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Lee S, Jo K, Jeong SKC, Choi YS, Jung S. Strategies for modulating the lipid digestion of emulsions in the gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37267158 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2215873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The structural changes in emulsion products can be used to control the bioavailability of fatty acids and lipophilic compounds. After ingestion, lipid droplets undergo breakdown and structural changes as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The oil-water interface plays a critical role in modulating the digestive behavior of lipid droplets because changes in the interfacial layer control the adsorption of lipase and bile salts and determine the overall rate and extent of lipid digestion. Therefore, lipid digestibility can be tuned by selecting the appropriate types and levels of stabilizers. The stabilizer can change the lipase accessibility and exposure of lipid substrates, resulting in variable digestion rates. However, emulsified lipids are not only added to food matrixes but are also co-ingested from other dietary components. Therefore, overall consumption behaviors can affect the digestion rate and digestibility of emulsified lipids. Although designing an emulsion structure is challenging, controlling lipid digestion can improve the health benefits of products. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the process of emulsified lipid digestion is required to develop food products that enable specific physiological responses. The targeted or delayed release of lipophilic molecules and fatty acids through emulsion systems has significant applications in healthcare and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonmin Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung Jo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki-Chan Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Brubaker PL. The Molecular Determinants of Glucagon-like Peptide Secretion by the Intestinal L cell. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6717959. [PMID: 36156130 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal L cell secretes a diversity of biologically active hormones, most notably the glucagon-like peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2. The highly successful introduction of GLP-1-based drugs into the clinic for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and of a GLP-2 analog for patients with short bowel syndrome, has led to the suggestion that stimulation of the endogenous secretion of these peptides may serve as a novel therapeutic approach in these conditions. Situated in the intestinal epithelium, the L cell demonstrates complex relationships with not only circulating, paracrine, and neural regulators, but also ingested nutrients and other factors in the lumen, most notably the microbiota. The integrated input from these numerous secretagogues results in a variety of temporal patterns in L cell secretion, ranging from minutes to 24 hours. This review combines the findings of traditional, physiological studies with those using newer molecular approaches to describe what is known and what remains to be elucidated after 5 decades of research on the intestinal L cell and its secreted peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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The Sensory Mechanisms of Nutrient-Induced GLP-1 Secretion. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050420. [PMID: 35629924 PMCID: PMC9147592 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteroendocrine system of the gut regulates energy homeostasis through the release of hormones. Of the gut-derived hormones, GLP-1 is particularly interesting, as analogs of the hormone have proven to be highly effective for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Observations on increased levels of GLP-1 following gastric bypass surgery have enhanced the interest in endogenous hormone secretion and highlighted the potential of endogenous secretion in therapy. The macronutrients and their digestive products stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 through various mechanisms that we have only begun to understand. From findings obtained from different experimental models, we now have strong indications for a role for both Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 (SGLT1) and the K+ATP channel in carbohydrate-induced GLP-1 secretion. For fat, the free fatty acid receptor FFA1 and the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR119 have been linked to GLP-1 secretion. For proteins, Peptide Transporter 1 (Pept1) and the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) are thought to mediate the secretion. However, attempts at clinical application of these mechanisms have been unsuccessful, and more work is needed before we fully understand the mechanisms of nutrient-induced GLP-1 secretion.
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Wachsmuth HR, Weninger SN, Duca FA. Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:377-392. [PMID: 35474341 PMCID: PMC9076644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding incoming nutrients to allow proper maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. This gut-brain communication is regulated by various peptides or hormones that are secreted from the gut in response to nutrients; these signaling molecules can enter the circulation and act directly on the brain, or they can act indirectly via paracrine action on local vagal and spinal afferent neurons that innervate the gut. In addition, the enteric nervous system can act as a relay from the gut to the brain. The current review will outline the different gut-brain signaling mechanisms that contribute to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting the recent advances in understanding these complex hormonal and neural pathways. Furthermore, the impact of the gut microbiota on various components of the gut-brain axis that regulates energy and glucose homeostasis will be discussed. A better understanding of the gut-brain axis and its complex relationship with the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of successful pharmacological therapies to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Hajishafiee M, McVeay C, Lange K, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal infusion of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on glucoregulatory hormones, gastric emptying and glycaemia in healthy men. Metabolism 2022; 129:155140. [PMID: 35065080 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In healthy men, intraduodenal administration of the fatty acid, lauric acid ('C12') and the amino acid, L-tryptophan ('TRP'), at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, reduce energy intake substantially when combined. C12 and TRP may also stimulate cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which both slow gastric emptying, a key determinant of postprandial blood glucose. Accordingly, combination of C12 and TRP has the potential to reduce post-meal glycaemia more than either nutrient alone. METHODS Twelve healthy, lean men (age (mean ± SD): 28 ± 7 years) received, on 4 separate occasions, 45-min intraduodenal infusions of C12 (0.3 kcal/min), TRP (0.1 kcal/min), C12 + TRP (0.4 kcal/min), or 0.9% saline (control), in a randomised, double-blind fashion. 30 min after commencement of the infusion a mixed-nutrient drink was consumed and gastric emptying measured (13C breath-test) for 3 h. Blood samples were obtained at baseline, in response to treatments alone, and for 2 h post-drink for measurements of plasma glucose, cholecystokinin, GLP-1, C-peptide, insulin and glucagon. 'Early' (first 30 min) and 'overall' glycaemic and hormone responses were evaluated. RESULTS C12 + TRP and C12 delayed the rise in, but did not affect the overall glycaemic response to the drink, compared with control and TRP (all P < 0.05). C12 + TRP slowed gastric emptying compared with control and TRP (both P < 0.005), and C12 non-significantly slowed gastric emptying compared with control (P = 0.090). C12 + TRP and C12 delayed the rise in C-peptide and insulin, and also stimulated CCK and glucagon, compared with control and TRP (all P < 0.05). Only C12 + TRP stimulated early and overall GLP-1 compared with control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy men, C12 + TRP and C12, in the loads administered, had comparable effects to delay the rise in glucose following a nutrient drink, probably primarily by slowing of gastric emptying, as a result of CCK and GLP-1 stimulation, while TRP had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - K Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Braeckmans M, Brouwers J, Riethorst D, Servais C, Tack J, Augustijns P. The Influence of Fed State Lipolysis Inhibition on the Intraluminal Behaviour and Absorption of Fenofibrate from a Lipid-Based Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010119. [PMID: 35057014 PMCID: PMC8781256 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of lipophilic drugs may or may not be increased when administered with food due to increased solubilisation in fed state gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. The in vivo interplay between drug solubilisation, lipid phase digestion and drug absorption is complex and remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of fed state GI lipolysis on the intraluminal behaviour and absorption of fenofibrate, formulated as the lipid-based formulation Fenogal. Therefore, a crossover study was performed in healthy volunteers using orlistat as lipase inhibitor. Fenofibrate concentrations were determined in the proximal jejunum and linked to simultaneously assessed systemic fenofibric acid concentrations. Inhibition of lipolysis by orlistat resulted in a faster onset of absorption in 4 out of 6 volunteers, reflected by a decrease in systemic Tmax between 20 and 140 min. In addition, the increase of undigested lipids present in the small intestine upon orlistat co-administration sustained drug solubilisation for a longer period, resulting in higher fenofibrate concentrations in the jejunum and improved absorption in 5 out of 6 volunteers (median AUC0–8h 8377 vs. 5832 μM.min). Sustaining drug solubilisation in the lipid phase may thus contribute to the absorption of lipophilic drugs. More research into the different mechanisms underlying lipophilic drug absorption from fed state media at different levels of digestion is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Braeckmans
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Danny Riethorst
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Cécile Servais
- Galephar M/F Research Center, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium;
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Clarke GS, Gatford KL, Young RL, Grattan DR, Ladyman SR, Page AJ. Maternal adaptations to food intake across pregnancy: Central and peripheral mechanisms. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1813-1824. [PMID: 34623766 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A sufficient and balanced maternal diet is critical to meet the nutritional demands of the developing fetus and to facilitate deposition of fat reserves for lactation. Multiple adaptations occur to meet these energy requirements, including reductions in energy expenditure and increases in maternal food intake. The central nervous system plays a vital role in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis and responds to multiple metabolic and nutrient cues, including those arising from the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the nutrient requirements of pregnancy and the impact of over- and undernutrition on the risk of pregnancy complications and adult disease in progeny. The central and peripheral regulation of food intake is then discussed, with particular emphasis on the adaptations that occur during pregnancy and the mechanisms that drive these changes, including the possible role of the pregnancy-associated hormones progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and growth hormone. We identify the need for deeper mechanistic understanding of maternal adaptations, in particular, changes in gut-brain axis satiety signaling. Improved understanding of food intake regulation during pregnancy will provide a basis to inform strategies that prevent maternal under- or overnutrition, improve fetal health, and reduce the long-term health and economic burden for mothers and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia S Clarke
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence: Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence: Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Wilbrink J, Masclee G, Klaassen T, van Avesaat M, Keszthelyi D, Masclee A. Review on the Regional Effects of Gastrointestinal Luminal Stimulation on Appetite and Energy Intake: (Pre)clinical Observations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051601. [PMID: 34064724 PMCID: PMC8151500 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macronutrients in the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen are able to activate “intestinal brakes”, feedback mechanisms on proximal GI motility and secretion including appetite and energy intake. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the current evidence with respect to four questions: (1) are regional differences (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) present in the intestinal luminal nutrient modulation of appetite and energy intake? (2) is this “intestinal brake” effect macronutrient specific? (3) is this “intestinal brake” effect maintained during repetitive activation? (4) can the “intestinal brake” effect be activated via non-caloric tastants? Recent evidence indicates that: (1) regional differences exist in the intestinal modulation of appetite and energy intake with a proximal to distal gradient for inhibition of energy intake: ileum and jejunum > duodenum at low but not at high caloric infusion rates. (2) the “intestinal brake” effect on appetite and energy appears not to be macronutrient specific. At equi-caloric amounts, the inhibition on energy intake and appetite is in the same range for fat, protein and carbohydrate. (3) data on repetitive ileal brake activation are scarce because of the need for prolonged intestinal intubation. During repetitive activation of the ileal brake for up to 4 days, no adaptation was observed but overall the inhibitory effect on energy intake was small. (4) the concept of influencing energy intake by intra-intestinal delivery of non-caloric tastants is intriguing. Among tastants, the bitter compounds appear to be more effective in influencing energy intake. Energy intake decreases modestly after post-oral delivery of bitter tastants or a combination of tastants (bitter, sweet and umami). Intestinal brake activation provides an interesting concept for preventive and therapeutic approaches in weight management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wilbrink
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Gwen Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Tim Klaassen
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Mark van Avesaat
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3875021
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Kamruzzaman M, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Marathe CS. Gut-Based Strategies to Reduce Postprandial Glycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:661877. [PMID: 33897622 PMCID: PMC8062751 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.661877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial glycemic control is an important target for optimal type 2 diabetes management, but is often difficult to achieve. The gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in modulating postprandial glycaemia in both health and diabetes. The various strategies that have been proposed to modulate gastrointestinal function, particularly by slowing gastric emptying and/or stimulating incretin hormone GLP-1, are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamruzzaman
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chinmay S. Marathe
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- *Correspondence: Chinmay S. Marathe,
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Hamad S, Thilakarathna SH, Cuncins A, Brown M, Wright AJ. Emulsion Droplet Crystallinity Attenuates Short-Term Satiety in Healthy Adult Males: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover, Acute Meal Study. J Nutr 2020; 150:2295-2304. [PMID: 32556204 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of triacylglycerol (TAG) physical properties on satiety remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The objective was to investigate if and how TAG digestion and absorption, modulated only by differences in TAG crystallinity, would differentially affect short-term satiety in healthy men. METHODS We tempered 500 mL 10% palm stearin oil-in-water emulsions such that the lipid droplets were either undercooled liquid (LE) or partially crystalline solid (SE). Fifteen healthy men (mean ± SD age: 27.5 ± 5.7 y; BMI: 24.1 ± 2.5 kg/m2; fasting TAG: 0.9 ± 0.3 mmol/L) consumed each beverage at two 6-h study visits separated by ≥6 d after an overnight fast, along with 1500 mg acetaminophen suspended in water. The participants characterized the emulsion sensory properties, completed satiety visual analog scale ratings, and had serial blood samples collected for 6-h analysis of plasma peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, leptin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin, and acetaminophen (for assessing gastric emptying). Repeated-measures ANOVAs and 2-tailed paired t tests were used to analyze the changes from baseline and incremental area under the curve (iAUC) values, respectively. RESULTS With consumption of LE compared with SE, there was a 358% higher fullness (P = 0.015) and a 103% lower average appetite (P = 0.041) score, along with higher iAUC values for PYY (P = 0.011) and GLP-1 (P = 0.028) (103% and 66% higher, respectively), but not for ghrelin (P = 0.39), based on change from baseline values. Acetaminophen response trended toward significance (P = 0.08) and was 15% higher with LE. SE was rated as 44% thicker (P = 0.034) and 24% creamier (P = 0.05) than LE. CONCLUSIONS The suppression of TAG digestion by the presence of partially crystalline lipid droplets blunted the appetite-suppressing effects of an oil-in-water emulsion.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03990246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Hamad
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Surangi H Thilakarathna
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Cuncins
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Effect of White Potatoes on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Healthy Older Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092606. [PMID: 32867083 PMCID: PMC7551271 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of white potato cooking methods on subjective appetite, short-term food intake (FI), and glycemic response in healthy older adults. Using a within-subject, repeated-measures design, 20 participants (age: 70.4 ± 0.6 y) completed, in random order, five treatment conditions: three potato treatments (baked potatoes, mashed potatoes, and French fries), an isocaloric control treatment (white bread), or a fasting condition (meal skipping). Subjective appetite and glycemic response were measured for 120 min using visual analogue scales and capillary blood samples, respectively. Lunch FI was measured with an ad libitum pizza meal at 120 min. Change from baseline subjective appetite (p < 0.001) and lunch FI (p < 0.001) were lower after all test treatments compared with meal skipping (p < 0.001), but did not differ among test treatments. Cumulative FI (test treatment + lunch FI) did not differ among treatment conditions. Blood glucose concentrations were higher after all test treatments compared with meal skipping (p < 0.001), but were not different from each other. In healthy older adults, white potatoes suppressed subjective appetite and lunch FI compared with meal skipping, suggesting white potatoes do not bypass regulatory control mechanisms of FI.
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12
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McVeay C, Steinert RE, Fitzgerald PCE, Ullrich SS, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal coadministration of lauric acid and leucine on gut motility, plasma cholecystokinin, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R790-R798. [PMID: 32160019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00352.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid, lauric acid (C12), and the amino acid, leucine (Leu) stimulate gut hormones, including CCK, associated with suppression of energy intake. In our recent study, intraduodenal infusion of a combination of C12 and l-tryptophan, at loads that individually did not affect energy intake, reduced energy intake substantially, associated with much greater stimulation of CCK. We have now investigated whether combined administration of C12 and Leu would enhance the intake-suppressant effects of each nutrient, when given at loads that each suppress energy intake individually. Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 23 ± 2 yr) received, in randomized, double-blind fashion, 90-min intraduodenal infusions of control (saline), C12 (0.4 kcal/min), Leu (0.45 kcal/min), or C12+Leu (0.85 kcal/min). Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously and plasma CCK at 15-min intervals, and energy intake from a standardized buffet-meal, consumed immediately postinfusion, was quantified. All nutrient infusions stimulated plasma CCK compared with control (P < 0.05). Moreover, C12 and C12+Leu stimulated CCK compared with Leu (P < 0.05) (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 2.3 ± 0.3, C12: 3.8 ± 0.3, Leu: 2.7 ± 0.3, and C12+Leu: 4.0 ± 0.4). C12+Leu, but not C12 or Leu, stimulated pyloric pressures (P < 0.05). C12+Leu and C12 reduced energy intake (P < 0.05), and there was a trend for Leu to reduce (P = 0.06) energy intake compared with control, with no differences between the three nutrient treatments (kcal; control: 1398 ± 84, C12: 1226 ± 80, Leu: 1260 ± 92, and C12+Leu: 1208 ± 83). In conclusion, combination of C12 and Leu, at the loads given, did not reduce energy intake beyond their individual effects, possibly because maximal effects had been evoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert E Steinert
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sina S Ullrich
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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13
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Costanzo A, Russell CG, Lewin S, Keast R. A Fatty Acid Mouth Rinse Decreases Self-Reported Hunger and Increases Self-Reported Fullness in Healthy Australian Adults: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030678. [PMID: 32131518 PMCID: PMC7146224 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) chemoreception in the oral cavity, known as fat taste, may trigger a satiety response that is homologous to FA chemoreception in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, individuals with an impaired fat taste sensitivity are more likely to have an impaired satiety response. This study aimed to assess the effect of an FA mouth rinse on self-reported appetite, and to determine if the effect is modified by fat taste sensitivity. Thirty-one participants (age, 32.0 ± 8.4 y; body mass index (BMI), 26.1 ± 8.1 kg/m2) were studied on four separate days to evaluate the effect of a 20 mM oleic acid (OA) mouth rinse (in duplicate) compared to a control (in duplicate) on self-reported appetite by using a visual analogue scale (VAS) every 30 min for three hours following a standardized low-fat breakfast. The area under the curve ratings for fullness were greater (p = 0.003), and those for hunger were lower (p = 0.002) following the OA rinse compared to the control. The effect of the OA rinse was greater in individuals who were hypersensitive to fat taste compared to moderately sensitive and hyposensitive individuals for fullness (p < 0.010) and hunger (p < 0.010) ratings. In summary, an OA mouth rinse decreases self-reported hunger and increases self-reported fullness, particularly in those who are more sensitive to fat taste. FA receptors in the oral cavity may be potential targets to regulate appetite.
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Steingoetter A, Arnold M, Scheuble N, Fedele S, Bertsch P, Liu D, Parker HL, Langhans W, Fischer P. A Rat Model of Human Lipid Emulsion Digestion. Front Nutr 2019; 6:170. [PMID: 31781572 PMCID: PMC6861183 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of how dietary lipids are processed by the human body is necessary to allow for the control of satiation and energy intake by tailored lipid systems. To examine whether rats are a valid model of human dietary lipid processing and therefore useful for further mechanistic studies in this context, we tested in rats three lipid emulsions of different stability, which alter satiety responses in humans. Different sets of 15 adult male Sprague Dawley rats, equipped with gastric catheters alone or combined with hepatic portal vein (HPV) and vena cava (VC) catheters were maintained on a medium-fat diet and adapted to an 8 h deprivation/16 h feeding schedule. Experiments were performed in a randomized cross-over study design. After gastric infusion of the lipid emulsions, we assessed gastric emptying by the paracetamol absorption test and recorded in separate experiments food intake and plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones and metabolites in the HPV. For an acid stable emulsion, slower gastric emptying and an enhanced release of satiating gastrointestinal (GI) hormones were observed and were associated with lower short-term energy intake in rats and less hunger in humans, respectively. The magnitude of hormonal responses was related to the acid stability and redispersibility of the emulsions and thus seems to depend on the availability of lipids for digestion. Plasma metabolite levels were unaffected by the emulsion induced changes in lipolysis. The results support that structured lipid systems are digested similarly in rats and humans. Thus unstable emulsions undergo the same intragastric destabilization in both species, i.e., increased droplet size and creaming. This work establishes the rat as a viable animal model for in vivo studies on the control of satiation and energy intake by tailored lipid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steingoetter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Scheuble
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shahana Fedele
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bertsch
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dian Liu
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen L Parker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mosińska P, Martín-Ruiz M, González A, López-Miranda V, Herradón E, Uranga JA, Vera G, Sánchez-Yáñez A, Martín-Fontelles MI, Fichna J, Abalo R. Changes in the diet composition of fatty acids and fiber affect the lower gastrointestinal motility but have no impact on cardiovascular parameters: In vivo and in vitro studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13651. [PMID: 31145538 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food and diet are central issues for proper functioning of the cardiovascular (CV) system and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We hypothesize that different types of dietary FAs affect CV parameters as well as GI motor function and visceral sensitivity. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed with control diet (CTRL), diet supplemented with 7% soybean oil (SOY), SOY + 3.5% virgin coconut oil (COCO), and SOY + 3.5% evening primrose oil (EP) for 4 weeks. The content of insoluble fiber in CTRL was higher than in SOY, COCO, or EP. Body weight gain and food/water intake were measured. At day 28, biometric, biochemical, CV parameters, GI motor function (X-ray and colon bead expulsion test), and visceral sensitivity were evaluated. Changes in propulsive colonic activity were determined in vitro. The colon and adipose tissue were histologically studied; the number of mast cells (MCs) in the colon was calculated. RESULTS SOY, COCO, and EP had increased body weight gain but decreased food intake vs CTRL. Water consumption, biometric, biochemical, and CV parameters were comparable between groups. SOY increased the sensitivity to colonic distention. All groups maintained regular propulsive neurogenic contractions; EP delayed colonic motility (P < 0.01). SOY, COCO, and EP displayed decreased size of the cecum, lower number and size of fecal pellets, and higher infiltration of MCs to the colon (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Dietary FAs supplementation and lower intake of insoluble fiber can induce changes in the motility of the lower GI tract, in vivo and in vitro, but CV function and visceral sensitivity are not generally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mosińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Martín-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio González
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Visitación López-Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Esperanza Herradón
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - José A Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Gema Vera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Yáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Mª Isabel Martín-Fontelles
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
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16
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Gastrointestinal Sensing of Meal-Related Signals in Humans, and Dysregulations in Eating-Related Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061298. [PMID: 31181734 PMCID: PMC6627312 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in sensing the arrival of a meal, including its volume as well as nutrient and non-nutrient contents. The presence of the meal in the stomach generates a mechanical distension signal, and, as gastric emptying progresses, nutrients increasingly interact with receptors on enteroendocrine cells, triggering the release of gut hormones, with lipid and protein being particularly potent. Collectively, these signals are transmitted to the brain to regulate appetite and energy intake, or in a feedback loop relayed back to the upper GI tract to further adjust GI functions, including gastric emptying. The research in this area to date has provided important insights into how sensing of intraluminal meal-related stimuli acutely regulates appetite and energy intake in humans. However, disturbances in the detection of these stimuli have been described in a number of eating-related disorders. This paper will review the GI sensing of meal-related stimuli and the relationship with appetite and energy intake, and examine changes in GI responses to luminal stimuli in obesity, functional dyspepsia and anorexia of ageing, as examples of eating-related disorders. A much better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these dysregulations is still required to assist in the development of effective management and treatment strategies in the future.
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17
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McVeay C, Fitzgerald PCE, Ullrich SS, Steinert RE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal administration of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on gut hormones, pyloric pressures, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1335-1343. [PMID: 31051504 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty acid, lauric acid ('C12'), and the amino acid, L-tryptophan ('Trp'), modulate gastrointestinal functions including gut hormones and pyloric pressures, which are important for the regulation of energy intake, and both potently suppress energy intake. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that do not affect energy intake individually, when combined will reduce energy intake, which is associated with greater modulation of gut hormones and pyloric pressures. DESIGN Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 24 ± 1.5 y) received 90-min intraduodenal infusions of saline (control), C12 (0.3 kcal/min), Trp (0.1 kcal/min), or C12 + Trp (0.4 kcal/min), in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously, and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations, appetite perceptions, and gastrointestinal symptoms at 15-min intervals. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake from a standardized buffet meal was quantified. RESULTS C12 + Trp markedly reduced energy intake (kcal; control: 1,232 ± 72, C12: 1,180 ± 82, Trp: 1,269 ± 73, C12 + Trp: 1,056 ± 106), stimulated plasma CCK (AUC(area under the curve)0-90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 21 ± 8; C12: 129 ± 15; Trp: 97 ± 16; C12 + Trp: 229 ± 22) and GLP-1 (AUC0-90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 102 ± 41; C12: 522 ± 102; Trp: 198 ± 63; C12 + Trp: 545 ± 138), and suppressed ghrelin (AUC0-90 min, pg/mL*min; control: -3,433 ± 2,647; C12: -11,825 ± 3,521; Trp: -8,417 ± 3,734; C12 + Trp: -18,188 ± 4,165) concentrations, but did not stimulate tonic, or phasic, pyloric pressures, compared with the control (all P < 0.05), or have adverse effects. C12 and Trp each stimulated CCK (P < 0.05), but to a lesser degree than C12 + Trp, and did not suppress energy intake or ghrelin. C12, but not Trp, stimulated GLP-1 (P < 0.05) and phasic pyloric pressures (P < 0.05), compared with the control. CONCLUSION The combined intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, substantially reduces energy intake, which is associated with a marked stimulation of CCK and suppression of ghrelin. The study was registered as a clinical trial at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (www.anzctr.org.au,) as 12613000899741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sina S Ullrich
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert E Steinert
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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18
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Dirksen C, Graff J, Fuglsang S, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Madsen JL. Energy intake, gastrointestinal transit, and gut hormone release in response to oral triglycerides and fatty acids in men with and without severe obesity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G332-G337. [PMID: 30520691 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fat, and particularly fatty acids (FAs) from hydrolyzed triglycerides (TGs), reduces appetite, whereas paradoxically, a high-fat diet leads to excess calorie intake. We therefore hypothesized that the appetite-regulating effects of FAs are perturbed in obesity. Ten men with severe obesity [median body mass index (BMI) of 51.0 kg/m2 (range of 47.9-69.0)] and 10 men without obesity [BMI of 24.6 kg/m2 (range of 21.7-26.8)] were recruited for a double-blind randomized crossover study. On two occasions, participants were given isocaloric (2,660 kJ) and isovolemic (80 ml) loads of either oleic acid (long-chain FA) or olive oil (TG) containing radiolabeled lipid and water markers. Postload scintigraphy, blood sampling, and assessment of appetite were performed for 10 h, after which an ad libitum meal was served. Compared with olive oil, oleic acid slowed gastric mean emptying time (GMET) for lipids ( P < 0.001), accelerated orocoecal transit time (OCTT; P = 0.005), increased postload cholecystokinin section ( P < 0.001), and suppressed ad libitum energy intake ( P = 0.028) in men with severe obesity, and similar effects were seen in the nonobese group (no group × lipid interactions). However, independent of lipid loads, GMET and OCTT were slower (GMETlipid P = 0.046; GMETwater P = 0.003; OCTT P = 0.001), and basal and postload secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was attenuated ( P = 0.045 and P = 0.048, respectively) in men with severe obesity compared with men without obesity. We conclude that the more potent appetite-regulating effects of oleic acid versus olive oil are unimpaired in men with severe obesity. However, regardless of lipid formulations, severe obesity is associated with slowed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated GLP-1 secretion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Orally ingested fatty acids more efficiently reduce appetite and energy intake than triglycerides also in men with severe obesity. Men with severe obesity have delayed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated early gut hormone responses after an oral lipid load compared with men without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jesper Graff
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Stefan Fuglsang
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jan L Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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19
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Lin Y, Liang Z, He L, Yang M, Liu D, Gu HF, Liu H, Zhu Z, Zheng H, Li L, Yang G. Gut ghrelin regulates hepatic glucose production and insulin signaling via a gut-brain-liver pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:8. [PMID: 30683114 PMCID: PMC6347823 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin modulates many physiological processes. However, the effects of intestinal ghrelin on hepatic glucose production (HGP) are still unclear. The current study was to explore the roles of intestinal ghrelin on glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in the liver. METHODS The system of intraduodenal infusion and intracerebral microinfusion into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the normal chow-diet rats and pancreatic-euglycemic clamp procedure (PEC) combined with [3-3H] glucose as a tracer were used to analyze the effect of intestinal ghrelin. Intraduodenal co-infusion of ghrelin, tetracaine and Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) activator (AICAR), or pharmacologic and molecular inhibitor of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors within the dorsal vagal complex, or hepatic vagotomy in rats were used to explore the possible mechanism of the effect of intestinal ghrelin on HGP. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that gut infusion of ghrelin inhibited duodenal AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathways, increased HGP and expression of gluconeogenic enzymes, and decreased insulin signaling in the liver of the rat. Intraduodenal co-infusion of ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and AMPK agonist with ghrelin diminished gut ghrelin-induced increase in HGP and decrease in glucose infusion rate (GIR) and hepatic insulin signaling. The effects of gut ghrelin were also negated by co-infusion with tetracaine, or MK801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, and adenovirus expressing the shRNA of NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors (Ad-shNR1) within the dorsal vagal complex, and hepatic vagotomy in rats. When ghrelin and lipids were co-infused into the duodenum, the roles of gut lipids in increasing the rate of glucose infusion (GIR) and lowering HGP were reversed. CONCLUSIONS The current study provided evidence that intestinal ghrelin has an effect on HGP and identified a neural glucoregulatory function of gut ghrelin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.,The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Zerong Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Liping He
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Mengliu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Harvest F Gu
- Center for Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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20
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Elovaris RA, Fitzgerald PCE, Bitarafan V, Ullrich SS, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Intraduodenal Administration of L-Valine Has No Effect on Antropyloroduodenal Pressures, Plasma Cholecystokinin Concentrations or Energy Intake in Healthy, Lean Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010099. [PMID: 30621276 PMCID: PMC6356499 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein is rich in the branched-chain amino acids, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine. Thus, branched-chain amino acids may, at least in part, mediate the effects of whey to reduce energy intake and/or blood glucose. Notably, 10 g of either L-leucine or L-isoleucine, administered intragastrically before a mixed-nutrient drink, lowered postprandial blood glucose, and intraduodenal infusion of L-leucine (at a rate of 0.45 kcal/min, total: 9.9 g) lowered fasting blood glucose and reduced energy intake from a subsequent meal. Whether L-valine affects energy intake, and the gastrointestinal functions involved in the regulation of energy intake, as well as blood glucose, in humans, is currently unknown. We investigated the effects of intraduodenally administered L-valine on antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin, blood glucose and energy intake. Twelve healthy lean men (age: 29 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 0.7 kg/m²) were studied on 3 separate occasions in randomised, double-blind order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin, blood glucose, appetite perceptions and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of L-valine at 0.15 kcal/min (total: 3.3 g) or 0.45 kcal/min (total: 9.9 g), or 0.9% saline (control). Energy intake from a buffet-meal immediately after the infusions was quantified. L-valine did not affect antral, pyloric (mean number; control: 14 ± 5; L-Val-0.15: 21 ± 9; L-Val-0.45: 11 ± 4), or duodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 3.1 ± 0.3; L-Val-0.15: 3.2 ± 0.3; L-Val-0.45: 3.0 ± 0.3), blood glucose, appetite perceptions, symptoms or energy intake (kcal; control: 1040 ± 73; L-Val-0.15: 1040 ± 81; L-Val-0.45: 1056 ± 100), at either load (p > 0.05 for all). In conclusion, intraduodenal infusion of L-valine, at loads that are moderately (3.3 g) or substantially (9.9 g) above World Health Organization valine requirement recommendations, does not appear to have energy intake- or blood glucose-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Elovaris
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Sina S Ullrich
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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21
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Abou Sawan S, van Vliet S, West DWD, Beals JW, Paluska SA, Burd NA, Moore DR. Whole egg, but not egg white, ingestion induces mTOR colocalization with the lysosome after resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C537-C543. [PMID: 30133322 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00225.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that whole egg ingestion induces a greater muscle protein synthetic (MPS) response when compared with isonitrogenous egg white ingestion after resistance exercise in young men. Our aim was to determine whether whole egg or egg white ingestion differentially influenced colocalization of key regulators of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) as means to explain our previously observed divergent postexercise MPS response. In crossover trials, 10 healthy resistance-trained men (21 ± 1 yr; 88 ± 3 kg; body fat: 16 ± 1%; means ± SE) completed lower body resistance exercise before ingesting whole eggs (18 g protein, 17 g fat) or egg whites (18 g protein, 0 g fat). Muscle biopsies were obtained before exercise and at 120 and 300 min after egg ingestion to assess, by immunofluorescence, protein colocalization of key anabolic signaling molecules. After resistance exercise, tuberous sclerosis 2-Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) colocalization decreased ( P < 0.01) at 120 and 300 min after whole egg and egg white ingestion with concomitant increases ( P < 0.01) in mTOR-Rheb colocalization. After resistance exercise, mTOR-lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) colocalization significantly increased at 120 and 300 min only after whole egg ingestion ( P < 0.01), and mTOR-LAMP2 colocalization correlated with rates of MPS at rest and after exercise ( r = 0.40, P < 0.05). We demonstrated that the greater postexercise MPS response with whole egg ingestion is related in part to an enhanced recruitment of mTORC1-Rheb complexes to the lysosome during recovery. These data suggest nonprotein dietary factors influence the postexercise regulation of mRNA translation in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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22
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Guo Q, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Chang J, Hayden J, Crozier SJ, Mongia G, Rousseau D, Bellissimo N. Effect of Midmorning Puree Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic and Insulin Responses in Healthy Adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:659-669. [PMID: 29702032 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1457457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Chang
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Hayden
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Dérick Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Hansen HS, Vana V. Non-endocannabinoid N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols in the intestine. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1443-1454. [PMID: 29473944 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent findings of the physiological and pharmacological role of non-endocannabinoid N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) in the intestine and their involvement in the gut-brain signalling. Dietary fat suppresses food intake, and much research concerns the known gut peptides, for example, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK). NAEs and 2-MAGs represent another class of local gut signals most probably involved in the regulation of food intake. We discuss the putative biosynthetic pathways and targets of NAEs in the intestine as well as their anorectic role and changes in intestinal levels depending on the dietary status. NAEs can activate the transcription factor PPARα, but studies to evaluate the role of endogenous NAEs are generally lacking. Finally, we review the role of diet-derived 2-MAGs in the secretion of anorectic gut peptides via activation of GPR119. Both PPARα and GPR119 have potential as pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and the former for treatment of intestinal inflammation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald S Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vasiliki Vana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Maher T, Clegg ME. Dietary lipids with potential to affect satiety: Mechanisms and evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1619-1644. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1423277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam E. Clegg
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
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25
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Mandøe MJ, Hansen KB, Windeløv JA, Knop FK, Rehfeld JF, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ, Hansen HS. Comparing olive oil and C4-dietary oil, a prodrug for the GPR119 agonist, 2-oleoyl glycerol, less energy intake of the latter is needed to stimulate incretin hormone secretion in overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:2. [PMID: 29330461 PMCID: PMC6199285 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-017-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective After digestion, dietary triacylglycerol stimulates incretin release in humans, mainly through generation of 2-monoacylglycerol, an agonist for the intestinal G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119). Enhanced incretin release may have beneficial metabolic effects. However, dietary fat may promote weight gain and should therefore be restricted in obesity. We designed C4-dietary oil (1,3-di-butyryl-2-oleoyl glycerol) as a 2-oleoyl glycerol (2-OG)-generating fat type, which would stimulate incretin release to the same extent while providing less calories than equimolar amounts of common triglycerides, e.g., olive oil. Subjects and methods We studied the effect over 180 min of (a) 19 g olive oil plus 200 g carrot, (b) 10.7 g C4 dietary oil plus 200 g carrot and (c) 200 g carrot, respectively, on plasma responses of gut and pancreatic hormones in 13 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Theoretically, both oil meals result in formation of 7.7 g 2-OG during digestion. Results Both olive oil and C4-dietary oil resulted in greater postprandial (P ≤ 0.01) glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses (incremental area under curve (iAUC)): iAUCGLP−1: 645 ± 194 and 702 ± 97 pM × min; iAUCGIP: 4,338 ± 764 and 2,894 ± 601 pM × min) compared to the carrot meal (iAUCGLP−1: 7 ± 103 pM × min; iAUCGIP: 266 ± 234 pM × min). iAUC for GLP-1 and GIP were similar for C4-dietary oil and olive oil, although olive oil resulted in a higher peak value for GIP than C4-dietary oil. Conclusion C4-dietary oil enhanced secretion of GLP-1 and GIP to almost the same extent as olive oil, in spite of liberation of both 2-OG and oleic acid, which also may stimulate incretin secretion, from olive oil. Thus, C4-dietary oil is more effective as incretin releaser than olive oil per unit of energy and may be useful for dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Johannsen Mandøe
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Katrine Bagge Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Frederik Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Harald Severin Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Vella A, Camilleri M. The Gastrointestinal Tract as an Integrator of Mechanical and Hormonal Response to Nutrient Ingestion. Diabetes 2017; 66:2729-2737. [PMID: 29061658 PMCID: PMC5652608 DOI: 10.2337/dbi17-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose tolerance after meal ingestion in vivo is the result of multiple processes that occur in parallel. Insulin secretion together with reciprocal inhibition of glucagon secretion contributes to glucose tolerance. However, other factors beyond glucose effectiveness and insulin action require consideration. The absorption of ingested nutrients and their subsequent systemic rate of appearance largely depend on the rate of delivery of nutrients to the proximal small intestine. This is determined by the integrated response of the upper gastrointestinal tract to a meal. While gastric emptying is probably the most significant component, other factors need to be considered. This review will examine all processes that could potentially alter the fraction and rate of appearance of ingested nutrients in the peripheral circulation. Several of these processes may be potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Indeed, there is increased interest in gastrointestinal contributions to nutritional homeostasis, as demonstrated by the advent of antidiabetes therapies that alter gastrointestinal motility, the effect of bariatric surgery on diabetes remission, and the potential of the intestinal microbiome as a modulator of human metabolism. The overall goal of this review is to examine current knowledge of the gastrointestinal contributions to metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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27
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Tan SY, Peh E, Lau E, Marangoni AG, Henry CJ. Physical Form of Dietary Fat Alters Postprandial Substrate Utilization and Glycemic Response in Healthy Chinese Men. J Nutr 2017; 147:1138-1144. [PMID: 28490674 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.246728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary fats elicit various physiological responses, with the physical form of fat reported to alter fat digestion and absorption.Objectives: The primary aims were to compare the effects of dietary fat in 2 physical forms (liquid and oleogel) and 2 degrees of saturation (saturated and polyunsaturated) on postprandial energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation, glycemia, and appetite.Methods: The study was a randomized, controlled crossover trial. Sixteen normal-weight, healthy Chinese men completed the study [mean ± SD age: 28 ± 6 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 22.9 ± 3.1]. After an overnight fast, participants had their body weight measured and entered an indirect whole-room calorimeter (WRC). After baseline measurements, participants consumed orange juice and rice porridge alone (control), with 22.25 g coconut oil or sunflower oil or with 25 g coconut oleogel or sunflower oleogel in random order with a 5-d washout period between treatments. EE, substrate oxidation, capillary blood glucose, and appetite were measured over 195 min in a WRC. Participants completed a meal challenge to assess appetite. Test meals effects were compared by using repeated-measures ANOVA.Results: Fat saturation did not affect all study outcomes significantly. When data were pooled based on the physical form of dietary fat, EE did not differ. However, significantly higher carbohydrate oxidation (P = 0.03) and a trend of lower fat oxidation (P = 0.07) were found after the liquid oil than after the oleogel or control treatments. Postprandial capillary glucose was also significantly lower after the liquid oil than after the oleogel or control treatments (P < 0.001). Appetite was not affected by the physical form and the saturation of dietary fats.Conclusions: The saturation of dietary fat did not affect postprandial glucose, EE, substrate oxidation, or appetite. However, oleogel prevented the glycemic-lowering and fat-oxidation effects induced by liquid oil in Chinese men. Future work on oleogel should focus on cardiometabolic risk factors. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02702726.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Yen Tan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Elaine Peh
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Lau
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore; .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Schauf S, Salas-Mani A, Torre C, Bosch G, Swarts H, Castrillo C. Effect of sterilization and of dietary fat and carbohydrate content on food intake, activity level, and blood satiety-related hormones in female dogs. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4239-4250. [PMID: 27898845 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal sterilization is suggested to promote food overconsumption, although it is unknown whether this effect is mediated by variations in satiety-related hormones, which are released in response to food intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sterilization and of the main energy-delivery nutrients, fat and nonstructural carbohydrates, on food intake, blood concentration of satiety-related hormones, and activity level in dogs. In a 2-phase experiment (phase I [Ph.I], 74 d, and Ph.II, 84 d), 12 female Beagle dogs were assigned to a control group (intact in both phases) and a sterilization group (spayed 20 d before Ph.II). In each phase, dogs received a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet (313 and 105 g/kg DM starch and fat, respectively) and a high-fat (HF) diet (191 and 213 g/kg DM starch and fat, respectively), both high in total dietary fiber (>200 g/kg DM) and providing 27% ME as protein, in 2 consecutive periods following a crossover arrangement. During each period, dogs' voluntary DMI and activity level were recorded during 5 d. Then, energy allowance was restricted to 0.7 maintenance and the level of intake of a common challenge food offered 4 h after feeding the experimental diets (challenge food intake [ChFI]) was used as an index of the satiety state of dogs. Blood concentration of active ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), total peptide YY (PYY), and insulin were determined before and 15, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min after feeding. Voluntary DMI was greater ( < 0.05) in HF-fed dogs, but ChFI did not differ between diets ( > 0.10). Dogs fed the HF diet showed a lower increase of CCK at 120 ( < 0.01) and 240 min ( < 0.05), resulting in a lower ( < 0.001) total area under the curve from 0 to 240 min (tAUC). A lower PYY elevation ( < 0.05) was also found in HF-fed dogs at 120 min. Only active ghrelin concentration at 240 min and insulin tAUC correlated ( < 0.05) with ChFI (r = 0.357 and r = -0.364, respectively), suggesting a role of these hormones in appetite. Dog sterilization did not affect voluntary DMI, ChFI, or blood hormones ( > 0.10) but led to a reduced activity level compared with control dogs ( < 0.05). In summary, dog sterilization was not associated with an impaired appetite control. Feeding dogs the HF diet led to energy overconsumption and to a lower blood elevation of CCK and PYY but was not associated with a weaker satiating effect 4 h later compared with the HC diet.
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29
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Infant milk fat droplet size and coating affect postprandial responses in healthy adult men: a proof-of-concept study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1108-1113. [PMID: 28422122 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Fat droplets in human milk (HM) are larger and surrounded by a phospholipid membrane compared with infant milk formulas (IMF). Since the physical structure of fat droplets might affect digestion and postprandial metabolism, an IMF was developed more mimicking HM lipid structure than current IMF. SUBJECTS/METHODS A randomised, double-blind, crossover study was performed in 29 fasted healthy men (aged 18-25 years, BMI: 18-25 kg/m2) to compare 5-hour postprandial responses after consumption of an experimental IMF (Concept, Nuturis) with a current IMF (Control). RESULTS Postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations tended to increase faster after intake of Concept IMF (P=0.054), but peaked 3 h after intakes at similar concentrations. ApoB48 increased steadily and peaked 3 h after consumption. Increases in plasma glucose concentrations were comparable, but peak concentrations were reached faster after consumption of Concept IMF (P<0.05). Peak insulin concentrations were higher and reached earlier after intake of Concept IMF, causing a sharper decremental glucose rebound (P<0.05) and an earlier time to nadir in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (P<0.01). Changes in plasma amino acids (AA), apoB100 and apoA1 were comparable. The incremental or decremental areas under-the-curve did not differ between Concept and Control IMF. Satiety scores and changes in the satiety hormones ghrelin and peptide YY were comparable, while cholecystokinin responses were earlier and higher after consumption of Control IMF (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study suggests that fats and carbohydrates from the Concept IMF with larger and phospholipid-coated fat droplets are more rapidly absorbed than those from the current IMF.
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30
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Steingoetter A, Buetikofer S, Curcic J, Menne D, Rehfeld JF, Fried M, Schwizer W, Wooster TJ. The Dynamics of Gastric Emptying and Self-Reported Feelings of Satiation Are Better Predictors Than Gastrointestinal Hormones of the Effects of Lipid Emulsion Structure on Fat Digestion in Healthy Adults-A Bayesian Inference Approach. J Nutr 2017; 147:706-714. [PMID: 28228504 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.237800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited information exists on the relation between fat emulsion structure and its effect on the release of gastrointestinal hormones and feelings of satiation.Objective: We investigated the impact of fat emulsion droplet size, gravitational and acid stability, and redispersibility on gastrointestinal responses and sought to deduce the relative importance of the hormones ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide YY (PYY) in controlling fat emptying and related satiation.Methods: Within a randomized, double-blind, 4-armed crossover study, an extensive data set was generated by MRI of gastric function, analysis of hormone profiles, and ratings of satiation in healthy participants [10 women and 7 men with a mean ± SD age of 25 ± 7 y and body mass index (in kg/m2) of 22 ± 1] after intake of 4 different fat emulsions. Iterative Bayesian model averaging variable selection was used to investigate the influence of hormone profiles in controlling fat emulsion emptying and satiation.Results: The emulsion structure had a distinct effect on the gastric emptying (primary outcome), gastrointestinal hormone profiles, and ratings of satiation (secondary outcomes). Gravitational and acid stability were stronger modulators of fat emptying and hormone profiles than were emulsion droplet size or redispersibility. Cholecystokinin and PYY were most strongly affected by fat emulsion instability and droplet size. Although both hormones were relevant predictors of gastric emptying, only PYY was identified as a relevant predictor of satiation.Conclusions: This work indicates that evenly dispersed, stable, small-emulsion droplets within the stomach lead to prolonged gastric distension, longer ghrelin suppression, and accelerated fat sensing (cholecystokinin and PPY), triggering prolonged feelings of satiation. It suggests that the effects of emulsion instability and droplet size on energy consumption are best studied by assessing changes in gastric emptying and ratings of satiation rather than changes in venous hormone profiles. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01253005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steingoetter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Buetikofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Curcic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark; and
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Schwizer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463. [PMID: 28003328 PMCID: PMC6151490 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3-36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori Asarian
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Nori Geary
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Lipid stimulation of fatty acid sensors in the human duodenum: relationship with gastrointestinal hormones, BMI and diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:233-239. [PMID: 27811952 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The small intestinal free fatty acid (FFA) sensors, FFA receptor 1 (FFAR1), FFAR4, G-protein receptor 119 (GPR119) and cluster of differentiation-36 (CD36), mediate the fat-induced release of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones. We investigated whether expression of duodenal FFA sensors in humans was (i) altered by intraduodenal (ID) lipid infusion, (ii) disordered in overweight or obese individuals, (iii) related to lipid-induced GI hormone secretion or (iv) affected by habitual dietary patterns. METHODS Endoscopic duodenal biopsies were collected from 20 lean (body mass index (BMI): 22±1 kg m-2), 18 overweight (BMI: 27±1 kg m-2) and 19 obese (BMI: 35±1 kg m-2) participants at baseline, and following a 30 min ID Intralipid infusion (2 kcal min-1); FFA sensor expression was quantified by reverse transcription-PCR. On a separate day, participants underwent ID Intralipid infusion (2 kcal min-1) for 120 min, to assess GI hormone responses. Habitual diet was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires. RESULTS Baseline FFAR1 and FFAR4 expression were lower, and CD36 was higher, in obese participants compared with lean participants. ID lipid increased GPR119 and FFAR1 expression equally across study groups, but did not alter FFAR4 or CD36 expression. Increased FFAR1 expression correlated positively with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secretion (r=0.3, P<0.05), whereas there was no relationship between habitual diet with the expression of FFA sensors. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with altered duodenal expression of FFAR1, FFAR4 and CD36, suggesting altered capacity for the sensing, absorption and metabolism, of dietary lipids. GPR119 and FFAR1 are early transcriptional responders to the presence of ID lipid, whereas FFAR1 may be an important trigger for lipid-induced GIP release in humans.
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Liu D, Archer N, Duesing K, Hannan G, Keast R. Mechanism of fat taste perception: Association with diet and obesity. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Feinle-Bisset C. Upper gastrointestinal sensitivity to meal-related signals in adult humans - relevance to appetite regulation and gut symptoms in health, obesity and functional dyspepsia. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:69-82. [PMID: 27013098 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the stomach and small intestine play important roles in sensing the arrival of a meal, and its physico-chemical characteristics, in the gastrointestinal lumen. The presence of a meal in the stomach provides a distension stimulus, and, as the meal empties into the small intestine, nutrients interact with small intestinal receptors, initiating the release of gut hormones, associated with feedback regulation of gastrointestinal functions, including gut motility, and signaling to the central nervous system, modulating eating behaviours, including energy intake. Lipid appears to have particularly potent effects, also in close interaction with, and modulating the effects of, gastric distension, and involving the action of gut hormones, particularly cholecystokinin (CCK). These findings have not only provided important, and novel, insights into how gastrointestinal signals interact to modulate subjective appetite perceptions, including fullness, but also laid the foundation for an increasing appreciation of the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities, e.g. as a consequence of excess dietary intake in obesity, or underlying the induction of gastrointestinal symptoms in functional dyspepsia (a condition characterized by symptoms, including bloating, nausea and early fullness, amongst others, after meals, particularly those high in fat, in the absence of any structural or functional abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract). This paper will review the effects of dietary nutrients, particularly lipid, on gastrointestinal function, and associated effects on appetite perceptions and energy intake, effects of interactions of gastrointestinal stimuli, as well as the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities (exaggerated, or reduced) in eating-related disorders, particularly obesity and functional dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Hazell TJ, Islam H, Townsend LK, Schmale MS, Copeland JL. Effects of exercise intensity on plasma concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones: Potential mechanisms. Appetite 2016; 98:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Alleleyn AME, van Avesaat M, Troost FJ, Masclee AAM. Gastrointestinal Nutrient Infusion Site and Eating Behavior: Evidence for A Proximal to Distal Gradient within the Small Intestine? Nutrients 2016; 8:117. [PMID: 26927170 PMCID: PMC4808847 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity demands new strategies focusing on prevention and treatment of this significant health care problem. In the search for new and effective therapeutic modalities for overweight subjects, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is increasingly considered as an attractive target for medical and food-based strategies. The entry of nutrients into the small intestine activates so-called intestinal "brakes", negative feedback mechanisms that influence not only functions of more proximal parts of the GI tract but also satiety and food intake. Recent evidence suggests that all three macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrates) are able to activate the intestinal brake, although to a different extent and by different mechanisms of action. This review provides a detailed overview of the current evidence for intestinal brake activation of the three macronutrients and their effects on GI function, satiety, and food intake. In addition, these effects appear to depend on region and length of infusion in the small intestine. A recommendation for a therapeutic approach is provided, based on the observed differences between intestinal brake activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick M E Alleleyn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark van Avesaat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Freddy J Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Adrian A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Cvijanovic N, Isaacs NJ, Rayner CK, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Little TJ. Duodenal fatty acid sensor and transporter expression following acute fat exposure in healthy lean humans. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:564-569. [PMID: 26926575 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Free fatty acids (FFAs) and their derivatives are detected by G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) on enteroendocrine cells, with specific transporters on enterocytes. It is unknown whether acute fat exposure affects FFA sensors/transporters, and whether this relates to hormone secretion and habitual fat intake. METHODS We studied 20 healthy participants (10M, 10F; BMI: 22 ± 1 kg/m2; age: 28 ± 2 years), after an overnight fast, on 2 separate days. On the first day, duodenal biopsies were collected endoscopically before, and after, a 30-min intraduodenal (ID) infusion of 10% Intralipid®, and relative transcript expression of FFA receptor 1 (FFAR1), FFA receptor 4 (FFAR4), GPR119 and the FFA transporter, cluster of differentiation-36 (CD36) was quantified from biopsies. On the second day, ID Intralipid® was infused for 120-min, and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) evaluated. Habitual dietary intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). RESULTS ID Intralipid® increased expression of GPR119, but not FFAR1, FFAR4 and CD36, and stimulated CCK and GLP-1 secretion. Habitual polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption was negatively associated with basal GPR119 expression. CONCLUSIONS GPR119 is an early transcriptional responder to duodenal lipid in lean humans, although this response appeared reduced in individuals with high PUFA intake. These observations may have implications for downstream regulation of gut hormone secretion and appetite. This study was registered as a clinical trial with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial number: ACTRN12612000376842).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Cvijanovic
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole J Isaacs
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tanya J Little
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in the gut and regulate physiological and homeostatic functions related to glucose control, metabolism and food intake. This review provides a systematic summary of the molecular mechanisms underlying secretion from incretin cells, and an understanding of how they sense and interact with lumen and vascular factors and the enteric nervous system through transporters and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) present on their surface to ultimately culminate in hormone release. Some of the molecules described below such as sodium coupled glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 119 and GPR40 are targets of novel therapeutics designed to enhance endogenous gut hormone release. Synthetic ligands at these receptors aimed at treating obesity and type 2 diabetes are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Pais
- The Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- The Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes’s Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Steinert RE, Landrock MF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Intraduodenal Infusions of L-phenylalanine and L-glutamine on Antropyloroduodenal Motility and Plasma Cholecystokinin in Healthy Men. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:404-13. [PMID: 26130636 PMCID: PMC4496893 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dietary proteins have potent eating-inhibitory and glucose-lowering effects, which may be mediated via effects of amino acids on gastrointestinal hormone and motor function, although little information is available. We have now evaluated the effects of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) and L-glutamine (L-Gln) on antropyloroduodenal motility and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concen-trations. METHODS Two double-blind, 3-way cross-over studies were performed, each including 10 healthy, normal-weight men. We determined the antropyloroduodenal motor and plasma CCK responses to 90-minute intraduodenal infusions of L-Phe (study A) or L-Gln (study B), each at 0.15 kcal/min (total 13.5 kcal), or 0.45 kcal/min (total 40.5 kcal), or saline (control), in randomized fashion. RESULTS Intraduodenal L-Phe at 0.45 kcal/min, but not at 0.15 kcal/min, suppressed antral (P < 0.01), and stimulated phasic (P < 0.01), but not tonic, pyloric, or duodenal pressures, while L-Phe at both 0.15 kcal/min and 0.45 kcal/min stimulated plasma CCK. In contrast, L-Gln had no effect on antral, duodenal or pyloric pressures, or plasma CCK. CONCLUSIONS Intraduodenal infusions of L-Phe and L-Gln, in doses of 0.15 kcal/min and 0.45 kcal/min for 90 minutes, have different effects on antropyloroduodenal motility and CCK in normal-weight men. The modulation of antral and pyloric pressures and CCK may contribute to the eating-inhibitory effects of oral L-Phe, possibly through the slowing of gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
- Correspondence: Robert E Steinert, PhD, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5005, Australia, Tel: +61-8-8222-5247, Fax: +61-8-8223-3870, E-mail:
| | - Maria F Landrock
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
- NHMRC Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
- NHMRC Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide,
Australia
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Cross-linking of sodium caseinate-structured emulsion with transglutaminase alters postprandial metabolic and appetite responses in healthy young individuals. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:418-29. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The physico-chemical and interfacial properties of fat emulsions influence lipid digestion and may affect postprandial responses. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the modification of the interfacial layer of a fat emulsion by cross-linking on postprandial metabolic and appetite responses. A total of fifteen healthy individuals (26·5 (sem6·9) years and BMI 21·9 (sem2·0) kg/m2) participated in a cross-over design experiment in which they consumed two isoenergetic (1924 kJ (460 kcal)) and isovolumic (250 g) emulsions stabilised with either sodium caseinate (Cas) or transglutaminase-cross-linked sodium caseinate (Cas-TG) in a randomised order. Blood samples were collected from the individuals at baseline and for 6 h postprandially for the determination of serum TAG and plasma NEFA, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin responses. Appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Postprandial TAG and NEFA responses and gastric emptying (GE) rates were comparable between the emulsions. CCK increased more after the ingestion of Cas-TG than after the ingestion of Cas (P< 0·05), while GLP-1 responses did not differ between the two test emulsions. Glucose and insulin profiles were lower after consuming Cas-TG than after consuming Cas (P< 0·05). The overall insulin, glucose and CCK responses, expressed as areas above/under the curve, did not differ significantly between the Cas and Cas-TG meal conditions. Satiety ratings were reduced and hunger, desire to eat and thirst ratings increased more after the ingestion of Cas-TG than after the ingestion of Cas (P< 0·05). The present results suggest that even a subtle structural modification of the interfacial layer of a fat emulsion can alter the early postprandial profiles of glucose, insulin, CCK, appetite and satiety through decreased protein digestion without affecting significantly on GE or overall lipid digestion.
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Bellissimo N, Akhavan T. Effect of macronutrient composition on short-term food intake and weight loss. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:302S-8S. [PMID: 25979503 PMCID: PMC4424768 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe the role of macronutrient composition on the suppression of short-term food intake (FI) and weight loss. The effects of macronutrient composition on short-term FI will be reviewed first, followed by a brief examination of longer-term clinical trials that vary in effects of dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss. The objectives were: 1) to examine the effect of macronutrient composition on the suppression of short-term FI, 2) to determine whether some macronutrient sources suppress FI beyond their provision of energy, 3) to assess the combined effects of macronutrients on FI and glycemic response, and 4) to determine whether knowledge of the effect of macronutrients on short-term FI has led to greater success in spontaneous weight loss, adherence to energy-restricted diets, and better weight maintenance after weight loss. Although knowledge of macronutrient composition on short-term FI regulation has advanced our understanding of the role of diet composition on energy balance, it has yet to lead to greater success in long-term weight loss and weight maintenance. It is clear from this review that many approaches based on manipulating dietary macronutrient composition can help people lose weight as long as they follow the diets. However, only by evaluating the interaction between the physiologic systems that govern FI and body weight may the benefits of dietary macronutrient composition be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Bellissimo
- Ryerson University, Faculty of Community Services, School of Nutrition, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tina Akhavan
- Ryerson University, Faculty of Community Services, School of Nutrition, Toronto, Canada
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JTP-103237, a novel monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor, modulates fat absorption and prevents diet-induced obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 758:72-81. [PMID: 25857225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) plays an important role in intestinal fat absorption. We discovered the novel MGAT2 inhibitor, JTP-103237, and evaluated its pharmacological profile. JTP-103237 selectively inhibited MGAT2 without remarkable species differences and reduced absorbed lipids in circulation. After lipid administration, JTP-103237 slightly but significantly decreased triglyceride content in proximal small intestine and significantly increased the lipids content in the distal small intestine. In addition, JTP-103237 significantly increased MGAT substrate (monoacylglycerol and fatty acid) content in the small intestine. JTP-103237 increased plasma peptide YY levels after lipid loading and reduced food intake in a dietary fat-dependent manner. After chronic treatment, JTP-103237 significantly decreased body weight and increased O2 consumption in the early dark phase in high fat diet induced obese (DIO) mice. Moreover, JTP-103237 improved glucose tolerance and decreased fat weight and hepatic triglyceride content in DIO mice. Our findings indicate that JTP-103237 prevents diet-induced obesity by inhibiting intestinal MGAT2 and has unique properties as a drug for the treatment of obesity.
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Kleberg K, Jacobsen AK, Ferreira JG, Windeløv JA, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, de Araujo IE, Hansen HS. Sensing of triacylglycerol in the gut: different mechanisms for fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol. J Physiol 2015; 593:2097-109. [PMID: 25639597 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of dietary triacylglycerol in the proximal small intestine results in physiological, hormonal and behavioural responses. However, the exact physiological pathways linking intestinal fat sensing to food intake and the activation of brain circuits remain to be identified. In this study we examined the role of triacylglycerol digestion for intestinal fat sensing, and compared the effects of the triacylglycerol digestion products, fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol, on behavioural, hormonal and dopaminergic responses in behaving mice. Using an operant task in which mice are trained to self-administer lipid emulsions directly into the stomach, we show that inhibiting triacylglycerol digestion disrupts normal behaviour of self-administration in mice, indicating that fat sensing is conditional to digestion. When administered separately, both digestion products, 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids, were sensed by the mice, and self-administration patterns of fatty acids were affected by the fatty acid chain length. Peripheral plasma concentrations of the gut hormones GLP-1, GIP, PYY, CCK and insulin did not offer an explanation of the differing behavioural effects produced by 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids. However, combined with behavioural responses, striatal dopamine effluxes induced by gut infusions of oleic acid were significantly greater than those produced by equivalent infusions of 2-oleoylglycerol. Our data demonstrate recruitment of different signalling pathways by fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol, and suggest that the structural properties of fat rather than total caloric value determine intestinal sensing and the assignment of reward value to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kleberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
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Keast RSJ, Costanzo A. Is fat the sixth taste primary? Evidence and implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/2044-7248-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Soares A, Beraldi EJ, Ferreira PEB, Bazotte RB, Buttow NC. Intestinal and neuronal myenteric adaptations in the small intestine induced by a high-fat diet in mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 25609418 PMCID: PMC4316644 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity has increased at alarming rates, particularly because of the increased consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs). The influence of HFDs on intrinsic innervation and the intestinal wall has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-quantitative aspects of myenteric neurons and the wall of the small intestine in mice fed a HFD. Methods Swiss mice were fed a HFD (59% kcal from fat) or standard chow (9% Kcal from fat) for 8 weeks. Segments of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were subjected to histological processing for morpho-quantitative examination of the intestinal wall and mucosal cells, and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate myenteric neurons. The data for each segment were compared between the groups using an unpaired Student’s t-test or an equivalent nonparametric test. Results The HFD increased body weight and visceral fat and decreased the length of the small intestine and the circumference of the ileum. In the duodenum, the HFD increased the density of the nitrergic subpopulation and decreased the area of nitrergic neurons and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) varicosities. In the jejunum, the density of the nitrergic subpopulation was increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. In the ileum, the density of the general population and nitrergic subpopulation were increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. The morphometric parameters of the villi, crypts, muscular layer and total wall generally increased in the duodenum and jejunum and decreased in the ileum. In the duodenum and jejunum, the HFD promoted a decreased in the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes. In the ileum, the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells reduced, and the enteroendocrine cells increased. Conclusions The high-fat diet induces changes in the myenteric innervation of the small intestine, intestinal wall and mucosal cells responsible for the secretion of hormones and maintenance of the protective intestinal barrier. The morpho-quantitative data provide a basis for further studies to clarify the influence of HFD in the motility, digestive and absorptive capacity, and intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Soares
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of the West of Paraná, R. Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, PR, CEP 85819-110, Brazil.
| | - Evandro José Beraldi
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Emílio Botura Ferreira
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Nilza Cristina Buttow
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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Zhang D, Templeton AC, Marinaro W, Rumondor ACF, Kesisoglou F, Duersch B, Thompson K, Stellabott J, Kress MH. Leveraging Solid State Form and Physiochemical Properties for Early Clinical Formulation Efforts: Opportunities and Challenges During Telcagepant Liquid Capsule Development. DISCOVERING AND DEVELOPING MOLECULES WITH OPTIMAL DRUG-LIKE PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1399-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Tomimoto D, Okuma C, Ishii Y, Akiyama Y, Ohta T, Kakutani M, Ohkuma Y, Ogawa N. Pharmacological Characterization of [ trans-5′-(4-Amino-7,7-dimethyl-2-trifluoromethyl-7 H-pyrimido[4,5- b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-2′,3′-dihydrospiro(cyclohexane-1,1′-inden)-4-yl]acetic Acid Monobenzenesulfonate (JTT-553), a Novel Acyl CoA:Diacylglycerol Transferase (DGAT) 1 Inhibitor. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:263-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chihiro Okuma
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | | | - Takeshi Ohta
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Makoto Kakutani
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Yoshiaki Ohkuma
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
| | - Nobuya Ogawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
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Little TJ, Isaacs NJ, Young RL, Ott R, Nguyen NQ, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Characterization of duodenal expression and localization of fatty acid-sensing receptors in humans: relationships with body mass index. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G958-67. [PMID: 25258406 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00134.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) stimulate the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which suppress energy intake. In obesity, gastrointestinal responses to FAs are attenuated. Recent studies have identified a key role for the FA-sensing receptors cluster of differentiation (CD)36, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)40, GPR120, and GPR119 in mediating gastrointestinal hormone secretion. This study aimed to determine the expression and localization of these receptors in the duodenum of humans and to examine relationships with obesity. Duodenal mucosal biopsies were collected from nine lean [body mass index (BMI): 22 ± 1 kg/m2], six overweight (BMI: 28 ± 1 kg/m2), and seven obese (BMI: 49 ± 5 kg/m2) participants. Absolute levels of receptor transcripts were quantified using RT-PCR, while immunohistochemistry was used for localization. Transcripts were expressed in the duodenum of lean, overweight, and obese individuals with abundance of CD36>>GPR40>GPR120>GPR119. Expression levels of GPR120 (r = 0.46, P = 0.03) and CD36 (r = 0.69, P = 0.0004) were directly correlated with BMI. There was an inverse correlation between expression of GPR119 with BMI (r2 = 0.26, P = 0.016). Immunolabeling studies localized CD36 to the brush border membrane of the duodenal mucosa and GPR40, GPR120, and GPR119 to enteroendocrine cells. The number of cells immunolabeled with CCK (r = -0.54, P = 0.03) and GLP-1 (r = -0.49, P = 0.045) was inversely correlated with BMI, such that duodenal CCK and GLP-1 cell density decreased with increasing BMI. In conclusion, CD36, GPR40, GPR120, and GPR119 are expressed in the human duodenum. Transcript levels of duodenal FA receptors and enteroendocrine cell density are altered with increasing BMI, suggesting that these changes may underlie decreased gastrointestinal hormone responses to fat and impaired energy intake regulation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J Little
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Nicole J Isaacs
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Raffael Ott
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nam Q Nguyen
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
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De Toro-Martín J, Fernández-Millán E, Lizárraga-Mollinedo E, López-Oliva E, Serradas P, Escrivá F, Alvarez C. Predominant role of GIP in the development of a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype in female Wistar rats submitted to forced catch-up growth. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3769-80. [PMID: 25032669 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Catch-up growth has been associated with the appearance of metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Because the entero-insular axis is critical to glucose homeostasis control, we explored the relevance of the incretins glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the development of these pathologies. Offspring of rat dams fed ad libitum (control [C]) or 65% food-restricted during pregnancy and suckling time (undernourished [U]) were weaned onto a high-fat (HF) diet (CHF and UHF, respectively) to drive catch-up growth. Both male and female UHF rats showed an obese phenotype characterized by hyperphagy, visceral fat accumulation, and adipocyte hypertrophy. High-fat diet induced deterioration of glucose tolerance in a sex-dependent manner. Female UHF rats experienced much more severe glucose intolerance than males, which was not compensated by insulin hypersecretion, suggesting insulin resistance, as shown by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values. Moreover, female, but not male, UHF rats displayed enhanced GIP but not GLP-1 secretion during oral glucose tolerance test. Administration of the GIP receptor antagonist (Pro3)GIP to UHF female rats over 21 days markedly reduced visceral fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy without variations in food intake or body weight. These changes were accompanied by improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the exacerbated production and secretion of GIP after the catch-up growth seems to represent the stimulus for insulin hypersecretion and insulin resistance, ultimately resulting in derangement of glucose homeostasis. Overall, these data evidence the role of GIP as a critical link between catch-up growth and the development of metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Toro-Martín
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II (J.D.T.-M., E.L.-M., F.E., C.A.) and Physiology (E.L.-O.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (E.F.-M., E.L.-M., F.E., C.A.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138 (P.S.), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75006 Paris, France
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López-Moreno JI, Vicente-Serrano SM, Zabalza J, Revuelto J, Gilaberte M, Azorín-Molina C, Morán-Tejeda E, García-Ruiz JM, Tague C. Respuesta hidrológica del Pirineo central al cambio ambiental proyectado para el siglo XXI. PIRINEOS 2014. [DOI: 10.3989/pirineos.2014.169004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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