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Li G, Li Z, Liu J. Amino acids regulating skeletal muscle metabolism: mechanisms of action, physical training dosage recommendations and adverse effects. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:41. [PMID: 38956658 PMCID: PMC11220999 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining skeletal muscle mass is important for improving muscle strength and function. Hence, maximizing lean body mass (LBM) is the primary goal for both elite athletes and fitness enthusiasts. The use of amino acids as dietary supplements is widespread among athletes and physically active individuals. Extensive literature analysis reveals that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), creatine, glutamine and β-alanine may be beneficial in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism, enhancing LBM and mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage. This review details the mechanisms of these amino acids, offering insights into their efficacy as supplements. Recommended dosage and potential side effects are then outlined to aid athletes in making informed choices and safeguard their health. Lastly, limitations within the current literature are addressed, highlighting opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Li
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- Gaomi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gaomi city, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Liu
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China.
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2
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McKendry J, Lowisz CV, Nanthakumar A, MacDonald M, Lim C, Currier BS, Phillips SM. The effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the recommended dietary allowance on integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic rates in older males: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:34-46. [PMID: 38762187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle mass is determined predominantly by feeding-induced and activity-induced fluctuations in muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Older individuals display a diminished MPS response to protein ingestion, referred to as age-related anabolic resistance, which contributes to the progression of age-related muscle loss known as sarcopenia. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the impact of consuming higher-quality compared with lower-quality protein supplements above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) on integrated MPS rates. We hypothesized that increasing total protein intake above the RDA, regardless of the source, would support higher integrated rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis. METHODS Thirty-one healthy older males (72 ± 4 y) consumed a controlled diet with protein intake set at the RDA: control phase (days 1-7). In a double-blind, randomized controlled fashion, participants were assigned to consume an additional 50 g (2 × 25g) of whey (n = 10), pea (n = 11), or collagen (n = 10) protein each day (25 g at breakfast and lunch) during the supplemental phase (days 8-15). Deuterated water ingestion and muscle biopsies assessed integrated MPS and acute anabolic signaling. Postprandial blood samples were collected to determine feeding-induced aminoacidemia. RESULTS Integrated MPS was increased during supplemental with whey (1.59 ± 0.11 %/d; P < 0.001) and pea (1.59 ± 0.14 %/d; P < 0.001) when compared with RDA (1.46 ± 0.09 %/d for the whey group; 1.46 ± 0.10 %/d for the pea group); however, it remained unchanged with collagen. Supplemental protein was sufficient to overcome anabolic signaling deficits (mTORC1 and rpS6), corroborating the greater postprandial aminoacidemia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that supplemental protein provided at breakfast and lunch over the current RDA enhanced anabolic signaling and integrated MPS in older males; however, the source of additional protein may be an important consideration in overcoming age-related anabolic resistance. This trial was registered clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04026607.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline V Lowisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arraksana Nanthakumar
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meaghan MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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McKenna CF, Askow AT, Paulussen KJM, Salvador AF, Fang HY, Ulanov AV, Li Z, Paluska SA, Beals JW, Jäger R, Purpura M, Burd NA. Postabsorptive and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates at rest and after resistance exercise in women with postmenopause. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1388-1399. [PMID: 38385186 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00886.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Feeding and resistance exercise stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) rates in healthy adults. This anabolic characterization of "healthy adults" has been namely focused on males. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the temporal responses of MPS and anabolic signaling to resistance exercise alone or combined with the ingestion of protein in postmenopausal females and compare postabsorptive rates with young females. Sixteen females [60 ± 7 yr; body mass index (BMI) = 26 ± 12 kg·m-2] completed an acute bout of unilateral resistance exercise before consuming either: a fortified whey protein supplement (WHEY) or water. Participants received primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine with bilateral muscle biopsies before and after treatment ingestion at 2 h and 4 h in nonexercised and exercised legs. Resistance exercise transiently increased MPS above baseline at 0-2 h in the water condition (P = 0.007). Feeding after resistance exercise resulted in a late phase (2-4 h) increase in MPS in the WHEY condition (P = 0.005). In both conditions, resistance exercise did not enhance the cumulative (0-4 h) MPS response. In the nonexercised leg, MPS did not differ at 0-2 h, 2-4 h, or 0-4 h of the measurement periods (all, P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no changes in the phosphorylation of p70S6K, AMPKα, or total and phosphorylated yes-associated protein on Ser127. Finally, postabsorptive MPS was lower in premenopausal versus postmenopausal females (P = 0.023). Our results demonstrate that resistance exercise-induced changes in MPS are temporally regulated, but do not result in greater cumulative (0-4 h) MPS in postmenopausal women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An adequate quality and quantity of skeletal muscle is relevant to support physical performance and metabolic health. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is an established remodeling marker, which can be hypertrophic or nonhypertrophic. Importantly, protein ingestion and resistance exercise are two strategies that support healthy muscle by stimulating MPS. Our study shows postmenopause modulates baseline MPS that may diminish the MPS response to the fundamental anabolic stimuli of protein ingestion and resistance exercise in older females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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4
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Baranauskas M, Kupčiūnaitė I, Lieponienė J, Stukas R. Dominant Somatotype Development in Relation to Body Composition and Dietary Macronutrient Intake among High-Performance Athletes in Water, Cycling and Combat Sports. Nutrients 2024; 16:1493. [PMID: 38794731 PMCID: PMC11124112 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Relevant properties of the somatotype as important indicators can be associated with the body composition characteristics as well as both metabolic and bio-mechanical efficiency of athletes in the sport concerned. The primary aim of this single cross-sectional study was to determine the somatotype profiles in association with body composition and nutritional profiles among Lithuanian elite athletes (n = 189) involved in water, cycling and combat sports. The body composition along with the somatotype profiles and the nutritional status of athletes were evaluated using a battery of multiple frequency (5, 50, 250, 550, and 1000 kHz) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and a 3-day food record analysis. In terms of the prediction for athletes to be classified as endomorphs, mesomorphs or ectomorphs, the linear discriminant analysis was conducted to assess the grouping of samples. Both the multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression statistical analyses were performed to explore the associations between the independent and dependent variables. The central tendency values for the somatotype components of endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy in athletes playing water, cycling and combat sports were 4.3-4.9-3.4, 4.3-4.8-3.4 and 4.5-5.5-2.9, respectively. The central mesomorph somatotype with a trend towards endomorphy was dominant and varied according to a high muscle-to-fat ratio in elite athletes. Significant (p ≤ 0.001) positive associations between both endomorphy and mesomorphy values and higher body fat percentage as well as lower and upper limb muscle mass were identified. The lower levels of trunk muscle mass were related to athletes' endomorphy and mesomorphy, too. Furthermore, in the athletes' sample under analysis, high-level mesomorphs were prone to consume low-carbohydrate (adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2; 0.9) and high-protein diets (AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1; 5.5). Contrastingly, the elite athletes with a higher expression of endomorphy were on high-carbohydrate (AOR 5.4, 95% CI 1.1; 8.3) and high-fat diets (AOR 4.6, 95% CI 1.5; 7.1) along with insufficient protein diet (AOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1; 0.9). Finally, whilst nutrition goals as a mediator can play a significant role in undergoing the maintenance of balance between the optimal body composition for athletic performance and the development of an ecto-mesomorphic somatotype, the elite athletes with higher levels of endomorphy value should be aware of lowering the body fat percentage coupled with dietary fat reduction and higher protein intakes. The findings obtained from the study may serve as an antecedent for a more targeted management of the elite athletes' training process. Somatotyping as an additional assessment method can be successfully deployed in choosing correct coaching techniques, contributing to talent recognition processes or identifying reference morphometric parameters in elite athletes competing in water, cycling and combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Baranauskas
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, State Higher Education Institution Panevėžys College, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania; (I.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Ingrida Kupčiūnaitė
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, State Higher Education Institution Panevėžys College, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania; (I.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Jurgita Lieponienė
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, State Higher Education Institution Panevėžys College, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania; (I.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Rimantas Stukas
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Park SJ, Nam CH, Ahn HS, Kim T. The efficacy and safety of leucine-enriched essential amino acids in knee osteoarthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38168. [PMID: 38728455 PMCID: PMC11081624 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation with leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAAs) has shown efficacy in the recovery of muscle injury and activation of muscle synthesis. Muscle function in knee osteoarthritis is a crucial factor for managing pain and preserving ambulatory function. However, the efficacy and safety of LEAAs supplementation in patients with knee osteoarthritis have not been evaluated. METHODS In this prospective analysis, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of supplementation with 12 g of LEAAs daily for 8 weeks in knee-symptomatic osteoarthritis patients. For assessing the efficacy, clinical pain, calf circumference, and disability were assessed using questionnaires (visual analog scale, Knee Society Score, and 36-item short form survey [SF-36]), laboratory analyses (total protein and albumin), and radiologic study (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DEXA]) for muscle and bone density. To evaluate safety, generalized or localized protein allergic reactions, complete blood count, liver and kidney function, and serum glucose were measured. RESULTS Sixty-five participants, categorized into the experimental (n = 32) and control (n = 33) groups, were included in this 8-week trial from March 2022 to July 2022. A significantly higher efficacy was observed in the experimental group than in the control group, as indicated by muscle density in the DEXA scan (P = .001) and SF-36 (P < .001). The safety evaluation revealed no related generalized or local protein allergy. Hematological findings, serum glucose, and kidney and liver toxicity were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION Supplementation with leucine-enriched proteins is safe and efficacious in the improvement of muscle density and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jun Park
- Himchan and University Hospital Sharjah Spine and Joint Centre, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Joint and Arthritis Research, Himchan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Nam
- Joint and Arthritis Research, Himchan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mok-dong Himchan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Ahn
- Joint and Arthritis Research, Himchan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Joint and Arthritis Research, Himchan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mok-dong Himchan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Takegaki J, Sase K, Kono Y, Fujita T, Konishi S, Fujita S. Intramuscular injection of mesenchymal stem cells augments basal muscle protein synthesis after bouts of resistance exercise in male mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15991. [PMID: 38605421 PMCID: PMC11009371 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is critical for activities of daily living. Resistance training maintains or increases muscle mass, and various strategies maximize the training adaptation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with differential potency in skeletal muscle cells and the capacity to secrete growth factors. However, little is known regarding the effect of intramuscular injection of MSCs on basal muscle protein synthesis and catabolic systems after resistance training. Here, we measured changes in basal muscle protein synthesis, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy-lysosome system-related factors after bouts of resistance exercise by intramuscular injection of MSCs. Mice performed three bouts of resistance exercise (each consisting of 50 maximal isometric contractions elicited by electrical stimulation) on the right gastrocnemius muscle every 48 h, and immediately after the first bout, mice were intramuscularly injected with either MSCs (2.0 × 106 cells) labeled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) or vehicle only placebo. Seventy-two hours after the third exercise bout, GFP was detected only in the muscle injected with MSCs with concomitant elevation of muscle protein synthesis. The injection of MSCs also increased protein ubiquitination. These results suggest that the intramuscular injection of MSCs augmented muscle protein turnover at the basal state after consecutive resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Takegaki
- Research Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceKobe UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Kohei Sase
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Yusuke Kono
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
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7
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Church DD, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR. Stimulation of muscle protein synthesis with low-dose amino acid composition in older individuals. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1360312. [PMID: 38524852 PMCID: PMC10957733 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1360312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential amino acid (EAA)-based compositions have been shown to be effective stimulators of muscle protein synthesis, but the lower limit of effective dosage is not clear. We have used stable isotope tracer methodology to quantify the response of muscle protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) to a dose of 3.6 g of a high-leucine composition of EAAs plus arginine in older subjects. Muscle protein FSR increased 0.058%/hour over 3 h following consumption. When account was taken of the total muscle mass, this increase in muscle protein FSR represented approximately 80% of ingested EAAs. We conclude that a low dose of an EAA-based composition can effectively stimulate muscle protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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8
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Thornton M, Sim M, Kennedy MA, Blodgett K, Joseph R, Pojednic R. Nutrition Interventions on Muscle-Related Components of Sarcopenia in Females: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:38-52. [PMID: 38043101 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disease categorized by low muscle strength, muscle quantity or quality, and physical performance. Sarcopenia etiology is multifaceted, and while resistance training is widely agreed upon for prevention and treatment, disease progression is also highly related to poor diet. The incidence of sarcopenia appears sex-specific and may be increased in females, which is problematic because dietary quality is often altered later in life, particularly after menopause. Identifying effective nutrition or supplementation interventions could be an important strategy to delay sarcopenia and related comorbidities in this vulnerable population. This systematic review examined randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of nutrition strategies on muscle-related components of sarcopenia in middle-aged and older females. A protocol was registered (PROSPERO CRD42022382943) and a systematic search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken. RCTs from 2013 to 2023 that assessed nutrition-only interventions on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function in female participants were included. Fourteen RCTs were included based on selection criteria. Study designs and interventions were heterogeneous in supplementation type and amount, age, and duration. Six RCTs reported beneficial effects of protein, Vitamin D, Vitamin D and Magnesium (Mg), and fish oil on muscle protein synthesis, muscle strength, and/or muscle function. Eight studies that examined various protein interventions, VitD alone, Mg alone, and dairy derivatives did not demonstrate any effect. Exercise appeared to modulate results in several studies. Nutrition interventions alone are likely to have a limited but positive effect on muscle-related components of sarcopenia in females. Current evidence suggests that a combination of dietary intervention and exercise is likely to be key to preventing and treating sarcopenia in middle aged and older females and there is a need for well-designed nutrition based studies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Thornton
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mary A Kennedy
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kylie Blodgett
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA
| | - Richard Joseph
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachele Pojednic
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA.
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
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Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Hirsch KR, Church DD, Kviatkovsky SA, Roberts MD, Stout JR, Gonzalez DE, Sowinski RJ, Kreider RB, Kerksick CM, Burd NA, Pasiakos SM, Ormsbee MJ, Arent SM, Arciero PJ, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp TA, Jager R, Willoughby DS, Kalman DS, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2263409. [PMID: 37800468 PMCID: PMC10561576 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2263409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation - with and without the benefits of exercise - on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5-3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15-18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David D. Church
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J. Sowinski
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, St Charles, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Skidmore College, Health and Physiological Sciences, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
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10
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Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1849-1865. [PMID: 37625315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) are influenced through dietary protein intake and physical (in)activity, which it follows, regulate skeletal muscle (SKM) mass across the lifespan. Following consumption of dietary protein, the bio-availability of essential amino acids (EAA), and primarily leucine (LEU), drive a transient increase in MPS with an ensuing refractory period before the next MPS stimulation is possible (due to the "muscle full" state). At the same time, MPB is periodically constrained via reflex insulin actions. Layering exercise on top of protein intake increases the sensitivity of SKM to EAA, therefore extending the muscle full set-point (∼48 h), to permit long-term remodelling (e.g., hypertrophy). In contrast, ageing and physical inactivity are associated with a premature muscle full set-point in response to dietary protein/EAA and contractile activity. Of all the EAA, LEU is the most potent stimulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-signalling pathway, with the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates increasing ∼3-fold more than with all other EAA. Furthermore, maximal MPS stimulation is also achieved following low doses of LEU-enriched protein/EAA, negating the need for larger protein doses. As a result, LEU supplementation has been of long term interest to maximise muscle anabolism and subsequent net protein accretion, especially when in tandem with resistance exercise. This review highlights current knowledge vis-à-vis the anabolic effects of LEU supplementation in isolation, and in enriched protein/EAA sources (i.e., EAA and/or protein sources with added LEU), in the context of ageing, exercise and unloading states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ely
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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11
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Tezze C, Sandri M, Tessari P. Anabolic Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Role of Nutrition and Exercise in Young and Old People. Nutrients 2023; 15:4073. [PMID: 37764858 PMCID: PMC10535169 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sarcopenia in the elderly is associated with many potential factors and/or processes that impair the renovation and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength as ageing progresses. Among them, a defect by skeletal muscle to respond to anabolic stimuli is to be considered. Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, and β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids such as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), various biochemical/intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating factors, etc. Each of them may exhibit a reduced effect upon skeletal muscle in ageing. In this article, we overview the role of anabolic signals on muscle metabolism, as well as currently available evidence of resistance, at the skeletal muscle level, to anabolic factors, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Some indications on how to augment the effects of anabolic signals on skeletal muscle are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tezze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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12
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Baranauskas M, Kupčiūnaitė I, Stukas R. Dietary Intake of Protein and Essential Amino Acids for Sustainable Muscle Development in Elite Male Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4003. [PMID: 37764784 PMCID: PMC10535035 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes need to develop a relatively high muscle mass and low body adipose tissue for the sake of better athletic performance. A full range of nine essential amino acids and eleven non-essential amino acids have to attend in appropriate amounts for protein biosynthesis. The aim of the observational comparative cross-sectional study was to assess the association between the diet quality profile and training-induced muscle mass estimated by bioelectrical impedance among elite male athletes. The research sample comprised 18.1 ± 3.1 year-old Lithuanian professional male athletes (n = 234). The study participants were enrolled to complete 24-h dietary recalls of three non-consecutive days. The body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The present study showed a significant insufficiency of the mean carbohydrate intake of 5.7 g/kg/day in a group of aerobic male athletes. The lower muscle mass of aerobic male athletes was related to the lower-carbohydrate diet (adjusted odd ratio (ORadj) 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.7). The mean protein intake of 1.8 g/kg/day was optimal for anabolism in the samples of both anaerobic and aerobic male athletes. The protein intake in appropriate doses was potentially associated with an increase in muscle mass only in anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7). The positive relationship was revealed between the possible muscle mass gain and the increased intakes of amino acids such as isoleucine and histidine among anaerobic athletes (ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1-4.7 and ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.0-4.3, respectively). An inverse feasible association was indicated between a higher intake of valine and lower muscle mass quantities among anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5). The recommendations for sports nutritionists should emphasize the necessity of advising professional athletes on dietary strategies on how to manipulate dietary amino acid composition with respect to achieving long-term body composition goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Baranauskas
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Ingrida Kupčiūnaitė
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Rimantas Stukas
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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13
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Ueno S, Seino Y, Hidaka S, Nakatani M, Hitachi K, Murao N, Maeda Y, Fujisawa H, Shibata M, Takayanagi T, Iizuka K, Yabe D, Sugimura Y, Tsuchida K, Hayashi Y, Suzuki A. Blockade of glucagon increases muscle mass and alters fiber type composition in mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1045-1055. [PMID: 37300240 PMCID: PMC10445200 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Glucagon is secreted from pancreatic α-cells and plays an important role in amino acid metabolism in liver. Various animal models deficient in glucagon action show hyper-amino acidemia and α-cell hyperplasia, indicating that glucagon contributes to feedback regulation between the liver and the α-cells. In addition, both insulin and various amino acids, including branched-chain amino acids and alanine, participate in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. However, the effect of hyperaminoacidemia on skeletal muscle has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined the effect of blockade of glucagon action on skeletal muscle using mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides (GCGKO mice). MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscles isolated from GCGKO and control mice were analyzed for their morphology, gene expression and metabolites. RESULTS GCGKO mice showed muscle fiber hypertrophy, and a decreased ratio of type IIA and an increased ratio of type IIB fibers in the tibialis anterior. The expression levels of myosin heavy chain (Myh) 7, 2, 1 and myoglobin messenger ribonucleic acid were significantly lower in GCGKO mice than those in control mice in the tibialis anterior. GCGKO mice showed a significantly higher concentration of arginine, asparagine, serine and threonine in the quadriceps femoris muscles, and also alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glycine and lysine, as well as four amino acids in gastrocnemius muscles. CONCLUSIONS These results show that hyperaminoacidemia induced by blockade of glucagon action in mice increases skeletal muscle weight and stimulates slow-to-fast transition in type II fibers of skeletal muscle, mimicking the phenotype of a high-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ueno
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes ResearchKansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKyotoKyotoJapan
| | - Shihomi Hidaka
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Masashi Nakatani
- Faculty of RehabilitationSeijoh UniversityTokaiAichiJapan
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Keisuke Hitachi
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes ResearchKansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKyotoKyotoJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Maeda
- Open Facility CenterFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Haruki Fujisawa
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Megumi Shibata
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Takeshi Takayanagi
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Katsumi Iizuka
- Department of Clinical NutritionFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes ResearchKansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKyotoKyotoJapan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuGifuJapan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuGifuJapan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational ResearchGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuGifuJapan
- Center for Healthcare Information TechnologyTokai National Higher Education and Research SystemNagoyaAichiJapan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
- Department of EndocrinologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
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West S, Monteyne AJ, Whelehan G, van der Heijden I, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of mycoprotein, pea protein, and their blend support comparable postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in resistance-trained individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E267-E279. [PMID: 37529834 PMCID: PMC10655824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pea protein is an attractive nonanimal-derived protein source to support dietary protein requirements. However, although high in leucine, a low methionine content has been suggested to limit its anabolic potential. Mycoprotein has a complete amino acid profile which, at least in part, may explain its ability to robustly stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates. We hypothesized that an inferior postexercise MyoPS response would be seen following ingestion of pea protein compared with mycoprotein, which would be (partially) rescued by blending the two sources. Thirty-three healthy, young [age: 21 ± 1 yr, body mass index (BMI): 24 ± 1 kg·m-2] and resistance-trained participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and completed a bout of whole body resistance exercise before ingesting 25 g of protein from mycoprotein (MYC, n = 11), pea protein (PEA, n = 11), or a blend (39% MYC, 61% PEA) of the two (BLEND, n = 11). Blood and muscle samples were taken pre-, 2 h, and 4 h postexercise/protein ingestion to assess postabsorptive and postprandial postexercise myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rates (FSRs). Protein ingestion increased plasma essential amino acid and leucine concentrations (time effect; P < 0.0001), but more rapidly in BLEND and PEA compared with MYC (time × condition interaction; P < 0.0001). From similar postabsorptive values (MYC, 0.026 ± 0.008%·h-1; PEA, 0.028 ± 0.007%·h-1; BLEND, 0.026 ± 0.006%·h-1), resistance exercise and protein ingestion increased myofibrillar FSRs (time effect; P < 0.0001) over a 4-h postprandial period (MYC, 0.076 ± 0.004%·h-1; PEA, 0.087 ± 0.01%·h-1; BLEND, 0.085 ± 0.01%·h-1), with no differences between groups (all; P > 0.05). These data show that all three nonanimal-derived protein sources have utility in supporting postexercise muscle reconditioning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence that pea protein (PEA), mycoprotein (MYC), and their blend (BLEND) can support postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following a bout of whole body resistance exercise. Furthermore, these data suggest that a methionine deficiency in pea may not limit its capacity to stimulate an acute increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne Whelehan
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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15
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Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15775. [PMID: 37537134 PMCID: PMC10400406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response. METHODS A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal). RESULTS Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r2 = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r2 = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults. CONCLUSION Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Wilkinson
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Christopher P. Koscien
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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Aragon AA, Tipton KD, Schoenfeld BJ. Age-related muscle anabolic resistance: inevitable or preventable? Nutr Rev 2023; 81:441-454. [PMID: 36018750 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and performance, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, has wide-ranging detrimental effects on human health, the ramifications of which can have serious implications for both morbidity and mortality. Various interventional strategies have been proposed to counteract sarcopenia, with a particular emphasis on those employing a combination of exercise and nutrition. However, the efficacy of these interventions can be confounded by an age-related blunting of the muscle protein synthesis response to a given dose of protein/amino acids, which has been termed "anabolic resistance." While the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is undoubtedly complex, anabolic resistance is implicated in the progression of age-related muscle loss and its underlying complications. Several mechanisms have been proposed as underlying age-related impairments in the anabolic response to protein consumption. These include decreased anabolic molecular signaling activity, reduced insulin-mediated capillary recruitment (thus, reduced amino acid delivery), and increased splanchnic retention of amino acids (thus, reduced availability for muscular uptake). Obesity and sedentarism can exacerbate, or at least facilitate, anabolic resistance, mediated in part by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. This narrative review addresses the key factors and contextual elements involved in reduction of the acute muscle protein synthesis response associated with aging and its varied consequences. Practical interventions focused on dietary protein manipulation are proposed to prevent the onset of anabolic resistance and mitigate its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Aragon
- is with the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- is with the Institute of Performance Nutrition, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- is with the Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
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17
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Abdulla H, Phillips B, Wilkinson D, Gates A, Limb M, Jandova T, Bass J, Lewis J, Williams J, Smith K, Idris I, Atherton P. Effects of GLP-1 Infusion Upon Whole-body Glucose Uptake and Skeletal Muscle Perfusion During Fed-state in Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:971-978. [PMID: 36260533 PMCID: PMC9999358 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ageing skeletal muscles become both insulin resistant and atrophic. The hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) facilitates postprandial glucose uptake as well as augmenting muscle perfusion, independent of insulin action. We thus hypothesized exogenous GLP-1 infusions would enhance muscle perfusion and positively affect glucose metabolism during fed-state clamps in older people. METHODS Eight men (71 ± 1 years) were studied in a randomized crossover trial. Basal blood samples were taken before postprandial (fed-state) insulin and glucose clamps, accompanied by amino acid infusions, for 3 hours. Reflecting this, following insertions of peripheral and femoral vessels cannulae and baseline measurements, peripheral IV infusions of octreotide, insulin (Actrapid), 20% glucose, and mixed amino acids; Vamin 14-EF with or without a femoral arterial GLP-1 infusion were started. GLP-1, insulin, and C-peptide were measured by ELISA. Muscle microvascular blood flow was assessed via contrast enhanced ultrasound. Whole-body glucose handling was assayed by assessing glucose infusion rate parameters. RESULTS Skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow significantly increased in response to GLP-1 vs feeding alone (5.0 ± 2.1 vs 1.9 ± 0.7 fold-change from basal, respectively; P = 0.008), while also increasing whole-body glucose uptake (area under the curve 16.9 ± 1.7 vs 11.4 ± 1.8 mg/kg-1/180 minutes-1, P = 0.02 ± GLP, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The beneficial effects of GLP-1 on whole-body glycemic control are evident with insulin clamped at fed-state levels. GLP-1 further enhances the effects of insulin on whole-body glucose uptake in older men, underlining its role as a therapeutic target. The effects of GLP-1 in enhancing microvascular flow likely also affects other glucose-regulatory organs, reflected by greater whole-body glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Abdulla
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands Hospitals, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Bethan Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- NIHR, Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Daniel Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- NIHR, Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Amanda Gates
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Marie Limb
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Tereza Jandova
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Bass
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Johnathan Lewis
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John Williams
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- NIHR, Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | | | | | - Philip Atherton
- Correspondence: Philip J. Atherton, PhD, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Tokuda Y, Mori H. Essential Amino Acid and Tea Catechin Supplementation after Resistance Exercise Improves Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: An Open-Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:255-262. [PMID: 35512762 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2025546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tea catechins (TCCs) have gained significant attention owing to their health effects. However, evidence is limited regarding the benefit of TCC and essential amino acids (EAAs) ingestion plus that of TCC ingestion after resistance exercise (RE) among older individuals with sarcopenia. We aimed to evaluate whether a 24-week nutritional program involving EAA and TCC supplementation after RE improved skeletal muscle mass (SMM) among older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS We conducted an open-label, pilot, randomized controlled trial among older adults with sarcopenia at the Harima Care Center or community in Hyogo, Japan. Participants were allocated to RE (n = 18), RE with EAA supplementation (RE + EAA, n = 18), or RE with EAA and TCC supplementation (RE + EAA + TCC, n = 18) groups. Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. A 24-week resistance exercise program was carried out twice weekly, with an intake of 3,000 mg and 540 mg of EAA and TCC supplements, respectively. SMM was the primary outcome parameter. The mean adherence rate to exercise and supplementation intake over the 24-week intervention period was 86.8% in the RE + EAA + TCC group, 86.4% in the RE + EAA group, and 85.4% in the RE group. A significant group-by-time interaction was identified for SMM (p = 0.010). The pre- to post-intervention increase in SMM was significantly higher in the RE + EAA + TCC group than in the RE group (p = 0.010). These results suggest that supplementation with EAA and TCC after RE, compared to RE only, improves SMM in older people with sarcopenia. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of TCC supplementation on SMM in older people with sarcopenia. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2022.2025546.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Tokuda
- Hyogo Locomotion-senior-tera-koya, General Incorporated Association, Akashi-City, Hyogo-Prefecture, Japan.,Department of Health Science, Hyogo University, Kakogawa-City, Hyogo-Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Mori
- Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima-City, Tokushima-Prefecture, Japan
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19
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Rodriguez-Lopez P, Rueda-Robles A, Sánchez-Rodríguez L, Blanca-Herrera RM, Quirantes-Piné RM, Borrás-Linares I, Segura-Carretero A, Lozano-Sánchez J. Analysis and Screening of Commercialized Protein Supplements for Sports Practice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213500. [PMID: 36360118 PMCID: PMC9658000 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rise in the popularity of the consumption of sports-related supplements. However, the hypothesis is raised that it is necessary to analyze the quality aspects of these supplements in relation to the information provided on the label, to avoid associated risks and obtain the greatest possible benefit from their consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to carry out an analysis or screening of the protein supplements that are currently marketed in Spain. We analyzed the labels of 52 protein sports supplements available both in physical stores and online. The analysis consisted of addressing three relevant aspects considering the labeling: (a) the legislative framework in which the supplements are marketed, (b) the quality of the protein, and (c) the presence of other ingredients according to the specifications of the label. In the legislative context, there do not seem to be any specific regulations to guarantee consumer protection, which can lead to unfair practices and misleading advertising. Most of the supplements analyzed to comply with the requirements of their current regulations. However, claims about their benefits that are not allowed under European legislation have been found in some of them. Regarding composition and according to label information, the supplements have been found to provide a sufficient dose of protein in terms of recommended protein intake per serving. Regarding the presence of other ingredients and according to the information on the label, most of them, except for egg supplements, contain other ingredients. Colostrum was also found in one of the supplements evaluated. The conclusions of the study reveal that, due to a lack of knowledge or misleading advertising practices, supplements are often not used properly. The information provided is essential for both professionals and consumers to avoid the risks associated with consumption, such as unintentional doping, interactions between ingredients that reduce the quality of the supplement, and consumption of supplements inappropriately, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Rodriguez-Lopez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-R.); or (I.B.-L.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 20702) (A.R.-R.); +34-958637083 (I.B.-L.)
| | - Leticia Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa María Blanca-Herrera
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa María Quirantes-Piné
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Edificio BioRegión, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Edificio BioRegión, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-R.); or (I.B.-L.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 20702) (A.R.-R.); +34-958637083 (I.B.-L.)
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Campus Universitario s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Takada M, Tanaka S, Tanaka K, Tsukie T, Tsukamoto‐Yasui M, Suzuki K, Noguchi Y, Imaizumi A, Ishii M, Ikeuchi T. Effects of an essential amino acid mixture on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and executive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled exploratory clinical trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 37:10.1002/gps.5782. [PMID: 35932158 PMCID: PMC9544995 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing number of dementia patients has become a global social problem. Amino acids are known to be used as precursors of neurotransmitters in the brain. Amino acid mixtures as a supplement may be used as a solution to Alzheimer's symptoms. This exploratory study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a mixture containing nine essential amino acids on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). DESIGN We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the intervention effects of nine essential amino acid mixture for 28 days. A total of 36 patients with AD were enrolled in Japan. BPSD and cognitive function were evaluated by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-12 item (NPI-12; the primary endpoint), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test A (TMT-A), Trail Making Test B (TMT-B), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). RESULTS Compared with placebo, the amino acid mixture did not improve NPI-12, MMSE, TMT-A and B or CDR scores. However, the analysis of covariance revealed improved FAB scores in the amino acid mixture group as a secondary endpoint. There were four subjects with adverse events in each group. CONCLUSIONS Our results did not show a beneficial effect of the mixture containing nine essential amino acids on BPSD as a primary endpoint; however, it may improve executive function in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tamao Tsukie
- Department of Molecular GeneticsBrain Research InstituteNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular GeneticsBrain Research InstituteNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
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Brook MS, Stokes T, Gorissen SH, Bass JJ, McGlory C, Cegielski J, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Smith K, Phillips SM, Atherton PJ. Declines in muscle protein synthesis account for short-term muscle disuse atrophy in humans in the absence of increased muscle protein breakdown. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2005-2016. [PMID: 35606155 PMCID: PMC9397550 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined the short-term (i.e. 4 days) impacts of disuse atrophy in relation to muscle protein turnover [acute fasted-fed muscle protein synthesis (MPS)/muscle protein breakdown (MPB) and integrated MPS/estimated MPB]. METHODS Healthy men (N = 9, 22 ± 2 years, body mass index 24 ± 3 kg m-2 ) underwent 4 day unilateral leg immobilization. Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness (MT) and extensor strength and thigh lean mass (TLM) were measured. Bilateral VL muscle biopsies were collected on Day 4 at t = -120, 0, 90, and 180 min to determine integrated MPS, estimated MPB, acute fasted-fed MPS (l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phe), and acute fasted tracer decay rate representative of MPB (l-[15 N]-phe and l-[2 H8 ]-phe). Protein turnover cell signalling was measured by immunoblotting. RESULTS Immobilization decreased TLM [pre: 7477 ± 1196 g, post: 7352 ± 1209 g (P < 0.01)], MT [pre: 2.67 ± 0.50 cm, post: 2.55 ± 0.51 cm (P < 0.05)], and strength [pre: 260 ± 43 N m, post: 229 ± 37 N m (P < 0.05)] with no change in control legs. Integrated MPS decreased in immob vs. control legs [control: 1.55 ± 0.21% day-1 , immob: 1.29 ± 0.17% day-1 (P < 0.01)], while tracer decay rate (i.e. MPB) (control: 0.02 ± 0.006, immob: 0.015 ± 0.015) and fractional breakdown rate (FBR) remained unchanged [control: 1.44 ± 0.51% day-1 , immob: 1.73 ± 0.35% day-1 (P = 0.21)]. Changes in MT correlated with those in MPS but not FBR. MPS increased in the control leg following feeding [fasted: 0.043 ± 0.012% h-1 , fed: 0.065 ± 0.017% h-1 (P < 0.05)] but not in immob [fasted: 0.034 ± 0.014% h-1 , fed: 0.049 ± 0.023% h-1 (P = 0.09)]. There were no changes in markers of MPB with immob (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Human skeletal muscle disuse atrophy is driven by declines in MPS, not increases in MPB. Pro-anabolic therapies to mitigate disuse atrophy would likely be more effective than therapies aimed at attenuating protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Brook
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Joseph J. Bass
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonONCanada
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | | | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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23
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Vivanco-Maroto SM, Santos-Hernández M, Sanchón J, Picariello G, Recio I, Miralles B. In vitro digestion of milk proteins including intestinal brush border membrane peptidases. Transepithelial transport of resistant casein domains. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Prevention of Loss of Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: Potential Role of Dietary Essential Amino Acids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138090. [PMID: 35805748 PMCID: PMC9265941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic became a global emergency, social distancing, quarantine, and limitations in outdoor activities have resulted in an environment of enforced physical inactivity (EPI). A prolonged period of EPI in older individuals accelerates the deterioration of skeletal muscle health, including loss of muscle mass and function, commonly referred to as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is associated with an increased likelihood of the progression of diabetes, obesity, and/or depression. Well-known approaches to mitigate the symptoms of sarcopenia include participation in resistance exercise training and/or intake of balanced essential amino acids (EAAs) and high-quality (i.e., containing high EEAs) protein. As the pandemic situation discourages physical exercise, nutritional approaches, especially dietary EAA intake, could be a good alternative for counteracting against EPI-promoted loss of muscle mass and function. Therefore, in the present review, we cover (1) the impact of EPI-induced muscle loss and function on health, (2) the therapeutic potential of dietary EAAs for muscle health (e.g., muscle mass and function) in the EPI condition in comparison with protein sources, and finally (3) practical guidelines of dietary EAA intake for optimal anabolic response in EPI.
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25
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Guo Y, Fu X, Hu Q, Chen L, Zuo H. The Effect of Leucine Supplementation on Sarcopenia-Related Measures in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17 Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:929891. [PMID: 35845777 PMCID: PMC9284268 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.929891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of leucine in sarcopenia prevention remains unclear. We aimed to summarize the published data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to estimate the effect of leucine supplementation on sarcopenia-related measures in older adults. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science with restriction to randomized controlled trials design from January 1, 2009 to March 19, 2022. Sarcopenia-related measures included handgrip strength, total lean mass, gait speed, leg press, 6-min walk test, short-physical performance battery, timed up-and-go test and 30-s chair-stand test. Fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to generate pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was examined in subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Publication bias assessments were performed. Results A total of 17 RCTs enrolling 1418 subjects were identified. Leucine-isolated supplementation showed no effect on total lean mass (WMD = 0.03 kg, 95% CI: –0.51, 0.57, P = 0.917), handgrip strength (WMD = 1.23 kg, 95% CI: –0.58, 3.03, P = 0.183) and leg press (WMD = –1.35 kg, 95% CI: –7.46, 4.77, P = 0.666). However, leucine-combined supplementation including vitamin D showed a significant improvement in handgrip strength (WMD = 2.17 kg, 95% CI: 0.24, 4.10, P = 0.027) and gait speed (WMD = 0.03 m/s, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05, P = 0.008). Conclusion Leucine-isolated supplementation did not improve muscle mass and strength in elderly. However, leucine-combined supplementation including vitamin D exhibited a significant benefit for muscle strength and performance including handgrip strength and gait speed in older adults. A combination of nutritional supplements would be a viable option for improving sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Guo
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Fu
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingjing Hu
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Zuo
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Zuo,
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Cegielski J, Brook MS, Phillips BE, Boereboom C, Gates A, Gladman JFR, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Atherton PJ. The Combined Oral Stable Isotope Assessment of Muscle (COSIAM) reveals D-3 creatine derived muscle mass as a standout cross-sectional biomarker of muscle physiology vitality in older age. GeroScience 2022; 44:2129-2138. [PMID: 35303223 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Validated diagnostics of skeletal muscle vitality could benefit clinical and basic science in terms of mechanistic insights and in determining the efficacy of interventions, e.g. exercise/pharmaceuticals/nutrients. We recently developed a Combined Oral Assessment of Muscle (COSIAM) that can be used to simultaneously quantify whole-body muscle mass (WBMM), muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). Here, we aimed to establish, in a cross-sectional fashion, links between COSIAM parameters and established aspects of muscle function. We recruited 37 healthy older adults (male (M):female (F) (21/16); 72 ± 5 y)) into a 3-day trial. Subjects consumed D3-creatine (D3-Cr dilution to assess WBMM), D2O (MPS by incorporation of alanine) and D3-3-methylhistidine (D3-MH dilution to assess MPB). A biopsy at day 3 was used to determine MPS, and blood/urine samples were collected to determine D3-Cr/D3-MH dilution for WBMM and MPB. Physiological measures of muscle mass (e.g. DXA/ultrasound) and function (e.g. handgrip strength, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), one-repetition maximum (1-RM)) were ascertained. A stepwise linear regression approach was used to address links between facets of COSIAM (MPS, MPB, WBMM) and muscle physiology. Despite expected differences in muscle mass, there were no significant differences in MPS or MPB between sexes. WBMM as measured using D3-Cr positively correlated with DXA-derived lean body mass (LBM) and appendicular LBM (ABLM). Stepwise linear regression was used to assess which combination of MPS, MPB, D3-Cr and absolute synthesis rate (ASR) best predicted physiological measures of muscle health in these older adults. D3-Cr WBMM alone was the best predictor of handgrip, 1RM and MVC, and outperformed more traditional measures of muscle mass by DXA. The COSIAM approach substantiates D3-Cr as a robust biomarker of multiple muscle physiology health biomarkers. Future work using COSIAM should focus upon how and which parameters it can inform upon in relation to disease progression and the efficacy of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cegielski
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Amanda Gates
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK. .,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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High Protein Diet Feeding Aggravates Hyperaminoacidemia in Mice Deficient in Proglucagon-Derived Peptides. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050975. [PMID: 35267952 PMCID: PMC8912298 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Protein stimulates the secretion of glucagon (GCG), which can affect glucose metabolism. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic effect of a high-protein diet (HPD) in the presence or absence of proglucagon-derived peptides, including GCG and GLP-1. (2) Methods: The response to HPD feeding for 7 days was analyzed in mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides (GCGKO). (3) Results: In both control and GCGKO mice, food intake and body weight decreased with HPD and intestinal expression of Pepck increased. HPD also decreased plasma FGF21 levels, regardless of the presence of proglucagon-derived peptides. In control mice, HPD increased the hepatic expression of enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism without the elevation of plasma amino acid levels, except branched-chain amino acids. On the other hand, HPD-induced changes in the hepatic gene expression were attenuated in GCGKO mice, resulting in marked hyperaminoacidemia with lower blood glucose levels; the plasma concentration of glutamine exceeded that of glucose in HPD-fed GCGKO mice. (4) Conclusions: Increased plasma amino acid levels are a common feature in animal models with blocked GCG activity, and our results underscore that GCG plays essential roles in the homeostasis of amino acid metabolism in response to altered protein intake.
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Nishimura Y, Jensen M, Bülow J, Thomsen TT, Arimitsu T, van Hall G, Fujita S, Holm L. Co-ingestion of cluster dextrin carbohydrate does not increase exogenous protein-derived amino acid release or myofibrillar protein synthesis following a whole-body resistance exercise in moderately trained younger males: a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2475-2491. [PMID: 35182194 PMCID: PMC9279228 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigates if co-ingestion of cluster dextrin (CDX) augments the appearance of intrinsically labeled meat protein hydrolysate-derived amino acid (D5-phenylalanine), Akt/mTORC1 signaling, and myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR). Methods Ten moderately trained healthy males (age: 21.5 ± 2.1 years, body mass: 75.7 ± 7.6 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were included for a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Either 75 g of CDX or glucose (GLC) was given in conjunction with meat protein hydrolysate (0.6 g protein * FFM−1) following a whole-body resistance exercise. A primed-continuous intravenous infusion of L-[15N]-phenylalanine with serial muscle biopsies and venous blood sampling was performed. Results A time × group interaction effect was found for serum D5-phenylalanine enrichment (P < 0.01). Serum EAA and BCAA concentrations showed a main effect for group (P < 0.05). Tmax serum BCAA was greater in CDX as compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, iAUC of all serum parameters did not differ between CDX and GLC (P > 0.05). Tmax serum EAA showed a trend towards a statistical significance favoring CDX over GLC. The phosphorylation of p70S6KThr389, rpS6Ser240/244, ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 was greater in CDX compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, postprandial myofibrillar FSR did not differ between CDX and GLC (P = 0.17). Conclusion In moderately trained younger males, co-ingestion of CDX with meat protein hydrolysate does not augment the postprandial amino acid availability or myofibrillar FSR as compared to co-ingestion of GLC during the recovery from a whole-body resistance exercise despite an increased intramuscular signaling. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03303729 (registered on October 3, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Tagmose Thomsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takuma Arimitsu
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dimina L, Rémond D, Huneau JF, Mariotti F. Combining Plant Proteins to Achieve Amino Acid Profiles Adapted to Various Nutritional Objectives—An Exploratory Analysis Using Linear Programming. Front Nutr 2022; 8:809685. [PMID: 35187024 PMCID: PMC8850771 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.809685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plant proteins are often considered to have less nutritional quality because of their suboptimal amino acid (AA) content, the wide variety of their sources, both conventional and emerging, suggests potential opportunities from complementarity between food sources. This study therefore aimed to explore whether, and to what extent, combinations of protein ingredients could reproduce an AA profile set as a nutritional objective, and to identify theoretical solutions and limitations. We collected compositional data on protein ingredients and raw plant foods (n = 151), and then ran several series of linear optimization to identify protein ingredient mixes that maximized the content in indispensable AA and reproduced various objective profiles: a “balanced profile,” based on AA requirements for adults; “animal profiles” corresponding to conventional animal protein compositions, and a “cardioprotective profile,” which has been associated with a lower cardiovascular risk. We assumed a very good digestibility of plant protein isolates. As expected, obtaining a balanced profile was obvious, but we also identified numerous plant protein mixtures that met demanding AA profiles. Only for particularly demanding profiles, such as mimicking a particular animal protein, did solutions require the use of protein fractions from more specific sources such as pea or canola. Optimal plant blends could mimic animal proteins such as egg white, cow milk, chicken, whey or casein with a similarity reaching 94.2, 98.8, 86.4, 92.4, and 98.0%, respectively. The limiting constraints were mainly isoleucine, lysine, and histidine target contents. These different solutions offer potential for the formulation of mixtures adapted to specific populations or the design of plant-based substitutes. Some ingredients are not commercially available but they could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Dimina
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - François Mariotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: François Mariotti
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30
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Active Women Across the Lifespan: Nutritional Ingredients to Support Health and Wellness. Sports Med 2022; 52:101-117. [PMID: 36173598 PMCID: PMC9521557 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Women are the largest consumers of dietary supplements. Dietary supplements can play a role in health and performance, particularly for women. Growing evidence and innovations support the unique physiological and nutrient timing needs for women. Despite the need for more nutrition and exercise-specific research in women, initial data and known physiological differences between sexes related to the brain, respiration, bone, and muscle support new product development and evidence-based education for active women regarding the use of dietary supplements. In this narrative review, we discuss hormonal and metabolic considerations with the potential to impact nutritional recommendations for active women. We propose four potential areas of opportunity for ingredients to help support the health and well-being of active women, including: (1) body composition, (2) energy/fatigue, (3) mental health, and (4) physical health.
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Ford KL, Arends J, Atherton PJ, Engelen MPKJ, Gonçalves TJM, Laviano A, Lobo DN, Phillips SM, Ravasco P, Deutz NEP, Prado CM. The importance of protein sources to support muscle anabolism in cancer: An expert group opinion. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:192-201. [PMID: 34891022 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This opinion paper presents a short review of the potential impact of protein on muscle anabolism in cancer, which is associated with better patient outcomes. Protein source is a topic of interest for patients and clinicians, partly due to recent emphasis on the supposed non-beneficial effect of proteins; therefore, misconceptions involving animal-based (e.g., meat, fish, dairy) and plant-based (e.g., legumes) proteins in cancer are acknowledged and addressed. Although the optimal dietary amino acid composition to support muscle health in cancer is yet to be established, animal-based proteins have a composition that offers superior anabolic potential, compared to plant-derived proteins. Thus, animal-based foods should represent the majority (i.e., ≥65%) of protein intake during active cancer treatment. A diet rich in plant-derived proteins may support muscle anabolism in cancer, albeit requiring a larger quantity of protein to fulfill the optimal amino acid intake. We caution that translating dietary recommendations for cancer prevention to cancer treatment may be inadequate to support the pro-inflammatory and catabolic nature of the disease. We further caution against initiating an exclusively plant-based (i.e., vegan) diet upon a diagnosis of cancer, given the presence of elevated protein requirements and risk of inadequate protein intake to support muscle anabolism. Amino acid combination and the long-term sustainability of a dietary pattern void of animal-based foods requires careful and laborious management of protein intake for patients with cancer. Ultimately, a dietary amino acid composition that promotes muscle anabolism is optimally obtained through combination of animal- and plant-based protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Ford
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jann Arends
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre of Metabolism & Physiology (COMAP), University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Thiago J M Gonçalves
- Department of Nutrology and Clinical Nutrition, Sancta Maggiore Hospital, Prevent Senior Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dileep N Lobo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Paula Ravasco
- Catolica Medical School and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, Almada, Portugal
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Carla M Prado
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Omega-3 supplementation during unilateral resistance exercise training in older women: A within subject and double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46:394-404. [PMID: 34857226 PMCID: PMC8629763 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background & aims The skeletal muscle anabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) appear favoured towards women; a property that could be exploited in older women who typically exhibit poor muscle growth responses to resistance exercise training (RET). Here we sought to generate novel insights into the efficacy and mechanisms of n-3 PUFA alongside short-term RET in older women. Methods We recruited 16 healthy older women (Placebo n = 8 (PLA): 67±1y, n-3 PUFA n = 8: 64±1y) to a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial (n-3 PUFA; 3680 mg/day versus PLA) of 6 weeks fully-supervised progressive unilateral RET (i.e. 6 × 8 reps, 75% 1-RM, 3/wk−1). Strength was assessed by knee extensor 1-RM and isokinetic dynamometry ∼ every 10 d. Thigh fat free mass (TFFM) was measured by DXA at 0/3/6 weeks. Bilateral vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies at 0/2/4/6 weeks with deuterium oxide (D2O) dosing were used to determine MPS responses for 0–2 and 4–6 weeks. Further, fibre cross sectional area (CSA), myonuclei number and satellite cell (SC) number were assessed, alongside muscle anabolic/catabolic signalling via immunoblotting. Results RET increased 1-RM equally in the trained leg of both groups (+23 ± 5% n-3 PUFA vs. +25 ± 5% PLA (both P < 0.01)) with no significant increase in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) (+10 ± 6% n-3 PUFA vs. +13 ± 5% PLA). Only the n-3 PUFA group increased TFFM (3774 ± 158 g to 3961 ± 151 g n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05) vs. 3406 ± 201 g to 3561 ± 170 PLA) and type II fibre CSA (3097 ± 339 μm2 to 4329 ± 264 μm2 n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05) vs. 2520 ± 316 μm2 to 3467 ± 303 μm2 in PL) with RET. Myonuclei number increased equally in n-3 PUFA and PLA in both type I and type II fibres, with no change in SC number. N-3 PUFA had no added benefit on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), however, during weeks 4–6 of RET, absolute synthesis rates (ASR) displayed a trend to increase with n-3 PUFA only (5.6 ± 0.3 g d−1 to 7.1 ± 0.5 g d−1 n-3 PUFA (P = 0.09) vs. 5.5 ± 0.5 g d−1 to 6.5 ± 0.5 g d−1 PLA). Further, the n-3 PUFA group displayed greater 4EBP1 activation after acute RE at 6 weeks. Conclusion n3-PUFA enhanced RET gains in muscle mass through type II fibre hypertrophy, with data suggesting a role for MPS rather than via SC recruitment. As such, the present study adds to a literature base illustrating the apparent enhancement of muscle hypertrophy with RET in older women fed adjuvant n3-PUFA.
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Ida S, Kumagai K, Nunobe S. Current status of perioperative nutritional intervention and exercise in gastric cancer surgery: A review. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2021; 6:197-203. [PMID: 35261945 PMCID: PMC8889851 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with gastric cancer are often malnourished or sarcopenic during tumor progression. Perioperative malnutrition, including sarcopenia, is strongly related to postoperative complications and long‐term outcomes. To improve outcomes, nutritional intervention is common for patients with gastric cancer, especially for those undergoing elective surgery. Several clinical trials evaluating perioperative nutritional intervention have set postoperative loss of body weight and lean body mass as endpoints; however, the results were inconsistent. Therefore, recently, perioperative multimodal interventions that are expected to have a synergistic effect between nutritional intervention and exercise have gained attention. Furthermore, supplementing with leucine, a branched‐chain amino acid, in addition to exercise, may be promising for preventing perioperative sarcopenia. However, whether perioperative nutritional intervention and exercise has clinical benefits in gastric surgery is unclear. With the aging of gastric cancer patients, measures to address sarcopenia will become more important in the future. Understanding the significance of nutritional intervention and exercise in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery will help achieve good outcomes. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current evidence for perioperative nutritional intervention and exercise for gastrectomy. The particular focus is on measures of preventing sarcopenia perioperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan
| | - Koshi Kumagai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan
| | - Souya Nunobe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan
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Lixandrão ME, Longobardi I, Leitão AE, Morais JVM, Swinton PA, Aihara AY, Goes PCK, Ugrinowitsch C, Candow DG, Gualano B, Roschel H. Daily Leucine Intake Is Positively Associated with Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in the Elderly. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103536. [PMID: 34684538 PMCID: PMC8539207 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher daily protein intake, with an emphasis on leucine content, is thought to mitigate age-related anabolic resistance, potentially counteracting age-related morphological and functional declines. The present study investigated potential associations between total daily leucine intake and dependent variables, including quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum dynamic muscle strength (1-RM) in a cohort of healthy free-living older individuals of both sexes (n = 67; 34/33 men/women). Participants performed three 24 h dietary recalls and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging exam followed by 1-RM tests. Our results demonstrate moderate associations between total daily leucine and both quadriceps CSA (r = 0.42; p = 0.004) and 1-RM (r = 0.45; p = 0.001). Furthermore, our exploratory biphasic linear regression analyses, adjusted for sex, age, and protein intake relative to body weight, revealed a plateau for daily leucine intake and muscle mass and muscle strength (~7.6–8.0 g·day−1) in older adults. In conclusion, we demonstrated that total daily leucine intake is associated with muscle mass and strength in healthy older individuals and this association remains after controlling for multiple factors, including overall protein intake. Furthermore, our breakpoint analysis revealed non-linearities and a potential threshold for habitual leucine intake, which may help guide future research on the effects of chronic leucine intake in age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Alice E. Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - João V. M. Morais
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Paul A. Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QE, UK;
| | - André Y. Aihara
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Paola C. K. Goes
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-8783
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Holwerda AM, van Loon LJC. The impact of collagen protein ingestion on musculoskeletal connective tissue remodeling: a narrative review. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1497-1514. [PMID: 34605901 PMCID: PMC9086765 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the central structural component of extracellular connective tissue, which provides elastic qualities to tissues. For skeletal muscle, extracellular connective tissue transmits contractile force to the tendons and bones. Connective tissue proteins are in a constant state of remodeling and have been shown to express a high level of plasticity. Dietary-protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. High-quality, rapidly digestible proteins are generally considered the preferred protein source to maximally stimulate myofibrillar (contractile) protein synthesis rates. In contrast, recent evidence demonstrates that protein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis. The absence of an increase in muscle connective tissue protein synthesis after protein ingestion may be explained by insufficient provision of glycine and/or proline. Dietary collagen contains large amounts of glycine and proline and, therefore, has been proposed to provide the precursors required to facilitate connective tissue protein synthesis. This literature review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current knowledge on the proposed benefits of dietary collagen consumption to stimulate connective tissue remodeling to improve health and functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Zaromskyte G, Prokopidis K, Ioannidis T, Tipton KD, Witard OC. Evaluating the Leucine Trigger Hypothesis to Explain the Post-prandial Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:685165. [PMID: 34307436 PMCID: PMC8295465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The "leucine trigger" hypothesis was originally conceived to explain the post-prandial regulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This hypothesis implicates the magnitude (amplitude and rate) of post-prandial increase in blood leucine concentrations for regulation of the magnitude of MPS response to an ingested protein source. Recent evidence from experimental studies has challenged this theory, with reports of a disconnect between blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial rates of MPS in response to protein ingestion. Aim: The primary aim of this systematic review was to qualitatively evaluate the leucine trigger hypothesis to explain the post-prandial regulation of MPS in response to ingested protein at rest and post-exercise in young and older adults. We hypothesized that experimental support for the leucine trigger hypothesis will depend on age, exercise status (rest vs. post-exercise), and type of ingested protein (i.e., isolated proteins vs. protein-rich whole food sources). Methods: This qualitative systematic review extracted data from studies that combined measurements of post-prandial blood leucine concentrations and rates of MPS following ingested protein at rest and following exercise in young and older adults. Data relating to blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial MPS rates were extracted from all studies, and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient evidence for the leucine trigger hypothesis. Results: Overall, 16 of the 29 eligible studies provided sufficient evidence to support the leucine trigger hypothesis for explaining divergent post-prandial rates of MPS in response to different ingested protein sources. Of these 16 studies, 13 were conducted in older adults (eight of which conducted measurements post-exercise) and 14 studies included the administration of isolated proteins. Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the merits of the leucine trigger hypothesis for the explanation of the regulation of MPS. However, our data indicate that the leucine trigger hypothesis confers most application in regulating the post-prandial response of MPS to ingested proteins in older adults. Consistent with our hypothesis, we provide data to support the idea that the leucine trigger hypothesis is more relevant within the context of ingesting isolated protein sources rather than protein-rich whole foods. Future mechanistic studies are warranted to understand the complex series of modulatory factors beyond blood leucine concentration profiles within a food matrix that regulate post-prandial rates of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zaromskyte
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Theofilos Ioannidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Institute of Performance Nutrition, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Traylor DA, Kamal M, Nunes EA, Prior T, Gorissen SHM, Lees M, Gesel F, Lim C, Phillips SM. Consumption of High-Leucine-Containing Protein Bar Following Breakfast Impacts Aminoacidemia and Subjective Appetite in Older Persons. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab080. [PMID: 34104852 PMCID: PMC8178109 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available examining dietary interventions for optimizing protein and leucine intake to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older humans. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the aminoacidemia and appetite responses of older adults after consuming breakfast, a meal frequently consumed with high-carbohydrate and below-par amounts of protein and leucine for stimulating MPS. METHODS Five men and 3 women (means ± SD; age: 74 ± 7 y, BMI: 25.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2, fat- and bone-free mass: 63 ± 7 kg) took part in this experiment in which they consumed breakfasts with low-protein (LP = 13 ± 2 g), high-protein (HP = 32 ± 5 g), and LP followed by a protein- and leucine-enriched bar formulation 2 h later (LP + Bar = 29 ± 2 g). The LP, HP, and LP + Bar breakfast conditions contained 519 ± 86 kcal, 535 ± 83 kcal, and 739 ± 86 kcal, respectively. Blood samples were drawn for 6 h and analyzed for amino acid, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Visual analog scales were assessed for hunger, fullness, and desire to eat. RESULTS The net AUC for essential amino acid (EAA) exposure was similar between the LP + Bar and HP conditions but greater in the HP condition compared with the LP condition. Peak leucinemia was higher in the LP + Bar condition compared with the HP, and both were greater than the LP condition. Net leucine exposure was similar between HP and LP + Bar, and both were greater than LP. Hunger was similarly reduced in LP + Bar and HP, and LP + Bar resulted in a greater hunger reduction than LP. Both LP + Bar and HP resulted in greater net fullness scores than LP. CONCLUSIONS Consuming our bar formulation increased blood leucine availability and net exposure to EAAs to a similar degree as consuming a high-protein meal. High-protein at breakfast results in a greater net exposure to EAAs and leucine, which could support MPS in older persons. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03712761.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Traylor
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kamal
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa-Catarina, Brazil
| | - Todd Prior
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Lees
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Fran Gesel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH, USA
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Sensing and responding to changes in nutrient levels, including those of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, by the body is necessary for survival. Accordingly, perturbations in nutrient sensing are tightly linked with human pathologies, particularly metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other complications of metabolic syndromes. The conventional view is that amino acids are fundamental elements for protein and peptide synthesis, while recent studies have revealed that amino acids are also important bioactive molecules that play key roles in signaling pathways and metabolic regulation. Different pathways that sense intracellular and extracellular levels of amino acids are integrated and coordinated at the organismal level, and, together, these pathways maintain whole metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the studies describing how important sensing signals respond to amino acid availability and how these sensing mechanisms modulate metabolic processes, including energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism. We further discuss whether dysregulation of amino acid sensing signals can be targeted to promote metabolic disorders, and discuss how to translate these mechanisms to treat human diseases. This review will help to enhance our overall understanding of the correlation between amino acid sensing and metabolic homeostasis, which have important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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A collagen hydrolysate/milk protein-blend stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to an isoenergetic milk protein-blend containing a greater quantity of essential amino acids in older men. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4456-4464. [PMID: 33487503 PMCID: PMC8251659 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background & aims Nutritional composition is key for skeletal muscle maintenance into older age. Yet the acute effects of collagen protein blended with other protein sources, in relation to skeletal muscle anabolism, are ill-defined. We investigated human muscle protein synthesis (MPS) responses to a 20 g blend of collagen protein hydrolysate + milk protein (CP+MP, 125 ml) oral nutritional supplement (ONS) vs. 20 g non-blended milk protein source (MP, 200 ml) ONS, in older adults. Methods Healthy older men (N = 8, 71±1 y, BMI: 27±1 kg·m−2) underwent a randomized trial of 20 g protein, from either a CP+MP blend (Fresubin®3.2 kcal DRINK), or a kcal-matched (higher in essential amino acids (EAA) ONS of MP alone. Vastus lateralis (VL) MPS and plasma AA were determined using stable isotope-tracer mass spectrometry; anabolic signaling was quantified via immuno-blotting in VL biopsies taken at baseline and 2/4 h after ONS feeding. Plasma insulin was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Measures were taken at rest, after the feed (FED) and after the feed + exercise (FED-EX) conditions (unilateral leg exercise, 6 × 8, 75% 1-RM). Results MP resulted in a greater increase in plasma leucine (MP mean: 152 ± 6 μM, CP+MP mean: 113 ± 4 μM (Feed P < 0.001) and EAA (MP mean: 917 ± 25 μM, CP+MP mean: 786 ± 15 μM (Feed P < 0.01) than CP+MP. CP + MP increased plasma glycine (peak 385 ± 57 μM (P < 0.05)), proline (peak 323 ± 29 μM (P < 0.01)) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) (peak 1621 ± 107 μM (P < 0.01)) with MP showing no increase. Plasma insulin increased in both trials (CP+MP: 58 ± 10 mU/mL (P < 0.01), MP: 42 ± 6 mU/mL (P < 0.01), with peak insulin greater with CP+MP vs. MP (P < 0.01). MPS demonstrated equivalent increases in response to CP+MP and MP under both FED (MP: 0.039 ± 0.005%/h to 0.081 ± 0.014%/h (P < 0.05), CP+MP: 0.042 ± 0.004%/h to 0.085 ± 0.007%/h (P < 0.05)) and FED-EX (MP: 0.039 ± 0.005%/h to 0.093 ± 0.013%/h (P < 0.01), CP+MP: 0.042 ± 0.004%/h to 0.105 ± 0.015%/h, (P < 0.01)) conditions. FED muscle p-mTOR fold-change from baseline increased to a greater extent with CP+MP vs. MP (P < 0.05), whilst FED-EX muscle p-eEF2 fold-change from baseline decreased to a greater extent with CP+MP vs. MP (P < 0.05); otherwise anabolic signaling responses were indistinguishable. Conclusion Fresubin®3.2 kcal DRINK, which contains a 20 g mixed blend of CP+MP, resulted in equivalent MPS responses to MP alone. Fresubin® 3.2 Kcal DRINK may provide a suitable alternative to MP for use in older adults and a convenient way to supplement calories and protein to improve patient adherence and mitigate muscle mass loss.
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Gwin JA, Church DD, Hatch-McChesney A, Allen JT, Wilson MA, Varanoske AN, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Margolis LM, Carbone JW, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA, Pasiakos SM. Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33413462 PMCID: PMC7791816 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of ingesting varying essential amino acid (EAA)/protein-containing food formats on protein kinetics during energy deficit are undetermined. Therefore, recommendations for EAA/protein food formats necessary to optimize both whole-body protein balance and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) during energy deficit are unknown. We measured protein kinetics after consuming iso-nitrogenous amounts of free-form essential amino acid-enriched whey (EAA + W; 34.7 g protein, 24 g EAA sourced from whey and free-form EAA), whey (WHEY; 34.7 g protein, 18.7 g EAA), or a mixed-macronutrient meal (MEAL; 34.7 g protein, 11.4 g EAA) after exercise during short-term energy deficit. Methods Ten adults (mean ± SD; 21 ± 4 y; 25.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2) completed a randomized, double-blind crossover study consisting of three, 5 d energy-deficit periods (− 30 ± 3% of total energy requirements), separated by 14 d. Whole-body protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and net balance (NET) were determined at rest and in response to combination exercise consisting of load carriage treadmill walking, deadlifts, and box step-ups at the end of each energy deficit using L-[2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[2H2]-tyrosine infusions. Treatments were ingested immediately post-exercise. Mixed-muscle protein synthesis (mixed-MPS) was measured during exercise through recovery. Results Change (Δ postabsorptive + exercise to postprandial + recovery [mean treatment difference (95%CI)]) in whole-body (g/180 min) PS was 15.8 (9.8, 21.9; P = 0.001) and 19.4 (14.8, 24.0; P = 0.001) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, with no difference between WHEY and MEAL. ΔPB was − 6.3 (− 11.5, − 1.18; P = 0.02) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and − 7.7 (− 11.9, − 3.6; P = 0.002) greater for MEAL than WHEY, with no difference between EAA + W and MEAL. ΔNET was 22.1 (20.5, 23.8; P = 0.001) and 18.0 (16.5, 19.5; P = 0.00) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, while ΔNET was 4.2 (2.7, 5.6; P = 0.001) greater for MEAL than WHEY. Mixed-MPS did not differ between treatments. Conclusions While mixed-MPS was similar across treatments, combining free-form EAA with whey promotes greater whole-body net protein balance during energy deficit compared to iso-nitrogenous amounts of whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier no. NCT04004715. Retrospectively registered 28 June 2019, first enrollment 6 June 2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Jillian T Allen
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Marques A Wilson
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
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Theis N, Brown MA, Wood P, Waldron M. Leucine Supplementation Increases Muscle Strength and Volume, Reduces Inflammation, and Affects Wellbeing in Adults and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy. J Nutr 2021; 151:59-64. [PMID: 31965179 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is characterized by muscle weakness owing, in part, to a blunted muscle protein synthetic response. This might be normalized by long-term leucine supplementation. OBJECTIVES The study assessed the effects of 10 wk leucine supplementation in adolescents and adults with CP. METHODS The study was a single-center randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 12) or a leucine group (n = 12). l-Leucine (192 mg/kg body mass) was dissolved in water and administered daily for 10 wk. The primary outcome measures of elbow flexor muscle strength and muscle volume (measured by 3D ultrasound technique) and inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration] were assessed before and after the 10 wk, alongside the secondary outcomes of body composition (measured by CP-specific skinfold assessment), metabolic rate (measured by indirect calorimetry), and wellbeing (measured by a self-reported daily questionnaire). Data were compared via a series of 2-factor mixed ANOVAs. RESULTS Twenty-one participants completed the intervention (control group: n = 11, mean ± SD age: 18.3 ± 2.8 y, body mass: 48.8 ± 11.9 kg, 45% male; leucine group: n = 10, age: 18.6 ± 1.7 y, body mass: 58.3 ± 20.2 kg, 70% male). After 10 wk, there was a 25.4% increase in strength (P = 0.019) and a 3.6% increase in muscle volume (P = 0.001) in the leucine group, with no changes in the control group. This was accompanied by a 59.1% reduction in CRP (P = 0.045) and improved perceptions of wellbeing (P = 0.006) in the leucine group. No changes in metabolism or body composition were observed in either group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Improvements in muscle strength and volume with leucine supplementation might provide important functional changes for adults and adolescents with CP and could be partly explained by reduced inflammation. The improved wellbeing highlights its capacity to improve the quality of daily living. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03668548.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Meghan A Brown
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Wood
- Treloar's School and College, Treloar's Trust, Alton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Szwiega S, Pencharz PB, Rafii M, Lebarron M, Chang J, Ball RO, Kong D, Xu L, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Dietary leucine requirement of older men and women is higher than current recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 113:410-419. [PMID: 33330915 PMCID: PMC7851820 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current national (34 mg . kg-1 . d-1) and international (39 mg kg-1 . d-1) recommendations for leucine in older adults are based on data from young adults. Evidence suggests that the leucine requirements of older adults are higher than those of young adults. OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to directly determine the leucine requirements in healthy older adult male and female study participants aged >60 y. METHODS Leucine requirement was determined using the indicator amino acid oxidation method (IAAO) with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine as the indicator. Sixteen older adults (n = 7 male and n = 9 female participants) were randomly assigned to receive 3 to 7 leucine intakes from 20 to 120 mg . kg-1 . d-1. The rate of release of 13CO2 from l-[1-13C]phenylalanine oxidation was measured, and breakpoint analysis was used to estimate the leucine requirement. The 95% CI was calculated using the parametric bootstrap method. RESULTS The mean leucine requirement for male participants was 77.8 mg . kg-1 . d-1 (upper 95% CI: 81.0) and for female participants, it was 78.2 mg . kg-1 . d-1 (upper 95% CI: 82.0) with no sex effect based on body weight. The data were therefore combined to yield a mean of 78.5 mg . kg-1 d-1 (upper 95% CI: 81.0 mg . kg-1 . d-1 ) for both sexes. On the basis of fat-free mass, the mean ± SEM leucine requirements were 115 ± 3.2 and 127 ± 2.4 mg . kg-1 . d-1 for male and female participants, respectively (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The estimated leucine requirement of older adults is more than double the amount in current recommendations. These data suggest that leucine could be a limiting amino acid in the diet of older adults consuming the current RDA for protein and those consuming a plant-based diet. In view of the functional and structural role of leucine, especially its importance in muscle protein synthesis, current leucine recommendations of older adults should be revised. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03506126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szwiega
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Lebarron
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Chang
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Libai Xu
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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The efficacy of essential amino acid supplementation for augmenting dietary protein intake in older adults: implications for skeletal muscle mass, strength and function. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:230-242. [PMID: 33315000 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120008010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation as a strategy to increase dietary protein intake and improve muscle mass, strength and function in older adults. A sufficient daily protein intake is widely recognised to be fundamental for the successful management of sarcopenia in older undernourished adults. In practice, optimising protein intakes in older adults is complex, requiring consideration of the dose and amino acid composition (i.e. a complete EAA profile and abundant leucine content) of ingested protein on a per meal basis, alongside the age-related decline in appetite and the satiating properties of protein. Recent studies in older adults demonstrate that EAA-based supplements are non-satiating and can be administered alongside food to enhance the anabolic properties of a meal containing a suboptimal dose of protein; an effect magnified when combined with resistance exercise training. These findings support the notion that EAA supplementation could serve as an effective strategy to improve musculoskeletal health in older adults suffering from non-communicable diseases such as sarcopenia. Compliance is critical for the long-term success of complex interventions. Hence, aspects of palatability and desire to eat are important considerations regarding EAA supplementation. In conclusion, EAA-based supplements enriched with l-leucine offer an alternative strategy to whole protein sources to assist older adults in meeting protein recommendations. In practice, EAA supplements could be administered alongside meals of suboptimal protein content, or alternatively between meals on occasions when older adults achieve their per meal protein intake recommendations.
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Kim IY, Park S, Kim Y, Chang Y, Choi CS, Suh SH, Wolfe RR. In Vivo and In Vitro Quantification of Glucose Kinetics: From Bedside to Bench. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:733-749. [PMID: 33397035 PMCID: PMC7803595 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other substrates, plasma glucose is in a dynamic state of constant turnover (i.e., rates of glucose appearance [Ra glucose] into and disappearance [Rd glucose] from the plasma) while staying within a narrow range of normal concentrations, a physiological priority. Persistent imbalance of glucose turnover leads to elevations (i.e., hyperglycemia, Ra>Rd) or falls (i.e., hypoglycemia, Ra<Rd) in the pool size, leading to clinical conditions such as diabetes. Endogenous Ra glucose is divided into hepatic glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (GNG) and renal GNG. On the other hand, Rd glucose, the summed rate of glucose uptake by tissues/organs, involves various intracellular metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidation at varying rates depending on the metabolic status. Despite the dynamic nature of glucose metabolism, metabolic studies typically rely on measurements of static, snapshot information such as the abundance of mRNAs and proteins and (in)activation of implicated signaling networks without determining actual flux rates. In this review, we will discuss the importance of obtaining kinetic information, basic principles of stable isotope tracer methodology, calculations of in vivo glucose kinetics, and assessments of metabolic flux in experimental models in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yewon Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Suh
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, the Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,
USA
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Nagao K, Kimura T. Use of plasma-free amino acids as biomarkers for detecting and predicting disease risk. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:79-85. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This paper reviews developments regarding the use of plasma-free amino acid (PFAA) profiles as biomarkers for detecting and predicting disease risk. This work was initiated and first published in 2006 and was subsequently developed by Ajinomoto Co., Inc. After commercialization in 2011, PFAA-based tests were adopted in over 1500 clinics and hospitals in Japan, and numerous clinician-led studies have been performed to validate these tests. Evidence is accumulating that PFAA profiles can be used for diabetes prediction and evaluation of frailty; in particular, decreased plasma essential amino acids could contribute to the pathophysiology of severe frailty. Integration of PFAA evaluation as a biomarker and effective essential amino acid supplementation, which improves physical and mental functions in the elderly, could facilitate the development of precision nutrition, including personalized solutions. This present review provides the background for the technology as well as more recent clinical findings, and offers future possibilities regarding the implementation of precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nagao
- the Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Fortification Does Not Restore Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates following Ingestion of Lower- Compared with Higher-Dose Mycoprotein. J Nutr 2020; 150:2931-2941. [PMID: 32886108 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that ingesting a large bolus (70 g) of the fungal-derived, whole food mycoprotein robustly stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if a lower dose (35 g) of mycoprotein enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) stimulates MPS to the same extent as 70 g of mycoprotein in resistance-trained young men. METHODS Nineteen men [aged 22 ± 1 y, BMI (kg/m2): 25 ± 1] took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 70 g mycoprotein (31.5 g protein; MYCO; n = 10) or 35 g BCAA-enriched mycoprotein (18.7 g protein: matched on BCAA content; ENR; n = 9) following a bout of unilateral resistance exercise. Blood and bilateral quadriceps muscle samples were obtained before exercise and protein ingestion and during a 4-h postprandial period to assess MPS in rested and exercised muscle. Two- and 3-factor ANOVAs were used to detect differences in plasma amino acid kinetics and mixed muscle fractional synthetic rates, respectively. RESULTS Postprandial plasma BCAA concentrations increased more rapidly and to a larger degree in ENR compared with MYCO. MPS increased with protein ingestion (P ≤ 0.05) but to a greater extent following MYCO (from 0.025% ± 0.006% to 0.057% ± 0.004% · h-1 in rested muscle, and from 0.024% ± 0.007% to 0.072% ± 0.005% · h-1 in exercised muscle; P < 0.0001) compared with ENR (from 0.031% ± 0.003% to 0.043% ± 0.005% · h-1 in rested muscle, and 0.027% ± 0.005% to 0.052% ± 0.005% · h-1 in exercised muscle; P < 0.01) ingestion. Postprandial MPS rates were greater in MYCO compared with ENR (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of lower-dose BCAA-enriched mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise MPS rates, but to a lesser extent compared with the ingestion of a BCAA-matched 70-g mycoprotein bolus in healthy young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Funderburk L, Heileson J, Peterson M, Willoughby DS. Efficacy of L-Leucine Supplementation Coupled with a Calorie-Restricted Diet to Promote Weight Loss in Mid-Life Women. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:699-707. [PMID: 33030983 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1815607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of leucine supplementation coupled with a calorie-restricted diet over a 12-week period in mid-life overweight and obese women on body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR). METHOD This study was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 34 women were randomly assigned to either 10 g leucine (LEU) or placebo daily, while following a calorie-restricted diet A dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis, metabolic rate assessment via a BodyGem® and anthropometrics were performed at baseline and after the 12-week study to determine changes in fat mass, lean mass and RMR. Main variables were analyzed using 2 (condition) by 2 (time) mixed design ANOVAs with repeated measures. Odds ratio was calculated by counting the number of individuals gaining or maintaining lean mass (p ≤ .05). RESULTS Both groups lost a significant amount of weight due to both fat and lean mass loss, but there was no significant difference between groups, with RMR remaining unchanged over the course of the study and not significantly different between groups. The loss in lean mass was noticeably less, though not statistically significant (p = 0.644) for the women in the LEU group, with 38% vs. 6%, gaining or retaining lean mass during the intervention relative to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that a greater proportion of mid-life overweight or obese women taking LEU supplements gained or maintained lean mass during intentional weight loss, though it did not reach a level of statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery Heileson
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Peterson
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Dietary protein, exercise, ageing and physical inactivity: interactive influences on skeletal muscle proteostasis. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:106-117. [PMID: 33023679 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary protein is a pre-requisite for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass; stimulating increases in muscle protein synthesis (MPS), via essential amino acids (EAA), and attenuating muscle protein breakdown, via insulin. Muscles are receptive to the anabolic effects of dietary protein, and in particular the EAA leucine, for only a short period (i.e. about 2-3 h) in the rested state. Thereafter, MPS exhibits tachyphylaxis despite continued EAA availability and sustained mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling. Other notable characteristics of this 'muscle full' phenomenon include: (i) it cannot be overcome by proximal intake of additional nutrient signals/substrates regulating MPS; meaning a refractory period exists before a next stimulation is possible, (ii) it is refractory to pharmacological/nutraceutical enhancement of muscle blood flow and thus is not induced by muscle hypo-perfusion, (iii) it manifests independently of whether protein intake occurs in a bolus or intermittent feeding pattern, and (iv) it does not appear to be dependent on protein dose per se. Instead, the main factor associated with altering muscle full is physical activity. For instance, when coupled to protein intake, resistance exercise delays the muscle full set-point to permit additional use of available EAA for MPS to promote muscle remodelling/growth. In contrast, ageing is associated with blunted MPS responses to protein/exercise (anabolic resistance), while physical inactivity (e.g. immobilisation) induces a premature muscle full, promoting muscle atrophy. It is crucial that in catabolic scenarios, anabolic strategies are sought to mitigate muscle decline. This review highlights regulatory protein turnover interactions by dietary protein, exercise, ageing and physical inactivity.
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Lee YJ, Lee M, Wi YM, Cho S, Kim SR. Potassium intake, skeletal muscle mass, and effect modification by sex: data from the 2008-2011 KNHANES. Nutr J 2020; 19:93. [PMID: 32861249 PMCID: PMC7456505 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A loss of muscle mass may be influenced by multiple factors. Insulin sensitivity and metabolic acidosis are associated with muscle wasting and may be improved with potassium intake. This study evaluated the association between dietary potassium intake and skeletal muscle mass. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study with data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2008-2011). Participant's daily food intake was assessed using a 24-h recall method. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was calculated as the sum of muscle mass in both arms and legs, measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated as ASM divided by height2 (kg/m2). Low muscle mass was defined as a SMI < 7.0 kg/m2 for men and < 5.4 kg/m2 for women. RESULTS Data from 16,558 participants (age ≥ 19 years) were analyzed. Participants were categorized into quintiles according to their potassium intake. Sex-specific differences were found in the association between potassium intake and muscle mass (PInteraction < 0.001). In men, higher potassium intake was associated with lower odds for low muscle mass; the fully adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.78 (0.60-1.03), 0.71 (0.54-0.93), 0.68 (0.51-0.90), and 0.71 (0.51-0.98) for the top four quintiles (referenced against the lowest quintile), respectively. However, this association was attenuated in women after adjusting for total energy intake. Higher potassium intakes were also associated with a greater SMI. CONCLUSIONS Higher dietary potassium intake decreased the odds of low muscle mass in men but not in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ji Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 158, Paryong-ro, Masanhoewon-gu, 51353, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mirae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 158, Paryong-ro, Masanhoewon-gu, 51353, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Wi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 158, Paryong-ro, Masanhoewon-gu, 51353, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 158, Paryong-ro, Masanhoewon-gu, 51353, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Rok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 158, Paryong-ro, Masanhoewon-gu, 51353, Changwon, Republic of Korea
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The Effects of Cow-Milk Protein Supplementation in Elderly Population: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092548. [PMID: 32842497 PMCID: PMC7551861 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. To review currently available evidence on the effect of cow-milk proteins supplementation (CPS) on health in the elderly. Methods. Five electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched for studies about CPS among older people. All types of publications were included, with the exception of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, opinion letters, editorials, case reports, conference abstracts and comments. An additional search in Google Scholar and a manual review of the reference lists were performed. Results. Overall, 103 studies were included. Several studies explored the role of CPS in the preservation or improvement of muscle mass among healthy subjects (40 studies) and pre-frail, frail or sarcopenic patients (14), with evidence of beneficial effects. Other studies assessed the effect of CPS on bones (12), cardiovascular disease (8), inflamm-aging (7), chronic pulmonary disease (4), neurocognitive function (4), and vaccines (2), with weak evidence of positive effects. Seven studies in the field of protein metabolism investigated the role of CPS as an important contributor to nutritional needs. Other investigational areas are considered in the last five studies. Conclusions. The beneficial effects of CPS in achieving aged-related nutritional goals, in preserving muscle mass and in recovering after hospitalization may be particularly relevant in the elderly.
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