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Chen Y, Yin Z, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Liu T, Lu WY, Wang S. Increased GABA signaling in liver macrophage promotes HBV replication in HBV-carrier mice. Virus Res 2024; 344:199366. [PMID: 38548137 PMCID: PMC10998195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signals in various non-neuronal cells including hepatocytes and some immune cells. Studies, including ours, show that type A GABA receptors (GABAARs)-mediated signaling occurs in macrophages regulating tissue-specific functions. Our recent study reveals that activation of GABAARs in liver macrophages promotes their M2-like polarization and increases HBV replication in mice. This short article briefly summarizes the GABA signaling system in macrophages and discusses potential mechanisms by which GABA signaling promotes HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Chen
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yiwei Zhao
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tinghao Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University& Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
| | - Shuanglian Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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2
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Gold MS, Loeza-Alcocer E. Experimental colitis-induced visceral hypersensitivity is attenuated by GABA treatment in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G252-G263. [PMID: 38193198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00012.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is linked with inflammation of the large intestine due to an overactive response of the colon-immune system. UC is associated with weight loss, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Given that γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) suppresses immune cell activity and the excitability of colonic afferents, and that there is a decrease in colonic GABA during UC, we hypothesized that UC pain is due to a decrease in the inhibition of colonic afferents. Thus, restoring GABA in the colon will attenuate inflammatory hypersensitivity. We tested this hypothesis in a mouse model of colitis. Colon inflammation was induced with seven days of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, 3%) in the drinking water. GABA (40 mg/kg) was administered orally for the same period as DSS, and body weight, colon length, colon permeability, clinical progression of colitis (disease activity index or DAI), and colon histological score (HS) were assessed to determine the effects of GABA on colitis. A day after the end of GABA treatment, visceral sensitivity was assessed with balloon distention (of the colon)-evoked visceromotor response and colon samples were collected for the measurement of GABA and cytokines. Treatment with GABA reduced the DSS-induced increase in the colon permeability, DAI, HS, and decrease in body weight and colon length. Furthermore, GABA inhibited the DSS-induced increase in the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the colon tissue. Importantly, GABA reduced DSS-induced visceral hypersensitivity. These data suggest that increasing gastrointestinal levels of GABA may be useful for the treatment of colitis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY GABA treatment reduces the severity of colitis and inflammation and produces inhibition of visceral hypersensitivity in colon-inflamed mice. These results raise the promising possibility that GABA treatment may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the management of symptoms associated with colitis. However, clinical studies are required to corroborate whether this mouse-model data translates to human colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gold
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emanuel Loeza-Alcocer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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3
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Deng Z, Li D, Yan X, Lan J, Han D, Fan K, Chang J, Ma Y. Activation of GABA receptor attenuates intestinal inflammation by modulating enteric glial cells function through inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2023; 329:121984. [PMID: 37527767 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Emerging research indicates that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) provides substantial benefits during enteritis. Nevertheless, GABA signaling roles on enteric glial cells (EGCs) remain unknown. The study's objective was to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of GABA signaling on EGCs in vitro and in vivo. MAIN METHODS We established LPS-induced mouse models and stimulated EGCs with LPS to mimic intestinal inflammation, and combined GABA, GABAA receptor (GABAAR) or GABAB receptor (GABABR) agonists to explore the exact mechanisms of GABA signaling. KEY FINDINGS EGCs were immunopositive for GAD65, GAD67, GAT1, GABAARα1, GABAARα3, and GABABR1, indicating GABAergic and GABAceptive properties. GABA receptor activation significantly inhibited the high secretions of proinflammatory factors in EGCs upon LPS stimulation. Interestingly, we found that EGCs express immune-related molecules such as CD16, CD32, CD80, CD86, MHC II, iNOS, Arg1, and CD206, thus establishing their characterization of E1 and E2 phenotype. EGCs exposed to LPS mainly acted as E1 phenotype, whereas GABABR activation strongly promoted EGCs polarization into E2 phenotype. Transcriptome analysis of EGCs indicated that GABA, GABAAR or GABABR agonists treatment participated in various biological processes, however all of these treatments exhibit inhibitory effects on NF-κB pathway. Notably, in LPS-induced mice, activation of GABABR mitigated intestinal damage through modulating inflammatory factors expressions, strengthening sIgA and IgG levels, inhibiting NF-κB pathway and facilitating EGCs to transform into E2 phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory actions of GABA signaling system offer in enteritis via regulating EGCs-polarized function through impeding NF-κB pathway, thus providing potential targets for intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Lan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deping Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Bai H, Liu T, Wang S, Gong W, Shen L, Zhang S, Wang Z. Identification of Gut Microbiome and Metabolites Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Cats. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0059023. [PMID: 37428087 PMCID: PMC10434016 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00590-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in diet and environment can lead to acute diarrhea in companion animals, but the composition and interactions of the gut microbiome during acute diarrhea remain unclear. In this multicenter case-control study, we investigated the relationship between intestinal flora and acute diarrhea in two breeds of cats. Acutely diarrheic American Shorthair (MD, n = 12) and British Shorthair (BD, n = 12) and healthy American Shorthair (MH, n = 12) and British Shorthair (BH, n = 12) cats were recruited. Gut microbial 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and untargeted metabolomic analysis were performed. We observed significant differences in beta-diversity (Adonis, P < 0.05) across breeds and disease state cohorts. Profound differences in gut microbial structure and function were found between the two cat breeds. In comparison to healthy British Shorthair cats, Prevotella, Providencia, and Sutterella were enriched while Blautia, Peptoclostridium, and Tyzzerella were reduced in American Shorthair cats. In the case-control cohort, cats with acute diarrhea exhibited an increased abundance of Bacteroidota, Prevotella, and Prevotella copri and a decreased abundance of Bacilli, Erysipelotrichales, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae (both MD and BD cats, P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified significant changes in the BD intestine, affecting 45 metabolic pathways. Moreover, using a random forest classifier, we successfully predicted the occurrence of acute diarrhea with an area under the curve of 0.95. Our findings indicate a distinct gut microbiome profile that is associated with the presence of acute diarrhea in cats. However, further investigations using larger cohorts of cats with diverse conditions are required to validate and extend these findings. IMPORTANCE Acute diarrhea is common in cats, and our understanding of the gut microbiome variations across breeds and disease states remains unclear. We investigated the gut microbiome of two cat breeds (British Shorthair and American Shorthair) with acute diarrhea. Our study revealed significant effects of breeds and disease states on the structure and function of the gut microbiota in cats. These findings emphasize the need to consider breed-related factors in animal nutrition and research models. Additionally, we observed an altered gut metabolome in cats with acute diarrhea, closely linked to changes in bacterial genera. We identified a panel of microbial biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy for feline acute diarrhea. These findings provide novel insights into the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of feline gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Bai
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Songjun Wang
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Wenhui Gong
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Liya Shen
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
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5
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Gao F, Liu R, Chen W, Zhao X, Sun Q, Sun X, Li J, Liu C, Ma X. GABA increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis in mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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6
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Gros M, Gros B, Mesonero JE, Latorre E. Neurotransmitter Dysfunction in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Emerging Approaches for Management. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153429. [PMID: 34362210 PMCID: PMC8347293 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder whose aetiology is still unknown. Most hypotheses point out the gut-brain axis as a key factor for IBS. The axis is composed of different anatomic and functional structures intercommunicated through neurotransmitters. However, the implications of key neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA or acetylcholine in IBS are poorly studied. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current evidence about neurotransmitter dysfunction in IBS and explore the potential therapeutic approaches. IBS patients with altered colorectal motility show augmented norepinephrine and acetylcholine levels in plasma and an increased sensitivity of central serotonin receptors. A decrease of colonic mucosal serotonin transporter and a downregulation of α2 adrenoceptors are also correlated with visceral hypersensitivity and an increase of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels, enhanced expression of high affinity choline transporter and lower levels of GABA. Given these neurotransmitter dysfunctions, novel pharmacological approaches such as 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and 5-HT4 receptor agonists are being explored for IBS management, for their antiemetic and prokinetic effects. GABA-analogous medications are being considered to reduce visceral pain. Moreover, agonists and antagonists of muscarinic receptors are under clinical trials. Targeting neurotransmitter dysfunction could provide promising new approaches for IBS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gros
- Centro de Salud Univérsitas, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Belén Gros
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
- Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Emilio Mesonero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(Universidad de Zaragoza—CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Latorre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(Universidad de Zaragoza—CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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7
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Drobny A, Ngo PA, Neurath MF, Zunke F, López-Posadas R. Molecular Communication Between Neuronal Networks and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Gut Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655123. [PMID: 34368179 PMCID: PMC8339315 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are common in Parkinson's disease patients. These clinical signs normally appear years before the diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease, preceding the occurrence of motor manifestations. Moreover, it is postulated that Parkinson's disease might originate in the gut, due to a response against the intestinal microbiota leading to alterations in alpha-synuclein in the intestinal autonomic nervous system. Transmission of this protein to the central nervous system is mediated potentially via the vagus nerve. Thus, deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a potential prodromal diagnostic marker for Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, hallmarks of chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, such as dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, are also observed in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, alpha-synuclein accumulations were detected in the gut of Crohn's disease patients. Despite a solid association between neurodegenerative diseases and gut inflammation, it is not clear whether intestinal alterations represent cause or consequence of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut in the context of Parkinson's disease and intestinal dysfunction/inflammation as present in inflammatory bowel disease. Further, we focus on the contribution of intestinal epithelium, the communication between intestinal epithelial cells, microbiota, immune and neuronal cells, as well as mechanisms causing alterations of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong A Ngo
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Ortega VA, Mercer EM, Giesbrecht GF, Arrieta MC. Evolutionary Significance of the Neuroendocrine Stress Axis on Vertebrate Immunity and the Influence of the Microbiome on Early-Life Stress Regulation and Health Outcomes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634539. [PMID: 33897639 PMCID: PMC8058197 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is broadly defined as the non-specific biological response to changes in homeostatic demands and is mediated by the evolutionarily conserved neuroendocrine networks of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Activation of these networks results in transient release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and catecholamines (epinephrine) into circulation, as well as activation of sympathetic fibers innervating end organs. These interventions thus regulate numerous physiological processes, including energy metabolism, cardiovascular physiology, and immunity, thereby adapting to cope with the perceived stressors. The developmental trajectory of the stress-axis is influenced by a number of factors, including the gut microbiome, which is the community of microbes that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract immediately following birth. The gut microbiome communicates with the brain through the production of metabolites and microbially derived signals, which are essential to human stress response network development. Ecological perturbations to the gut microbiome during early life may result in the alteration of signals implicated in developmental programming during this critical window, predisposing individuals to numerous diseases later in life. The vulnerability of stress response networks to maladaptive development has been exemplified through animal models determining a causal role for gut microbial ecosystems in HPA axis activity, stress reactivity, and brain development. In this review, we explore the evolutionary significance of the stress-axis system for health maintenance and review recent findings that connect early-life microbiome disturbances to alterations in the development of stress response networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van A Ortega
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily M Mercer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Owerko Centre, The Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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An J, Seok H, Ha EM. GABA-producing Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits metastatic properties and induces apoptosis of 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells via GABA B receptor signaling. J Microbiol 2021; 59:202-216. [PMID: 33527319 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an essential drug in systemic chemotherapy treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite the development of several treatment strategies over the past decades, the patient benefits of 5-FU-based therapies have been compromised by the development of chemoresistance. Differences in treatment responses among CRC patients may be due to genetic and epigenetic factors unique to individuals. Therefore, important factors for realizing personalized medicine are to accurately understand the causes and mechanisms of drug resistance to 5-FU-based therapies and to identify and validate prognostic biomarkers. Gut microbes that interact directly with the host contribute to human health and cancer control. Lactobacillus plantarum, in particular, has the potential to be a therapeutic agent by producing bioactive compounds that may benefit the host. Here, we investigated the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABAB receptor (GABABR)-dependent signaling pathway as a treatment option for 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells. GABA-producing L. plantarum activates anti-proliferative, anti-migration, and anti-invasion effects against 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells. The inhibitory effects of GABA-producing L. plantarum are mediated via GABABR. Activated GABABR induces apoptosis through the inhibition of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) expression. Thus, the GABAergic system has potential in 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells as a predictive biomarker. In addition, GABA-producing L. plantarum is promising as an adjuvant treatment for 5-FU-resistant CRC, and its intervention in neurobiological signaling imply new possibilities for chemoprevention and the treatment of colon cancer-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeJin An
- Medical Convergence Materials Commercialization Center, Gyeongsan, 38408, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Seok
- Korea Brain bank, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Juvale IIA, Hassan Z, Has ATC. The Emerging Roles of π Subunit-Containing GABA A Receptors in Different Cancers. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3851-3860. [PMID: 34790061 PMCID: PMC8579298 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both developed and developing countries. Due to its heterogenous nature, it occurs in various regions of the body and often goes undetected until later stages of disease progression. Feasible treatment options are limited because of the invasive nature of cancer and often result in detrimental side-effects and poor survival rates. Therefore, recent studies have attempted to identify aberrant expression levels of previously undiscovered proteins in cancer, with the hope of developing better diagnostic tools and pharmaceutical options. One class of such targets is the π-subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Although these receptors were discovered more than 20 years ago, there is limited information available. They possess atypical functional properties and are expressed in several non-neuronal tissues. Prior studies have highlighted the role of these receptors in the female reproductive system. New research focusing on the higher expression levels of these receptors in ovarian, breast, gastric, cervical, and pancreatic cancers, their physiological function in healthy individuals, and their pro-tumorigenic effects in these cancer types is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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11
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Afzal M, Mazhar SF, Sana S, Naeem M, Rasool MH, Saqalein M, Nisar MA, Rasool M, Bilal M, Khan AA, Khurshid M. Neurological and cognitive significance of probiotics: a holy grail deciding individual personality. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1059-1074. [PMID: 32755361 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the human microbiome in the brain and behavioral development is an area of increasing attention. Recent investigations have found that diverse mechanisms and signals including the immune, endocrine and neural associations are responsible for the communication between gut microbiota and the brain. The studies have suggested that alteration of intestinal microbiota using probiotic formulations may offer a significant role in the maturation and organization of the brain and can shape the brain and behavior as well as mood and cognition in human subjects. The understanding of the possible impact of gut microflora on neurological function is a promising phenomenon that can surely transform the neurosciences and may decipher the novel etiologies for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sayyeda Farwa Mazhar
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sana
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Saqalein
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Nisar
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Rasool
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science & Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Abdul Arif Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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12
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Loeza-Alcocer E, McPherson TP, Gold MS. Peripheral GABA receptors regulate colonic afferent excitability and visceral nociception. J Physiol 2019; 597:3425-3439. [PMID: 31077379 DOI: 10.1113/jp278025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS While the presence of GABA receptors on primary afferents has been well described, most functional analyses have focused on the regulation of transmitter release from central terminals and/or signalling in the sensory neuron cell body. Evidence that GABA receptors are transported to peripheral terminals and that there are several sources of GABA in the colon raise the possibility that GABA signalling in the periphery may influence colonic afferent excitability. GABAA and GABAB are present and functional in the colon, where exogenous agonists decrease the excitability of colonic afferents and suppress visceral nociception. Endogenous GABA release within the colon is sufficient to establish the resting excitability of colonic afferents as well as the behavioural response to noxious stimulation of the colon, primarily via GABAA receptors. Peripheral GABA receptors may serve as a viable target for the treatment of visceral pain. ABSTRACT It is well established that GABA receptors at the central terminals of primary afferent fibres regulate afferent input to the superficial dorsal horn. However, the extent to which peripheral GABA signalling may also regulate afferent input remains to be determined. The colon was used to explore this issue because of the numerous endogenous sources of GABA that have been described in this tissue. The influence of GABA signalling on colonic afferent excitability was assessed in an ex vivo mouse colorectum pelvic nerve preparation where test compounds were applied to the receptive field. The visceromotor response (VMR) evoked by noxious colorectal distension was used to assess the impact of GABA signalling on visceral nociception, where test compounds were applied directly to the colon. Application of either GABAA or GABAB receptor agonists attenuated the colonic afferent response to colon stretch. Conversely, GABAA and GABAB receptor antagonists increased the stretch response. However, while the noxious distension-induced VMR was attenuated in the presence of GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists, the VMR was only consistently increased by GABAA receptor antagonists. These results suggest that GABA receptors are present and functional in the peripheral terminals of colonic afferents and activation of these receptors via endogenous GABA release contributes to the establishment of colonic afferent excitability and visceral nociception. These results suggest that increasing peripheral GABA receptor signalling could be used to treat visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Loeza-Alcocer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P McPherson
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Gold
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Vernocchi P, Del Chierico F, Russo A, Majo F, Rossitto M, Valerio M, Casadei L, La Storia A, De Filippis F, Rizzo C, Manetti C, Paci P, Ercolini D, Marini F, Fiscarelli EV, Dallapiccola B, Lucidi V, Miccheli A, Putignani L. Gut microbiota signatures in cystic fibrosis: Loss of host CFTR function drives the microbiota enterophenotype. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208171. [PMID: 30521551 PMCID: PMC6283533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder affecting the respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems and sweat glands. This lethal hereditary disease has known or suspected links to the dysbiosis gut microbiota. High-throughput meta-omics-based approaches may assist in unveiling this complex network of symbiosis modifications. Objectives The aim of this study was to provide a predictive and functional model of the gut microbiota enterophenotype of pediatric patients affected by CF under clinical stability. Methods Thirty-one fecal samples were collected from CF patients and healthy children (HC) (age range, 1–6 years) and analysed using targeted-metagenomics and metabolomics to characterize the ecology and metabolism of CF-linked gut microbiota. The multidimensional data were low fused and processed by chemometric classification analysis. Results The fused metagenomics and metabolomics based gut microbiota profile was characterized by a high abundance of Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus and Clostridiaceae, including Clostridium difficile, and a low abundance of Eggerthella, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Dorea, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Lachnospiraceae, associated with overexpression of 4-aminobutyrate (GABA), choline, ethanol, propylbutyrate, and pyridine and low levels of sarcosine, 4-methylphenol, uracil, glucose, acetate, phenol, benzaldehyde, and methylacetate. The CF gut microbiota pattern revealed an enterophenotype intrinsically linked to disease, regardless of age, and with dysbiosis uninduced by reduced pancreatic function and only partially related to oral antibiotic administration or lung colonization/infection. Conclusions All together, the results obtained suggest that the gut microbiota enterophenotypes of CF, together with endogenous and bacterial CF biomarkers, are direct expression of functional alterations at the intestinal level. Hence, it’s possible to infer that CFTR impairment causes the gut ecosystem imbalance.This new understanding of CF host-gut microbiota interactions may be helpful to rationalize novel clinical interventions to improve the affected children’s nutritional status and intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vernocchi
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Russo
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Majo
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Rossitto
- Diagnostics of Cystic Fibrosis, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Casadei
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta La Storia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristiano Rizzo
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Manetti
- Department of Environmental Biology; Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- CNR-Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science (IASI), Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Lucidi
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Parasitology Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kubota A, Kobayashi M, Sarashina S, Takeno R, Yasuda G, Narumi K, Furugen A, Takahashi-Suzuki N, Iseki K. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Attenuates Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Alterations in Intestinal Immunity. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1874-1878. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhito Kubota
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Sota Sarashina
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Reiko Takeno
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Genki Yasuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital
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Wu H, Liu J, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zeng S, Bin P, Zhang D, Tang Z, Zhu G. Jejunal Metabolic Responses to Escherichia coli Infection in Piglets. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2465. [PMID: 30386317 PMCID: PMC6198047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the jejunal metabolic variations in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-infected piglets. Piglets were infected with 1 × 1010 CFUs (colony-forming units) of ETEC W25K and assigned into diarrheal, recovered, control, and resistant groups. Jejunal samples were harvested at day 6 and metabolic profiles were analyzed via gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS). The results showed that 33 metabolites in the jejunum were identified in ETEC-induced diarrhea, including amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and organic acids. Compared with the control, resistant, and recovered piglets, diarrheal piglets showed higher concentrations of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine in the jejunum. Compared with the control and resistant piglets, six metabolites were markedly decreased in diarrheal piglets, including ornithine, asparagine, glutamine, citric acid, citrulline, and lysine. Collectively, this study provides insights into jejunal metabolic response to ETEC infection and ETEC induced diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sijing Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Bin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Aggarwal S, Ahuja V, Paul J. Dysregulation of GABAergic Signalling Contributes in the Pathogenesis of Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:422-430. [PMID: 29852727 PMCID: PMC6034664 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a prevalent functional bowel disorder. Abdominal pain, discomfort and altered intestinal habits are the salient features of IBS-D. Low grade inflammation and altered neurotransmitters are the 2 recently identified factors contributing to the pathogenesis of IBS-D, but their role and interactions has not been elucidated in detail. Here we investigate the potential role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in regulating gut inflammation during IBS-D. Methods Blood samples and colonic mucosal biopsies from clinically diagnosed IBS-D patients and controls were collected. Levels of GABA were measured in serum samples through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed in biopsy samples by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Effect of GABA and its antagonist on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HT-29 cells was examined through RT-PCR. Results ELISA data revealed diminished level of GABA in IBS-D patients as compared to controls. RT-PCR analysis showed altered GABAergic signal system in IBS-D patients as compared to controls. GABA reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS stimulated HT-29 cells, whereas bicuculline methiodide (GABA antagonist) upregulated the expression of same cytokines in LPS stimulated HT-29 cells. Conclusions Our sets of data indicate that diminished level of GABA and altered GABAergic signal system contributes to pathogenesis of IBS-D by regulating inflammatory processes. These results provide novel evidence for anti-inflammatory role of GABA in IBS-D patients by altering the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Aggarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Arneth BM. Gut–brain axis biochemical signalling from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system: gut dysbiosis and altered brain function. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94:446-452. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe gut–brain axis facilitates a critical bidirectional link and communication between the brain and the gut. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of interactions in the gut–brain axis, with a particular focus on intestinal functions, the nervous system and the brain. Furthermore, researchers have examined the effects of the gut microbiome on mental health and psychiatric well-being.The present study reviewed published evidence to explore the concept of the gut–brain axis.AimsThis systematic review investigated the relationship between human brain function and the gut–brain axis.MethodsTo achieve these objectives, peer-reviewed articles on the gut–brain axis were identified in various electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, CIHAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO.ResultsData obtained from previous studies showed that the gut–brain axis links various peripheral intestinal functions to brain centres through a broad range of processes and pathways, such as endocrine signalling and immune system activation. Researchers have found that the vagus nerve drives bidirectional communication between the various systems in the gut–brain axis. In humans, the signals are transmitted from the liminal environment to the central nervous system.ConclusionsThe communication that occurs in the gut–brain axis can alter brain function and trigger various psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and depression. Thus, elucidation of the gut–brain axis is critical for the management of certain psychiatric and mental disorders.
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18
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Videlock EJ, Mahurkar-Joshi S, Hoffman JM, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA, Chang L. Sigmoid colon mucosal gene expression supports alterations of neuronal signaling in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G140-G157. [PMID: 29565640 PMCID: PMC6109711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00288.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral factors likely play a role in at least a subset of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Few studies have investigated mucosal gene expression using an unbiased approach. Here, we performed mucosal gene profiling in a sex-balanced sample to identify relevant signaling pathways and gene networks and compare with publicly available profiling data from additional cohorts. Twenty Rome III+ IBS patients [10 IBS with constipation (IBS-C), 10 IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), 5 men/women each), and 10 age-/sex-matched healthy controls (HCs)] underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsy for gene microarray analysis, including differential expression, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), gene set enrichment analysis, and comparison with publicly available data. Expression levels of 67 genes were validated in an expanded cohort, including the above samples and 18 additional participants (6 each of IBS-C, IBS-D, HCs) using NanoString nCounter technology. There were 1,270 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) in IBS-C vs. HCs but none in IBS or IBS-D vs. HCs. WGNCA analysis identified activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. Nine of 67 genes were validated by the NanoString nCounter technology (FDR < 0.05) in the expanded sample. Comparison with publicly available microarray data from the Mayo Clinic and University of Nottingham supports the reproducibility of 17 genes from the microarray analysis and three of nine genes validated by nCounter in IBS-C vs. HCs. This study supports the involvement of peripheral mechanisms in IBS-C, particularly pathways mediating neuronal signaling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Peripheral factors play a role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which, to date, has been mostly evident in IBS with diarrhea. Here, we show that sigmoid colon mucosal gene expression profiles differentiate IBS with constipation from healthy controls. These profiling data and analysis of additional cohorts also support the concept that peripheral neuronal pathways contribute to IBS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Videlock
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill M Hoffman
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lin Chang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
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Filannino P, Di Cagno R, Trani A, Cantatore V, Gambacorta G, Gobbetti M. Lactic acid fermentation enriches the profile of biogenic compounds and enhances the functional features of common purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.). J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Wang S, Sui S, Liu Z, Peng C, Liu J, Luo D, Fan X, Liu C, Lu WY. Protective roles of hepatic gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling in acute ethanol exposure-induced liver injury. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:341-350. [PMID: 29044621 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a consequence of heavy and prolonged alcohol consumptions. We previously demonstrated a hepatic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling system that protects the liver from toxic injury. The present study was designed to investigate the role of the hepatic GABA signaling system in the process of acute ethanol exposure-induced liver injury. Our results showed that the expression of GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and type A GABA receptor (GABAA R) subunits was upregulated in ethanol-treated mice compared with saline-treated controls. Remarkably, pretreatment of mice with GABA (1.5 mg kg-1 body weight, intraperitoneal injection [i.p.]) or with the GABAA R agonist muscimol (1.2 mg kg-1 body weight, i.p.) protected the liver against ethanol toxicity and improved liver function, whereas pretreatment of mice with the GABAA R antagonist bicuculline (2.0 mg kg-1 body weight, i.p.) worsened the liver function. Further analyses suggest that GABAA R-mediated signaling protects the liver from ethanol injury by, at least partially, inhibiting the IRE1α-ASK1-JNK pro-apoptotic pathway in hepatocytes in the process of ethanol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglian Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Sui
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shandong University Qi Lu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Xinhua Hospital, Huainan, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhuan Fan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Aggarwal S, Ahuja V, Paul J. Attenuated GABAergic Signaling in Intestinal Epithelium Contributes to Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2768-2779. [PMID: 28667430 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromediators produced by enteric nervous system regulate inflammatory processes via interacting with enteric immune system. Role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is also a neuromediator, has been implicated in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, where they modulate the immune responses. However, its role in ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been defined. AIMS This study was carried out to investigate the role of GABA and its signaling components in pathogenesis of UC. METHODS Peripheral blood, colon mucosal biopsy, and fecal specimens were collected from UC and control groups. Quantification of GABA was done using ELISA. Expression of GABAergic signal system components was analyzed through RT-PCR analysis. Enumeration of GABA-producing bacteria was done by qPCR analysis. Activity of p38 MAPK and expression of proinflammatory cytokines were determined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. RESULTS GABA levels were significantly reduced in patients with UC as compared to control group when measured in serum and colon biopsy. Altered expression of GABAergic signal system was observed in UC patients. Reduced abundance of selected GABA-producing bacteria was detected in stool samples of UC patients as compared to control. p38 MAPK activity and expression of its downstream effector cytokines were found to be increased in UC patients as compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Reduced levels of GABA were observed in patients with UC, and this leads to hyperactivation of p38 MAPK and overexpression of downstream effector cytokines suggesting a role of GABA in pathogenesis of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Aggarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Nealon NJ, Yuan L, Yang X, Ryan EP. Rice Bran and Probiotics Alter the Porcine Large Intestine and Serum Metabolomes for Protection against Human Rotavirus Diarrhea. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:653. [PMID: 28484432 PMCID: PMC5399067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea, and there is limited vaccine efficacy in the developing world. Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs consuming a prophylactic synbiotic combination of probiotics and rice bran (Pro+RB) did not exhibit HRV diarrhea after challenge. Multiple immune, gut barrier protective, and anti-diarrheal mechanisms contributed to the prophylactic efficacy of Pro+RB when compared to probiotics (Pro) alone. In order to understand the molecular signature associated with diarrheal protection by Pro+RB, a global non-targeted metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the large intestinal contents and serum of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform revealed significantly different metabolites (293 in LIC and 84 in serum) in the pigs fed Pro+RB compared to Pro, and many of these metabolites were lipids and amino acid/peptides. Lipid metabolites included 2-oleoylglycerol (increased 293.40-fold in LIC of Pro+RB, p = 3.04E-10), which can modulate gastric emptying, andhyodeoxycholate (decreased 0.054-fold in the LIC of Pro+RB, p = 0.0040) that can increase colonic mucus production to improve intestinal barrier function. Amino acid metabolites included cysteine (decreased 0.40-fold in LIC, p = 0.033, and 0.62-fold in serum, p = 0.014 of Pro+RB), which has been found to reduce inflammation, lower oxidative stress and modulate mucosal immunity, and histamine (decreased 0.18-fold in LIC, p = 0.00030, of Pro+RB and 1.57-fold in serum, p = 0.043), which modulates local and systemic inflammatory responses as well as influences the enteric nervous system. Alterations to entire LIC and serum metabolic pathways further contributed to the anti-diarrheal and anti-viral activities of Pro+RB such as sphingolipid, mono/diacylglycerol, fatty acid, secondary bile acid, and polyamine metabolism. Sphingolipid and long chain fatty acid profiles influenced the ability of HRV to both infect and replicate within cells, suggesting that Pro+RB created a protective lipid profile that interferes with HRV activity. Polyamines act on enterocyte calcium-sensing receptors to modulate intracellular calcium levels, and may directly interfere with rotavirus replication. These results support that multiple host and probiotic metabolic networks, notably those involving lipid and amino acid/peptide metabolism, are important mechanisms through which Pro+RB protected against HRV diarrhea in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Jean Nealon
- Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsCO, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Yuan Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, BethesdaMD, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsCO, USA
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Xie M, Chen HH, Nie SP, Yin JY, Xie MY. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Increases the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Decreases pH Values in Mouse Colon. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040653. [PMID: 28425937 PMCID: PMC6154700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) could regulate physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of GABA on colon health in mice. The female Kunming mice were given GABA at doses of 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/d for 14 days. Afterwards, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, pH values, colon index, colon length and weight of colonic and cecal contents were determined to evaluate the effects of GABA on colon health. The results showed that intake of GABA could increase the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total SCFAs in colonic and cecal contents, as well as the weight of colonic and cecal contents. The colon index and length of the 40 mg/kg/d GABA-treated group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, decrease of pH values in colonic and cecal contents was also observed. These results suggest that GABA may improve colon health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Hai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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24
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Wang S, Xiang YY, Zhu J, Yi F, Li J, Liu C, Lu WY. Protective roles of hepatic GABA signaling in acute liver injury of rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G208-G218. [PMID: 27979827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced by various cells through the catalytic activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Activation of type-A GABA receptor (GABAAR) inhibits stem cell proliferation but protects differentiated cells from injures. The present study investigated hepatic GABA signaling system and the role of this system in liver physiology and pathophysiology. RT-PCR and immunoblot assays identified GAD and GABAAR subunits in rat livers and in HepG2 and Clone 9 hepatocytes. Patch-clamp recording detected GABA-induced currents in Clone 9 hepatocytes and depolarization in WITT cholangiocytes. The function of hepatic GABA signaling system in rats was examined using models of d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatocytic injury in vivo and in vitro. The expression of GAD increased whereas GABAAR subunits decreased in the liver of GalN-treated rats. Remarkably, treating rats with GABA or the GABAAR agonist muscimol, but not the GABABR agonist baclofen, protected hepatocytes against GalN toxicity and improved liver function. In addition, muscimol treatment decreased the formation of pseudobile ductules and the enlargement of hepatocytic canaliculi in GalN-treated rats. Our results revealed that a complex GABA signaling system exists in the rat liver. Activation of this intrahepatic GABAergic system protected the liver against toxic injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Auto- and paracrine GABAergic signaling systems exist in the rat hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Activation of GABA signaling protects liver function from d-galactosamine injury by reducing toxic impairment of hepatocytes and by decreasing cholangiocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglian Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yun-Yan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jianchun Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; .,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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25
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Pokusaeva K, Johnson C, Luk B, Uribe G, Fu Y, Oezguen N, Matsunami RK, Lugo M, Major A, Mori‐Akiyama Y, Hollister EB, Dann SM, Shi XZ, Engler DA, Savidge T, Versalovic J. GABA-producing Bifidobacterium dentium modulates visceral sensitivity in the intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:e12904. [PMID: 27458085 PMCID: PMC5195897 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent abdominal pain is a common and costly health-care problem attributed, in part, to visceral hypersensitivity. Increasing evidence suggests that gut bacteria contribute to abdominal pain perception by modulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis. However, specific microbial signals remain poorly defined. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter and a key regulator of abdominal and central pain perception from peripheral afferent neurons. Although gut bacteria are reported to produce GABA, it is not known whether the microbial-derived neurotransmitter modulates abdominal pain. METHODS To investigate the potential analgesic effects of microbial GABA, we performed daily oral administration of a specific Bifidobacterium strain (B. dentiumATCC 27678) in a rat fecal retention model of visceral hypersensitivity, and subsequently evaluated pain responses. KEY RESULTS We demonstrate that commensal Bifidobacterium dentium produces GABA via enzymatic decarboxylation of glutamate by GadB. Daily oral administration of this specific Bifidobacterium (but not a gadB deficient) strain modulated sensory neuron activity in a rat fecal retention model of visceral hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The functional significance of microbial-derived GABA was demonstrated by gadB-dependent desensitization of colonic afferents in a murine model of visceral hypersensitivity. Visceral pain modulation represents another potential health benefit attributed to bifidobacteria and other GABA-producing species of the intestinal microbiome. Targeting GABAergic signals along this microbiome-gut-brain axis represents a new approach for the treatment of abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Pokusaeva
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - C. Johnson
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - B. Luk
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - G. Uribe
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Molecular Virology & MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Y. Fu
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - N. Oezguen
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - R. K. Matsunami
- Proteomics Programmatic Core LaboratoryHouston Methodist Hospital Research InstituteHoustonTXUSA
| | - M. Lugo
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - A. Major
- Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Y. Mori‐Akiyama
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - E. B. Hollister
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - S. M. Dann
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - X. Z. Shi
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - D. A. Engler
- Proteomics Programmatic Core LaboratoryHouston Methodist Hospital Research InstituteHoustonTXUSA
| | - T. Savidge
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - J. Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA,Department of PathologyTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA,Molecular Virology & MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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26
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Abstract
Animals share an intimate and life-long partnership with a myriad of resident microbial species, collectively referred to as the microbiota. Symbiotic microbes have been shown to regulate nutrition and metabolism and are critical for the development and function of the immune system. More recently, studies have suggested that gut bacteria can impact neurological outcomes--altering behavior and potentially affecting the onset and/or severity of nervous system disorders. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that the microbiome extends its influence to the brain via various pathways connecting the gut to the central nervous system. While understanding and appreciation of a gut microbial impact on neurological function is nascent, unraveling gut-microbiome-brain connections holds the promise of transforming the neurosciences and revealing potentially novel etiologies for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Sampson
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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27
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Braun HS, Sponder G, Pieper R, Aschenbach JR, Deiner C. GABA selectively increases mucin-1 expression in isolated pig jejunum. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:47. [PMID: 26471792 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is expressed in the central nervous system and in various other tissues including the intestine. Moreover, GABA can be ingested in vegetarian diets or produced by bacterial commensals in the gastrointestinal tract. As previous studies in lung have suggested a link between locally increased GABA availability and mucin 5AC production, the present study sought to test whether the presence or lack of GABA (and its precursor glutamine) has an effect on intestinal mucin expression. Porcine jejunum epithelial preparations were incubated with two different amounts of GABA or glutamine on the mucosal side for 4 h, and changes in the relative gene expression of seven different mucins, enzymes involved in mucin shedding, GABA B receptor, enzymes involved in glutamine/GABA metabolism, glutathione peroxidase 2, and interleukin 10 were examined by quantitative PCR (TaqMan(®) assays). Protein expression of mucin-1 (MUC1) was analyzed by Western blot. On the RNA level, only MUC1 was significantly up-regulated by both GABA concentrations compared with the control. Glutamine-treated groups showed the same trend. On the protein level, all treatment groups showed a significantly higher MUC1 expression than the control group. We conclude that GABA selectively increases the expression of MUC1, a cell surface mucin that prevents the adhesion of microorganisms, because of its size and negative charge, and therefore propose that the well-described positive effects of glutamine on enterocytes and intestinal integrity are partly attributable to effects of its metabolite GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah-Sophie Braun
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, FU Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sponder
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, FU Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, FU Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, FU Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Deiner
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, FU Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Sudo N. Microbiome, HPA axis and production of endocrine hormones in the gut. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:177-94. [PMID: 24997034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiome can affect the development and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and behavior, with central integrative systems being crucial in the successful physiological adaptation of the organism to external stressor. In contrast, host-derived hormones increase the bacterial proliferative capacity and pathogenicity. In the gut lumen, this type of cross-talk between microorganisms and the host is presumed to be performed continually through various kinds of luminal molecules, as numerous types of bacteria and host cells are in close proximity in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals.We herein focus on bidirectional signaling between the gut microbiome and the host in terms of commensal microbiota affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis response and behaviors and further discuss the role of gut luminal catecholamines and γ-aminobutyric acid, both of which are presumed to be involved in this signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan,
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29
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Poulsen JL, Brock C, Olesen AE, Nilsson M, Drewes AM. Clinical potential of naloxegol in the management of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014; 7:345-58. [PMID: 25278772 PMCID: PMC4179399 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s52097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD) is a burdensome condition which limits the therapeutic benefit of analgesia. It affects the entire gastrointestinal tract, predominantly by activating opioid receptors in the enteric nervous system, resulting in a wide range of symptoms, such as reflux, bloating, abdominal cramping, hard, dry stools, and incomplete evacuation. The majority of studies evaluating OIBD focus on constipation experienced in approximately 60% of patients. Nevertheless, other presentations of OIBD seem to be equally frequent. Furthermore, laxative treatment is often insufficient, which in many patients results in decreased quality of life and discontinuation of opioid treatment. Novel mechanism-based pharmacological approaches targeting the gastrointestinal opioid receptors have been marketed recently and even more are in the pipeline. One strategy is prolonged release formulation of the opioid antagonist naloxone (which has limited systemic absorption) and oxycodone in a combined tablet. Another approach is peripherally acting, μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) that selectively target μ-opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. However, in Europe the only PAMORA approved for OIBD is the subcutaneously administered methylnaltrexone. Alvimopan is an oral PAMORA, but only approved in the US for postoperative ileus in hospitalized patients. Finally, naloxegol is a novel, oral PAMORA expected to be approved soon. In this review, the prevalence and pathophysiology of OIBD is presented. As PAMORAs seem to be a promising approach, their potential effect is reviewed with special focus on naloxegol's pharmacological properties, data on safety, efficacy, and patient-focused perspectives. In conclusion, as naloxegol is administered orally once daily, has proven efficacious compared to placebo, has an acceptable safety profile, and can be used as add-on to existing pain treatment, it is a welcoming addition to the targeted treatment possibilities for OIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lykke Poulsen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christina Brock
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Estrup Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matias Nilsson
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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30
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Zhang D, Li X, Yao Z, Wei C, Ning N, Li J. GABAergic signaling facilitates breast cancer metastasis by promoting ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation. Cancer Lett 2014; 348:100-8. [PMID: 24657659 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling molecules in breast cancer metastasis. Our results reveal that GABAergic system exists in breast cancer cells. Both the GABA synthetic enzyme. (GAD65/67) and GABAB receptor are expressed in 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and human breast cancer tissue. Baclofen, a GABABR agonist, significantly promoted 4T1 cells invasion and migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo, an event that was attenuated by GABABR antagonist CGP55845. Baclofen-induced breast cancer metastasis was mediated by ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ziming Yao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chuanfei Wei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Nannan Ning
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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31
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Limon A, Gallegos-Perez JL, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Aljohi MA, Alshanqeeti AS, Miledi R. The endogenous GABA bioactivity of camel, bovine, goat and human milks. Food Chem 2014; 145:481-7. [PMID: 24128504 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
GABA orally administered has several beneficial effects on health, including the regulation of hyperglycaemic states in humans. Those effects are similar to the effects reported for camel milk (CMk); however, it is not known whether compounds with GABAergic activity are present in milk from camels or other species. We determined CMk free-GABA concentration by LS/MS and its bioactivity on human GABA receptors. We found that camel and goat milks have significantly more bioavailable GABA than cow and human milks and are able to activate GABAρ receptors. The relationship between GABA and taurine concentrations suggests that whole camel milk may be more efficient to activate GABAρ1 receptors than goat milk. Because GABAρ receptors are normally found in enteroendocrine cells in the lumen of the digestive tract, these results suggest that GABA in camel and goat milk may participate in GABA-modulated functions of enteroendocrine cells in the GI lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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