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Wang Y, Lai W, Zheng X, Li K, Zhang Y, Pang X, Gao J, Lou Z. Linderae Radix extract attenuates ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155868. [PMID: 39032278 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linderae Radix (LR), the dried root of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm., is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for thousands of years for promoting Qi circulation, soothing the liver, and treating diarrhea and dysentery. Previous studies have found that ethanol extract of LR plays an anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) role by regulating Th17/ Treg balance. Water extract is the classic clinical application form of LR, but the effect of water extract of LR (LRWE) on UC and its underlying mechanism is still unclear. PURPOSE Purpose: UC is a gastrointestinal disease characterized by intestinal inflammation, mucosal injury, and fibrosis, and it is one of the high-risk factors for colon cancer. However, there is still a lack of remedies with satisfactory effects. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and the potential mechanism of LRWE against UC. METHODS LRWE samples were prepared using a reflux extraction method. Colitis in mice was induced by administering 2.5 % DSS water solution to evaluate the therapeutic effect of LRWE by assessing disease activity score, colon length, and fecal morphology. H&E staining, TEM, Masson staining, and AB-PAS staining were applied to observe histopathological changes in the colon tissues. Differentially expressed genes in colon tissues were analyzed by transcriptomics. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. The expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as the expression of p-STAT1, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Bax, and Bcl-2, were detected by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The expression of occludin, Bcl-2, Bax, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related vital proteins were quantified by Western blot (WB). RESULTS LRWE alleviated body weight loss, colon shortening, DAI scores, pathological changes, and ultrastructural features of colon tissue in mice with colitis. It also inhibited the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and increased IL-10 levels. Additionally, it protected the intestinal barrier by upregulating the expression of Occludin and Mucin-2. Mechanistically, LRWE could inhibit the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway by reducing the protein expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-STAT1, Bcl2, and Bax, thus reducing the inflammatory responses and inhibiting cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION LRWE has a protective effect on DSS-induced UC. This effect is related to the inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the improvement of intestinal inflammation, and the reduction of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Weizhi Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Xunjie Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Pang
- Gastroenterology Department, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Taizhou 317200, PR China
| | - Jianli Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, PR China.
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310053, PR China; Songyang Institute of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Lishui 323400, PR China.
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Maleki MH, Vakili O, Tavakoli R, Nadimi E, Noori Z, Taghizadeh M, Dehghanian A, Tayebi L, Shafiee SM. Protective and curative effects of unconjugated bilirubin on gene expression of LOX-1 and iNOS in the heart of rats receiving high-fat diet and low dose streptozotocin: a histomorphometric approach. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:26. [PMID: 38982470 PMCID: PMC11234610 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the large arteries and is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) globally. Increased levels of adhesion molecules in cardiac tissue serve as prognostic markers for coronary artery occlusion risk. Given the antioxidant properties of bilirubin and its inverse correlation with atherosclerosis, this study aimed to assess the beneficial effects of bilirubin on atherosclerotic indices and heart structure in high-fat diet-fed diabetic rats with atherosclerosis. METHODS Atherosclerosis was induced in three out of five groups of adult male Sprague Dawley rats through a 14-week period of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and a single low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg). The atherosclerotic rats were then treated with intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg/day bilirubin for either 6 or 14 weeks (treated and protected groups, respectively), or the vehicle. Two additional groups served as the control and bilirubin-treated rats. Subsequently, the mRNA expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), lectin-like LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Histopathological and stereological analyses were performed to assess changes in the heart structure. RESULTS Bilirubin significantly decreased the expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, LOX-1, and iNOS genes in the treated group. Moreover, bilirubin mitigated pathological damage in the left ventricle of the heart. Stereological analysis revealed a decrease in the left ventricle and myocardium volume, accompanied by an increase in vessel volume in rats treated with bilirubin. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that mild hyperbilirubinemia can protect against the progression of atherosclerosis and heart failure by improving lipid profile, modulating adhesion molecules, LOX-1, and iNOS gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Maleki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Tavakoli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Nadimi
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Noori
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Motahareh Taghizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirreza Dehghanian
- Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics Division, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Sayed Mohammad Shafiee
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Bhosle A, Bae S, Zhang Y, Chun E, Avila-Pacheco J, Geistlinger L, Pishchany G, Glickman JN, Michaud M, Waldron L, Clish CB, Xavier RJ, Vlamakis H, Franzosa EA, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C. Integrated annotation prioritizes metabolites with bioactivity in inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Syst Biol 2024; 20:338-361. [PMID: 38467837 PMCID: PMC10987656 DOI: 10.1038/s44320-024-00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biochemistry is central to the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Improved knowledge of microbial metabolites and their immunomodulatory roles is thus necessary for diagnosis and management. Here, we systematically analyzed the chemical, ecological, and epidemiological properties of ~82k metabolic features in 546 Integrative Human Microbiome Project (iHMP/HMP2) metabolomes, using a newly developed methodology for bioactive compound prioritization from microbial communities. This suggested >1000 metabolic features as potentially bioactive in IBD and associated ~43% of prevalent, unannotated features with at least one well-characterized metabolite, thereby providing initial information for further characterization of a significant portion of the fecal metabolome. Prioritized features included known IBD-linked chemical families such as bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, and less-explored bilirubin, polyamine, and vitamin derivatives, and other microbial products. One of these, nicotinamide riboside, reduced colitis scores in DSS-treated mice. The method, MACARRoN, is generalizable with the potential to improve microbial community characterization and provide therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrisha Bhosle
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sena Bae
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yancong Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Biomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gleb Pishchany
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monia Michaud
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Levi Waldron
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhuo Z, Guo K, Luo Y, Yang Q, Wu H, Zeng R, Jiang R, Li J, Wei R, Lian Q, Sha W, Feng Y, Chen H. Targeted modulation of intestinal epithelial regeneration and immune response in ulcerative colitis using dual-targeting bilirubin nanoparticles. Theranostics 2024; 14:528-546. [PMID: 38169633 PMCID: PMC10758062 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The therapeutic benefits of bilirubin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) are considerable, whereas the underlying mechanism of bilirubin on UC remains unclear remains unexplored. In addition, the weak hydrophilicity and toxicity have limited its translational applications. Methods: We have developed a colon dual-targeting nanoparticle, for orally delivering bilirubin through hydrogel encapsulation of hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (HA-PLGABilirubin). Confocal microscopy and in vivo imaging were used to evaluate the uptake and the targeted property of HA-PLGABilirubin in UC. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomic analyses were applied to examine the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of HA-PLGABilirubin in UC. Results: Our results indicated that HA-PLGAbilirubin can significantly enhance the release of bilirubin at simulated intestinal pH and demonstrate higher cellular uptake in inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, in vivo biodistribution studies revealed high uptake and retention of HA-PLGAbilirubin in inflamed colon tissue of UC mouse model, resulting in effective recovery of intestinal morphology and barrier function. Importantly, HA-PLGAbilirubin exerted potent therapeutic efficacy against ulcerative colitis through modulating the intestinal epithelial/stem cells regeneration, and the improvement of angiogenesis and inflammation. Furthermore, genome-wide RNA-seq analysis revealed transcriptional reprogramming of immune response genes in colon tissue upon HA-PLGAbilirubin treatment in UC mouse model. Conclusion: Overall, our work provides an efficient colon targeted drug delivery system to potentiate the treatment of ulcerative colitis via modulating intestinal epithelium regeneration and immune response in ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kehang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yujun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huihuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruijie Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Old Road, B4495, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Kobayashi S, Sullivan C, Bialkowska AB, Saltz JH, Yang VW. Computational immunohistochemical mapping adds immune context to histological phenotypes in mouse models of colitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14386. [PMID: 37658187 PMCID: PMC10474139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic, dysregulated inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The heterogeneity of IBD is reflected through two major subtypes, Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). CD and UC differ across symptomatic presentation, histology, immune responses, and treatment. While colitis mouse models have been influential in deciphering IBD pathogenesis, no single model captures the full heterogeneity of clinical disease. The translational capacity of mouse models may be augmented by shifting to multi-mouse model studies that aggregate analysis across various well-controlled phenotypes. Here, we evaluate the value of histology in multi-mouse model characterizations by building upon a previous pipeline that detects histological disease classes in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained murine colons. Specifically, we map immune marker positivity across serially-sectioned slides to H&E histological classes across the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) chemical induction model and the intestinal epithelium-specific, inducible Villin-CreERT2;Klf5fl/fl (Klf5ΔIND) genetic model. In this study, we construct the beginning frameworks to define H&E-patch-based immunophenotypes based on IHC-H&E mappings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joel H Saltz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony, Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Huang X, Chen Y, Yang H, Wang R, Chen Z. Preoperative serum bilirubin is an independent prognostic factor for curatively resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:706. [PMID: 37507653 PMCID: PMC10375695 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines prognostic value of preoperative serum bilirubin, including unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), conjugated bilirubin (CB), and total bilirubin (TB), in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients who underwent curative resection. METHODS Between May 2010 and December 2012, a total of 351 ESCC patients were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients underwent curative resection as their primary treatment. Clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS) rate were investigated. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to calculate the OS rate, and the prognostic factors were identified by Cox regression model. Besides, the potential inhibition effect of UCB on ESCC was investigated with both in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS The higher-level groups of UCB, CB, and TB demonstrated longer OS than their low counterparts, with hazard ratio (HR) values of 0.567 (95% CI: 0.424-0.759), 0.698 (95% CI: 0.522-0.933), and 0.602 (95% CI: 0.449-0.807), respectively. All three forms of bilirubin were identified as independent prognostic factors for patients with ESCC, and they were found to effectively stratify the survival risk of patients at TNM stage III. In vivo and in vitro models further confirmed the inhibitory effect of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) on the proliferation of ESCC. CONCLUSION The findings of our study have shed new light on the prognostic value and biological functions of bilirubin in relation to ESCC. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in ESCC tumorigenesis and provide potential therapeutic pathways for treating ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancong Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruting Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Experimental Research Center, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis & Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
- Experimental Research Center, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
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Huang X, Pan Y, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Gao C, He C. Clinical Utility of the Neutrophil-to-Bilirubin Ratio in the Detection of Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2549-2559. [PMID: 37346801 PMCID: PMC10281274 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s413644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing remitting form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current disease monitoring includes evaluation of symptoms, fecal calprotectin, and colonoscopy. Due to limited availability of the latter two modalities in China, we sought a readily available, inexpensive, disease monitoring laboratory assessment. We recently identified a novel serological index (the neutrophil-to-bilirubin ratio, NBR) for monitoring disease activity in Crohn's disease. However, the clinical significance has not been evaluated in UC. Here, we aimed to verify the hypothesis that NBR might be useful in monitoring clinical and endoscopic activity in patients with UC. Methods To test our hypothesis, we conducted a single-center, retrospective study including a total of 188 patients with UC and 145 non-IBD controls. NBR was calculated to determine its practical value in monitoring disease activity (including clinical and endoscopic activity). Disease activity of UC was determined by the partial Mayo score and the Mayo endoscopic score (MES) system. Results NBR was significantly higher in patients with UC than that in controls (12.10, IQR: 9.85-16.69 versus 5.06, IQR: 3.94-6.55; p < 0.001) and showed positive correlations with clinical and endoscopic disease activity in UC. Additionally, NBR was significantly lower in patients with endoscopic mucosal healing (MH) than that in those without endoscopic MH (8.81, IQR: 6.67-11.67 versus 13.51, IQR: 11.04-18.71; p < 0.001). Serial evaluation of NBR in a subset of patients demonstrated that NBR was significantly decreased during the MH stage compared with that during the endoscopically active stage. Conclusion Our study suggests that NBR may be a promising candidate for assessing disease activity in UC, with potential for widespread clinical use and significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiping Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Fu YP, Yuan H, Xu Y, Liu RM, Luo Y, Xiao JH. Protective effects of Ligularia fischeri root extracts against ulcerative colitis in mice through activation of Bcl-2/Bax signalings. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154006. [PMID: 35299029 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and epithelial barrier dysfunction. The root of Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with diverse therapeutic properties, which has been successfully used to treat inflammation-related diseases. However, little is known about its effect and mechanism against UC. PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of L. fischeri root extracts against UC. METHODS L. fischeri root samples were prepared using the alcohol extraction method and liquid-liquid extraction method. A dextran sodium sulfate-induced UC mouse model and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cell model were employed in the present study. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify the abundance of inflammatory factors in tissues. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining were employed to analyze drug toxicity to the liver and kidney. A myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay kit was used to detect neutrophil infiltration in colon tissues. RT-qPCR was then employed to quantify the transcriptional levels of proinflammatory and apoptotic-related genes, while tight junction and apoptosis-related proteins were quantified via western blotting. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry analysis was then performed to identify the natural compounds in L. fischeri root extracts. RESULTS The water decoction extract, methanol extract, and especially the chloroform extract (CE) exerted potent therapeutic effects in UC mice. Similar to the positive control group (5-aminosalicylic acid), oral administration of CE (30, 60, and 90 mg/kg/d) elicited distinct therapeutic effects on UC mice in the medium- and high-dose groups. CE decreased disease activity index, histopathological score, and MPO level significantly, and effectively retained the colon length. Furthermore, CE significantly reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α and enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins, such as zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2, claudin-1, and occludin, as well as the transcriptional levels of mucins, such as MUC-1 and MUC-2, in UC mice. Notably, CE prevented apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells by up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax. Also, CE inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via the activation of Bcl-2/Bax signals. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, L. fischeri root extracts, especially CE, have obvious therapeutic effects against UC. CE reduces inflammation and protects the intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal epithelial barrier via activation of the Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathway, and may be a promising therapeutic agent for UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Fu
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China
| | - Huan Yuan
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China
| | - Ru-Ming Liu
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi 563003, PR China.
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9
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Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Yang X, Pan Y, Li L, Gao C, He C. Clinical Significance of Novel Neutrophil-Based Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prediction of Response to Infliximab Therapy in Crohn’s Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865968. [PMID: 35309310 PMCID: PMC8931310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing incidence and prevalence, Crohn’s disease (CD) has become one of the most challenging diseases in both diagnosis and treatment of gastroenterology. Evaluation of the disease activity and mucosal healing guides clinical decisions regarding subsequent therapy for CD. In this study, we enrolled a total of 144 patients with CD and 239 healthy controls were enrolled. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of enrolled subjects were retrieved from the electronic medical record database of our hospital. Serum cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mucosa expression levels of inflammatory agents were measured by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). We identified two neutrophil-based indexes, the neutrophil-to-albumin ratio (NAR) and neutrophil-to-bilirubin ratio (NBR), both of which had not yet been explored in CD or UC. NAR and NBR were significantly increased in patients with CD compared to those in healthy controls, and both indexes showed significantly positive correlations with CD activity and inflammatory load. In note, NAR and NBR showed better performance than blood neutrophil percentage, serum albumin, or bilirubin alone in these scenarios. More importantly, both NAR and NBR discriminated CD patients who completely or partially responded to infliximab (IFX) induction therapy from those with primary non-response. Our observations suggest that NAR and NBR may serve as promising biomarkers in the diagnosis and prediction of response to IFX therapy in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiping Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chong He, ; Caiping Gao,
| | - Chong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chong He, ; Caiping Gao,
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10
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Ibrahim MA, Abdelmonaem AA, Abdel-Gaber SA, Hafez HM, Abdel Hafez SMN, Yehia Abdelzaher W. Rupatadine ameliorated ulcerative colitis in rats via modulation of platelet-activatiweng factor/interleukin-6/vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:537-546. [PMID: 35134225 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyse the potential effect of rupatadine (RUP) on ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by acetic acid (AA). METHODS Forty male adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control group: received vehicles for 14 days; AA model group: received AA at the 13th day; Sulfasalazine (SLZ) + AA group: received SLZ (250 mg/kg) for 14 days and AA at the 13th day; RUP-3 + AA group: received RUP (3 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and AA at the 13th day; and RUP-6 + AA group: received RUP (6 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and AA at the 13th day. Evidence of UC was assessed both macroscopically and microscopically. Oxidative stress markers (total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde), antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase), histamine and platelet-activating factor (PAF) were determined. Immunohistochemical estimations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were done. KEY FINDINGS The AA group showed evidence of UC that was associated with a significant increase in oxidative stress, histamine and PAF levels with significant elevation in colonic VEGF and IL-6 immuno-expressions. RUP, in a dose-dependent manner, significantly ameliorated UC. CONCLUSION RUP protects against UC by reducing oxidative stress and by regulating the PAF/IL-6/VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | | | - Seham A Abdel-Gaber
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Heba M Hafez
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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11
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Bilirubin represents a negative regulator of ILC2 in allergic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:314-326. [PMID: 34686839 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play an important role in allergic airway inflammation. Despite recent advances in defining molecular mechanisms that control ILC2 development and function, the role of endogenous metabolites in the regulation of ILC2s remains poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrated that bilirubin, an end product of heme catabolism, was a potent negative regulator of ILC2s. Bilirubin metabolism was found to be significantly induced during airway inflammation in mouse models. The administration of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) dramatically suppressed ILC2 responses to interleukin (IL)-33 in mice, including cell proliferation and the production of effector cytokines. Furthermore, UCB significantly alleviated ILC2-driven airway inflammation, which was aggravated upon clearance of endogenous UCB. Mechanistic studies showed that the effects of bilirubin on ILC2s were associated with downregulation of ERK phosphorylation and GATA3 expression. Clinically, newborns with hyperbilirubinemia displayed significantly lower levels of ILC2 with impaired function and suppressed ERK signaling. Together, these findings indicate that bilirubin serves as an endogenous suppressor of ILC2s and might have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
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12
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Mohammed HO, Ahmed Alaa El-Din E, Farag AI. Impact of e-cigarettes on colonic mucosa and the role of recovery: involvement of oxidative and inflammatory pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64561-64571. [PMID: 34312757 PMCID: PMC8313116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) (EC) are often advertised as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes. Its widespread use has led to increased interest in its adverse health effects, thanks to few restrictions and a lack of regulatory guidelines. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol inhalation in rat colon model and conduct a follow-up after cessation of exposure. The experiment included 30 male adult Albino rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group I (control), non-exposed animals; group II (exposed), was exposed to electronic cigarette liquid vapor for four consecutive weeks; and group III (recovery), was followed up for another 4 weeks after exposure to an e-cigarette as exposed group and for the same duration. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitric oxide (NO) increased significantly in colonic tissue, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. On histological examination, colonic mucosa showed distortion and loss of its epithelial lining with heavy inflammatory cell infiltration. Also, there was a significant decrease in periodic acid-Schiff-positive goblet cells and area percent of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) expression significantly increased in colonic mucosa. After 4 weeks of EC cessation, the colonic mucosal histological structure showed recovery with downregulated TNFα immunoexpression and restored oxidant/antioxidant balance. In conclusion, the usage of electronic cigarettes resulted in marked pathological alterations in the colonic mucosa, which could be attributed to oxidative and inflammatory stresses. In contrast, the cessation of exposure led to recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba O. Mohammed
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmed Alaa El-Din
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Azza I. Farag
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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13
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Abstract
Significance: As the central metabolic organ, the liver is exposed to a variety of potentially cytotoxic, proinflammatory, profibrotic, and carcinogenic stimuli. To protect the organism from these deleterious effects, the liver has evolved a number of defense systems, which include antioxidant substrates and enzymes, anti-inflammatory tools, enzymatic biotransformation systems, and metabolic pathways. Recent Advances: One of the pivotal systems that evolved during phylogenesis was the heme catabolic pathway. Comprising the important enzymes heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase, this complex pathway has a number of key functions including enzymatic activities, but also cell signaling, and DNA transcription. It further generates two important bile pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin, as well as the gaseous molecule carbon monoxide. These heme degradation products have potent antioxidant, immunosuppressive, and cytoprotective effects. Recent data suggest that the pathway participates in the regulation of metabolic and hormonal processes implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic and other diseases. Critical Issues: This review discusses the impact of the heme catabolic pathway on major liver diseases, with particular focus on the involvement of cellular targeting and signaling in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Future Directions: To utilize the biological consequences of the heme catabolic pathway, several unique therapeutic strategies have been developed. Research indicates that pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and lifestyle modifications positively affect the pathway, delivering potentially long-term clinical benefits. However, further well-designed studies are needed to confirm the clinical benefits of these approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 734-752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vítek
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Zhao C, Huang H, Pan Q, Huang W, Peng W, Xu H, Feng Z, Du Y, Nie Y, Zhou Y. Unconjugated Bilirubin Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis Potentially via Enhancement of Bilirubin Reabsorption. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:654808. [PMID: 34093187 PMCID: PMC8173062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.654808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies increasingly show that ulcerative colitis (UC) is a consequence of an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. Bilirubin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), although the exact mechanism is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the role of serum bilirubin in UC using patient data and a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. We found that low levels of serum bilirubin correlated to a higher risk of UC in a retrospective case-control population. Pre-treatment with exogenous unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) significantly enhanced colonic bilirubin absorption in mice, and attenuated the DSS-induced body weight loss, colon shortening and histopathological damage. Mechanistically, bilirubin prevented the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and decreased the levels of myeloperoxidase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and colon. Moreover, bilirubin inhibited ROS and malondialdehyde production, scavenged superoxide anions (O2·−) from the colon and enhanced the total antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, exogenous UCB attenuated DSS-induced colitis by directly scavenging O2·− and enhancing bilirubin reabsorption in the colon via enterohepatic cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlei Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Dvořák A, Pospíšilová K, Žížalová K, Capková N, Muchová L, Vecka M, Vrzáčková N, Křížová J, Zelenka J, Vítek L. The Effects of Bilirubin and Lumirubin on Metabolic and Oxidative Stress Markers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:567001. [PMID: 33746746 PMCID: PMC7969661 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.567001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia the gold standard treatment is phototherapy with blue-green light, producing more polar photo-oxidation products, believed to be non-toxic. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of bilirubin (BR) and lumirubin (LR), the major BR photo-oxidation product, on metabolic and oxidative stress markers. The biological activities of these pigments were investigated on several human and murine cell lines, with the focus on mitochondrial respiration, substrate metabolism, reactive oxygen species production, and the overall effects on cell viability. Compared to BR, LR was found to be much less toxic, while still maintaining a similar antioxidant capacity in the serum as well as suppressing activity leading to mitochondrial superoxide production. Nevertheless, due to its lower lipophilicity, LR was less efficient in preventing lipoperoxidation. The cytotoxicity of BR was affected by the cellular glycolytic reserve, most compromised in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. The observed effects were correlated with changes in the production of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. Both BR and LR modulated expression of PPARα downstream effectors involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Proinflammatory effects of BR, evidenced by increased expression of TNFα upon exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, were observed in murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Collectively, these data point to the biological effects of BR and its photo-oxidation products, which might have clinical relevance in phototherapy-treated hyperbilirubinemic neonates and adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Dvořák
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Pospíšilová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Žížalová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikola Capková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Muchová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Vecka
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikola Vrzáčková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Křížová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Zelenka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty General Hospital and 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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16
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Creeden JF, Gordon DM, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Bilirubin as a metabolic hormone: the physiological relevance of low levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E191-E207. [PMID: 33284088 PMCID: PMC8260361 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00405.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on bilirubin, a historically well-known waste product of heme catabolism, suggests an entirely new function as a metabolic hormone that drives gene transcription by nuclear receptors. Studies are now revealing that low plasma bilirubin levels, defined as "hypobilirubinemia," are a possible new pathology analogous to the other end of the spectrum of extreme hyperbilirubinemia seen in patients with jaundice and liver dysfunction. Hypobilirubinemia is most commonly seen in patients with metabolic dysfunction, which may lead to cardiovascular complications and possibly stroke. We address the clinical significance of low bilirubin levels. A better understanding of bilirubin's hormonal function may explain why hypobilirubinemia might be deleterious. We present mechanisms by which bilirubin may be protective at mildly elevated levels and research directions that could generate treatment possibilities for patients with hypobilirubinemia, such as targeting of pathways that regulate its production or turnover or the newly designed bilirubin nanoparticles. Our review here calls for a shift in the perspective of an old molecule that could benefit millions of patients with hypobilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Creeden
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Darren M Gordon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
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17
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Li J, Liu D, Liu Z. Serum Total Bilirubin and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:549. [PMID: 33569386 PMCID: PMC7868400 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have suggested that serum total bilirubin (STB) levels are associated with heightened chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality in both the general population and nephropathy patients. However, these results remain inconsistent. The aim of our study was to investigate whether STB was a predictor for progression of CKD and mortality by meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library's database up to June 30, 2019. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted for the highest vs. lowest category STB levels within the physiological range, and a random-effects model was applied to calculate the dose–response relationships. A pooled hazard ratio (HR) was used to investigate the association between STB levels and mortality in dialysis patients. Results: A total of 16 studies, wherein participants were followed from 21 months to 7 years, were eligible for inclusion in the study. For the categorized STB, 11 studies with 41,188 participants were identified and analyzed. Patients with the highest STB levels were associated with a lower risk of CKD (RR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.55–0.73) compared to those with the lowest STB levels. Furthermore, based on seven studies, a pooled RR of 0.89, 95% CI (0.80–0.99) was observed for the continuous STB levels (per 0.2 mg/dL increase). Four studies that included 51,764 participants illustrated that there was no association between STB levels and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.42–1.41). A prominent negative linear relationship (X2 = 14.70; P = 0.0001) was found between STB levels and risk of CKD. Subgroup analyses showed that there were no significant differences in the subgroup adjustment factor except for sample size. Conclusions: Elevated STB levels within a physiological range are associated with lower risk of CKD regardless of the study characteristics and coincide with a liner dose–response relationship. However, whether high STB levels are a protective factor against mortality remains inconclusive. Large-scale randomized controlled trails are needed to target STB levels for predicting renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Pan MH, Koh YC, Liu SY, Wu JC, Chou YC, Nagabhushanam K, Ho CT. A new metabolite: The effects of aminated tetrahydrocurcumin on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrp.jcrp_21_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Hansen TWR, Wong RJ, Stevenson DK. Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bilirubin Handling by the Blood, Liver, Intestine, and Brain in the Newborn. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1291-1346. [PMID: 32401177 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism formed during a process that involves oxidation-reduction reactions and conserves iron body stores. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is common in newborn infants, but rare later in life. The basic physiology of bilirubin metabolism, such as production, transport, and excretion, has been well described. However, in the neonate, numerous variables related to nutrition, ethnicity, and genetic variants at several metabolic steps may be superimposed on the normal physiological hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in the first week of life and results in bilirubin levels that may be toxic to the brain. Bilirubin exists in several isomeric forms that differ in their polarities and is considered a physiologically important antioxidant. Here we review the chemistry of the bilirubin molecule and its metabolism in the body with a particular focus on the processes that impact the newborn infant, and how differences relative to older children and adults contribute to the risk of developing both acute and long-term neurological sequelae in the newborn infant. The final section deals with the interplay between the brain and bilirubin and its entry, clearance, and accumulation. We conclude with a discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism(s) of bilirubin neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor W R Hansen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ronald J Wong
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David K Stevenson
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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20
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Two Faces of Heme Catabolic Pathway in Newborns: A Potential Role of Bilirubin and Carbon Monoxide in Neonatal Inflammatory Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7140496. [PMID: 32908636 PMCID: PMC7450323 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7140496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In an infant's body, all the systems undergo significant changes in order to adapt to the new, extrauterine environment and challenges which it poses. Fragile homeostasis can be easily disrupted as the defensive mechanisms are yet imperfect. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, is low; therefore, neonates are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. Free radical burden significantly contributes to neonatal illnesses such as sepsis, retinopathy of premature, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or leukomalacia. However, newborns have an important ally-an inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) which expression rises rapidly in response to stress stimuli. HO-1 activity leads to production of carbon monoxide (CO), free iron ion, and biliverdin; the latter is promptly reduced to bilirubin. Although CO and bilirubin used to be considered noxious by-products, new interesting properties of those compounds are being revealed. Bilirubin proved to be an efficient free radicals scavenger and modulator of immune responses. CO affects a vast range of processes such as vasodilatation, platelet aggregation, and inflammatory reactions. Recently, developed nanoparticles consisting of PEGylated bilirubin as well as several kinds of molecules releasing CO have been successfully tested on animal models of inflammatory diseases. This paper focuses on the role of heme metabolites and their potential utility in prevention and treatment of neonatal diseases.
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21
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Chen Z, Vong CT, Gao C, Chen S, Wu X, Wang S, Wang Y. Bilirubin Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Diseases. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2260-2274. [PMID: 32433886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive species that are produced in cellular aerobic metabolism. They mainly include superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, ozone, and nitric oxide and are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes. Bilirubin, a cardinal pigment in the bile, has been increasingly investigated to treat cancer, diabetes, ischemia-reperfusion injury, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Indeed, bilirubin has been shown to eliminate ROS production, so it is now considered as a promising therapeutic agent for ROS-mediated diseases and can be used for the development of antioxidative nanomedicines. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of ROS production and its role in pathological changes and focuses on discussing the antioxidative effects of bilirubin and its application in the experimental studies of nanomedicines. Previous studies have shown that bilirubin was mainly used as a responsive molecule in the microenvironment of ROS overproduction in neoplastic tissues for the development of anticancer nanodrugs; however, it could also exert powerful ROS scavenging activity in chronic inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, bilirubin, as an inartificial ROS scavenger, is expected to be used for the development of nanomedicines against more diseases due to the universality of ROS involvement in human pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999087, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999087, China
| | - Caifang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999087, China
| | - Shiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999087, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999087, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999087, China
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22
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Van Dingenen J, Pieters L, Van Nuffel E, Lefebvre RA. Hemin reduces postoperative ileus in a heme oxygenase 1-dependent manner while dimethyl fumarate does without heme oxygenase 1-induction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13624. [PMID: 31121086 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative ileus (POI), the impairment of gastrointestinal motility after abdominal surgery, is mainly due to intestinal muscular inflammation. Carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing compounds were shown to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in murine POI partially through induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The influence of hemin and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), currently used for multiple sclerosis (MS), was therefore tested in murine POI. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized and after laparotomy, POI was induced via intestinal manipulation (IM). Animals were treated with either 30 mg kg-1 hemin intraperitoneally (ip), 30 mg kg-1 DMF ip, or 100 mg kg-1 intragastrically (ig) 24 hours before IM. Intestinal transit was assessed 24 hours postoperatively and mucosa-free muscularis or whole segments of the small intestine were stored for later analysis. Intestinal HO-1 protein expression was studied at 6, 12, and 24 hours after administration of hemin or DMF in non-manipulated mice. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment with hemin and DMF, both ig and ip, prevented the delayed transit seen after IM. Concomitantly, both hemin and DMF significantly reduced the increased interleukin-6 levels and the elevated leukocyte infiltration in the muscularis. Hemin but not DMF caused a significant increase in intestinal HO-1 protein expression and co-administration of the HO-1 inhibitor chromium mesoporphyrin abolished the protective effects of hemin on POI; DMF reduced the IM-induced activation of NF-κB and ERK 1/2. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Both hemin and DMF improve the delayed transit and inflammation seen in murine POI, but only hemin does so in a HO-1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Dingenen
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Pieters
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Nuffel
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Romain A Lefebvre
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Nitti M, Furfaro AL, Mann GE. Heme Oxygenase Dependent Bilirubin Generation in Vascular Cells: A Role in Preventing Endothelial Dysfunction in Local Tissue Microenvironment? Front Physiol 2020; 11:23. [PMID: 32082188 PMCID: PMC7000760 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among antioxidants in the human body, bilirubin has been recognized over the past 20 years to afford protection against different chronic conditions, including inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Moderate increases in plasma concentration and cellular bilirubin generation from metabolism of heme via heme oxygenase (HMOX) in virtually all tissues can modulate endothelial and vascular function and exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles. This review aims to provide an up-to-date and critical overview of the molecular mechanisms by which bilirubin derived from plasma or from HMOX1 activation in vascular cells affects endothelial function. Understanding the molecular actions of bilirubin may critically improve the management not only of key cardiovascular diseases, but also provide insights into a broad spectrum of pathologies driven by endothelial dysfunction. In this context, therapeutic interventions aimed at mildly increasing serum bilirubin as well as bilirubin generated endogenously by endothelial HMOX1 should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariapaola Nitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Furfaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Choi Y, Lee SJ, Spiller W, Jung KJ, Lee JY, Kimm H, Back JH, Lee S, Jee SH. Causal Associations Between Serum Bilirubin Levels and Decreased Stroke Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:437-445. [PMID: 31801373 PMCID: PMC6975519 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of epidemiological studies have reported that decreased serum bilirubin, an endogenous antioxidant, is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, previous Mendelian randomization analyses conducted using a single sample have shown no evidence of association. Approach and Results: A 2-sample summary Mendelian randomization study was performed by obtaining exposure and outcome data from separate nonoverlapping samples. We utilized data from the KoGES (Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study; n=25 406) and KCPS-II (Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II; n=14 541) biobank for serum bilirubin and stroke, respectively. Using KoGES, a total of 1784 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with serum bilirubin levels were discovered using a genome-wide significance threshold (P<5×10-8), of which 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified as independent (R2<0.005) and adopted as genetic instruments. From KCPS-II, total and ischemic stroke cases were identified (n=1489 and n=686), with 12 366 acting as controls. Various 2-sample summary Mendelian randomization methods were employed, with Mendelian randomization estimates showing an inverse causal association between serum bilirubin levels and total stroke risk (odds ratio, 0.481 [95% CI, 0.234-0.988]; P=0.046). This association increased in magnitude when restricting the analysis to ischemic stroke cases (odds ratio, 0.302 [95% CI, 0.105-0.868]; P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of significant causal relationship between high levels of bilirubin and decreased stroke risk in Korean population in agreement with observational approaches. This highlights the potential for bilirubin to serve as a therapeutic target for oxidative stress-related diseases such as stroke and suggests that previous findings were not a consequence of unmeasured confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjeong Choi
- From the Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.H.J.).,Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.J.L., K.J.J., J.-Y.L., H.K., S.H.J.)
| | - Sun Ju Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.J.L., K.J.J., J.-Y.L., H.K., S.H.J.).,Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea (S.J.L., J.H.B., S.L.)
| | - Wes Spiller
- Population Health Science Institute, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, United Kingdom (W.S.)
| | - Keum Ji Jung
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.J.L., K.J.J., J.-Y.L., H.K., S.H.J.)
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.J.L., K.J.J., J.-Y.L., H.K., S.H.J.)
| | - Heejin Kimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.J.L., K.J.J., J.-Y.L., H.K., S.H.J.)
| | - Joung Hwan Back
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea (S.J.L., J.H.B., S.L.)
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea (S.J.L., J.H.B., S.L.)
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- From the Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.H.J.).,Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (Y.C., S.J.L., K.J.J., J.-Y.L., H.K., S.H.J.)
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25
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Correlations between the serum bilirubin level and ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 31:992-997. [PMID: 31205128 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze whether the bilirubin level is a protective factor in ulcerative colitis (UC) and the predictive value of the bilirubin level. PATIENTS AND METHODS We compared the bilirubin levels of 100 UC patients and 140 healthy controls as well as those of the subgroups of patients with different UC severities and then analyzed the correlation between the bilirubin level and UC and the correlations among the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, UC severity, and bilirubin level. The predictive value of the bilirubin level for UC was determined by constructing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS The mean levels of the total bilirubin (TBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) in the UC were lower in comparison with the mean TBIL and IBIL levels in the control group, and the TBIL and IBIL levels were significantly higher in the mild activity subgroup than in the moderate and severe activity subgroups (P<0.05). TBIL (P<0.001, 95% confidence interval: 0.794-0.918) and especially IBIL (P<0.001, 95% confidence interval: 0.646-0.809) were independent protective factors for UC. There were also significant differences in the serum ESR and hs-CRP levels between the patients with different UC severities (ESR=χ: 23.975; hs-CRP=χ: 26.626, P<0.001), and there was a positive correlation between these two parameters (ESR=r: 0.472; hs-CRP=r: 0.495, P<0.001). However, the TBIL and IBIL levels were correlated negatively with the ESR (rtotal=-0.429, rindirect=-0.461, P<0.001) and hs-CRP (rtotal=-0.289, rindirect=-0.25, P<0.05) levels. The ROC curve showed that the threshold values of TBIL and IBIL were 8.87 and 6.735 µmol/l, the areas under the maximum ROC curve were 0.664 and 0.716, the sensitivities were 0.450 and 0.61, and the specificities were 0.800 and 0.786, respectively. CONCLUSION TBIL and especially IBIL may be independent protective factors for UC because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. A low level of IBIL has a moderate predictive value for UC, and an IBIL level less than 6.735 µmol/l can be used as a defining index for predicting UC.
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26
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Lee GR, Shaefi S, Otterbein LE. HO-1 and CD39: It Takes Two to Protect the Realm. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1765. [PMID: 31402920 PMCID: PMC6676250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protective mechanisms exist to ensure survival of the cells and are a fundamental feature of all cells that is necessary for adapting to changes in the environment. Indeed, evolution has ensured that each cell is equipped with multiple overlapping families of genes that safeguard against pathogens, injury, stress, and dysfunctional metabolic processes. Two of the better-known enzymatic systems, conserved through all species, include the heme oxygenases (HO-1/HO-2), and the ectonucleotidases (CD39/73). Each of these systems generates critical bioactive products that regulate the cellular response to a stressor. Absence of these molecules results in the cell being extremely predisposed to collapse and, in most cases, results in the death of the cell. Recent reports have begun to link these two metabolic pathways, and what were once exclusively stand-alone are now being found to be intimately interrelated and do so through their innate ability to generate bioactive products including adenosine, carbon monoxide, and bilirubin. These simple small molecules elicit profound cellular physiologic responses that impact a number of innate immune responses, and participate in the regulation of inflammation and tissue repair. Collectively these enzymes are linked not only because of the mitochondria being the source of their substrates, but perhaps more importantly, because of the impact of their products on specific cellular responses. This review will provide a synopsis of the current state of the field regarding how these systems are linked and how they are now being leveraged as therapeutic modalities in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghee Rye Lee
- Departments of Surgery and Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shahzad Shaefi
- Departments of Surgery and Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Departments of Surgery and Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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27
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Wu B, Wu Y, Tang W. Heme Catabolic Pathway in Inflammation and Immune Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:825. [PMID: 31396090 PMCID: PMC6667928 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the heme catabolic pathway is considered to play an important regulatory role in cell protection, apoptosis, inflammation, and other physiological and pathological processes. An appropriate amount of heme forms the basic elements of various life activities, while when released in large quantities, it can induce toxicity by mediating oxidative stress and inflammation. Heme oxygenase (HO) -1 can catabolize free heme into carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin (BV)/bilirubin (BR). The diverse functions of these metabolites in immune systems are fascinating. Decades work shows that administration of degradation products of heme such as CO and BV/BR exerts protective activities in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS) and other immune disorders. This review elaborates the molecular and biochemical characterization of heme catabolic pathway, discusses the signal transduction and immunomodulatory mechanism in inflammation and summarizes the promising therapeutic strategies based on this pathway in inflammatory and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Wu
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lin Y, Wang S, Yang Z, Gao L, Zhou Z, Yu P, Wu B. Bilirubin alleviates alum-induced peritonitis through inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:108973. [PMID: 31121485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is an endogenous substance derived from heme catabolism. In this study, we aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of bilirubin, and to determine the mechanism thereof. The anti-inflammatory activity of bilirubin was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and Raw264.7 cells, and mice with alum-induced peritonitis. The mRNA and proteins of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) and inflammatory cytokines were determined using qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Distribution of phosphorylated (p) p65 [a NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) subunit] in the cytoplasm and nucleus were evaluated by immunofluorescence analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Bilirubin prior to LPS treatment decreased protein expressions of Nlrp3, pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and mature IL-1β in PMs, whereas bilirubin post LPS treatment showed no effects. Bilirubin prior to LPS treatment dose-dependently repressed expressions of Nlrp3 and IL-1β, and inhibited translocation of p-p65 to nucleus in Raw264.7 cells. Bilirubin treatment decreased myeloperoxidase activity and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6) in lavage fluid in mice with alum-induced peritonitis. This was accompanied by a lower mortality rate. In addition, the mRNAs of Nlrp3 and IL-1β in peritoneal exudates cells were decreased, and the levels of p-p65 and mature IL-1β proteins were reduced. In conclusion, bilirubin acted on inflammation and alleviated alum-induced peritonitis through inactivation of Nlrp3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Lin
- Reserach Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Reserach Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy , Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zemin Yang
- Reserach Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Reserach Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ziyue Zhou
- Reserach Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Reserach Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy , Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Baojian Wu
- Reserach Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy , Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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29
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Zheng JD, He Y, Yu HY, Liu YL, Ge YX, Li XT, Li X, Wang Y, Guo MR, Qu YL, Qin XF, Jiang MS, Wang XH. Unconjugated bilirubin alleviates experimental ulcerative colitis by regulating intestinal barrier function and immune inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1865-1878. [PMID: 31057300 PMCID: PMC6478610 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i15.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is generally considered toxic but has gained recent prominence for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of it on the interaction between intestinal flora and organisms and how it influences immune responses remain unresolved.
AIM To investigate the role of UCB in intestinal barrier function and immune inflammation in mice with dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis.
METHODS Acute colitis was induced by 3% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium salt in drinking water for 6 d followed by untreated water for 2 d. Concurrently, mice with colitis were administered 0.2 mL UCB (400 μmol/L) by intra-gastric gavage for 7 d. Disease activity index (DAI) was monitored daily. Mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The length of the colon and weight of the spleen were recorded. Serum level of D-lactate, intestinal digestive proteases activity, and changes to the gut flora were analyzed. In addition, colonic specimens were analyzed by histology and for expression of inflammatory markers and proteins.
RESULTS Mice treated with UCB had significantly relieved severity of colitis, including lower DAI, longer colon length, and lower spleen weight (colon length: 4.92 ± 0.09 cm vs 3.9 ± 0.15 cm; spleen weight: 0.33 ± 0.04 vs 0.74 ± 0.04, P < 0.001). UCB administration inactivated digestive proteases (chymotrypsin: 18.70 ± 0.69 U/g vs 44.81 ± 8.60 U/g; trypsin: 1.52 ± 0.23 U/g vs 9.05 ± 1.77 U/g, P < 0.01), increased expression of tight junction (0.99 ± 0.05 vs 0.57 ± 0.03, P < 0.001), decreased serum level of D-lactate (31.76 ± 3.37 μmol/L vs 54.25 ± 1.45 μmol/L, P < 0.001), and lowered histopathological score (4 ± 0.57 vs 7 ± 0.57, P < 0.001) and activity of myeloperoxidase (46.79 ± 2.57 U/g vs 110.32 ± 19.19 U/g, P < 0.001). UCB also regulated the intestinal microbiota, inhibited expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin 1β (TNF-α: 52.61 ± 7.81 pg/mg vs 105.04 ± 11.92 pg/mg, interleukin 1β: 13.43 ± 1.68 vs 32.41 ± 4.62 pg/mg, P < 0.001), decreased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (0.61 ± 0.09 vs 1.07 ± 0.03, P < 0.001) and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (0.73 ± 0.08 vs 1.01 ± 0.07, P < 0.05), and increased expression of TNF-receptor-associated factor 6 (0.79 ± 0.02 vs 0.43 ± 0.09 P < 0.05) and inhibitor of kappa B α (0.93 ± 0.07 vs 0.72 ± 0.07, P < 0.05) in the colon.
CONCLUSION UCB can protect intestinal barrier function, regulate normal intestinal homeostasis, and suppress inflammation via the Toll-like receptor 4/ nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Heng-Yuan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuan-Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Ting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Meng-Ru Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Lin Qu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Fa Qin
- Founder, GI Biopharma Inc., Westfield, NJ 07090, United States
| | - Ming-Shan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Saw PE, Lee S, Jon S. Naturally Occurring Bioactive Compound‐Derived Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510120 P. R. China
| | - Soyoung Lee
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak‐ro Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jon
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak‐ro Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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31
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Qing R, Huang Z, Tang Y, Xiang Q, Yang F. Cordycepin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:18-25. [PMID: 29702279 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study is to investigate the protective effect of cordycepin on inflammatory reactions in rats with acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS Wistar rat model of ALI was induced by intravenous injection of LPS (30 mg/kg body weight). One hour later, intravenous injection of cordycepin (1, 10 or 30 mg/kg body weight) was administered. The wet-to-dry weight ratio of lung tissues and myeloperoxidase activity in the lung tissues were measured. The contents of nitrite and nitrate were measured by reduction method, while chemiluminescence was used to determine the content of superoxide. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of mRNA and protein, respectively. Colorimetry was performed to determine the enzymatic activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was identified by Western blotting. The plasma contents of cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Cordycepin enhanced the expression and enzymatic activity of HO-1 in ALI rats, and activated Nrf2 by inducing the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to nucleus. In addition, cordycepin regulated the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 via HO-1, and suppressed inflammation in lung tissues of ALI rats by inducing the expression of HO-1. HO-1 played important roles in the down-regulation of superoxide levels in lung tissues by cordycepin, and HO-1 expression induced by cordycepin affected nitrite and nitrate concentrations in plasma and iNOS protein expression in lung tissues. Cordycepin showed protective effect on injuries in lung tissues. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that cordycepin alleviates inflammation induced by LPS via the activation of Nrf2 and up-regulation of HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qing
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Zezhi Huang
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Yufei Tang
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Qingke Xiang
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, PR China.
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Gazzin S, Masutti F, Vitek L, Tiribelli C. The molecular basis of jaundice: An old symptom revisited. Liver Int 2017; 37:1094-1102. [PMID: 28004508 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased serum bilirubin level is a widely used diagnostic marker for hepatic illnesses. Nevertheless, mild elevation of unconjugated serum bilirubin (such as in Gilbert syndrome) has been recently demonstrated to correlate with low risk of chronic inflammatory and/or oxidative stress-mediated diseases. In accord, a low serum bilirubin level has emerged as an important predisposing factor or a biomarker of these pathologic conditions including cardiovascular, tumour, and possibly neurodegenerative diseases. Bilirubin possesses multiple biological actions with interaction in a complex network of enzymatic and signalling pathways. The fact that the liver is the main organ controlling the bioavailability of bilirubin emphasizes the central role of this organ in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Liver Research Center, Italian Liver Foundation - ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flora Masutti
- Liver Research Center, Italian Liver Foundation - ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy.,Center for Liver Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Integrata (ASUITS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Libor Vitek
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Liver Research Center, Italian Liver Foundation - ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
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Schieffer KM, Bruffy SM, Rauscher R, Koltun WA, Yochum GS, Gallagher CJ. Reduced total serum bilirubin levels are associated with ulcerative colitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179267. [PMID: 28594959 PMCID: PMC5464645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results in increased oxidative stress that damages the colonic microenvironment. Low levels of serum bilirubin, an endogenous antioxidant, have been associated with increased risk for Crohn's disease (CD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether total serum bilirubin levels are associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). We identified a retrospective case-control population (n = 6,649) from a single tertiary care center, Penn State Hershey Medical Center (PSU) and a validation cohort (n = 1,996) from Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center (VCU). Cases were age- and sex-matched to controls (PSU: CD n = 254, UC n = 187; VCU: CD n = 233, UC n = 124). Total serum bilirubin levels were obtained from de-identified medical records and segregated into quartiles. Logistic regression analysis was performed on each quartile of total serum bilirubin compared to the last quartile (highest bilirubin levels) to determine the association of total serum bilirubin with UC. Similar to CD patients, UC patients demonstrated reduced levels of total serum bilirubin compared to controls at PSU and VCU. The lowest quartile of total serum bilirubin was independently associated with UC for the PSU (OR: 1.98 [95% CI: 1.09-3.63]) and VCU cohorts (OR: 6.07 [95% CI: 3.01-12.75]). Lower levels of the antioxidant bilirubin may reduce the capability of UC patients to remove reactive oxygen species leading to an increase in intestinal injury. Therapeutics that reduce oxidative stress may be beneficial for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Schieffer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Bruffy
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard Rauscher
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Walter A. Koltun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Yochum
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carla J. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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34
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Longhi MS, Vuerich M, Kalbasi A, Kenison JE, Yeste A, Csizmadia E, Vaughn B, Feldbrugge L, Mitsuhashi S, Wegiel B, Otterbein L, Moss A, Quintana FJ, Robson SC. Bilirubin suppresses Th17 immunity in colitis by upregulating CD39. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92791. [PMID: 28469075 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), a product of heme oxidation, has known immunosuppressant properties but the molecular mechanisms, other than antioxidant effects, remain largely unexplored. We note that UCB modulates T helper type 17 (Th17) immune responses, in a manner dependent upon heightened expression of CD39 ectonucleotidase. UCB has protective effects in experimental colitis, where it enhances recovery after injury and preferentially boosts IL-10 production by colonic intraepithelial CD4+ cells. In vitro, UCB confers immunoregulatory properties on human control Th17 cells, as reflected by increased levels of FOXP3 and CD39 with heightened cellular suppressor ability. Upregulation of CD39 by Th17 cells is dependent upon ligation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) by UCB. Genetic deletion of CD39, as in Entpd1-/- mice, or dysfunction of AHR, as in Ahrd mice, abrogates these UCB salutary effects in experimental colitis. However, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) samples, UCB fails to confer substantive immunosuppressive properties upon Th17 cells, because of decreased AHR levels under the conditions tested in vitro. Immunosuppressive effects of UCB are mediated by AHR resulting in CD39 upregulation by Th17. Boosting downstream effects of AHR via UCB or enhancing CD39-mediated ectoenzymatic activity might provide therapeutic options to address development of Th17 dysfunction in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Longhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marta Vuerich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica E Kenison
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Byron Vaughn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda Feldbrugge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Mitsuhashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara Wegiel
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leo Otterbein
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan Moss
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Vogel ME, Idelman G, Konaniah ES, Zucker SD. Bilirubin Prevents Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice by Inhibiting Endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004820. [PMID: 28365565 PMCID: PMC5532999 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Numerous epidemiological studies support an inverse association between serum bilirubin levels and the incidence of cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanism(s) by which bilirubin may protect against atherosclerosis is undefined. The goals of the present investigations were to assess the ability of bilirubin to prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation in low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient (Ldlr−/−) mice and elucidate the molecular processes underlying this effect. Methods and Results Bilirubin, at physiological concentrations (≤20 μmol/L), dose‐dependently inhibits THP‐1 monocyte migration across tumor necrosis factor α–activated human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers without altering leukocyte binding or cytokine production. A potent antioxidant, bilirubin effectively blocks the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species induced by the cross‐linking of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1). These findings were validated by treating cells with blocking antibodies or with specific inhibitors of VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 signaling. When administered to Ldlr−/− mice on a Western diet, bilirubin (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally) prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation, but does not alter circulating cholesterol or chemokine levels. Aortic roots from bilirubin‐treated animals exhibit reduced lipid and collagen deposition, decreased infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes, fewer smooth muscle cells, and diminished levels of chlorotyrosine and nitrotyrosine, without changes in VCAM‐1 or ICAM‐1 expression. Conclusions Bilirubin suppresses atherosclerotic plaque formation in Ldlr−/− mice by disrupting endothelial VCAM‐1‐ and ICAM‐1‐mediated leukocyte migration through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species signaling intermediaries. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for the apparent cardioprotective effects of bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Vogel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Gila Idelman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eddy S Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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36
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Gazzin S, Vitek L, Watchko J, Shapiro SM, Tiribelli C. A Novel Perspective on the Biology of Bilirubin in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:758-768. [PMID: 27515064 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is known to be one of the most potent endogenous antioxidant substances. While hyperbilirubinemia has long been recognized as an ominous sign of liver dysfunction, recent data strongly indicate that mildly elevated bilirubin (BLB) levels can be protective against an array of diseases associated with increased oxidative stress. These clinical observations are supported by new discoveries relating to the role of BLB in immunosuppression and inhibition of protein phosphorylation, resulting in the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways in vascular biology and cancer, among others. Collectively, the evidence suggests that targeting BLB metabolism could be considered a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Liver Research Center, Italian Liver Foundation, SS14, Km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | - Libor Vitek
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jon Watchko
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Shapiro
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital & Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Liver Research Center, Italian Liver Foundation, SS14, Km 163.5, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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37
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Xi M, Wang X, Ge J, Yin D. N′-[(3-[benzyloxy]benzylidene]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzohydrazide (1) protects mice against colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium through inhibiting NFκB/IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:290-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Vogel ME, Zucker SD. Bilirubin acts as an endogenous regulator of inflammation by disrupting adhesion molecule-mediated leukocyte migration. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2016; 3. [PMID: 26925435 PMCID: PMC4768809 DOI: 10.14800/ics.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that bilirubin, which is generated during the physiological breakdown of heme, exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects. Previous work by our group suggests that bilirubin is able to suppress inflammatory responses by preventing the migration of leukocytes into target tissues through disruption of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-dependent cell signaling. As VCAM-1 is an important mediator of tissue injury in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of inflammatory colitis, we examined whether bilirubin prevents colonic injury in DSS-treated mice. As anticipated, bilirubin-treated animals manifested significantly less colonic injury and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells into colon tissues. We further observed that bilirubin administration was associated with a reduced number of eosinophils and monocytes in the small intestine, with a corresponding increase in peripheral blood eosinophilia, regardless of whether mice received DSS. These findings suggest that bilirubin impairs the normal migration of eosinophils into intestinal tissues, as supported by in vitro experiments showing that bilirubin blocks the VCAM-1-dependent movement of Jurkat cells across human endothelial cell monolayers. Taken together, our findings support that bilirubin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and disrupts the physiological trafficking of leukocytes to the intestine by preventing transmigration across the vascular endothelium, potentially through the inhibition VCAM-1-mediated signaling. Our findings raise the possibility that bilirubin functions as an endogenous regulator of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Vogel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45267-0595, United States
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45267-0595, United States
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