1
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Coate KC, Dai C, Singh A, Stanley J, Covington BA, Bradley A, Oladipupo F, Gong Y, Wisniewski S, Spears E, Poffenberger G, Bustabad A, Rodgers T, Dey N, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Yan H, Powers AC, Chen W, Dean ED. Interruption of glucagon signaling augments islet non-alpha cell proliferation in SLC7A2- and mTOR-dependent manners. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.06.606926. [PMID: 39149351 PMCID: PMC11326219 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.06.606926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Objective Dysregulated glucagon secretion and inadequate functional beta cell mass are hallmark features of diabetes. While glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism ameliorates hyperglycemia and elicits beta cell regeneration in pre-clinical models of diabetes, it also promotes alpha and delta cell hyperplasia. We sought to investigate the mechanism by which loss of glucagon action impacts pancreatic islet non-alpha cells, and the relevance of these observations in a human islet context. Methods We used zebrafish, rodents, and transplanted human islets comprising six different models of interrupted glucagon signaling to examine their impact on delta and beta cell proliferation and mass. We also used models with global deficiency of the cationic amino acid transporter, SLC7A2, and mTORC1 inhibition via rapamycin, to determine whether amino acid-dependent nutrient sensing was required for islet non-alpha cell growth. Results Inhibition of glucagon signaling stimulated delta cell proliferation in mouse and transplanted human islets, and in mouse islets. This was rapamycin-sensitive and required SLC7A2. Likewise, gcgr deficiency augmented beta cell proliferation via SLC7A2- and mTORC1-dependent mechanisms in zebrafish and promoted cell cycle engagement in rodent beta cells but was insufficient to drive a significant increase in beta cell mass in mice. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that interruption of glucagon signaling augments islet non-alpha cell proliferation in zebrafish, rodents, and transplanted human islets in a manner requiring SLC7A2 and mTORC1 activation. An increase in delta cell mass may be leveraged for future beta cell regeneration therapies relying upon delta cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie C. Coate
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ajay Singh
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jade Stanley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Brittney A. Covington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Amber Bradley
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Favour Oladipupo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yulong Gong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Scott Wisniewski
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Erick Spears
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alexandria Bustabad
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Tyler Rodgers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nandita Dey
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics Inc., Camarillo, CA
| | - Alvin C. Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - E. Danielle Dean
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Röthe J, Kraft R, Ricken A, Kaczmarek I, Matz-Soja M, Winter K, Dietzsch AN, Buchold J, Ludwig MG, Liebscher I, Schöneberg T, Thor D. The adhesion GPCR GPR116/ADGRF5 has a dual function in pancreatic islets regulating somatostatin release and islet development. Commun Biol 2024; 7:104. [PMID: 38228886 PMCID: PMC10791652 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is maintained by hormones secreted from different cell types of the pancreatic islets and controlled by manifold input including signals mediated through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). RNA-seq analyses revealed expression of numerous GPCRs in mouse and human pancreatic islets, among them Gpr116/Adgrf5. GPR116 is an adhesion GPCR mainly found in lung and required for surfactant secretion. Here, we demonstrate that GPR116 is involved in the somatostatin release from pancreatic delta cells using a whole-body as well as a cell-specific knock-out mouse model. Interestingly, the whole-body GPR116 deficiency causes further changes such as decreased beta-cell mass, lower number of small islets, and reduced pancreatic insulin content. Glucose homeostasis in global GPR116-deficient mice is maintained by counter-acting mechanisms modulating insulin degradation. Our data highlight an important function of GPR116 in controlling glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Röthe
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Ricken
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Medical Department II - Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Hepatology, Clinic and Polyclinic for Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Pneumology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - André Nguyen Dietzsch
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Buchold
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Townsend SE, Fuhr JD, Gannon M. Context-dependent effects of CCN2 on β-cell mass expansion and indicators of cell stress in the setting of acute and chronic stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E280-E290. [PMID: 37529833 PMCID: PMC10642983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00051.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of functional β-cell mass expansion can be beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Our group has previously demonstrated that the matricellular protein CCN2 can induce β-cell mass expansion during embryogenesis, and postnatally during pregnancy and after 50% β-cell injury. The mechanism by which CCN2 stimulates β-cell mass expansion is unknown. However, CCN2 does not induce β-cell proliferation in the setting of euglycemic and optimal functional β-cell mass. We thus hypothesized that β-cell stress is required for responsiveness to CCN2 treatment. In this study, a doxycycline-inducible β-cell-specific CCN2 transgenic mouse model was utilized to evaluate the effects of CCN2 on β-cell stress in the setting of acute (thapsigargin treatment ex vivo) or chronic [high-fat diet or leptin receptor haploinsufficiency (db/+) in vivo] cellular stress. CCN2 induction during 1 wk or 10 wk of high-fat diet or in db/+ mice had no effect on markers of β-cell stress. However, CCN2 induction did result in a significant increase in β-cell mass over high-fat diet alone when animals were fed high-fat diet for 10 wk, a duration known to induce insulin resistance. CCN2 induction in isolated islets treated with thapsigargin ex vivo resulted in upregulation of the gene encoding the Nrf2 transcription factor, a master regulator of antioxidant genes, suggesting that CCN2 further activates this pathway in the presence of cell stress. These studies indicate that the potential of CCN2 to induce β-cell mass expansion is context-dependent and that the presence of β-cell stress does not ensure β-cell proliferation in response to CCN2.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CCN2 promotes β-cell mass expansion in settings of suboptimal β-cell mass. Here, we demonstrate that the ability of CCN2 to induce β-cell mass expansion in the setting of β-cell stress is context-dependent. Our results suggest that β-cell stress is necessary but insufficient for CCN2 to increase β-cell proliferation and mass. Furthermore, we found that CCN2 promotes upregulation of a key antioxidant transcription factor, suggesting that modulation of β-cell oxidative stress contributes to the actions of CCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Townsend
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jennifer D Fuhr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Peng G, Mosleh E, Yuhas A, Katada K, Cherry C, Golson ML. FOXM1 acts sexually dimorphically to regulate functional β-cell mass. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523673. [PMID: 36711451 PMCID: PMC9882186 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXM1 regulates β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Our previous work demonstrates that expressing an activated form of FOXM1 (FOXM1*) in β cells increases β-cell proliferation and mass in aged male mice. Additionally, FOXM1* enhances β-cell function even in young mice, in which no β-cell mass elevation occurs. Here, we demonstrate that FOXM1 acts in a sexually dimorphic manner in the β cell. Expression of FOXM1* in female mouse β cells does not affect β-cell proliferation or glucose tolerance. Transduction of male but not female human islets with FOXM1* enhances insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose. Estrogen contributes to diabetes susceptibility differences between males and females, and the estrogen receptor (ER)α is the primary mediator of β-cell estrogen signaling. We show that FOXM1* can rescue impaired glucose tolerance in female mice with a pancreas-wide ERα deletion. Further, FOXM1 and ERα binding sites overlap with each other and with other β-cell-enriched transcription factors, including ISL1, PAX6, MAF, and GATA. These data indicate that FOMX1 and ERα cooperate to regulate β-cell function and suggest a general mechanism contributing to the lower incidence of diabetes observed in women.
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5
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Esser N, Schmidt C, Barrow BM, Cronic L, Hackney DJ, Mongovin SM, Hogan MF, Templin AT, Castillo JJ, Hull RL, Zraika S. Insulinotropic Effects of Neprilysin and/or Angiotensin Receptor Inhibition in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:888867. [PMID: 35733766 PMCID: PMC9207331 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.888867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of heart failure with the angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril/valsartan improved glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The relative contribution of neprilysin inhibition versus angiotensin II receptor antagonism to this glycemic benefit remains unknown. Thus, we sought to determine the relative effects of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril versus the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan on beta-cell function and glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of reduced first-phase insulin secretion, and whether any beneficial effects are additive/synergistic when combined in sacubitril/valsartan. High fat-fed C57BL/6J mice treated with low-dose streptozotocin (or vehicle) were followed for eight weeks on high fat diet alone or supplemented with sacubitril, valsartan or sacubitril/valsartan. Body weight and fed glucose levels were assessed weekly. At the end of the treatment period, insulin release in response to intravenous glucose, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell mass were determined. Sacubitril and valsartan, but not sacubitril/valsartan, lowered fasting and fed glucose levels and increased insulin release in diabetic mice. None of the drugs altered insulin sensitivity or beta-cell mass, but all reduced body weight gain. Effects of the drugs on insulin release were reproduced in angiotensin II-treated islets from lean C57BL/6J mice, suggesting the insulin response to each of the drugs is due to a direct effect on islets and mechanisms therein. In summary, sacubitril and valsartan each exert beneficial insulinotropic, glycemic and weight-reducing effects in obese and/or diabetic mice when administered alone; however, when combined, mechanisms within the islet contribute to their inability to enhance insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Esser
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Schmidt
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Breanne M. Barrow
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Laura Cronic
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daryl J. Hackney
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen M. Mongovin
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meghan F. Hogan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew T. Templin
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joseph J. Castillo
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Hull
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Karami F, Asgari Abibeiglou B, Pahlavanneshan S, Farrokhi A, Tamadon A, Basiri M, Khalooghi K, Fallahi M, Tahamtani Y. Enhanced characterization of beta cell mass in a Tg( Pdx1-GFP) mouse model. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 12:463-470. [PMID: 36381631 PMCID: PMC9596880 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Measurement of pancreatic beta cell mass in animal models is a common assay in diabetes researches. Novel whole-organ clearance methods in conjunction with transgenic mouse models hold tremendous promise to improve beta cell mass measurement methods. Here, we proposed a refined method to estimate the beta cell mass using a new transgenic Tg(Pdx1-GFP) mouse model and a recently developed free-of-acrylamide clearing tissue (FACT) protocol. Methods: First, we generated and evaluated a Tg(Pdx1-GFP) transgenic mouse model. Using the FACT protocol in our model, we could quantify the beta cell mass and alloxan-induced beta cell destruction in whole pancreas specimens. Results: Compiled fluorescent images of pancreas resulted in enhanced beta cell mass characterization in FACT-cleared sections (2928869±120215 AU) compared to No-FACT cleared sections (1292372±325632 AU). Additionally, the total number of detected islets with this method was significantly higher than the other clearance methods (155.7 and 109, respectively). Using this method, we showed green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression confined to beta cells in Tg(Pdx1-GFP) transgenic. This enhanced GFP expression enabled us to accurately measure beta cell loss in a beta cell destruction model. The results suggest that our proposed method can be used as a simple, and rapid assay for beta cell mass measurement in islet biology and diabetes studies. Conclusion: The Tg(Pdx1-GFP) transgenic mouse in conjunction with the FACT protocol can enhance large-scale screening studies in the field of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Asgari Abibeiglou
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saghar Pahlavanneshan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keynoosh Khalooghi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Fallahi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Saikia M, Holter MM, Donahue LR, Lee IS, Zheng QC, Wise JL, Todero JE, Phuong DJ, Garibay D, Coch R, Sloop KW, Garcia-Ocana A, Danko CG, Cummings BP. GLP-1 receptor signaling increases PCSK1 and β cell features in human α cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:141851. [PMID: 33554958 PMCID: PMC7934853 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. GLP-1 is classically produced by gut L cells; however, under certain circumstances α cells can express the prohormone convertase required for proglucagon processing to GLP-1, prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), and can produce GLP-1. However, the mechanisms through which this occurs are poorly defined. Understanding the mechanisms by which α cell PC1/3 expression can be activated may reveal new targets for diabetes treatment. Here, we demonstrate that the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, liraglutide, increased α cell GLP-1 expression in a β cell GLP-1R-dependent manner. We demonstrate that this effect of liraglutide was translationally relevant in human islets through application of a new scRNA-seq technology, DART-Seq. We found that the effect of liraglutide to increase α cell PC1/3 mRNA expression occurred in a subcluster of α cells and was associated with increased expression of other β cell-like genes, which we confirmed by IHC. Finally, we found that the effect of liraglutide to increase bihormonal insulin+ glucagon+ cells was mediated by the β cell GLP-1R in mice. Together, our data validate a high-sensitivity method for scRNA-seq in human islets and identify a potentially novel GLP-1-mediated pathway regulating human α cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridusmita Saikia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reilly Coch
- Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Charles G Danko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
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8
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Mudali D, Jeevanandam J, Danquah MK. Probing the characteristics and biofunctional effects of disease-affected cells and drug response via machine learning applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:951-977. [PMID: 32633615 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1789062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced transformations in disease characteristics at the cellular and molecular level offers the opportunity to predict and evaluate the efficacy of pharmaceutical ingredients whilst enabling the optimal design of new and improved drugs with enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Machine learning is a promising in-silico tool used to simulate cells with specific disease properties and to determine their response toward drug uptake. Differences in the properties of normal and infected cells, including biophysical, biochemical and physiological characteristics, plays a key role in developing fundamental cellular probing platforms for machine learning applications. Cellular features can be extracted periodically from both the drug treated, infected, and normal cells via image segmentations in order to probe dynamic differences in cell behavior. Cellular segmentation can be evaluated to reflect the levels of drug effect on a distinct cell or group of cells via probability scoring. This article provides an account for the use of machine learning methods to probe differences in the biophysical, biochemical and physiological characteristics of infected cells in response to pharmacokinetics uptake of drug ingredients for application in cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mudali
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, USA
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9
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Fulgenzi G, Hong Z, Tomassoni-Ardori F, Barella LF, Becker J, Barrick C, Swing D, Yanpallewar S, Croix BS, Wess J, Gavrilova O, Tessarollo L. Novel metabolic role for BDNF in pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1950. [PMID: 32327658 PMCID: PMC7181656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF signaling in hypothalamic circuitries regulates mammalian food intake. However, whether BDNF exerts metabolic effects on peripheral organs is currently unknown. Here, we show that the BDNF receptor TrkB.T1 is expressed by pancreatic β-cells where it regulates insulin release. Mice lacking TrkB.T1 show impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. β-cell BDNF-TrkB.T1 signaling triggers calcium release from intracellular stores, increasing glucose-induced insulin secretion. Additionally, BDNF is secreted by skeletal muscle and muscle-specific BDNF knockout phenocopies the β-cell TrkB.T1 deletion metabolic impairments. The finding that BDNF is also secreted by differentiated human muscle cells and induces insulin secretion in human islets via TrkB.T1 identifies a new regulatory function of BDNF on metabolism that is independent of CNS activity. Our data suggest that muscle-derived BDNF may be a key factor mediating increased glucose metabolism in response to exercise, with implications for the treatment of diabetes and related metabolic diseases. Glucose metabolism is regulated by hypothalamic brain functions and factors produced by peripheral tissues. Here, the authors show that the regulator of food intake Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is also produced and secreted by muscle and stimulates pancreas insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenyi Hong
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | | | - Luiz F Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jodi Becker
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | - Colleen Barrick
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | - Deborah Swing
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | | | - Brad St Croix
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, USA.
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10
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Brial F, Alzaid F, Sonomura K, Kamatani Y, Meneyrol K, Le Lay A, Péan N, Hedjazi L, Sato TA, Venteclef N, Magnan C, Lathrop M, Dumas ME, Matsuda F, Zalloua P, Gauguier D. The Natural Metabolite 4-Cresol Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Enhances β-Cell Function. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2306-2320.e5. [PMID: 32075738 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to natural metabolites contributes to the risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). Through metabolome profiling, we identify the inverse correlation between serum concentrations of 4-cresol and type 2 diabetes. The chronic administration of non-toxic doses of 4-cresol in complementary preclinical models of CMD reduces adiposity, glucose intolerance, and liver triglycerides, enhances insulin secretion in vivo, stimulates islet density and size, and pancreatic β-cell proliferation, and increases vascularization, suggesting activated islet enlargement. In vivo insulin sensitivity is not affected by 4-cresol. The incubation of mouse isolated islets with 4-cresol results in enhanced insulin secretion, insulin content, and β-cell proliferation of a magnitude similar to that induced by GLP-1. In both CMD models and isolated islets, 4-cresol is associated with the downregulated expression of the kinase DYRK1A, which may mediate its biological effects. Our findings identify 4-cresol as an effective regulator of β-cell function, which opens up perspectives for therapeutic applications in syndromes of insulin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Brial
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Kazuhiro Sonomura
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kelly Meneyrol
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, UMR 8251, CNRS, 4 rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Le Lay
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Noémie Péan
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Taka-Aki Sato
- Life Science Research Center, Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, UMR 8251, CNRS, 4 rue Marie Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Imperial College London, Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Pierre Zalloua
- Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1124, 75006 Paris, France; Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.
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11
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Elsakr JM, Dunn JC, Tennant K, Zhao SK, Kroeten K, Pasek RC, Takahashi DL, Dean TA, Velez Edwards DR, McCurdy CE, Aagaard KM, Powers AC, Friedman JE, Kievit P, Gannon M. Maternal Western-style diet affects offspring islet composition and function in a non-human primate model of maternal over-nutrition. Mol Metab 2019; 25:73-82. [PMID: 31036449 PMCID: PMC6599455 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In humans, offspring of women who are overweight or obese are more likely to develop metabolic disease later in life. Studies in lower animal species reveal that a calorically-dense maternal diet is associated with alterations in islet cell mass and function. The long-term effects of maternal diet on the structure and function of offspring islets with characteristics similar to humans are unknown. We used a well-established non-human primate (NHP) model to determine the consequences of exposure to Western-Style Diet (WSD) in utero and during lactation on islet cell mass and function in the offspring. METHODS Female Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) were fed either control (CTR) or WSD before and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were weaned onto CTR or WSD to generate four different groups based on maternal/offspring diets: CTR/CTR, WSD/CTR, CTR/WSD, and WSD/WSD. Offspring were analyzed at three years of age. Pancreatic tissue sections were immunolabelled to measure α- and β-cell mass and proliferation as well as islet vascularization. Live islets were also isolated to test the effects of WSD-exposure on islet function ex vivo. Offspring glucose tolerance was correlated with various maternal characteristics. RESULTS α-cell mass was reduced as a result of maternal WSD exposure. α-cell proliferation was reduced in response to offspring WSD. Islet vasculature did not differ among the diet groups. Islets from WSD/CTR offspring secreted a greater amount of insulin in response to glucose ex vivo. We also found that maternal glucose tolerance and parity correlated with offspring glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Maternal WSD exposure results in persistently decreased α-cell mass in the three-year old offspring. WSD/CTR islets secreted greater amounts of insulin ex vivo, suggesting that these islets are primed to hyper-secrete insulin under certain metabolic stressors. Although WSD did not induce overt impaired glucose tolerance in dams or offspring, offspring born to mothers with higher glucose excursions during a glucose tolerance test were more likely to also show higher glucose excursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Elsakr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine Tennant
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sifang Kathy Zhao
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karly Kroeten
- Vanderbilt Summer Diabetes Research Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Raymond C Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Diana L Takahashi
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Tyler A Dean
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Digna R Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, USA.
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12
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Aeffner F, Zarella MD, Buchbinder N, Bui MM, Goodman MR, Hartman DJ, Lujan GM, Molani MA, Parwani AV, Lillard K, Turner OC, Vemuri VNP, Yuil-Valdes AG, Bowman D. Introduction to Digital Image Analysis in Whole-slide Imaging: A White Paper from the Digital Pathology Association. J Pathol Inform 2019; 10:9. [PMID: 30984469 PMCID: PMC6437786 DOI: 10.4103/jpi.jpi_82_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of whole-slide imaging in digital pathology has brought about the advancement of computer-aided examination of tissue via digital image analysis. Digitized slides can now be easily annotated and analyzed via a variety of algorithms. This study reviews the fundamentals of tissue image analysis and aims to provide pathologists with basic information regarding the features, applications, and general workflow of these new tools. The review gives an overview of the basic categories of software solutions available, potential analysis strategies, technical considerations, and general algorithm readouts. Advantages and limitations of tissue image analysis are discussed, and emerging concepts, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, are introduced. Finally, examples of how digital image analysis tools are currently being used in diagnostic laboratories, translational research, and drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Amgen Inc., Amgen Research, Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Zarella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marilyn M Bui
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mariam A Molani
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anil V Parwani
- The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hannover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ana G Yuil-Valdes
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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13
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Pasek RC, Dunn JC, Elsakr JM, Aramandla M, Matta AR, Gannon M. Vascular-derived connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) is critical for pregnancy-induced β cell hyperplasia in adult mice. Islets 2017; 9:150-158. [PMID: 29111856 PMCID: PMC5710701 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2017.1356963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal β cells undergo compensatory changes including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Failure of these adaptations to occur can result in gestational diabetes mellitus. The secreted protein, Connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), is critical for normal β cell development and promotes regeneration after partial β cell ablation. During embryogenesis, Ctgf is expressed in pancreatic ducts, vasculature, and β cells. In the adult pancreas, Ctgf is expressed only in the vasculature. Here, we report that pregnant mice with global Ctgf haploinsufficiency (CtgfLacZ/+) have an impairment in maternal β cell proliferation, while β cell proliferation in virgin CtgfLacZ/+ females is unaffected. Additionally, α-cell proliferation, β cell size, and GSIS were unaffected in CtgfLacZ/+ mice, suggesting that vascular-derived Ctgf has a specific role in islet compensation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C. Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph M. Elsakr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mounika Aramandla
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anveetha R. Matta
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- CONTACT Maureen Gannon Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., 7465 MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0475
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14
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Carboneau BA, Le TDV, Dunn JC, Gannon M. Unexpected effects of the MIP-CreER transgene and tamoxifen on β-cell growth in C57Bl6/J male mice. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/18/e12863. [PMID: 27670405 PMCID: PMC5037909 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models have been fundamental in the discovery of factors that regulate β-cell development, mass, and function. Several groups have recently shown that some of these models display previously uncharacterized phenotypes due to the transgenic system itself. These include impaired islet function and increased β-cell mass due to the presence of a human growth hormone (hGH) minigene as well as impaired β-cell proliferation in response to tamoxifen (TM) administration. We aimed to determine how these systems impact β-cell mass and proliferation during high fat diet (HFD). To this end, we utilized C57Bl6/J male MIP-CreER mice, which are known to express hGH, or wild-type (WT) mice treated with vehicle corn oil or TM In the absence of TM, MIP-CreER mice fed a chow diet have increased β-cell mass due to hypertrophy, whereas replication is unchanged. Similarly, after 1 week on HFD, MIP-CreER mice have increased β-cell mass compared to WT, and this is due to hypertrophy rather than increased proliferation. To assess the impact of TM on β-cell proliferation and mass, WT mice were treated with vehicle corn oil or TM and then fed a chow diet or HFD for 3 days. We observed that TM-treated mice have improved glucose homeostasis on chow diet but impaired β-cell proliferation in response to 3 days HFD feeding. These results unveil additional complications associated with commonly used pancreas-specific mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Carboneau
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thao D V Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, Tennessee Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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15
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Pasek RC, Dunn JC, Elsakr JM, Aramandla M, Matta AR, Gannon M. Connective tissue growth factor is critical for proper β-cell function and pregnancy-induced β-cell hyperplasia in adult mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E564-74. [PMID: 27460898 PMCID: PMC5142004 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00194.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal β-cells undergo compensatory changes, including increased β-cell mass and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Failure of these adaptations to occur results in gestational diabetes mellitus. The secreted protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is critical for normal β-cell development and promotes regeneration after partial β-cell ablation. During embryogenesis, CTGF is expressed in pancreatic ducts, vasculature, and β-cells. In adult pancreas, CTGF is expressed only in the vasculature. Here we show that pregnant mice with global Ctgf haploinsufficiency (Ctgf(LacZ/+)) have an impairment in maternal β-cell proliferation; no difference was observed in virgin Ctgf(LacZ/+) females. Using a conditional CTGF allele, we found that mice with a specific inactivation of CTGF in endocrine cells (Ctgf(ΔEndo)) develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy, but this is due to a reduction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion rather than impaired maternal β-cell proliferation. Moreover, virgin Ctgf(ΔEndo) females also display impaired GSIS with glucose intolerance, indicating that underlying β-cell dysfunction precedes the development of gestational diabetes in this animal model. This is the first time a role for CTGF in β-cell function has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph M Elsakr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Mounika Aramandla
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anveetha R Matta
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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16
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Meier DT, Entrup L, Templin AT, Hogan MF, Samarasekera T, Zraika S, Boyko EJ, Kahn SE. Determination of Optimal Sample Size for Quantification of β-Cell Area, Amyloid Area and β-Cell Apoptosis in Isolated Islets. J Histochem Cytochem 2015. [PMID: 26216141 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415585995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture of isolated rodent islets is widely used in diabetes research to assess different endpoints, including outcomes requiring histochemical staining. As islet yields during isolation are limited, we determined the number of islets required to obtain reliable data by histology. We found that mean values for insulin-positive β-cell area/islet area, thioflavin S-positive amyloid area/islet area and β-cell apoptosis do not vary markedly when more than 30 islets are examined. Measurement variability declines as more islets are quantified, so that the variability of the coefficient of variation (CV) in human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) transgenic islets for β-cell area/islet area, amyloid area/islet area and β-cell apoptosis are 13.20% ± 1.52%, 10.03% ± 1.76% and 6.78% ± 1.53%, respectively (non-transgenic: 7.65% ± 1.17% β-cell area/islet area and 8.93% ± 1.56% β-cell apoptosis). Increasing the number of islets beyond 30 had marginal effects on the CV. Using 30 islets, 6 hIAPP-transgenic preparations are required to detect treatment effects of 14% for β-cell area/islet area, 30% for amyloid area/islet area and 23% for β-cell apoptosis (non-transgenic: 9% for β-cell area/islet area and 45% for β-cell apoptosis). This information will be of value in the design of studies using isolated islets to examine β cells and islet amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Meier
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (DTM, LE, ATT, MFH, TS, SZ, SEK)
| | - Leon Entrup
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (DTM, LE, ATT, MFH, TS, SZ, SEK)
| | - Andrew T Templin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (DTM, LE, ATT, MFH, TS, SZ, SEK)
| | - Meghan F Hogan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (DTM, LE, ATT, MFH, TS, SZ, SEK)
| | - Thanya Samarasekera
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (DTM, LE, ATT, MFH, TS, SZ, SEK)
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (DTM, LE, ATT, MFH, TS, SZ, SEK)
| | - Edward J Boyko
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Division of General Internal Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (EJB)
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (DTM, LE, ATT, MFH, TS, SZ, SEK)
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17
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Golson ML, Dunn JC, Maulis MF, Dadi PK, Osipovich AB, Magnuson MA, Jacobson DA, Gannon M. Activation of FoxM1 Revitalizes the Replicative Potential of Aged β-Cells in Male Mice and Enhances Insulin Secretion. Diabetes 2015; 64:3829-38. [PMID: 26251404 PMCID: PMC4613976 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes incidence increases with age, while β-cell replication declines. The transcription factor FoxM1 is required for β-cell replication in various situations, and its expression declines with age. We hypothesized that increased FoxM1 activity in aged β-cells would rejuvenate proliferation. Induction of an activated form of FoxM1 was sufficient to increase β-cell mass and proliferation in 12-month-old male mice after just 2 weeks. Unexpectedly, at 2 months of age, induction of activated FoxM1 in male mice improved glucose homeostasis with unchanged β-cell mass. Cells expressing activated FoxM1 demonstrated enhanced glucose-stimulated Ca2+ influx, which resulted in improved glucose tolerance through enhanced β-cell function. Conversely, our laboratory has previously demonstrated that mice lacking FoxM1 in the pancreas display glucose intolerance or diabetes with only a 60% reduction in β-cell mass, suggesting that the loss of FoxM1 is detrimental to β-cell function. Ex vivo insulin secretion was therefore examined in size-matched islets from young mice lacking FoxM1 in β-cells. Foxm1-deficient islets indeed displayed reduced insulin secretion. Our studies reveal that activated FoxM1 increases β-cell replication while simultaneously enhancing insulin secretion and improving glucose homeostasis, making FoxM1 an attractive therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Golson
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew F Maulis
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Prasanna K Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Anna B Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Maureen Gannon
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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18
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Riley KG, Pasek RC, Maulis MF, Peek J, Thorel F, Brigstock DR, Herrera PL, Gannon M. Connective tissue growth factor modulates adult β-cell maturity and proliferation to promote β-cell regeneration in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:1284-98. [PMID: 25392241 PMCID: PMC4375083 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of endogenous β-cell expansion could facilitate regeneration in patients with diabetes. In mice, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is expressed in embryonic β-cells and in adult β-cells during periods of expansion. We discovered that in embryos CTGF is necessary for β-cell proliferation, and increased CTGF in β-cells promotes proliferation of immature (MafA(-)) insulin-positive cells. CTGF overexpression, under nonstimulatory conditions, does not increase adult β-cell proliferation. In this study, we tested the ability of CTGF to promote β-cell proliferation and regeneration after partial β-cell destruction. β-Cell mass reaches 50% recovery after 4 weeks of CTGF treatment, primarily via increased β-cell proliferation, which is enhanced as early as 2 days of treatment. CTGF treatment increases the number of immature β-cells but promotes proliferation of both mature and immature β-cells. A shortened β-cell replication refractory period is also observed. CTGF treatment upregulates positive cell-cycle regulators and factors involved in β-cell proliferation, including hepatocyte growth factor, serotonin synthesis, and integrin β1. Ex vivo treatment of whole islets with recombinant human CTGF induces β-cell replication and gene expression changes consistent with those observed in vivo, demonstrating that CTGF acts directly on islets to promote β-cell replication. Thus, CTGF can induce replication of adult mouse β-cells given a permissive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Riley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Raymond C Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Jennifer Peek
- The School for Science and Math at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Fabrizio Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R Brigstock
- Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Children's Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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19
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Mosser RE, Maulis MF, Moullé VS, Dunn JC, Carboneau BA, Arasi K, Pappan K, Poitout V, Gannon M. High-fat diet-induced β-cell proliferation occurs prior to insulin resistance in C57Bl/6J male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E573-82. [PMID: 25628421 PMCID: PMC4385873 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00460.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Both short- (1 wk) and long-term (2-12 mo) high-fat diet (HFD) studies reveal enhanced β-cell mass due to increased β-cell proliferation. β-Cell proliferation following HFD has been postulated to occur in response to insulin resistance; however, whether HFD can induce β-cell proliferation independent of insulin resistance has been controversial. To examine the kinetics of HFD-induced β-cell proliferation and its correlation with insulin resistance, we placed 8-wk-old male C57Bl/6J mice on HFD for different lengths of time and assayed the following: glucose tolerance, insulin secretion in response to glucose, insulin tolerance, β-cell mass, and β-cell proliferation. We found that β-cell proliferation was significantly increased after only 3 days of HFD feeding, weeks before an increase in β-cell mass or peripheral insulin resistance was detected. These results were confirmed by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps and measurements of α-hydroxybutyrate, a plasma biomarker of insulin resistance in humans. An increase in expression of key islet-proliferative genes was found in isolated islets from 1-wk HFD-fed mice compared with chow diet (CD)-fed mice. These data indicate that short-term HFD feeding enhances β-cell proliferation before insulin resistance becomes apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rockann E Mosser
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee; Departments of Medicine
| | - Matthew F Maulis
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee; Departments of Medicine
| | - Valentine S Moullé
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Cente, and
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee; Departments of Medicine
| | - Bethany A Carboneau
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Cente, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee; Departments of Medicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
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Golson ML, Maulis MF, Dunn JC, Poffenberger G, Schug J, Kaestner KH, Gannon MA. Activated FoxM1 attenuates streptozotocin-mediated β-cell death. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1435-47. [PMID: 25073103 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box transcription factor FoxM1, a positive regulator of the cell cycle, is required for β-cell mass expansion postnatally, during pregnancy, and after partial pancreatectomy. Up-regulation of full-length FoxM1, however, is unable to stimulate increases in β-cell mass in unstressed mice or after partial pancreatectomy, probably due to the lack of posttranslational activation. We hypothesized that expression of an activated form of FoxM1 could aid in recovery after β-cell injury. We therefore derived transgenic mice that inducibly express an activated version of FoxM1 in β-cells (RIP-rtTA;TetO-hemagglutinin (HA)-Foxm1(Δ)(NRD) mice). This N-terminally truncated form of FoxM1 bypasses 2 posttranslational controls: exposure of the forkhead DNA binding domain and targeted proteasomal degradation. Transgenic mice were subjected to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced β-cell ablation to test whether activated FoxM1 can promote β-cell regeneration. Mice expressing HA-FoxM1(ΔNRD) displayed decreased ad libitum-fed blood glucose and increased β-cell mass. β-Cell proliferation was actually decreased in RIP-rtTA:TetO-HA-Foxm1(NRD) mice compared with that in RIP-rtTA mice 7 days after STZ treatment. Unexpectedly, β-cell death was decreased 2 days after STZ treatment. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that activated FoxM1 alters the expression of extracellular matrix and immune cell gene profiles, which may protect against STZ-mediated death. These studies highlight a previously underappreciated role for FoxM1 in promoting β-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Golson
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Department of Veteran Affairs (M.L.G., M.F.M., J.C.D., G.P., M.A.G.), Nashville, Tennessee 37212; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.L.G., M.F.M., J.C.D., G.P., M.A.G.), and Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology (M.A.G.) and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.A.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (J.S., K.H.K.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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