy was associated with an average of -6.03 g (95% confidence interval [CI]: -11.28 g, -0.78 g) in placental weight, -16.15 cm3 (95% CI: -26.24 cm3, -6.07 cm3) in placental volume, and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.45) in PFR. The peak effects of high temperatures on placental weight, volume, and PFR were found from 29 to 32 weeks (β = -3.79 g, 95% CI: -8.39 g, 0.82 g), 37 to 40 weeks (β = -19.34 cm3, 95% CI: -30.99 cm3, -7.69 cm3), and 25 to 28 weeks (β = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.66), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to elevated temperatures was associated with a decrease in placental weight and volume and an increase in PFR. The associations were stronger when exposures occurred during late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Moran Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianxiong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Zuhua Rong
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Guanhao He
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Dan Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Dengzhou Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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Khanal P, D. Axel AM, Safayi S, Elbrønd VS, Nielsen MO. Prenatal over- and undernutrition differentially program small intestinal growth, angiogenesis, absorptive capacity, and endocrine function in sheep. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14498. [PMID: 32597039 PMCID: PMC7322502 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to test the hypothesis that prenatal under- and overnutrition in late gestation can program small intestinal (SI) growth, angiogenesis, and endocrine function to predispose for a hyperabsorptive state, thereby increasing the susceptibility to the adverse effects of an early postnatal obesogenic diet. Twin-pregnant ewes were exposed to adequate (NORM), LOW (50% of NORM), or HIGH (150% energy and 110% protein of NORM) diets through the last trimester (term ~147 days). From 3 days to 6 months of age, their lambs were fed either a moderate (CONV) or a high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. At 6 months of age, responses in plasma metabolites and insulin to refeeding after fasting were determined and then different segments of the SI were sampled at autopsy. Prenatal overnutrition impacts were most abundant in the duodenum where HIGH had increased villus amplification factor and lowered villi thickness with increased IRS-1 and reduced GH-R expressions. In jejunum, HIGH lambs had an increased expression of Lactate gene and amplified when exposed to HCHF postnatally. Specifically, in LOW, sensitivity to HCHF was affected in ileum. Thus, the mismatching LOW-HCHF nutrition increased expressions of angiogenic genes (VEGF, VEGF-R1, ANGPT1, RTK) and increased mucosa layer (tunica mucosa) thickness but reduced muscle layer (Tunica muscularis) thickness. The SI is a target of prenatal nutritional programming, where late gestation overnutrition increased and shifted digestive capacity for carbohydrates toward the jejunum, whereas late gestation undernutrition predisposed for ileal angiogenesis and carbohydrate and fat hyperabsorptive capacity upon subsequent exposure to postnatal obesogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Khanal
- Faculty of Biosciences and AquacultureAnimal Science, Production and Welfare DivisionNord UniversitySteinkjerNorway
| | - Anne Marie D. Axel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | | | - Vibeke S. Elbrønd
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Mette O. Nielsen
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversityTjeleDenmark
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Cadaret CN, Merrick EM, Barnes TL, Beede KA, Posont RJ, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Sustained maternal inflammation during the early third-trimester yields intrauterine growth restriction, impaired skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, and diminished β-cell function in fetal sheep1,2. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:4822-4833. [PMID: 31616931 PMCID: PMC6915216 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal inflammation causes fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), but its impact on fetal metabolism is not known. Thus, our objective was to determine the impact of sustained maternal inflammation in late gestation on fetal inflammation, skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, and insulin secretion. Pregnant ewes were injected every third day from the 100th to 112th day of gestation (term = 150 d) with saline (controls) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce maternal inflammation and IUGR (MI-IUGR). Fetal femoral blood vessels were catheterized on day 118 to assess β-cell function on day 123, hindlimb glucose metabolic rates on day 124, and daily blood parameters from days 120 to 125. Fetal muscle was isolated on day 125 to assess ex vivo glucose metabolism. Injection of LPS increased (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures, circulating white blood cells, and plasma tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) concentrations in MI-IUGR ewes. Maternal leukocytes remained elevated (P < 0.05) and TNFα tended to remain elevated (P < 0.10) compared with controls almost 2 wk after the final LPS injection. Total white blood cells, monocytes, granulocytes, and TNFα were also greater (P < 0.05) in MI-IUGR fetuses than controls over this period. MI-IUGR fetuses had reduced (P < 0.05) blood O2 partial pressures and greater (P < 0.05) maternofetal O2 gradients, but blood glucose and maternofetal glucose gradients did not differ from controls. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were reduced (P < 0.05) by 32% and 42%, respectively, in MI-IUGR fetuses. In vivo hindlimb glucose oxidation did not differ between groups under resting conditions but was 47% less (P < 0.05) in MI-IUGR fetuses than controls during hyperinsulinemia. Hindlimb glucose utilization did not differ between fetal groups. At day 125, MI-IUGR fetuses were 22% lighter (P < 0.05) than controls and tended to have greater (P < 0.10) brain/BW ratios. Ex vivo skeletal muscle glucose oxidation did not differ between groups in basal media but was less (P < 0.05) for MI-IUGR fetuses in insulin-spiked media. Glucose uptake rates and phosphorylated-to-total Akt ratios were less (P < 0.05) in muscle from MI-IUGR fetuses than controls regardless of media. We conclude that maternal inflammation leads to fetal inflammation, reduced β-cell function, and impaired skeletal muscle glucose metabolism that persists after maternal inflammation ceases. Moreover, fetal inflammation may represent a target for improving metabolic dysfunction in IUGR fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Elena M Merrick
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Taylor L Barnes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Cadaret CN, Posont RJ, Swanson RM, Beard JK, Barnes TL, Beede KA, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Intermittent maternofetal O 2 supplementation during late gestation rescues placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction and metabolic pathologies in the neonatal lamb. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1696-1700. [PMID: 33336152 PMCID: PMC6999172 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Rebecca M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Joslyn K Beard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Taylor L Barnes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
- Corresponding author:
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Posont RJ, Cadaret CN, Beede KA, Beard JK, Swanson RM, Gibbs RL, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Maternal inflammation at 0.7 gestation in ewes leads to intrauterine growth restriction and impaired glucose metabolism in offspring at 30 d of age. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1673-1677. [PMID: 31867569 PMCID: PMC6912171 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Joslyn K Beard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Rebecca M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Rachel L Gibbs
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Yates DT, Camacho LE, Kelly AC, Steyn LV, Davis MA, Antolic AT, Anderson MJ, Goyal R, Allen RE, Papas KK, Hay WW, Limesand SW. Postnatal β2 adrenergic treatment improves insulin sensitivity in lambs with IUGR but not persistent defects in pancreatic islets or skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2019; 597:5835-5858. [PMID: 31665811 PMCID: PMC6911010 DOI: 10.1113/jp278726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
Abstract Placental insufficiency causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and disturbances in glucose homeostasis with associated β adrenergic receptor (ADRβ) desensitization. Our objectives were to measure insulin‐sensitive glucose metabolism in neonatal lambs with IUGR and to determine whether daily treatment with ADRβ2 agonist and ADRβ1/β3 antagonists for 1 month normalizes their glucose metabolism. Growth, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose utilization rates (GURs) were measured in control lambs, IUGR lambs and IUGR lambs treated with adrenergic receptor modifiers: clenbuterol atenolol and SR59230A (IUGR‐AR). In IUGR lambs, islet insulin content and GSIS were less than in controls; however, insulin sensitivity and whole‐body GUR were not different from controls. Of importance, ADRβ2 stimulation with β1/β3 inhibition increases both insulin sensitivity and whole‐body glucose utilization in IUGR lambs. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs, hindlimb GURs were greater but fractional glucose oxidation rates and ex vivo skeletal muscle glucose oxidation rates were lower than controls. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was lower in IUGR and IUGR‐AR skeletal muscle than in controls but GLUT1 was greater in IUGR‐AR. ADRβ2, insulin receptor, glycogen content and citrate synthase activity were similar among groups. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs heart rates were greater, which was independent of cardiac ADRβ1 activation. We conclude that targeted ADRβ2 stimulation improved whole‐body insulin sensitivity but minimally affected defects in GSIS and skeletal muscle glucose oxidation. We show that risk factors for developing diabetes are independent of postnatal catch‐up growth in IUGR lambs as early as 1 month of age and are inherent to the islets and myocytes. Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leah V Steyn
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew T Antolic
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ravi Goyal
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald E Allen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Klearchos K Papas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - William W Hay
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Chang EI, Wesolowski SR, Gilje EA, Baker PR, Reisz JA, D’Alessandro A, Hay, WW, Rozance PJ, Brown LD. Skeletal muscle amino acid uptake is lower and alanine production is greater in late gestation intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep hindlimb. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R615-R629. [PMID: 31483682 PMCID: PMC6879841 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In a sheep model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) produced from placental insufficiency, late gestation fetuses had smaller skeletal muscle mass, myofiber area, and slower muscle protein accretion rates compared with normally growing fetuses. We hypothesized that IUGR fetal muscle develops adaptations that divert amino acids (AAs) from protein accretion and activate pathways that conserve substrates for other organs. We placed hindlimb arterial and venous catheters into late gestation IUGR (n = 10) and control (CON, n = 8) fetal sheep and included an external iliac artery flow probe to measure hindlimb AA uptake rates. Arterial and venous plasma samples and biceps femoris muscle were analyzed by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. IUGR fetuses had greater abundance of metabolites enriched within the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway compared with CON. Net uptake rates of branched-chain AA (BCAA) were lower by 42%-73%, and muscle ammoniagenic AAs (alanine, glycine, and glutamine) were lower by 107%-158% in IUGR hindlimbs versus CON. AA uptake rates correlated with hindlimb weight; the smallest hindlimbs showed net release of ammoniagenic AAs. Gene expression levels indicated a decrease in BCAA catabolism in IUGR muscle. Plasma purines were lower and plasma uric acid was higher in IUGR versus CON, possibly a reflection of ATP conservation. We conclude that IUGR skeletal muscle has lower BCAA uptake and develops adaptations that divert AAs away from protein accretion into alternative pathways that sustain global energy production and nitrogen disposal in the form of ammoniagenic AAs for metabolism in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen I. Chang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie R. Wesolowski
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A. Gilje
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter R. Baker
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - William W. Hay,
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul J. Rozance
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura D. Brown
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Pendleton AL, Humphreys LR, Davis MA, Camacho LE, Anderson MJ, Limesand SW. Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle of growth-restricted ovine fetuses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R513-R520. [PMID: 31314546 PMCID: PMC6842904 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00106.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal sheep with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have lower fractional rates of glucose oxidation and greater gluconeogenesis, indicating lactate shuttling between skeletal muscle and liver. Suppression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was proposed because of greater pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4 and PDK1 mRNA concentrations in IUGR muscle. Although PDK1 and PDK4 inhibit PDH activity to reduce pyruvate metabolism, PDH protein concentrations and activity have not been examined in skeletal muscle from IUGR fetuses. Therefore, we evaluated the protein concentrations and activity of PDH and the kinases and phosphatases that regulate PDH phosphorylation status in the semitendinosus muscle from placenta insufficiency-induced IUGR sheep fetuses and control fetuses. Immunoblots were performed for PDH, phosphorylated PDH (E1α), PDK1, PDK4, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1 and 2 (PDP1 and PDP2, respectively). Additionally, the PDH, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and citrate synthase (CS) enzymatic activities were measured. Phosphorylated PDH concentrations were 28% lower (P < 0.01) and PDH activity was 67% greater (P < 0.01) in IUGR fetal muscle compared with control. PDK1, PDK4, PDP1, PDP2, and PDH concentrations were not different between groups. CS and LDH activities were also unaffected. Contrary to the previous speculation, PDH activity was greater in skeletal muscle from IUGR fetuses, which parallels lower phosphorylated PDH. Therefore, greater expression of PDK1 and PDK4 mRNA did not translate to greater PDK1 or PDK4 protein concentrations or inhibition of PDH as proposed. Instead, these findings show greater PDH activity in IUGR fetal muscle, which indicates that alternative regulatory mechanisms are responsible for lower pyruvate catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Pendleton
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Laurel R Humphreys
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sean W Limesand
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Posont RJ, Yates DT. Postnatal Nutrient Repartitioning due to Adaptive Developmental Programming. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:277-288. [PMID: 31103181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal stress induces developmental adaptations that result in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birthweight. These adaptations reappropriate nutrients to the most essential tissues, which benefits fetal survival. The same adaptations are detrimental to growth efficiency and carcass value in livestock, however, because muscle is disproportionally targeted. IUGR adipocytes, liver tissues, and pancreatic β-cells also exhibit functional adaptations. Identifying mechanisms underlying adaptive changes is fundamental to improving outcomes and value in low birthweight livestock. The article outlines studies that have begun to identify stress-induced fetal adaptations affecting growth, metabolism, and differential nutrient utilization in IUGR-born animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 830908, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 830908, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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48
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Jones AK, Rozance PJ, Brown LD, Goldstrohm DA, Hay WW, Limesand SW, Wesolowski SR. Sustained hypoxemia in late gestation potentiates hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression but does not activate glucose production in the ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1-E10. [PMID: 30964701 PMCID: PMC6732654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00069.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fetal hypoxemia is associated with pregnancy conditions that cause an early activation of fetal glucose production. However, the independent role of hypoxemia to activate this pathway is not well understood. We hypothesized that fetal hypoxemia would activate fetal glucose production by decreasing umbilical glucose uptake and increasing counter-regulatory hormone concentrations. We induced hypoxemia for 9 days with maternal tracheal N2 gas insufflation to reduce maternal and fetal arterial Po2 by ~20% (HOX) compared with fetuses from ewes receiving intratracheal compressed air (CON). At 0.9 of gestation, fetal metabolic studies were performed (n = 7 CON, 11 HOX). Umbilical blood flow rates, net fetal oxygen and glucose uptake rates, and fetal arterial plasma glucose concentrations were not different between the two groups. Fetal glucose utilization rates were lower in HOX versus CON fetuses but not different from umbilical glucose uptake rates, demonstrating the absence of endogenous glucose production. In liver tissue, mRNA expression of gluconeogenic genes G6PC (P < 0.01) and PCK1 (P = 0.06) were six- and threefold greater in HOX fetuses versus CON fetuses. Increased fetal norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations and hepatic G6PC and PCK1 expression were inversely related to fetal arterial Po2. These findings support a role for fetal hypoxemia to act with counter-regulatory hormones to potentiate fetal hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression. However, in the absence of decreased net fetal glucose uptake rates and plasma glucose concentrations, hypoxemia-induced gluconeogenic gene activation is not sufficient to activate fetal glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Goldstrohm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - William W Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Beede KA, Limesand SW, Petersen JL, Yates DT. Real supermodels wear wool: summarizing the impact of the pregnant sheep as an animal model for adaptive fetal programming. Anim Front 2019; 9:34-43. [PMID: 31608163 PMCID: PMC6777506 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Kua KL, Hu S, Wang C, Yao J, Dang D, Sawatzke AB, Segar JL, Wang K, Norris AW. Fetal hyperglycemia acutely induces persistent insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol 2019; 242:M1-M15. [PMID: 30444716 PMCID: PMC6494731 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Offspring exposed in utero to maternal diabetes exhibit long-lasting insulin resistance, though the initiating mechanisms have received minimal experimental attention. Herein, we show that rat fetuses develop insulin resistance after only 2-day continuous exposure to isolated hyperglycemia starting on gestational day 18. Hyperglycemia-induced reductions in insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation localized primarily to fetal skeletal muscle. The skeletal muscle of hyperglycemia-exposed fetuses also exhibited impaired in vivo glucose uptake. To address longer term impacts of this short hyperglycemic exposure, neonates were cross-fostered and examined at 21 days postnatal age. Offspring formerly exposed to 2 days late gestation hyperglycemia exhibited mild glucose intolerance with insulin signaling defects localized only to skeletal muscle. Fetal hyperglycemic exposure has downstream consequences which include hyperinsulinemia and relative uteroplacental insufficiency. To determine whether these accounted for induction of insulin resistance, we examined fetuses exposed to late gestational isolated hyperinsulinemia or uterine artery ligation. Importantly, 2 days of fetal hyperinsulinemia did not impair insulin signaling in murine fetal tissues and 21-day-old offspring exposed to fetal hyperinsulinemia had normal glucose tolerance. Similarly, fetal exposure to 2-day uteroplacental insufficiency did not perturb insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation in fetal rats. We conclude that fetal exposure to hyperglycemia acutely produces insulin resistance. As hyperinsulinemia and placental insufficiency have no such impact, this occurs likely via direct tissue effects of hyperglycemia. Furthermore, these findings show that skeletal muscle is uniquely susceptible to immediate and persistent insulin resistance induced by hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Lim Kua
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Shanming Hu
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Jianrong Yao
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Diana Dang
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Alex B. Sawatzke
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Segar
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Andrew W. Norris
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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