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Matia-Garcia I, Ocampo-Galeana JA, Muñoz-Valle JF, Soñanez-Organis JG, González RA, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Marino-Ortega LA, Parra-Rojas I. An Observational Study Suggests That Natural HAdV-36 Infection Decreases Blood Glucose Levels without Affecting Insulin Levels in Obese Young Subjects. Viruses 2024; 16:922. [PMID: 38932214 PMCID: PMC11209432 DOI: 10.3390/v16060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus-36 (HAdV-36) infection has been linked to obesity, low lipid levels, and improvements in blood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in animal models and humans, although epidemiological studies remain controversial. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between HAdV-36 seropositivity and glycemic control in youths. This observational study examined 460 youths (246 with normal weight and 214 obese subjects). All participants underwent assessments for anthropometry, blood pressure, circulating fasting levels of glucose, lipids, insulin, and anti-HAdV-36 antibodies; additionally, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. In all, 57.17% of the subjects were HAdV-36 seropositive. Moreover, HAdV-36 seroprevalence was higher in obese subjects compared to their normal weight counterparts (59% vs. 55%). BMI (33.1 vs. 32.3 kg/m2, p = 0.03), and waist circumference (107 vs. 104 cm, p = 0.02), insulin levels (21 vs. 16.3 µU/mL, p = 0.003), and HOMA-IR (4.6 vs. 3.9, p = 0.02) were higher in HAdV-36-positive subjects with obesity compared to seronegative subjects. In the obese group, HAdV-36 seropositivity was associated with a reducing effect in blood glucose levels in a model adjusted for total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, age and sex (β = -10.44, p = 0.014). Furthermore, a statistically significant positive relationship was observed between HAdV-36 seropositivity and insulin levels in the obesity group. These findings suggest that natural HAdV-36 infection improves glycemic control but does not ameliorate hyperinsulinemia in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Matia-Garcia
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39087, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Jorge Adalberto Ocampo-Galeana
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39087, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Research Institute in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Science, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Soñanez-Organis
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Sciences, University of Sonora, Campus Navojoa, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ramón A. González
- Research Center in Cellular Dynamics, Research Institute in Basic and Applied Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39087, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Linda Anahi Marino-Ortega
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39087, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39087, Guerrero, Mexico
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Göttig L, Schreiner S. E4orf1: The triple agent of adenovirus - Unraveling its roles in oncogenesis, infectious obesity and immune responses in virus replication and vector therapy. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 17:200277. [PMID: 38428735 PMCID: PMC10937242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are nearly ubiquitous pathogens comprising numerous sub-types that infect various tissues and organs. Among many encoded proteins that facilitate viral replication and subversion of host cellular processes, the viral E4orf1 protein has emerged as an intriguing yet under-investigated player in the complex interplay between the virus and its host. E4orf1 has gained attention as a metabolism activator and oncogenic agent, while recent research is showing that E4orf1 may play a more important role in modulating cellular pathways such as PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Ras, the immune response and further HAdV replication stages than previously anticipated. In this review, we aim to explore the structure, molecular mechanisms, and biological functions of E4orf1, shedding light on its potentially multifaceted roles during HAdV infection, including metabolic diseases and oncogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of functional E4orf1 in biotechnological applications such as Adenovirus (AdV) vaccine vectors and oncolytic AdV. By dissecting the intricate relationships between HAdV types and E4orf1 proteins, this review provides valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and points to promising areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Göttig
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Resolving Infection Susceptibility; EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Márquez V, Ballesteros G, Dobner T, González RA. Adipocyte commitment of 3T3-L1 cells is required to support human adenovirus 36 productive replication concurrent with altered lipid and glucose metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1016200. [PMID: 36237435 PMCID: PMC9553024 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1016200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus 36 (HAdV-D36) can cause obesity in animal models, induces an adipogenic effect and increased adipocyte differentiation in cell culture. HAdV-D36 infection alters gene expression and the metabolism of the infected cells resulting in increased glucose internalization and triglyceride accumulation. Although HAdV-D36 prevalence correlates with obesity in humans, whether human preadipocytes may be targeted in vivo has not been determined and metabolic reprogramming of preadipocytes has not been explored in the context of the viral replication cycle. HAdV-D36 infection of the mouse fibroblasts, 3T3-L1 cells, which can differentiate into adipocytes, promotes proliferation and differentiation, but replication of the virus in these cells is abortive as indicated by short-lived transient expression of viral mRNA and a progressive loss of viral DNA. Therefore, we have evaluated whether a productive viral replication cycle can be established in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model under conditions that drive the cell differentiation process. For this purpose, viral mRNA levels and viral DNA replication were measured by RT-qPCR and qPCR, respectively, and viral progeny production was determined by plaque assay. The lipogenic effect of infection was evaluated with Oil Red O (ORO) staining, and expression of genes that control lipid and glucose metabolism was measured by RT-qPCR. In the context of a viral productive cycle, HAdV-D36 modulated the expression of the adipogenic genes, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ, as well as intracellular lipid accumulation, and the infection was accompanied by altered expression of glucolytic genes. The results show that only adipocyte-committed 3T3-L1 cells are permissive for the expression of early and late viral mRNAs, as well as viral DNA replication and progeny production, supporting productive HAdV-D36 viral replication, indicating that a greater effect on adipogenesis occurs in adipocytes that support productive viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Márquez
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Grisel Ballesteros
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramón A. González
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ramón A. González,
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Mostofinejad Z, Akheruzzaman M, Abu Bakkar Siddik M, Patkar P, Dhurandhar NV, Hegde V. Antidiabetic E4orf1 protein prevents hepatic steatosis and reduces markers of aging-related cellular damage in high fat fed older mice. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002096. [PMID: 33941552 PMCID: PMC8098932 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older age is associated with greater prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease. These metabolic conditions and aging are bidirectionally linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition. Although effectively addressing these conditions is important for influencing the health and the lifespan, it is particularly challenging in older age. We reported that E4orf1, a protein derived from human adenovirus Ad36, reduces hyperinsulinemia, improves glucose clearance, and protects against hepatic steatosis in younger mice exposed to high fat diet (HFD). Here, we tested if E4orf1 will improve glycemic control, liver fat accumulation, mitochondrial integrity, and reduce telomere attrition in older mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used 9-month-old mice that inducibly expressed E4orf1 in adipose tissue and non-E4orf1 expressing control mice. Mice were maintained on a 60% (kcal) HFD for 20 weeks and glycemic control was determined by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test at week 20. Following 20 weeks of HF-feeding, mice were sacrificed and liver tissues collected to determine the expression of aging genes using qRT-PCR based RT2 Profiler PCR array. RESULTS Compared with the control mice, E4orf1 significantly improved glycemic control and reduced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Additionally, E4orf1 maintained markers of mitochondrial integrity and telomere attrition. CONCLUSION E4orf1 has the potential to improve glycemic control in older mice, and the improvement persists even after longer term exposure. E4orf1 expression also maintains mitochondrial integrity and telomere attrition, thus delaying age-associated diseases. This provides strong evidence for therapeutic utility of E4orf1 in improving age-associated metabolic and cellular changes that occur with aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mostofinejad
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Md Akheruzzaman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Presheet Patkar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Cakmakliogullari EK, Eroglu S. Adenovirus-36 infection and obesity: A case control study of Turkish women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:415-418. [PMID: 33581595 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adenovirus-36 (Ad-36) seropositivity has been shown to be involved in the aetiology of obesity. The aim of this study was to examine Ad-36 positivity in obese and normal-weight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS There were two groups including 92 and 110 subjects. This study was a prospective case-control study. The enzyme-immunoassay method was used to quantitatively determine antibodies (Abs) specific to human Ad-36 in the serum samples. Age, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose levels and insulin levels of the participants were recorded. The PCOS and control group patients were divided into two groups: the overweight group with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and non-obese group with BMI <25 kg/m2. RESULTS Ad-36 Ab positivity in the PCOS group was found to be significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001). Ad-36 Ab positivity was significantly higher in the PCOS obese group than in the control obese group (p < 0.001). Ad-36 Ab positivity and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were identified as independent predictors of PCOS in logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION Ad-36 Ab positivity was significantly higher in the obese/overweight PCOS patients. Obesity can be prevented in patients with PCOS by treating Ad-36.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Semra Eroglu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Baskent University, Konya, Turkey.
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da Silva Fernandes J, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Cancelier ACL, Gonçalves e Silva HC, de Sousa DG, Atkinson RL, Trevisol DJ. Adenovirus 36 prevalence and association with human obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1342-1356. [PMID: 33753885 PMCID: PMC7983349 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity has numerous etiologies and includes biological factors. Studies have demonstrated that the human adenovirus subtype 36 (Adv36) is an adipogenic agent and causes metabolic alterations. Study results on the prevalence of Adv36 and clinical effects in humans vary substantially. This was a systematic review to summarize the studies on the prevalence of Adv36 infection and its association with human obesity. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Observational or experimental studies found in the Medline, Embase, LILACS, Science Direct and SciELO databases that presented results on the prevalence of Adv36 in humans were included. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies were screened. A total of 10,300 adults aged 18-70 years and 4585 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years were assessed. The average prevalence of Adv36 among adults was 22.9%, ranging from 5.5% to 49.8%. Among children and adolescents, the average prevalence of Adv36 was 28.9%, ranging from 7.5% to 73.9%. There was a positive statistical relationship between Adv36 and weight gain, obesity, or metabolic changes in 31 studies. However, in four studies there was no association with obesity, and in one, no association was described. One of the studies showed an inverse correlation, i.e., Adv36 was a protective factor against obesity. CONCLUSION Strong evidence suggested a positive association between viral infection and obesity. However, due to the multi-causality of obesity and heterogeneity of studies, diagnostic tests should be standardized and easily accessible by the population to estimate the overall prevalence of Adv36 infection and its association with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime da Silva Fernandes
- grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil ,grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Medical School at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil ,grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Medical School at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil ,Clinical Research Center of Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão, Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Lobor Cancelier
- grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil ,grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Medical School at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Helena Caetano Gonçalves e Silva
- grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil ,grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Medical School at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Daiana Gomes de Sousa
- grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Medical School at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Richard L. Atkinson
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Daisson José Trevisol
- grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil ,grid.412297.b0000 0001 0648 9933Medical School at University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
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Dyer A, Frost S, Fisher KD, Seymour LW. The role of cancer metabolism in defining the success of oncolytic viro-immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:115-123. [PMID: 32921554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses infect, replicate in, and kill cancer cells selectively without harming normal cells. The rapidly expanding clinical development of oncolytic virotherapy is an exciting interdisciplinary field that provides insights into virology, oncology, and immunotherapy. Recent years have seen greater focus on rational design of cancer-selective viruses together with strategies to exploit their immunostimulatory capabilities, ultimately to develop powerful oncolytic cancer vaccines. However, despite great interest in the field, many important experiments are still conducted under optimum conditions in vitro, with many nutrients present in excess and with cellular stress kept to a minimum. Whilst this provides a convenient platform for cell culture, it bears little relation to the typical conditions found within a tumour in vivo, where cells are often subject to a range of metabolic and environmental stresses. Viral infection and cancer will both lead to production of metabolites that are also not present in media in vitro. Understanding how oncolytic viruses interact with cells exposed to more representative metabolic conditions in vitro represents an under-explored area of study that could provide valuable insight into the intelligent design of superior oncolytic viruses and help bridge the gap between bench and bedside. This review summarises the major metabolic pathways altered in cancer cells, during viral infection and highlights possible targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Dyer
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally Frost
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kerry D Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Len W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Old Road Campus Research Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, OX37DQ, UK.
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Hegde V, Dhurandhar NV, Reddy PH. Hyperinsulinemia or Insulin Resistance: What Impacts the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:S71-S79. [PMID: 31744006 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), which is often accompanied by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, is associated with an increased risk for developing mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms for this association are still unclear. Recent findings have shown that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance can coexist or be independent events. This makes it imperative to determine the contribution of these individual conditions in impacting AD. This literature review highlights the recent developments of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance involvement in the progression and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Hegde
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Neuroscience/Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Shirani F, Teimoori A, McAinch AJ, Rashno M, Latifi SM, Karandish M. Human adenovirus 36 improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles and increases inflammatory markers in Wistar rats. J Investig Med 2020; 68:980-984. [PMID: 32303633 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) causes obesity with increased adiposity, in contrast, Ad-36 infection reduces glucose and lipid metabolism; the results, however, are not consistent. In the current study, the effects of Ad-36 infection on glucose and lipid profile and inflammatory markers in Wistar rats were investigated. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into infected and control groups. Ad-36 virus suspension was injected in the experimental group rats. Blood samples were collected in the beginning and after 12 weeks in both groups. After 12 weeks, a significant improvement was observed in fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, insulin sensitivity, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol in the infected group compared with the non-infected groups. There were no significant differences in inflammatory biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels between infected and control groups. This study showed that Ad-36 had favorable effects on glycemic and lipid control in infected rats, but inflammatory biomarker levels were similar for 2 groups. Ad-36 infections could potentially be a new way to develop novel antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shirani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, and Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- School of Medicine, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
- Diabetes Research Center and Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Karandish
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Reducing endogenous insulin is linked with protection against hepatic steatosis in mice. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:11. [PMID: 32286259 PMCID: PMC7156670 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are closely associated with hepatic steatosis (HS), which if untreated can advance to serious liver conditions. Since insulin promotes hepatic lipogenesis, reducing hyperinsulinemia may help in treating HS. E4orf1 is an adenovirus-derived protein that improves glucose clearance independent of insulin, lowers insulin amount required for glucose disposal, and reduces HS. As a next step, we evaluated the mechanism for E4orf1-induced reduction in HS and tested that E4orf1 does not induce hypoglycemia, an important attribute for its application as a potential anti-diabetic agent. Methods C57Bl/6J mice that transgenically express E4orf1 in adipose tissue (E4orf-Tg) and wild-type (WT) mice received a chow diet for 6 weeks, followed by a high-fat (HF) diet for additional 10 weeks. Body composition, blood glucose, and serum insulin levels upon glucose load were measured at 0, 6, 7, and 16 weeks. Serum free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride (TG), and hepatic TG were measured at study termination. We compared histology and the mRNA/protein markers of hepatic and adipose tissue lipid metabolism between the two groups of mice. Results On chow diet, both groups remained normoglycemic, but E4orf1 expression reduced insulin response. On HF diet, glycemic control in WT deteriorated, whereas E4orf1 significantly enhanced glycemic control, lowered insulin response, reduced hepatic triglycerides, and serum FFA. Overall, a comparison of hepatic mRNA and/or protein expression suggested that E4orf1 expression significantly decreased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and intracellular lipid transport and increased fat oxidation and TG export. Adipose tissue mRNA and protein markers suggested that E4orf1 expression lowered DNL and increased lipolysis. Conclusion Considering that E4orf1 is not secreted in circulation, we postulate that reduced endogenous insulin in E4orf1 mice indirectly contributes to reduce HS by altering hepatic lipid metabolism, including lipogenesis. This study underscores the possibility of indirectly impacting HS by manipulating adipose tissue metabolism.
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Hegde V, Vijayan M, Kumar S, Akheruzzaman M, Sawant N, Dhurandhar NV, Reddy PH. Adenovirus 36 improves glycemic control and markers of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165531. [PMID: 31398466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. While the causes of AD are unclear, several risk factors have been identified, including impaired glycemic control, which significantly increases the risk of cognitive decline and AD. In vitro and in vivo studies show that human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) improves glycemic control by increasing cellular glucose uptake in cells, experimental animal models and in humans who are naturally exposed to the virus. This study, tested improvement in glycemic control by Ad36 and delay in onset of cognitive decline in APPswe transgenic mice (Tg2576 line), a model of genetic predisposition to impaired glycemic control and AD. Three-month old APPswe mice were divided into Ad36 infected (Ad36) or mock infected (control) groups and baseline glycemic control measured by glucose tolerance test (GTT) prior to infection. Changes in glycemic control were determined 10- and 24-week post infection. Serum insulin was also measured during GTT. Cognition was determined by Y-maze test, while motor coordination and skill acquisition by rotarod test. Glycemic control as determined by GTT showed less deterioration in Ad36 infected mice over time, accompanied by a significant attenuation of cognitive decline. Analysis of brain tissue lysate showed significantly reduced levels of amyloid beta 42 in Ad36 mice relative to control mice. Golgi-Cox staining analysis also revealed reduced dendritic spines and synaptic gene expression in control mice compared to Ad36 infected mice. This proof of concept study shows that in a mouse model of AD, Ad36 improves glycemic control and ameliorates cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hegde
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - M Vijayan
- Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Neuroscience/Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - S Kumar
- Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Neuroscience/Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Md Akheruzzaman
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - N Sawant
- Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Neuroscience/Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - N V Dhurandhar
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - P H Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Neuroscience/Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Gamage S, Peddibhotla S, Reddy PH, Dhurandhar NV, Hegde V. Improvement in Glycemic Control in Mice of Different Age Groups. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 129:519-527. [PMID: 31340394 DOI: 10.1055/a-0961-7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND METHODS The declining ability to control blood glucose with advancement of age is an important health risk factor and may lead to insulin resistance, type-2-diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Adenovirus 36(Ad36) improves glycemic control independent of insulin signaling(insulin sparing effect) as evidenced by cell, animal and observational human studies. This property of Ad36 may be useful in correcting aging-related glucose intolerance and related health conditions. Therefore, we determined the effect of Ad36 on glycemic control in older mice, to identify the age group that best responds to Ad36. Six, 12 or 20-month old C57Bl/6 mice on chow diet were each divided into weight-matched groups(mock-infected or Ad36-infected). Body weight was recorded weekly post infection (p.i.) and fasting glucose measured(week 0, 4, 8 and 20 p.i.). Blood glucose and serum insulin were measured during glucose tolerance test(week 0 and 16 p.i.). At week 20 p.i., animals were sacrificed, blood and tissues collected. RESULTS Mice from all age groups showed improvement in glucose clearance post Ad36 infection, but a more profound effect was observed in 6-month old mice compared with mock-infected mice. Under fed conditions though there was no difference in blood glucose at 20 wk p.i., interestingly, Ad36 reduced serum insulin in age groups old mice, compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest Ad36 infected animals improve glycemic control and clear post-prandial gluco00000se increase without increasing insulin secretion in an insulin sparing manner. These beneficial effects provide strong evidence for developing Ad36-based approaches as a novel tool to attenuate age associated glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhadinie Gamage
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Swetha Peddibhotla
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Neuroscience/Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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E4orf1 protein reduces the need for endogenous insulin. Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9:17. [PMID: 31127081 PMCID: PMC6534626 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-019-0085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background E4orf1 protein derived from adenovirus-36 reduces glucose excursion in mice, and lowers endogenous insulin response, suggesting a reduced need for insulin. We tested if the E4orf1-mediated lowering of insulin response is due to increased tissue sensitivity to insulin, reduced ability to produce or release insulin, or a reduced need for insulin release. Methods Experiment 1: hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamps (HEC) and glucose tolerance test (GTT) were performed in high fat fed transgenic mice expressing E4orf1 or non-transgenic littermates (n = 12 each), for 4 weeks. Experiments 2, 3, and 4: E4orf1 or null vectors were expressed in rat-pancreatic β-cell line (INS-1) for 72 h, and cells were exposed to varying levels of glucose. Cell lysates and media were collected. Experiment 5: 3T3L1-preadipocytes that express E4orf1 upon doxycycline induction, or null vector were induced with doxycycline and then exposed to protein transport inhibitor. Supernatant and cell lysate were collected. Experiment 6: 3T3L1-preadipocytes that express E4orf1 upon doxycycline induction, or null vector were co-cultured with INS-1 cells for 24 h. Media was collected. Results Experiment 1: E4orf1 transgenic mice cleared glucose faster compared to non-transgenic mice during GTT. HEC showed that E4orf1 did not alter tissue sensitivity to exogenous insulin in mice. Experiments 2, 3, and 4: in INS1 cells, E4orf1 did not alter Glut2 abundance or Akt activation, suggesting no reduction in glucose sensing or insulin synthesis, respectively. E4orf1 did not influence glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in media by INS1 cells. Experiment 5: E4orf1 was present in cell lysate, but not in media, indicating it is not a secretory protein. Experiment 6: INS1 cells released less insulin in media when co-cultured in the presence of E4orf1-expressing 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusions Our studies support the working hypothesis that the E4orf1-mediated lowering of insulin response is not due to increased tissue sensitivity to insulin, or reduced ability to produce or release insulin, but likely to be due to a reduced need for insulin release.
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Akheruzzaman M, Hegde V, Dhurandhar NV. Twenty-five years of research about adipogenic adenoviruses: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2019; 20:499-509. [PMID: 30562840 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious etiology is implicated in chronic diseases such as gastric ulcer or atherosclerosis. However, "infection" is a recent term in the field of obesity. Since the first report in 1982 of obesity due to infection, several microbes have been linked to obesity. Among the adipogenic microbes, avian adenovirus SMAM-1 and human adenovirus Ad36 have been studied most extensively for the past 25 years. Here, we present a systematic review of literature about SMAM-1 and Ad36. Reports from North America, Europe, and Asia reveal strong evidence that Ad36 causes obesity in animals and paradoxically improves glycemic control, and in vitro data provides mechanistic explanation. Considering that experimental Ad36 infection of humans is unlikely, its causative role in human obesity or glycemic control has not been demonstrated unequivocally. Nonetheless, most, but not all, observational studies in children and adults link Ad36 infection to obesity and improvement in glycemic control. The E4orf1 gene of Ad36 was identified as responsible for better glycemic control. Overall, 25 years have considerably advanced knowledge about the role of infection in obesity. Potential translational benefits include the development of vaccines to prevent Ad36-induced obesity and drug development based on the E4orf1 protein to improve glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Akheruzzaman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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15
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Gamage S, Reddy PH, Dhurandhar NV, Hegde V. Potential role of E4orf1 protein in aging-associated impairment in glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:261-265. [PMID: 30578020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging constitutes a major risk factor for the development of type-2 diabetes (T2D) where glucose tolerance declines with age, resulting in a high prevalence of T2D and impaired glucose tolerance in the elderly population. Currently more than half of the 20 million U.S. adults with T2D are above the age of 60, and the largest increase in T2D prevalence is expected in the elderly. Obesity is a causative factor for T2D associated insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the aging process is accelerated by hyperglycemia and effective treatment options are limited for the vulnerable aging population. One of the mechanisms contributing to aging associated hyperglycemia is resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Chronic hyperglycemia also accelerates aging by increasing pro-inflammatory milieu leading to impaired immune function. Although currently available anti-diabetic agents improve glycemic control, they have potential serious side effects in some cases. Therefore, additional and better drugs are urgently needed for treatment of insulin resistance and aging associated health risk factors. This review presents the novel use of a microbial protein, E4orf1 as a potential anti-diabetic agent, which functions independent of insulin and obesity, highlighting the role of unique sources for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhadinie Gamage
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Nutritional Sciences Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Nutritional Sciences Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Nutritional Sciences Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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16
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Shastri AA, Hegde V, Peddibhotla S, Feizy Z, Dhurandhar NV. E4orf1: A protein for enhancing glucose uptake despite impaired proximal insulin signaling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208427. [PMID: 30521580 PMCID: PMC6283569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is often linked with impaired proximal insulin signaling. Hence, a therapeutic agent that enhances cellular glucose uptake without requiring proximal insulin signaling would be desirable for improving glycemic control. The E4orf1 peptide (E4) derived from human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) promotes cellular glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo, independent of insulin. E4 bypasses a part of insulin signaling to upregulate cellular glucose uptake. We tested the hypothesis that E4 requires the distal but not proximal insulin signaling to enhance cellular glucose disposal. METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes inducibly expressing E4 or a null vector (NV) were treated with inhibitor of insulin receptor (S961), inhibitor of insulin like growth factor-1receptor (IGF-1R) (Picropodophyllin, PPP), PPP+S961, or phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (Wortmannin, WM). We used PPP and S961 to block the proximal insulin signaling, or WM to block the distal insulin signaling. Cells were exposed to 0 or 100nM insulin. RESULTS As expected, when the proximal or distal insulin signaling was blocked in NV cells, insulin could not enhance pAKT protein abundance, Glut4 translocation, or glucose uptake. Whereas, E4 cells significantly increased pAKT abundance, Glut4 translocation and glucose uptake independent of the presence of insulin or proximal insulin signaling. Enhanced glucose disposal in E4 cells was completely abrogated when the distal insulin signaling was blocked. CONCLUSIONS E4 bypasses the proximal insulin signaling but uses the distal insulin signaling to activate pAkt and in turn Glut4 translocation to improve cellular glucose uptake. E4 offers a promising template to improve glycemic control when the proximal insulin signaling is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha A. Shastri
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Swetha Peddibhotla
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zahra Feizy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaudhary N, Gonzalez E, Chang SH, Geng F, Rafii S, Altorki NK, McGraw TE. Adenovirus Protein E4-ORF1 Activation of PI3 Kinase Reveals Differential Regulation of Downstream Effector Pathways in Adipocytes. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3305-3318. [PMID: 28009298 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates metabolism, including the translocation of the Glut4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane and inactivation of the FoxO1 transcription factor. Adenoviral protein E4-ORF1 stimulates cellular glucose metabolism by mimicking growth-factor activation of PI3K. We have used E4-ORF1 as a tool to dissect PI3K-mediated signaling in adipocytes. E4-ORF1 activation of PI3K in adipocytes recapitulates insulin regulation of FoxO1 but not regulation of Glut4. This uncoupling of PI3K effects occurs despite E4-ORF1 activating PI3K and downstream signaling to levels achieved by insulin. Although E4-ORF1 does not fully recapitulate insulin's effects on Glut4, it enhances insulin-stimulated insertion of Glut4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane independent of Rab10, a key regulator of Glut4 trafficking. E4-ORF1 also stimulates plasma membrane translocation of ubiquitously expressed Glut1 glucose transporter, an effect that is likely essential for E4-ORF1 to promote an anabolic metabolism in a broad range of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eva Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sung-Hee Chang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fuqiang Geng
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Kocazeybek B, Dinc HO, Ergin S, Saribas S, Ozcabi BT, Cizmecigil U, Altan E, Atalik K, Yüksel P, Taner Z, Karakullukcu A, Sirekbasan S, Turan N, Cagatay P, Imamova N, Evliyaoglu O, Yilmaz H. Evaluation of Adenovirus-36 (Ad-36) antibody seropositivity and adipokine levels in obese children. Microb Pathog 2017; 108:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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McMurphy TB, Huang W, Xiao R, Liu X, Dhurandhar NV, Cao L. Hepatic Expression of Adenovirus 36 E4ORF1 Improves Glycemic Control and Promotes Glucose Metabolism Through AKT Activation. Diabetes 2017; 66:358-371. [PMID: 27903748 PMCID: PMC5248996 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering that impaired proximal insulin signaling is linked with diabetes, approaches that enhance glucose disposal independent of insulin signaling are attractive. In vitro data indicate that the E4ORF1 peptide derived from human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) interacts with cells from adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver to enhance glucose disposal, independent of proximal insulin signaling. Adipocyte-specific expression of Ad36E4ORF1 improves hyperglycemia in mice. To determine the hepatic interaction of Ad36E4ORF1 in enhancing glycemic control, we expressed E4ORF1 of Ad36 or Ad5 or fluorescent tag alone by using recombinant adeno-associated viral vector in the liver of three mouse models. In db/db or diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice, hepatic expression of Ad36E4ORF1 but not Ad5E4ORF1 robustly improved glycemic control. In normoglycemic wild-type mice, hepatic expression of Ad36E4ORF1 lowered nonfasting blood glucose at a high dose of expression. Of note, Ad36E4ORF1 significantly reduced insulin levels in db/db and DIO mice. The improvement in glycemic control was observed without stimulation of the proximal insulin signaling pathway. Collectively, these data indicate that Ad36E4ORF1 is not a typical sensitizer, mimetic, or secretagogue of insulin. Instead, it may have insulin-sparing action, which seems to reduce the need for insulin and, hence, to reduce insulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis B McMurphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Run Xiao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Xianglan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Na HN, Hegde V, Dubuisson O, Dhurandhar NV. E4orf1 Enhances Glucose Uptake Independent of Proximal Insulin Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161275. [PMID: 27537838 PMCID: PMC4990264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired proximal insulin signaling is often present in diabetes. Hence, approaches to enhance glucose disposal independent of proximal insulin signaling are desirable. Evidence indicates that Adenovirus-derived E4orf1 protein may offer such an approach. This study determined if E4orf1 improves insulin sensitivity and downregulates proximal insulin signaling in vivo and enhances cellular glucose uptake independent of proximal insulin signaling in vitro. High fat fed mice were injected with a retrovirus plasmid expressing E4orf1, or a null vector. E4orf1 significantly improved insulin sensitivity in response to a glucose load. Yet, their proximal insulin signaling in fat depots was impaired, as indicated by reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), and significantly increased abundance of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1). In 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes E4orf1 expression impaired proximal insulin signaling. Whereas, treatment with rosiglitazone reduced ENPP1 abundance. Unaffected by IR-KD (insulin receptor knockdown) with siRNA, E4orf1 significantly up-regulated distal insulin signaling pathway and enhanced cellular glucose uptake. In vivo, E4orf1 impairs proximal insulin signaling in fat depots yet improves glycemic control. This is probably explained by the ability of E4orf1 to promote cellular glucose uptake independent of proximal insulin signaling. E4orf1 may provide a therapeutic template to enhance glucose disposal in the presence of impaired proximal insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Na
- Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Olga Dubuisson
- Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
- Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Human adenovirus Ad36 and its E4orf1 gene enhance cellular glucose uptake even in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Biochimie 2016; 124:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Obesity, which causes some cancer types and other diseases, is not only a global public health problem, but also a factor that affects country's economy. Endocrinal, environmental, neuronal and genetic factors have important roles on the etiology of obesity. When the possibility that SMAM‐1 animal virus could have a relationship with obesity was observed, obesity studies focused on human adenoviruses. Adenovirus‐36 was first isolated in 1978 and was the first human adenovirus to be tested in terms of infectobesity. Both in vivo and in vitro studies proved the strong relationship between adenovirus‐36 presence and obesity. Therefore, a large-scale study incorporating various ethnicities and age groups is required to investigate the worldwide epidemic of obesity and its links with viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamese Murat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Altoparlak Ulku
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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23
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Hegde V, Na HN, Dubuisson O, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Burk D, Mendoza T, Dhurandhar NV. An adenovirus-derived protein: A novel candidate for anti-diabetic drug development. Biochimie 2016; 121:140-50. [PMID: 26700141 PMCID: PMC5125614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Exposure to human adenovirus Ad36 is causatively and correlatively linked with better glycemic control in animals and humans, respectively. Although the anti-hyperglycemic property of Ad36 may offer some therapeutic potential, it is impractical to use an infectious agent for therapeutic benefit. Cell-based studies identified that Ad36 enhances cellular glucose disposal via its E4orf1 protein. Ability to improve glycemic control in vivo is a critical prerequisite for further investigating the therapeutic potential of E4orf1. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the ability of E4orf1 to improve glycemic control independent of insulin despite high fat diet. MATERIALS & METHODS 8-9wk old male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (60% kcal) were injected with a retrovirus plasmid expressing E4orf1, or a null vector (Control). Glycemic control was determined by glucose and insulin tolerance test. Islet cell size, amount of insulin and glucagon were determined in formalin-fixed pancreas. Rat insulinoma cell line (832/13) was infected with E4orf1 or control to determine changes in glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Protein from flash frozen adipose tissue depots, liver and muscle was used to determine molecular signaling by western blotting. RESULTS In multiple experiments, retrovirus-mediated E4orf1 expression in C57BL/6J mice significantly and reproducibly improved glucose excursion following a glucose load despite a high fat diet (60% energy). Importantly, E4orf1 improved glucose clearance without increasing insulin sensitivity, production or secretion, underscoring its insulin-independent effect. E4orf1 modulated molecular signaling in mice tissue, which included greater protein abundance of adiponectin, p-AKT and Glucose transporter Glu4. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the proof of concept for translational development of E4orf1 as a potential anti-diabetic agent. High fat intake and impaired insulin signaling are often associated with obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance. Hence, the ability of E4orf1 to improve glycemic control despite high fat diet and independent of insulin, is particularly attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Hegde
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Ha-Na Na
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Olga Dubuisson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Susan J Burke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - J Jason Collier
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - David Burk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Tamra Mendoza
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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HAINER V, ZAMRAZILOVÁ H, KUNEŠOVÁ M, BENDLOVÁ B, ALDHOON-HAINEROVÁ I. Obesity and Infection: Reciprocal Causality. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S105-19. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between different infectious agents and obesity have been reported in humans for over thirty years. In many cases, as in nosocomial infections, this relationship reflects the greater susceptibility of obese individuals to infection due to impaired immunity. In such cases, the infection is not related to obesity as a causal factor but represents a complication of obesity. In contrast, several infections have been suggested as potential causal factors in human obesity. However, evidence of a causal linkage to human obesity has only been provided for adenovirus 36 (Adv36). This virus activates lipogenic and proinflammatory pathways in adipose tissue, improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and hepatic steatosis. The E4orf1 gene of Adv36 exerts insulin senzitizing effects, but is devoid of its pro-inflammatory modalities. The development of a vaccine to prevent Adv36-induced obesity or the use of E4orf1 as a ligand for novel antidiabetic drugs could open new horizons in the prophylaxis and treatment of obesity and diabetes. More experimental and clinical studies are needed to elucidate the mutual relations between infection and obesity, identify additional infectious agents causing human obesity, as well as define the conditions that predispose obese individuals to specific infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. HAINER
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Park S, Park HL, Lee SY, Nam JH. Characteristics of adipose tissue macrophages and macrophage-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 in virus-induced obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:460-70. [PMID: 26395748 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various pathogens are implicated in the induction of obesity. Previous studies have confirmed that human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) is associated with increased adiposity, improved glycemic control and induction of inflammation. The Ad36-induced inflammation is reflected in the infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue. However, the characteristics and role of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and macrophage-secreted factors in virus-induced obesity (VIO) are unclear. Although insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in obesity metabolism, the contribution of IGF secreted by macrophages in VIO has not been studied. METHODS Four-week-old male mice were studied 1 week and 12 weeks after Ad36 infection for determining the characteristics of ATMs in VIO and diet-induced obesity (DIO). In addition, macrophage-specific IGF-1-deficient (MIKO) mice were used to study the involvement of IGF-1 in VIO. RESULTS In the early stage of VIO (1 week after Ad36 infection), the M1 ATM sub-population increased, which increased the M1/M2 ratio, whereas DIO did not cause this change. In the late stage of VIO (12 weeks after Ad36 infection), the M1/M2 ratio did not change because the M1 and M2 ATM sub-populations increased to a similar extent, despite an increase in adiposity. By contrast, DIO increased the M1/M2 ratio. In addition, VIO in wild-type mice upregulated angiogenesis in adipose tissue and improved glycemic control. However, MIKO mice showed no increase in adiposity, angiogenesis, infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue, or improvement in glycemic control after Ad36 infection. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IGF-1 secreted by macrophages may contribute to hyperplasia and hypertrophy in adipose tissue by increasing angiogenesis, which helps to maintain the 'adipose tissue robustness'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - H-L Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - S-Y Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Kusminski CM, Gallardo-Montejano VI, Wang ZV, Hegde V, Bickel PE, Dhurandhar NV, Scherer PE. E4orf1 induction in adipose tissue promotes insulin-independent signaling in the adipocyte. Mol Metab 2015; 4:653-64. [PMID: 26500839 PMCID: PMC4588421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose Type 2 diabetes remains a worldwide epidemic with major pathophysiological changes as a result of chronic insulin resistance. Insulin regulates numerous biochemical pathways related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Methods We have generated a novel mouse model that allows us to constitutively activate, in an inducible fashion, the distal branch of the insulin signaling transduction pathway specifically in adipocytes. Results Using the adenoviral 36 E4orf1 protein, we chronically stimulate locally the Ras-ERK-MAPK signaling pathway. At the whole body level, this leads to reduced body-weight gain under a high fat diet challenge. Despite overlapping glucose tolerance curves, there is a reduced requirement for insulin action under these conditions. The mice further exhibit reduced circulating adiponectin levels that ultimately lead to impaired lipid clearance, and inflamed and fibrotic white adipose tissues. Nevertheless, they are protected from diet-induced hepatic steatosis. As we observe constitutively elevated p-Akt levels in the adipocytes, even under conditions of low insulin levels, this pinpoints enhanced Ras-ERK-MAPK signaling in transgenic adipocytes as a potential alternative route to bypass proximal insulin signaling events. Conclusion We conclude that E4orf1 expression in the adipocyte leads to enhanced baseline activation of the distal insulin signaling node, yet impaired insulin receptor stimulation in the presence of insulin, with important implications for the regulation of adiponectin secretion. The resulting systemic phenotype is complex, yet highlights the powerful nature of manipulating selective branches of the insulin signaling network within the adipocyte. Inducible activation of the distal branch of the insulin pathway in adipocytes. Insulin-sparing characteristics during glucose tolerance testing. Chronic activation of the distal Ras-ERK-MAPK signaling pathway. Reduced body-weight during metabolic challenge. Preserved carbohydrate metabolism at the expense of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Violeta I Gallardo-Montejano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Department of Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Perry E Bickel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Department of Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Adenovirus 36 and Obesity: An Overview. Viruses 2015; 7:3719-40. [PMID: 26184280 PMCID: PMC4517116 DOI: 10.3390/v7072787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an epidemic of obesity starting about 1980 in both developed and undeveloped countries definitely associated with multiple etiologies. About 670 million people worldwide are obese. The incidence of obesity has increased in all age groups, including children. Obesity causes numerous diseases and the interaction between genetic, metabolic, social, cultural and environmental factors are possible cofactors for the development of obesity. Evidence emerging over the last 20 years supports the hypothesis that viral infections may be associated with obesity in animals and humans. The most widely studied infectious agent possibly linked to obesity is adenovirus 36 (Adv36). Adv36 causes obesity in animals. In humans, Adv36 associates with obesity both in adults and children and the prevalence of Adv36 increases in relation to the body mass index. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the viral E4orf1 protein (early region 4 open reading frame 1, Adv) mediates the Adv36 effect including its adipogenic potential. The Adv36 infection should therefore be considered as a possible risk factor for obesity and could be a potential new therapeutic target in addition to an original way to understand the worldwide rise of the epidemic of obesity. Here, the data indicating a possible link between viral infection and obesity with a particular emphasis to the Adv36 will be reviewed.
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Dubuisson O, Day RS, Dhurandhar NV. Accurate identification of neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus Ad36, -a putative contributor of obesity in humans. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:83-7. [PMID: 25312598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children and adults, human adenovirus serotype 36 (Ad36) is linked with increased adiposity, and important metabolic alterations. Since this property is not shared by many other human adenovirus serotypes, it is imperative to specifically identify exposure to Ad36. Although serum neutralization assay (SNA) is the gold standard to specifically detect neutralizing antibodies (NA) to Ad36, it requires 2-weeks to complete and considerable training to interpret the results. Whereas, an enzyme-immuno assay (EIA) may provide a quicker and objective determination. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the accuracy of commercially available EIA kits to detect NA to Ad36. Modify SNA to reduce time and increase objectivity. STUDY DESIGN Sera of 15 seropositive or 16 seronegative subjects confirmed by SNA were used to test: 1) reproducibility of SNA to detect Ad36 exposure, by repeating assays twice; 2) an EIA that detects antibodies to all human adenovirus serotypes (NS-EIA) (Abcam-108705); 3) an EIA supposedly specific for Ad36 antibody (Ad36-EIA) (MyBioSource,#MBS705802), and 4) the concordance of SNA with a novel combination of SNA and immune-staining (SN-IS) kit (Cell BioLabs,#VPK-111). RESULTS The SNA showed exact reproducibility. NS-EIA detected adenovirus antibodies in 94% samples, confirming the non-specificity of the assay for Ad36 serotype. All seronegative samples (as determined by SNA) were false positive by Ad36-EIA. In 97% samples, SN-IS showed fidelity with Ad36-antibody status as determined by SNA. CONCLUSIONS The available EIA kits are not specific for detecting NA to Ad36. The modified SNA with immune-staining reduces assay time and increases accuracy of detecting by reducing subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dubuisson
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA
| | - Rena Sue Day
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA.
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Adenovirus 36 attenuates weight loss from exercise but improves glycemic control by increasing mitochondrial activity in the liver. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114534. [PMID: 25479564 PMCID: PMC4257667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 36 (Ad36) as an obesity agent induces adiposity by increasing glucose uptake and promoting chronic inflammation in fat tissues; in contrast, exercise reduces total body fat and inflammation. Our objective was to determine the association between Ad36 and the effects of exercise on inflammation and glycemic control. In the human trials (n = 54), Korean children (aged 12–14 years) exercised for 60 min on three occasions each week for 2 months. We compared the body mass index (BMI) Z-scores before and after exercise. C57BL/6 mice were infected with Ad36 and Ad2 as a control, and these mice exercised for 12 weeks postinfection. After the exercise period, we determined the serum parameters and assessed the presence of inflammation and the mitochondrial function in the organs. Ad36-seropositive children who were subjected to a supervised exercise regimen had high BMI Z-scores whereas Ad36-seronegative children had lower scores. Similarly, Ad36-infected mice were resistant to weight loss and exhibited chronic inflammation of their adipose tissues despite frequent exercise. However, Ad36 combined with exercise reduced the levels of serum glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, and insulin in virus-infected mice. Interestingly, virus infection increased the mitochondrial function in the liver, as demonstrated by the numbers of mitochondria, cytochrome c oxidase activity, and transcription of key mitochondrial genes. Therefore Ad36 counteracts the weight-loss effect of exercise and maintains the chronic inflammatory state, but glycemic control is improved by exercise synergistically because of increased mitochondrial activity in the liver.
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Almgren M, Atkinson RL, Hilding A, He J, Brismar K, Schalling M, Ostenson CG, Lavebratt C. Human adenovirus-36 is uncommon in type 2 diabetes and is associated with increased insulin sensitivity in adults in Sweden. Ann Med 2014; 46:539-46. [PMID: 25045929 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.935469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adenovirus-36 (Adv36) increases adiposity, but also upregulates distal insulin signaling in vitro in human adipose and muscle tissue and in vivo in the rodent independently of adiposity. Accordingly, healthy adults and children with antibodies against Adv36 had increased insulin sensitivity and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation. We hypothesized that Adv36 infection would be less frequent in individuals with type 2 diabetes or impaired glycemic control. METHODS Presence of antibodies against Adv36 was analyzed for association to type 2 diabetes or impaired glycemic control in a two-wave population-based sample of well-characterized adults (n = 1734). Indices of impaired glycemic control included oral glucose tolerance, and circulating fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). RESULTS Adv36 seropositivity was more common in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) than in those with diabetes (females: OR 17.2, 95% CI 4.0-74.3; males: OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.7). Also, females with NGT had higher frequency of Adv36 seropositivity than females with prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose; OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.1). Within the female prediabetes group Adv36 seropositivity was associated with higher insulin sensitivity reflected by reduced HOMA-IR and increased IGFBP-1. CONCLUSION Adv36 infection is associated with lower occurrence of type 2 diabetes and better insulin sensitivity in adults, particularly among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Almgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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Dhurandhar NV, Dhurandhar EJ, Ingram DK, Vaughan K, Mattison JA. Natural infection of human adenovirus 36 in rhesus monkeys is associated with a reduction in fasting glucose 36. J Diabetes 2014; 6:614-6. [PMID: 24909894 PMCID: PMC4208943 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | | | - Donald K. Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Kelli Vaughan
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224
- SoBran, Inc., Burtonsville, MD 20866, USA
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Trovato FM, Catalano D, Garozzo A, Martines GF, Pirri C, Trovato GM. ADV36 adipogenic adenovirus in human liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14706-14716. [PMID: 25356033 PMCID: PMC4209536 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and liver steatosis are usually described as related diseases. Obesity is regarded as exclusive consequence of an imbalance between food intake and physical exercise, modulated by endocrine and genetic factors. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a condition whose natural history is related to, but not completely explained by over-nutrition, obesity and insulin resistance. There is evidence that environmental infections, and notably adipogenic adenoviruses (ADV) infections in humans, are associated not only with obesity, which is sufficiently established, but also with allied conditions, such as fatty liver. In order to elucidate the role, if any, of previous ADV36 infection in humans, we investigated association of ADV36-ADV37 seropositivity with obesity and fatty liver in humans. Moreover, the possibility that lifestyle-nutritional intervention in patients with NAFLD and different ADV36 seropositive status, achieves different clinical outcomes on ultrasound bright liver imaging, insulin resistance and obesity was challenged. ADV36 seropositive patients have a more consistent decrease in insulin resistance, fatty liver severity and body weight in comparison with ADV36 seronegative patients, indicating a greater responsiveness to nutritional intervention. These effects were not dependent on a greater pre-interventional body weight and older age. These results imply that no obvious disadvantage - and, seemingly, that some benefit - is linked to ADV36 seropositivity, at least in NAFLD. ADV36 previous infection can boost weight loss and recovery of insulin sensitivity under interventional treatment.
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Proof-of-concept for a virus-induced obesity vaccine; vaccination against the obesity agent adenovirus 36. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1470-4. [PMID: 24614097 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) is positively associated with obesity in humans and animals. Ad36 infection is characterized by increased adiposity and inflammation. To investigate the possibility that a prophylactic vaccine candidate might protect against Ad36-induced obesity and inflammation, we purified Ad36 and ultraviolet-irradiated virus to obtain a vaccine candidate. After immunizing the mice with the vaccine candidate (vaccinated group), live Ad36 was injected into mice as a challenge test. Unvaccinated mice (control group) were immunized with phosphate-buffered saline and then challenged with live Ad36. Fourteen weeks after challenge, we compared adiposity and inflammation in vaccinated and control mice. The control group showed 17% greater body weight and 20% more epididymal fats compared with the vaccinated group. In addition, the vaccinated group had decreased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and infiltrated immune cells, especially M1 macrophages, in fat tissue. Therefore, the vaccine candidate for Ad36 was able to protect against Ad36-increased body weight and fat as well as inflammatory states after challenge. These results provide proof-of-concept for prophylactic vaccination against virus-induced adiposity.
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Shang Q, Wang H, Song Y, Wei L, Lavebratt C, Zhang F, Gu H. Serological data analyses show that adenovirus 36 infection is associated with obesity: a meta-analysis involving 5739 subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:895-900. [PMID: 23804409 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serological studies on the relationship between adenovirus 36 (Ad36) and an increased risk of obesity development have shown conflicting results. We reviewed the published studies and carried out a meta-analysis to explore this relationship. METHODS PubMed was searched until December 2012 for the relative references with sufficient information to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 11 case-control studies, including 2508 obese subjects and 3005 controls, were selected. RESULTS Compared with nonobese controls, Ad36 infection significantly increased the obesity risk by a pooled OR of 1.60 (95% CI = 1.14-2.25; P < 0.01). Meta-regression showed that the types of subject and obesity assessments were potential risk factors. In the subgroup analysis, a significantly increased risk was found in children (OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.34-2.85; z = 3.45; P < 0.01) and those with an obesity assessment of BMI ≥ 30 kg/cm2 (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.15-3.10; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ad36 infection is associated with an increased risk of obesity development. To our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal the significant relationship in children with a serological data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Heilongjiang key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, China; Pathogenic-Biological key laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, 150081, Harbin, China
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Caselli E, Rizzo R, Ingianni A, Contini P, Pompei R, Di Luca D. High prevalence of HHV8 infection and specific killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors allotypes in Sardinian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1745-51. [PMID: 24122895 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of type 2 diabetes is thought to involve both environmental, possibly infectious, and genetic factors. Recently, a high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection was observed in type 2 diabetes patients, and specific killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) allotypes were associated to both increased susceptibility to herpesvirus infection and risk to develop diabetes. However, no clear gene-disease or virus-disease associations have been established. To investigate the possible interplay between HHV8 infection, KIR allotype and type 2 diabetes, virus prevalence and KIR genotype were analyzed by PCR in 168 patients affected by type 2 diabetes and 108 control individuals belonging to the Sardinian population. Results showed a significant increase of HHV8 prevalence in type 2 diabetes patients versus controls (57% vs. 17%, P < 0.001), and a significant increase of KIR2DL2/DS2 homozygosity in diabetes patients infected with HHV8 compared to uninfected ones (64% vs. 14%, P < 0.0001), resulting in a significant OR of 11.31. In addition, the analysis of the frequency of the KIR2DL2/DS2 receptor and its HLA-C1 ligand, accordingly to the status of HHV8 infection, showed a significant increased correlation between KIR2DL2/DS2, type 2 diabetes and HLA-C1C1 genotype in the type 2 diabetes patients infected with HHV8 compared to uninfected ones (62% vs. 15%, P < 0.0001, OR = 8.64). These findings provide preliminary evidence that HHV8 infection might be a cofactor for type 2 diabetes in a specific subset of genetically susceptible individuals, and suggest the possibility that such patients might have an impaired immune-mediated component contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Microbiology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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36
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Dhurandhar NV, Geurts L, Atkinson RL, Casteilla L, Clement K, Gerard P, Vijay-Kumar M, Nam JH, Nieuwdorp M, Trovato G, Sørensen TIA, Vidal-Puig A, Cani PD. Harnessing the beneficial properties of adipogenic microbes for improving human health. Obes Rev 2013; 14:721-35. [PMID: 23663746 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic comorbidities. Weight loss is an effective measure for alleviating many of these metabolic abnormalities. However, considering the limited success of most medical weight-management approaches in producing a sustained weight loss, approaches that improve obesity-related metabolic abnormalities independent of weight loss would be extremely attractive and of practical benefit. Metabolically healthy obesity supports the notion that a better metabolic profile is possible despite obesity. Moreover, adequate expansion of adipose tissue appears to confer protection from obesity-induced metabolic comorbidities. To this end, the 10th Stock conference examined new approaches to improve metabolic comorbidities independent of weight loss. In particular, human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) and specific gut microbes were examined for their potential to influence lipid and glucose homeostasis in animals and humans. While these microbes possess some undesirable properties, research has identified attributes of adenovirus Ad36 and gut microbes that may be selectively harnessed to improve metabolic profile without the obligatory weight loss. Furthermore, identifying the host signalling pathways that these microbes recruit to improve the metabolic profile may offer new templates and targets, which may facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies for obesity-related metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Dhurandhar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Genomic stability of adipogenic human adenovirus 36. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:321-4. [PMID: 23732658 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus Ad36 increases adiposity in several animal models, including rodents and non-human primates. Importantly, Ad36 is associated with human obesity, which has prompted research to understand its epidemiology and to develop a vaccine to prevent a subgroup of obesity. For this purpose, understanding the genomic stability of Ad36 in vivo and in vitro infections is critical. Here, we examined whether in vitro cell passaging over a 14-year period introduced any genetic variation in Ad36. We sequenced the whole genome of Ad36-which was plaque purified in 1998 from the original strain obtained from American Type Culture Collection, and passaged approximately 12 times over the past 14 years (Ad36-2012). This DNA sequence was compared with a previously published sequence of Ad36 likely obtained from the same source (Ad36-1988). Compared with Ad36-1988, only two nucleotides were altered in Ad36-2012: a T insertion at nucleotide 1862, which may induce early termination of the E1B viral protein, and a T➝C transition at nucleotide 26 136. Virus with the T insertion (designated Ad36-2012-T6) was mixed with wild-type virus lacking the T insertion (designated Ad36-2012-T5) in the viral stock. The transition at nucleotide 26 136 does not change the encoded amino acid (aspartic acid) in the pVIII viral protein. The rate of genetic variation in Ad36 is ∼2.37 × 10(-6) mutations/nucleotide/passage. Of particular importance, there were no mutations in the E4orf1 gene, the critical gene for producing obesity. This very-low-variation rate should reduce concerns about genetic variability when developing Ad36 vaccines or developing assays for detecting Ad36 infection in populations.
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Dhurandhar NV. Prevalence of Ad36 infection in humans. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:261-2. [PMID: 23601664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hegde V, Dhurandhar N. Microbes and obesity—interrelationship between infection, adipose tissue and the immune system. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:314-20. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Krishnapuram R, Dhurandhar EJ, Dubuisson O, Hegde V, Dhurandhar NV. Doxycycline-regulated 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line with inducible, stable expression of adenoviral E4orf1 gene: a cell model to study insulin-independent glucose disposal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60651. [PMID: 23544159 PMCID: PMC3609787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired glycemic control and excessive adiposity are major risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. In rodent models, Ad36, a human adenovirus, improves glycemic control, independent of dietary fat intake or adiposity. It is impractical to use Ad36 for therapeutic action. Instead, we identified that E4orf1 protein of Ad36, mediates its anti-hyperglycemic action independent of insulin signaling. To further evaluate the therapeutic potential of E4orf1 to improve glycemic control, we established a stable 3T3-L1 cell system in which E4orf1 expression can be regulated. The development and characterization of this cell line is described here. Full-length adenoviral-36 E4orf1 cDNA obtained by PCR was cloned into a tetracycline responsive element containing vector (pTRE-Tight-E4orf1). Upon screening dozens of pTRE-Tight-E4orf1 clones, we identified the one with the highest expression of E4orf1 in response to doxycycline treatment. Furthermore, using this inducible system we characterized the ability of E4orf1 to improve glucose disposal in a time dependent manner. This stable cell line offers a valuable resource to carefully study the novel signaling pathways E4orf1 uses to enhance cellular glucose disposal independent of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Krishnapuram
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Emily J. Dhurandhar
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Olga Dubuisson
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Lin WY, Dubuisson O, Rubicz R, Liu N, Allison DB, Curran JE, Comuzzie AG, Blangero J, Leach CT, Göring H, Dhurandhar NV. Long-term changes in adiposity and glycemic control are associated with past adenovirus infection. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:701-7. [PMID: 23160725 PMCID: PMC3579356 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ad36, a human adenovirus, increases adiposity but improves glycemic control in animal models. Similarly, natural Ad36 infection is cross-sectionally associated with greater adiposity and better glycemic control in humans. This study compared longitudinal observations in indices of adiposity (BMI and body fat percentage) and glycemic control (fasting glucose and insulin) in Ad36-infected versus uninfected adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Baseline sera from Hispanic men and women (n = 1,400) were screened post hoc for the presence of Ad36-specific antibodies. Indices of adiposity and glycemic control at baseline and at ~10 years past the baseline were compared between seropositive and seronegative subjects, with adjustment for age and sex. In addition to age and sex, indices of glycemic control were adjusted for baseline BMI and were analyzed only for nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS Seropositive subjects (14.5%) had greater adiposity at baseline, compared with seronegative subjects. Longitudinally, seropositive subjects showed greater adiposity indices but lower fasting insulin levels. Subgroup analyses revealed that Ad36-seropositivity was associated with better baseline glycemic control and lower fasting insulin levels over time in the normal-weight group (BMI ≤25 kg/m(2)) and longitudinally, with greater adiposity in the overweight (BMI 25-30 kg/m(2)) and obese (BMI >30 kg/m(2)) men. Statistically, the differences between seropositive and seronegative individuals were modest in light of the multiple tests performed. CONCLUSIONS This study strengthens the plausibility that in humans, Ad36 increases adiposity and attenuates deterioration of glycemic control. Panoptically, the study raises the possibility that certain infections may modulate obesity or diabetes risk. A comprehensive understanding of these under-recognized factors is needed to effectively combat such metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dhurandhar NV. Insulin sparing action of adenovirus 36 and its E4orf1 protein. J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27:191-9. [PMID: 23246247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additional drugs are required to effectively manage diabetes and its complications. Recent studies have revealed protective effects of Ad36, a human adenovirus, and its E4orf1 protein on glucose disposal, which may be creatively harnessed to develop novel anti-diabetic agents. Experimental Ad36 infection improves hyperglycemia in animal models and natural Ad36 infection in humans is associated with better glycemic control. Available data indicate distinctive advantages for a drug that may mimic the action of Ad36/E4orf1. The key features of such a potential drug include the ability to increase glucose uptake by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, to reduce hepatic glucose output independent of proximal insulin signaling, and to up-regulate adiponectin and its hepatic action. The effect of Ad36/E4orf1 on hepatocyte metabolism suggests a role for treating hepatic steatosis. Despite these potential advantages, considerable research is required before such a drug is developed. The in vivo efficacy and safety of E4orf1 in improving hyperglycemia remain unknown, and an appropriate drug delivery system is required. Nonetheless, Ad36 E4orf1 offers a research opportunity to develop a new anti-diabetic agent with multiple potential advantages and conceptually advances the use of a rather unconventional source, microbial proteins, for anti-diabetic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Infections and Obesity laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Dhurandhar EJ, Krishnapuram R, Hegde V, Dubuisson O, Tao R, Dong XC, Ye J, Dhurandhar NV. E4orf1 improves lipid and glucose metabolism in hepatocytes: a template to improve steatosis & hyperglycemia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47813. [PMID: 23110104 PMCID: PMC3479113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis often accompanies obesity and insulin resistance. The cornerstones of steatosis treatment include reducing body weight and dietary fat intake, which are marginally successful over the long term. Ad36, a human adenovirus, may offer a template to overcome these limitations. In vitro and in vivo studies collectively indicate that via its E4orf1 protein, Ad36 improves hyperglycemia, and attenuates hepatic steatosis, despite a high fat diet and without weight loss. Considering that hepatic insulin sensitivity, or the synthesis, oxidation, or export of fatty acid by hepatocytes are the key determinant of hepatic lipid storage, we determined the role of E4orf1 protein in modulating these physiological pathways. For this study, HepG2 cells, or mouse primary hepatocytes were transfected with E4orf1 or the null vector. Glucose output by hepatocytes was determined under gluconeogenic conditions (cAMP and dexamethasone, or glucagon exposure). Also, de-novo lipogenesis, palmitate oxidation, and lipid export as determined by apoB secretion were measured 48 h post transfection. Results show that compared to null vector transfected cells, E4orf1 significantly reduced glucose output in basal and gluconeogenic conditions. E4orf1 reduced de-novo lipogenesis by about 35%, increased complete fatty acid oxidation 2-fold (p<0.0001), and apoB secretion 1.5 fold(p<0.003). Response of key signaling molecules to E4orf1 transfection was in agreement with these findings. Thus, E4orf1 offers a valuable template to exogenously modulate hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism may help develop therapeutic approaches for treating diabetes or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Dhurandhar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rashmi Krishnapuram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Olga Dubuisson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rongya Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - X. Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Almgren M, Atkinson R, He J, Hilding A, Hagman E, Wolk A, Thorell A, Marcus C, Näslund E, Östenson CG, Schalling M, Lavebratt C. Adenovirus-36 is associated with obesity in children and adults in Sweden as determined by rapid ELISA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41652. [PMID: 22848557 PMCID: PMC3407196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and natural human adenovirus-36 (Adv36) infection of multiple animal species results in obesity through increasing adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Presence of Adv36 antibodies detected by serum neutralization assay has previously been associated with obesity in children and adults living in the USA, South Korea and Italy, whereas no association with adult obesity was detected in Belgium/The Netherlands nor among USA military personnel. Adv36 infection has also been shown to reduce blood lipid levels, increase glucose uptake by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies, and to associate with improved glycemic control in non-diabetic individuals. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a novel ELISA, 1946 clinically well-characterized individuals including 424 children and 1522 non-diabetic adults, and 89 anonymous blood donors, residing in central Sweden representing the population in Stockholm area, were studied for the presence of antibodies against Adv36 in serum. The prevalence of Adv36 positivity in lean individuals increased from ∼7% in 1992-1998 to 15-20% in 2002-2009, which paralleled the increase in obesity prevalence. We found that Adv36-positive serology was associated with pediatric obesity and with severe obesity in females compared to lean and overweight/mildly obese individuals, with a 1.5 to 2-fold Adv36 positivity increase in cases. Moreover, Adv36 positivity was less common among females and males on antilipid pharmacological treatment or with high blood triglyceride level. Insulin sensitivity, measured as lower HOMA-IR, showed a higher point estimate in Adv36-positive obese females and males, although it was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION Using a novel ELISA we show that Adv36 infection is associated with pediatric obesity, severe obesity in adult females and lower risk of high blood lipid levels in non-diabetic Swedish individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Almgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Atkinson
- Obetech Obesity Research Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jia He
- Obetech Obesity Research Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Agneta Hilding
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilia Hagman
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Krishnapuram R, Kirk-Ballard H, Dhurandhar EJ, Dubuisson O, Messier V, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Hegde V, Aggarwal S, Dhurandhar NV. Insulin receptor-independent upregulation of cellular glucose uptake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:146-53. [PMID: 22310476 PMCID: PMC4841456 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular glucose uptake can be enhanced by up-regulating Ras signaling in either insulin dependent or independent manner. In presence of insulin and intact insulin signaling, Ras plays a negligible role in glucose uptake. Conversely, when insulin signaling is impaired in obesity or diabetes, the insulin-independent Ras pathway may be valuable for enhancing glucose disposal. We previously reported that Ad36, a human adenovirus, enhances cellular glucose uptake by up-regulating the Ras/Glut4 pathway. Here, we investigated if Ad36-up-regulated Ras via the insulin-independent pathway, to enhance glucose uptake. Furthermore, uncontrolled up-regulation of Ras is linked with oncogenic cell transformation, if the tumor suppressor gene p53 is also down regulated. Hence, we determined if up-regulation of Ras by Ad36 would induce oncogenic cell transformation. Finally, we determined the relevance of Ad36 to insulin resistance in humans. METHODS Insulin receptor (IR) was knocked down with siRNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, to determine if Ad36 increases the Ras/Glut4 pathway and glucose uptake without IR-signaling. Next, the effects of Ad36 on cell transformation and p53 abundance were determined. Finally, overweight or obese women were screened for seropositivty to Ad36, as an indicator of natural Ad36 infection. Associations of Ad36 infection with adiposity and C-Reactive proteins (CRP) –two key markers of insulin resistance, and with glucose disposal, were determined. RESULTS Unaffected by IR knock-down, Ad36 significantly increased the Ras pathway, Glut4 translocation, and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Despite Ras up-regulation, Ad36 did not transform 3T3-L1 cells. This may be because Ad36 significantly increased p53 protein in 3T3-L1 cells or mice adipose tissue. Ad36 seropositivity was associated with greater adiposity and CRP levels, yet a significantly higher systemic glucose disposal rate. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the study offers Ras/Glut4 pathway as an alternate to enhance glucose disposal when insulin signaling is impaired, and, importantly, provides Ad36 as a tool to understand the modulation of that pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnapuram
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Fernández-Real JM, Pickup JC. Innate immunity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:273-8. [PMID: 22124608 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this edition of 'Then and now' the initial studies by J.C. Pickup and colleagues supporting the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes is caused by activated innate immunity, published in Diabetologia in 1997 (40:1286-1292), are discussed. These initial findings led to research that has uncovered links between insulin resistance, obesity, circulating immune markers, immunogenetic susceptibility, macrophage function and chronic infection. Genetic variations leading to the altered production or function of circulating innate immune proteins, cellular pattern recognition receptors and inflammatory cytokines are linked to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Components of the innate immune system in the muscle, bone, liver and adipose tissue, as well as macrophages, have been revealed to play a role in systemic insulin action. Evolutionary pressures, such as acute infections at the population level (pandemics) and chronic low exposure to environmental products or infectious agents, may have contributed to increased susceptibility and to the current increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Dhurandhar NV. A framework for identification of infections that contribute to human obesity. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012; 11:963-9. [PMID: 22115071 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
WHO has declared obesity to be a global epidemic. Obesity management strategies mainly target behavioural components of the disorder, but are only marginally effective. A comprehensive understanding of the causative factors of obesity might provide more effective management approaches. Several microbes are causatively and correlatively linked with obesity in animals and human beings. If infections contribute to human obesity, then entirely different prevention and treatment strategies and public health policies could be needed to address this subtype of the disorder. Ethical reasons preclude experimental infection of human beings with candidate microbes to unequivocally determine their contribution to obesity. As an alternative, the available information about the adipogenic human adenovirus Ad36 has been used to create a template that can be used to examine comprehensively the contributions of specific candidate microbes to human obesity. Clinicians should be aware of infectobesity (obesity of infectious origin), and its potential importance in effective obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Infection and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Dubuisson O, Dhurandhar EJ, Krishnapuram R, Kirk-Ballard H, Gupta AK, Hegde V, Floyd E, Gimble JM, Dhurandhar NV. PPARgamma-independent increase in glucose uptake and adiponectin abundance in fat cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3648-60. [PMID: 21791563 PMCID: PMC3176641 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although thiazolidinediones (TZD) effectively improve hyperglycemia and increase adiponectin, a proinsulin-sensitizing adipokine, they also increase adipogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ induction, which may be undesirable. Recent safety concerns about some TZD have prompted the search for next generation agents that can enhance glycemic control and adiponectin independent of PPARγ or adipogenesis. Reminiscent of TZD action, a human adenovirus, adenovirus 36 (Ad36), up-regulates PPARγ, induces adipogenesis, and improves systemic glycemic control in vivo. We determined whether this effect of Ad36 requires PPARγ and/or adipogenesis. Glucose uptake and relevant cell signaling were determined in mock-infected or human adenoviruses Ad36 or Ad2-infected cell types under the following conditions: 1) undifferentiated human-adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (hASC), 2) hASC differentiated as adipocytes, 3) hASC in presence or absence of a PPARγ inhibitor, 4) NIH/3T3 that have impaired PPARγ expression, and 5) PPARγ-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts with intact PPARγ served as a positive control. Additionally, to determine natural Ad36 infection, human sera were screened for Ad36 antibodies. In undifferentiated or differentiated hASC, or despite the inhibition, down-regulation, or the absence of PPARγ, Ad36 significantly enhanced glucose uptake and PPARγ, adiponectin, glucose transporter 4, and glucose transporter 1 protein abundance, compared with mock or Ad2-infected cells. This indicated that Ad36 up-regulates glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion independent of adipogenesis or without recruiting PPARγ. In humans, natural Ad36 infection predicted greater adiponectin levels, suggesting a human relevance of these effects. In conclusion, Ad36 provides a novel template to metabolically remodel human adipose tissue to enhance glycemic control without the concomitant increase in adiposity or PPARγ induction associated with TZD actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dubuisson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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Dhurandhar EJ, Dubuisson O, Mashtalir N, Krishnapuram R, Hegde V, Dhurandhar NV. E4orf1: a novel ligand that improves glucose disposal in cell culture. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23394. [PMID: 21886789 PMCID: PMC3160302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing dietary fat intake and excess adiposity, the cornerstones of behavioral treatment of insulin resistance (IR), are marginally successful over the long term. Ad36, a human adenovirus, offers a template to improve IR, independent of dietary fat intake or adiposity. Ad36 increases cellular glucose uptake via a Ras-mediated activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase(PI3K), and improves hyperglycemia in mice, despite a high-fat diet and without reducing adiposity. Ex-vivo studies suggest that Ad36 improves hyperglycemia in mice by increasing glucose uptake by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and by reducing hepatic glucose output. It is impractical to use Ad36 for therapeutic action. Instead, we investigated if the E4orf1 protein of Ad36, mediates its anti-hyperglycemic action. Such a candidate protein may offer an attractive template for therapeutic development. Experiment-1 determined that Ad36 'requires' E4orf1 protein to up-regulate cellular glucose uptake. Ad36 significantly increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which was abrogated by knocking down E4orf1 with siRNA. Experiment-2 identified E4orf1 as 'sufficient' to up-regulate glucose uptake. 3T3-L1 cells that inducibly express E4orf1, increased glucose uptake in an induction-dependent manner, compared to null vector control cells. E4orf1 up-regulated PI3K pathway and increased abundance of Ras--the obligatory molecule in Ad36-induced glucose uptake. Experiment-3: Signaling studies of cells transiently transfected with E4orf1 or a null vector, revealed that E4orf1 may activate Ras/PI3K pathway by binding to Drosophila discs-large (Dlg1) protein. E4orf1 activated total Ras and, particularly the H-Ras isoform. By mutating the PDZ domain binding motif (PBM) of E4orf1, Experiment-4 showed that E4orf1 requires its PBM to increase Ras activation or glucose uptake. Experiment-5: In-vitro, a transient transfection by E4orf1 significantly increased glucose uptake in preadipocytes, adipocytes, or myoblasts, and reduced glucose output by hepatocytes. Thus, the highly attractive anti-hyperglycemic effect of Ad36 is mirrored by E4orf1 protein, which may offer a novel ligand to develop anti-hyperglycemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Dhurandhar
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Olga Dubuisson
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nazar Mashtalir
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rashmi Krishnapuram
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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