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Vemuri K, Radi SH, Sladek FM, Verzi MP. Multiple roles and regulatory mechanisms of the transcription factor HNF4 in the intestine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1232569. [PMID: 37635981 PMCID: PMC10450339 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1232569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α) drives a complex array of transcriptional programs across multiple organs. Beyond its previously documented function in the liver, HNF4α has crucial roles in the kidney, intestine, and pancreas. In the intestine, a multitude of functions have been attributed to HNF4 and its accessory transcription factors, including but not limited to, intestinal maturation, differentiation, regeneration, and stem cell renewal. Functional redundancy between HNF4α and its intestine-restricted paralog HNF4γ, and co-regulation with other transcription factors drive these functions. Dysregulated expression of HNF4 results in a wide range of disease manifestations, including the development of a chronic inflammatory state in the intestine. In this review, we focus on the multiple molecular mechanisms of HNF4 in the intestine and explore translational opportunities. We aim to introduce new perspectives in understanding intestinal genetics and the complexity of gastrointestinal disorders through the lens of HNF4 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranmayi Vemuri
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sarah H. Radi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Frances M. Sladek
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Mechanoregulation of PDZ Proteins, An Emerging Function. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2256:257-275. [PMID: 34014527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1166-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have emerged as essential regulators of cell organization, proliferation, migration, and polarity to regulate cellular and tissue homeostasis. Changes in forces or loss of the cellular response to them can result in abnormal embryonic development and diseases. Over the past two decades, many efforts have been put in deciphering the molecular mechanisms that convert forces into biochemical signals, allowing for the identification of many mechanotransducer proteins. Here we discuss how PDZ proteins are emerging as new mechanotransducer proteins by altering their conformations or localizations upon force loads, leading to the formation of macromolecular modules tethering the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton.
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The Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor Spint2 is required for cellular cohesion, coordinated cell migration and cell survival during zebrafish hatching gland development. Dev Biol 2021; 476:148-170. [PMID: 33826923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor Spint1a, also named Hai1a, is required in the zebrafish embryonic epidermis to restrict the activity of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) Matriptase1a/St14a, thereby ensuring epidermal homeostasis. A closely related Kunitz-type inhibitor is Spint2/Hai2, which in mammals plays multiple developmental roles that are either redundant or non-redundant with those of Spint1. However, the molecular bases for these non-redundancies are not fully understood. Here, we study spint2 during zebrafish development. It is co-expressed with spint1a in multiple embryonic epithelia, including the outer/peridermal layer of the epidermis. However, unlike spint1a, spint2 expression is absent from the basal epidermal layer but present in hatching gland cells. Hatching gland cells derive from the mesendodermal prechordal plate, from where they undergo a thus far undescribed transit into, and coordinated sheet migration within, the interspace between the outer and basal layer of the epidermis to reach their final destination on the yolk sac. Hatching gland cells usually survive their degranulation that drives embryo hatching but die several days later. In spint2 mutants, cohesion among hatching gland cells and their collective intra-epidermal migration are disturbed, leading to a discontinuous organization of the gland. In addition, cells undergo precocious cell death before degranulation, so that embryos fail to hatch. Chimera analyses show that Spint2 is required in hatching gland cells, but not in the overlying periderm, their potential migration and adhesion substrate. Spint2 acts independently of all tested Matriptases, Prostasins and other described Spint1 and Spint2 mediators. However, it displays a tight genetic interaction with and acts at least partly via the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, promoting both hatching gland cell cohesiveness and survival, in line with formerly reported effects of E-cadherin during morphogenesis and cell death suppression. In contrast, no such genetic interaction was observed between Spint2 and the cell-cell adhesion molecule EpCAM, which instead interacts with Spint1a. Our data shed new light onto the mechanisms of hatching gland morphogenesis and hatching gland cell survival. In addition, they reveal developmental roles of Spint2 that are strikingly different from those of Spint1, most likely due to differences in the expression patterns and relevant target proteins.
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Le Beyec J, Billiauws L, Bado A, Joly F, Le Gall M. Short Bowel Syndrome: A Paradigm for Intestinal Adaptation to Nutrition? Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:299-321. [PMID: 32631145 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-011720-122203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare disease that results from extensive resection of the intestine. When the remaining absorption surface of the intestine cannot absorb enough macronutrients, micronutrients, and water, SBS results in intestinal failure (IF). Patients with SBS who suffer from IF require parenteral nutrition for survival, but long-term parenteral nutrition may lead to complications such as catheter sepsis and metabolic diseases. Spontaneous intestinal adaptation occurs weeks to months after resection, resulting in hyperplasia of the remnant gut, modification of gut hormone levels, dysbiosis, and hyperphagia. Oral nutrition and presence of the colon are two major positive drivers for this adaptation. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying spontaneous intestinal adaptation, particularly in response to modifications of luminal content, including nutrients. In the future, dietary manipulations could be used to treat SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Le Beyec
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS-1149, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; .,Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lore Billiauws
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS-1149, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; .,Service de Gastroentérologie, MICI et Assistance Nutritive, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Nord Val de Seine (GHUPNVS), Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 92110 Clichy, France
| | - André Bado
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS-1149, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France;
| | - Francisca Joly
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS-1149, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; .,Service de Gastroentérologie, MICI et Assistance Nutritive, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Nord Val de Seine (GHUPNVS), Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 92110 Clichy, France
| | - Maude Le Gall
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS-1149, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France;
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Seike S, Takehara M, Kobayashi K, Nagahama M. Clostridium perfringens Delta-Toxin Damages the Mouse Small Intestine. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040232. [PMID: 31013617 PMCID: PMC6520758 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens strains B and C cause fatal intestinal diseases in animals. The secreted pore-forming toxin delta-toxin is one of the virulence factors of the strains, but the mechanism of intestinal pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of delta-toxin on the mouse ileal loop. Delta-toxin caused fluid accumulation and intestinal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran in the mouse ileal loop in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with delta-toxin induced significant histological damage and shortening of villi. Delta-toxin activates a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 10, leading to the cleavage of E-cadherin, the epithelial adherens junction protein, in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. In this study, E-cadherin immunostaining in mouse intestinal epithelial cells was almost undetectable 1 h after toxin treatment. ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X) blocked the toxin-induced fluid accumulation and E-cadherin loss in the mouse ileal loop. Delta-toxin stimulated the shedding of intestinal epithelial cells. The shedding cells showed the accumulation of E-cadherin in intracellular vesicles and the increased expression of active caspase-3. Our findings demonstrate that delta-toxin causes intestinal epithelial cell damage through the loss of E-cadherin cleaved by ADAM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Seike
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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Targeting enhancer of zeste homolog 2 protects against acute kidney injury. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1067. [PMID: 30341286 PMCID: PMC6195522 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the established oncogenic and profibrotic functions of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase that induces histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), its role in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that EZH2 and H3K27me3 were upregulated in the murine kidney with AKI induced by either ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) or folic acid (FA). Pharmacologic inhibition of EZH2 with 3-deazaneplanocin A (3-DZNeP) prevented tubular injury in both models as demonstrated by reduced renal dysfunction, diminished neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin expression and decreased renal tubular cell death. Injury to the kidney resulted in reduced expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, whereas EZH2 inhibition largely preserved their expression. Moreover, 3-DZNep was effective in counteracting the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, as well as the phosphorylation of Raf-1 and ERK1/2 in the injured kidney. Conversely, blocking EZH2 reversed the decrease of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 and metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3, and Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) in the kidney after acute injury. Similarly, oxidant injury to cultured kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells caused a decrease in the expression of E-cadherin, ZO-1, TIMP-2/-3, and RKIP, as well as an increase in the expression of MMP-2/9 and phosphorylation of Raf-1 ERK1/2. Blocking EZH2 with 3-DZNep or SiRNA hindered these responses. Thus, these results suggest that targeting EZH2 protects against AKI through a mechanism associated with the preservation of adhesion/junctions, reduction of matrix metalloproteinases and attenuation of the Raf-1/ERK1/2 pathway.
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Katsumata O, Mori M, Sawane Y, Niimura T, Ito A, Okamoto H, Fukaya M, Sakagami H. Cellular and subcellular localization of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 in mouse peripheral tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:577-596. [PMID: 28748255 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that regulates endosomal trafficking and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. In the present study, we comprehensively examined the cellular and subcellular localization of Arf6 in adult mouse peripheral tissues by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy using the heat-induced antigen retrieval method with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0). Marked immunolabeling of Arf6 was observed particularly in epithelial cells of several tissues including the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, trachea, kidney, epididymis, oviduct, and uterus. In most epithelial cells of simple or pseudostratified epithelia, Arf6 exhibited predominant localization to the basolateral membrane and a subpopulation of endosomes. At an electron microscopic level, Arf6 was localized along the basolateral membrane, with dense accumulation at interdigitating processes and infoldings. Arf6 was present in a ring-like appearance at intercellular bridges in spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the testis and at the Flemming body of cytokinetic somatic cells in the ovarian follicle, thymus, and spleen. The present study provides anatomical clues to help understand the physiological roles of Arf6 at the whole animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Katsumata
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Momoko Mori
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sawane
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tomoko Niimura
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Okamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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Gomes RDOL, Artigiani R, Guimarães JDF, Nunes AP, Montero EFDS, Martins JL. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis rat model attenuated by a remote ischemic preconditioning in the pregnant. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:236-242. [PMID: 28403348 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170030000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (r-IPC) administered to pregnant rats, in the ileum of newborn rats subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation. Methods: We used three pregnant rats and their newborn rats distributed in three groups: 1) Control (C) - Newborn rats born from a pregnant rat which did not undergo any intervention; 2) Hypoxia-Reoxygenation (H/R) - Newborn rats born from a pregnant rat which did not undergo any intervention, and were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation; 3) Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (r-IPC) - newborn rats born from a pregnant rat which was subjected to remote ischemic preconditioning twenty-four hours before giving birth and the newborn rats were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Segments of ileum were prepared for histological analysis by HE and immunohistochemistry by the Ki67 to evaluate cell proliferation, crypt depth and villus height and evaluation of apoptosis by cleaved caspase-3. Results: The intensity of the lesions was lower in the r-IPC than in the H/R group, showing significant difference (p<0.01). The r-IPC group showed a higher proliferative activity compared to the H/R group (p<0.01), with deeper crypts (r-IPC > H/R - p < 0.05), and higher villi, showing significant difference (r-IPC > H/R - (p <0.01). The occurrence of apoptosis in the H/R group was lower in comparison to groups C and r-IPC, with significant difference (H/R < r-IPC; p<0.05). Conclusion: The remote ischemic preconditioning applied to the pregnant rat protected the ileum of newborn rats subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation, with decreased intensity of the lesions in the ileum mucosa and preservation of proliferative activity, keeping the villus height and crypt depth similar to group C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúdnei de Oliveira Luciano Gomes
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Interdisciplinary Surgical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing
| | - Ricardo Artigiani
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations
| | - José de Freitas Guimarães
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Interdisciplinary Surgical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing
| | - Adriana Porto Nunes
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Interdisciplinary Surgical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing
| | - Edna Frasson de Souza Montero
- Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Surgical Physiopathology (LIM-62), School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), and Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Intellectual and scientific content of the study, critical revision
| | - José Luiz Martins
- Full Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Nguyen T, Mège RM. N-Cadherin and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors crosstalk in the control of developmental and cancer cell migrations. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:415-426. [PMID: 27320194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migrations are diverse. They constitutemajor morphogenetic driving forces during embryogenesis, but they contribute also to the loss of tissue homeostasis and cancer growth. Capabilities of cells to migrate as single cells or as collectives are controlled by internal and external signalling, leading to the reorganisation of their cytoskeleton as well as by the rebalancing of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions. Among the genes altered in numerous cancers, cadherins and growth factor receptors are of particular interest for cell migration regulation. In particular, cadherins such as N-cadherin and a class of growth factor receptors, namely FGFRs cooperate to regulate embryonic and cancer cell behaviours. In this review, we discuss on reciprocal crosstalk between N-cadherin and FGFRs during cell migration. Finally, we aim at clarifying the synergy between N-cadherin and FGFR signalling that ensure cellular reorganization during cell movements, mainly during cancer cell migration and metastasis but also during developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - René Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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11
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Wu SK, Lagendijk AK, Hogan BM, Gomez GA, Yap AS. Active contractility at E-cadherin junctions and its implications for cell extrusion in cancer. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:315-22. [PMID: 25590779 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.989127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular contractility regulates tissue cohesion and morphogenesis. In epithelia, E-cadherin adhesion couples the contractile cortices of neighboring cells together to produce tension at junctions that can be transmitted across the epithelium in a planar fashion. We have recently demonstrated that contractility is also patterned in the apical-lateral axis within epithelial junctions. Our findings highlight the role that cytoskeletal regulation plays in controlling the levels of intra-junctional tension. Of note, dysregulation of this apicolateral pattern of tension can drive oncogenic cell extrusion. In this article, we provide a detailed description of the actomyosin cytoskeleton organization during oncogenic extrusion and discuss the implications of cell extrusion in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwin K Wu
- a Divisions of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine ; The University of Queensland ; St. Lucia , Brisbane , Australia
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12
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Pavlidis P, Powell N, Vincent RP, Ehrlich D, Bjarnason I, Hayee B. Systematic review: bile acids and intestinal inflammation-luminal aggressors or regulators of mucosal defence? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015. [PMID: 26223936 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions attributed to an aberrant immune response to luminal triggers. Recently, published work suggests a pathogenic role for bile acids in this context. AIM To perform a systematic review of studies investigating the role of bile acids in intestinal inflammation and present potentially relevant clinical implications. METHODS Pubmed search for English language articles published up to May 2015. Terms used were: 'bile', 'bile acid', 'barrier', 'small bowel injury', 'Crohn's' and 'colitis'. RESULTS Experimental studies support a variable role for bile acids in intestinal barrier homoeostasis. This may be attributed to different physicochemical properties, variable effects on epithelia and immune cells via bile acids-specific receptors, or through a cross-talk with the gut microbiome. A reduction in the bile acids pool, with lower concentrations of secondary forms, has been recognised for some time in Crohn's disease and associated to ileal dysfunction and bile acids malabsorption. Recent work suggests that these changes, including an increase in sulphated forms, are related to inflammatory activity in both Crohn's disease and UC. The detrimental effects of 'western diet' elements such as emulsifiers and fat, which have been implicated in the development of the current IBD and obesity epidemics, may also be bile acid-mediated. CONCLUSIONS Although there are only a few observational clinical studies to support an interaction, in vivo human and animal studies support an association between bile acids metabolism, the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. This may well prove to have significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavlidis
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Powell
- Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R P Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Ehrlich
- Centre of Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Bjarnason
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - B Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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13
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Ogaki S, Shiraki N, Kume K, Kume S. Wnt and Notch signals guide embryonic stem cell differentiation into the intestinal lineages. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1086-96. [PMID: 23378042 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The studies of differentiation of mouse or human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into specific cell types of the intestinal cells would provide insights to the understanding of intestinal development and ultimately yield cells for the use in future regenerative medicine. Here, using an in vitro differentiation procedure of pluripotent stem cells into definitive endoderm (DE), inductive signal pathways' guiding differentiation into intestinal cells was investigated. We found that activation of Wnt/β-catenin and inhibition of Notch signaling pathways, by simultaneous application of 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor, and N-[(3,5-Difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanyl-2-phenylglycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT), a known γ-secretase inhibitor, efficiently induced intestinal differentiation of ESCs cultured on feeder cell. BIO and DAPT patterned the DE at graded concentrations. Upon prolonged culture on feeder cells, all four intestinal differentiated cell types, the absorptive enterocytes and three types of secretory cells (goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells), were efficiently differentiated from mouse and hESC-derived intestinal epithelium cells. Further investigation revealed that in the mouse ESCs, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling act synergistically with BIO and DAPT to potentiate differentiation into the intestinal epithelium. However, in hESCs, FGF signaling inhibited, and BMP signaling did not affect differentiation into the intestinal epithelium. We concluded that Wnt and Notch signaling function to pattern the anterior-posterior axis of the DE and control intestinal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Ogaki
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
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14
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Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Faílde LD, Ruiz de Ocenda MV, Quiroga MI. Study of the distribution of active caspase-3-positive cells in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), enteromyxosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:21-32. [PMID: 24224724 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxosis caused by Enteromyxum scophthalmi is one of the parasitizations with a higher economic impact on turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), aquaculture. This myxosporean produces severe catarrhal enteritis with abundant inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria-submucosa (LP), epithelial detachment and leucocyte depletion of the lymphohaematopoietic organs. Some advances made on the pathogenesis pointed to a role of apoptosis in the enteromyxosis. Therefore, the main aim of this work was to employ the TUNEL assay and the anti-(active caspase-3) immunohistochemical assay to detect apoptotic cells in both healthy and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot in order to establish the presence and distribution of apoptotic cells during development of the disease. More apoptotic cells located within the gastrointestinal epithelium were observed in the initial stages of the infection in E. scophthalmi-infected turbot compared with non-infected turbot. As the infection progressed, a higher degree of apoptosis occurred in the epithelium of folds heavily parasitized. In the severely infected turbot, apoptosis was also found among the leucocytes of the intestinal inflammatory infiltrates. Moreover, the number of active caspase-3-positive cells in the lymphohaematopoietic organs tended to increase with disease severity. In view of the results, increased apoptosis in the epithelium may favour the scaling that occurs during enteromyxosis and cell death of leucocytes in the intestinal LP, contributing to leucocyte depletion in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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p120 catenin: an essential regulator of cadherin stability, adhesion-induced signaling, and cancer progression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:409-32. [PMID: 23481205 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
p120 catenin is the best studied member of a subfamily of proteins that associate with the cadherin juxtamembrane domain to suppress cadherin endocytosis. p120 also recruits the minus ends of microtubules to the cadherin complex, leading to junction maturation. In addition, p120 regulates the activity of Rho family GTPases through multiple interactions with Rho GEFs, GAPs, Rho GTPases, and their effectors. Nuclear signaling is affected by the interaction of p120 with Kaiso, a transcription factor regulating Wnt-responsive genes as well as transcriptionally repressing methylated promoters. Multiple alternatively spliced p120 isoforms and complex phosphorylation events affect these p120 functions. In cancer, reduced p120 expression correlates with reduced E-cadherin function and with tumor progression. In contrast, in tumor cells that have lost E-cadherin expression, p120 promotes cell invasion and anchorage-independent growth. Furthermore, p120 is required for Src-induced oncogenic transformation and provides a potential target for future therapeutic interventions.
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16
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Liu X, Su L, Liu X. Loss of CDH1 up-regulates epidermal growth factor receptor via phosphorylation of YBX1 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3995-4000. [PMID: 24211838 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although loss of CDH1 promotes cancer metastasis by disrupting cell-cell adhesion and inducing transcriptional changes, the functional pathways involved in the loss of CDH1 affecting EGFR expression in lung cancer cells still remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that down-regulation of CDH1 promoted EGFR transcription through activation of YBX1. Furthermore, knockdown of CDH1 activated the AKT signaling pathway, and inhibition of AKT suppressed the phosphorylation of YBX1 and the up-regulation of EGFR induced by CDH1 loss. These data demonstrate that loss of CDH1 induces EGFR expression via phospho-YBX1, which is activated through the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, China
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17
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Magness ST, Puthoff BJ, Crissey MA, Dunn J, Henning SJ, Houchen C, Kaddis JS, Kuo CJ, Li L, Lynch J, Martin MG, May R, Niland JC, Olack B, Qian D, Stelzner M, Swain JR, Wang F, Wang J, Wang X, Yan K, Yu J, Wong MH. A multicenter study to standardize reporting and analyses of fluorescence-activated cell-sorted murine intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G542-51. [PMID: 23928185 PMCID: PMC3798732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00481.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is an essential tool for studies requiring isolation of distinct intestinal epithelial cell populations. Inconsistent or lack of reporting of the critical parameters associated with FACS methodologies has complicated interpretation, comparison, and reproduction of important findings. To address this problem a comprehensive multicenter study was designed to develop guidelines that limit experimental and data reporting variability and provide a foundation for accurate comparison of data between studies. Common methodologies and data reporting protocols for tissue dissociation, cell yield, cell viability, FACS, and postsort purity were established. Seven centers tested the standardized methods by FACS-isolating a specific crypt-based epithelial population (EpCAM+/CD44+) from murine small intestine. Genetic biomarkers for stem/progenitor (Lgr5 and Atoh 1) and differentiated cell lineages (lysozyme, mucin2, chromogranin A, and sucrase isomaltase) were interrogated in target and control populations to assess intra- and intercenter variability. Wilcoxon's rank sum test on gene expression levels showed limited intracenter variability between biological replicates. Principal component analysis demonstrated significant intercenter reproducibility among four centers. Analysis of data collected by standardized cell isolation methods and data reporting requirements readily identified methodological problems, indicating that standard reporting parameters facilitate post hoc error identification. These results indicate that the complexity of FACS isolation of target intestinal epithelial populations can be highly reproducible between biological replicates and different institutions by adherence to common cell isolation methods and FACS gating strategies. This study can be considered a foundation for continued method development and a starting point for investigators that are developing cell isolation expertise to study physiology and pathophysiology of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Dunn
- 3University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | | | | | | | | | - Linheng Li
- 7Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri;
| | - John Lynch
- 2University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | | | - Randal May
- 4University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;
| | | | | | | | | | - John R. Swain
- 8Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Fengchao Wang
- 7Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri;
| | - Jiafang Wang
- 3University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Xinwei Wang
- 9University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelley Yan
- 6Stanford University, Stanford, California;
| | - Jian Yu
- 9University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Thomson ABR, Chopra A, Clandinin MT, Freeman H. Recent advances in small bowel diseases: Part I. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3336-52. [PMID: 22807604 PMCID: PMC3396187 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i26.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As is the case in all parts of gastroenterology and hepatology, there have been many advances in our knowledge and understanding of small intestinal diseases. Over 1000 publications were reviewed for 2008 and 2009, and the important advances in basic science as well as clinical applications were considered. In Part I of this Editorial Review, seven topics are considered: intestinal development; proliferation and repair; intestinal permeability; microbiotica, infectious diarrhea and probiotics; diarrhea; salt and water absorption; necrotizing enterocolitis; and immunology/allergy. These topics were chosen because of their importance to the practicing physician.
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Petit CSV, Barreau F, Besnier L, Gandille P, Riveau B, Chateau D, Roy M, Berrebi D, Svrcek M, Cardot P, Rousset M, Clair C, Thenet S. Requirement of cellular prion protein for intestinal barrier function and mislocalization in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:122-32.e15. [PMID: 22446194 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cell adhesion is one function regulated by cellular prion protein (PrP(c)), a ubiquitous, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein. PrP(c) is located in cell-cell junctions and interacts with desmosome proteins in the intestinal epithelium. We investigated its role in intestinal barrier function. METHODS We analyzed permeability and structure of cell-cell junctions in intestine tissues from PrP(c) knockout (PrP(c-/-)) and wild-type mice. PrP(c) expression was knocked down in cultured human Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes using small hairpin RNAs. We analyzed colon samples from 24 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). RESULTS Intestine tissues from PrP(c-/-) mice had greater paracellular permeability than from wild-type mice (105.9 ± 13.4 vs 59.6 ± 10.1 mg/mL fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran flux; P < .05) and impaired intercellular junctions. PrP(c-/-) mice did not develop spontaneous disease but were more sensitive than wild-type mice to induction of colitis with dextran sulfate (32% mortality vs 4%, respectively; P = .0033). Such barrier defects were observed also in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes following PrP(c) knockdown; the cells had increased paracellular permeability (1.5-fold over 48 hours; P < .001) and reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (281.1 ± 4.9 vs 370.6 ± 5.7 Ω.cm(2); P < .001). Monolayer shape and cell-cell junctions were altered in cultures of PrP(c) knockdown cells; levels of E-cadherin, desmoplakin, plakoglobin, claudin-4, occludin, zonula occludens 1, and tricellulin were decreased at cell contacts. Cell shape and junctions were restored on PrP(c) re-expression. Levels of PrP(c) were decreased at cell-cell junctions in colonic epithelia from patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS PrP(c) regulates intestinal epithelial cell-cell junctions and barrier function. Its localization is altered in colonic epithelia from patients with IBD, supporting the concept that disrupted barrier function contributes to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance S V Petit
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
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20
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Prudnikov IM, Smirnov AN. Short peptide tools for monitoring caspase and proteasome activities in embryonal and adult rat brain lysates: an approach for the differential identification of proteases. J Biochem 2012; 151:299-316. [PMID: 22228904 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous caspase-like activities present in nervous tissue can be investigated with labelled peptides. However, the cross-reactivities of peptides with both proteasomes and caspases complicate the analysis of protease activity. The pharmacological features of substrates and inhibitors specific for either caspases or proteasome caspase-like proteases in rat brain lysates were similar or identical to the profiles of commercially purified proteasome preparations. Caspase inhibitors bind directly to active proteasome centres, thus competing with selective antagonists of proteasomes. Separation of lysates by molecular weight does not separate active caspases from proteasomes because these enzymes co-localize under native electrophoresis. The addition of ATP or its analogues is associated with the differential modulation of proteasomal activity, which also leads to ambiguity in the data. However, induced caspase activity could be successfully differentiated from proteasome activity in embryonal brain lysates with the non-selective caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Q-VD-OPh and the proteasome inhibitor AdaAhx(3)L(3)VS that are not cross-reactive. This strategy is proposed for the simultaneous examination of caspases and proteasomes using proteolysis experiments. The present study reveals that all of the caspase-like activities in the tissue lysates of non-injured adult rat brains were related to proteasomal caspase-like activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Prudnikov
- Laboratory of stem cell biology, A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogomoletz str., 4, 01024, Kiev, Ukraine.
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Chao Y, Wu Q, Shepard C, Wells A. Hepatocyte induced re-expression of E-cadherin in breast and prostate cancer cells increases chemoresistance. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:39-50. [PMID: 21964676 PMCID: PMC3991430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Post-extravasation survival is a key rate-limiting step of metastasis; however, not much is known about the factors that enable survival of the metastatic cancer cell at the secondary site. Furthermore, metastatic nodules are often refractory to current therapies, necessitating the elucidation of molecular changes that affect the chemosensitivity of metastases. Drug resistance exhibited by tumor spheroids has been shown to be mediated by cell adhesion and can be abrogated by addition of E-cadherin blocking antibody. We have previously shown that hepatocyte coculture induces the re-expression of E-cadherin in breast and prostate cancer cells. In this study, we show that this E-cadherin re-expression confers a survival advantage, particularly in the liver microenvironment. E-cadherin re-expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells resulted in increased attachment to hepatocytes. This heterotypic adhesion between cancer cells and secondary organ parenchymal cells activated ERK MAP kinase, suggesting a functional pro-survival role for E-cadherin during metastatic colonization of the liver. In addition, breast cancer cells that re-expressed E-cadherin in hepatocyte coculture were more chemoresistant compared to 231-shEcad cells unable to re-express E-cadherin. Similar results were obtained in DU-145 prostate cancer cells induced to re-express E-cadherin in hepatocyte coculture or following chemical induction by the GnRH agonist buserelin or the EGFR inhibitor PD153035. These results suggest that E-cadherin re-expression and other molecular changes imparted by a partial mesenchymal to epithelial reverting transition at the secondary site increase post-extravasation survival of the metastatic cancer cell and may help to elucidate why chemotherapy commonly fails to treat metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chao
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh VAMC and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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22
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Kumar S, Banerjee R, Nandi N, Sardar AH, Das P. Anoikis potential of Entameba histolytica secretory cysteine proteases: Evidence of contact independent host cell death. Microb Pathog 2012; 52:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Wang D, Su L, Huang D, Zhang H, Shin DM, Chen ZG. Downregulation of E-Cadherin enhances proliferation of head and neck cancer through transcriptional regulation of EGFR. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:116. [PMID: 21939503 PMCID: PMC3192774 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been reported to downregulate E-cadherin (E-cad); however, whether the downregulation of E-cad has any effect on EGFR expression has not been elucidated. Our previous studies have found an inverse correlation between EGFR and E-cad expression in tissue specimens of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). To understand the biological mechanisms underlying this clinical observation, we knocked down E-cad expression utilizing E-cad siRNA in four SCCHN cell lines. Results It was observed that downregulation of E-cad upregulated EGFR expression compared with control siRNA-transfected cells after 72 hours. Cellular membrane localization of EGFR was also increased. Consequently, downstream signaling molecules of the EGFR signaling pathway, p-AKT, and p-ERK, were increased at 72 hours after the transfection with E-cad siRNA. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed EGFR mRNA was upregulated by E-cad siRNA as early as 24 hours. In addition, RT-PCR revealed this upregulation was due to the increase of EGFR mRNA stability, but not protein stability. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay indicated growth of E-cad knocked down cells was enhanced up to 2-fold more than that of control siRNA-transfected cells at 72-hours post-transfection. The effect of E-cad reduction on cell proliferation was blocked by treating the E-cad siRNA-transfected cells with 1 μM of the EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Conclusion Our results suggest for the first time that reduction of E-cad results in upregulation of EGFR transcriptionally. It also suggests that loss of E-cad may induce proliferation of SCCHN by activating EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Bozym RA, Patel K, White C, Cheung KH, Bergelson JM, Morosky SA, Coyne CB. Calcium signals and calpain-dependent necrosis are essential for release of coxsackievirus B from polarized intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3010-21. [PMID: 21737691 PMCID: PMC3164450 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB), a member of the enterovirus family, targets the polarized epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract early in infection. Although the polarized epithelium functions as a protective barrier, this barrier is likely exploited by CVB to promote viral entry and subsequent egress. Here we show that, in contrast to nonpolarized cells, CVB-infected polarized intestinal Caco-2 cells undergo nonapoptotic necrotic cell death triggered by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-dependent calcium release. We further show that CVB-induced cellular necrosis depends on the Ca(2+)-activated protease calpain-2 and that this protease is involved in CVB-induced disruption of the junctional complex and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. Our study illustrates the cell signaling pathways hijacked by CVB, and perhaps other viral pathogens, to promote their replication and spread in polarized cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Bozym
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Kunal Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Carl White
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jeffrey M. Bergelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stefanie A. Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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Ronza P, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Robles A, Quiroga MI. Mucosal CD3ε+ cell proliferation and gut epithelial apoptosis: implications in rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:433-443. [PMID: 21488908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE) is an emerging disease that has acquired new relevance in European rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), culture, because of the economic losses it causes. Disease aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. The lesions appear restricted to the gastrointestinal tract where extensive mucosal detachment associated with high numbers of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) can be detected. In this study, an RTGE outbreak in north-western Spain was investigated, and findings observed in diseased trout were compared with control fish. PAS stain and immunohistochemical assays with anti-CD3ε and anti-active caspase-3 antibodies were performed. The results showed that CD3ε+ inflammatory infiltrates were present in the intestine of diseased trout both in the lamina propria-submucosa and within the epithelium. Moreover, an increased number of caspase-3+ cells in the intestinal mucosa and also strong anti-caspase-3 immunoreactivity in desquamated cells in the gut lumen were observed. Changes in the number of goblet cells were also found, resulting in an increase or depletion of mucous cells depending on the severity of the intestinal lesions. These findings suggest that T cells and apoptosis play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of RTGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ronza
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Copland IB, Galipeau J. Death and inflammation following somatic cell transplantation. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 33:535-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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E-cadherin: gatekeeper of airway mucosa and allergic sensitization. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:248-55. [PMID: 21493142 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium plays a role in immune regulation during environmental challenge, which is intertwined with its barrier function and capacity to limit submucosal access of environmental factors. In asthma, mucosal barrier function is often compromised, with disrupted expression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Recent progress suggests that E-cadherin contributes to the structural and immunological function of airway epithelium, through the regulation of epithelial junctions, proliferation, differentiation, and production of growth factors and proinflammatory mediators that can modulate the immune response. Here, we discuss this novel role for E-cadherin in mediating the crucial immunological decision between maintenance of tolerance versus induction of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Abstract
Dynamic interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) through integrins influence most cellular functions. Normal cells, but even more, tumor cells are subjected to different forms of stress, including ischemia, radical oxygen species production, starvation, mechanical stress or genotoxic insults due to anti-cancer drugs or irradiation. In these situations, an adaptative cellular response occurs, integrating a complex network of intracellular signaling modules, which, depending on stress intensity, may result to either damage repair followed by complete restitution of cellular functions, or programmed cell death. Because of its implication in oncogenesis and anti-cancer therapy, cellular stress response has been thoroughly investigated. However, most of these studies have been performed in the context of isolated cells without taking into consideration that most cells are part of the tissue within which they interact with ECM through integrin. Few studies have described the influence of stress on cell-to-ECM interaction. However, one can speculate that, in these conditions, cells could functionally interact with protein microenvironment either to create positive interactions to survive (for example by facilitating protective pathways) or negative interaction to die (for example by facilitating detachment). In this review, we summarize the knowledge relative to the influence of different stress modalities on ECM remodeling, integrin expression and/or function modifications, and possible functional consequences, independently from the cellular model as these findings came from a large variety of cells (mesenchymal, endothelial, muscular, epithelial and glandular) and fields of application (cancer, vascular biology and tissue engineering). Most studies support the general notion that non-lethal stress favors ECM stiffness, integrin activation and enhanced survival. This field opens large perspectives not only in tumor biology but also in anti-cancer therapy by targeting one or several steps of the integrin-mediated signaling pathway, including integrin ligation, or activation of integrin-linked enzymes or integrin adaptors.
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Buchon N, Broderick NA, Kuraishi T, Lemaitre B. Drosophila EGFR pathway coordinates stem cell proliferation and gut remodeling following infection. BMC Biol 2010; 8:152. [PMID: 21176204 PMCID: PMC3022776 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut homeostasis is central to whole organism health, and its disruption is associated with a broad range of pathologies. Following damage, complex physiological events are required in the gut to maintain proper homeostasis. Previously, we demonstrated that ingestion of a nonlethal pathogen, Erwinia carotovora carotovora 15, induces a massive increase in stem cell proliferation in the gut of Drosophila. However, the precise cellular events that occur following infection have not been quantitatively described, nor do we understand the interaction between multiple pathways that have been implicated in epithelium renewal. Results To understand the process of infection and epithelium renewal in more detail, we performed a quantitative analysis of several cellular and morphological characteristics of the gut. We observed that the gut of adult Drosophila undergoes a dynamic remodeling in response to bacterial infection. This remodeling coordinates the synthesis of new enterocytes, their proper morphogenesis and the elimination of damaged cells through delamination and anoikis. We demonstrate that one signaling pathway, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, is key to controlling each of these steps through distinct functions in intestinal stem cells and enterocytes. The EGFR pathway is activated by the EGF ligands, Spitz, Keren and Vein, the latter being induced in the surrounding visceral muscles in part under the control of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Additionally, the EGFR pathway synergizes with the JAK/STAT pathway in stem cells to promote their proliferation. Finally, we show that the EGFR pathway contributes to gut morphogenesis through its activity in enterocytes and is required to properly coordinate the delamination and anoikis of damaged cells. This function of the EGFR pathway in enterocytes is key to maintaining homeostasis, as flies lacking EGFR are highly susceptible to infection. Conclusions This study demonstrates that restoration of normal gut morphology following bacterial infection is a more complex phenomenon than previously described. Maintenance of gut homeostasis requires the coordination of stem cell proliferation and differentiation, with the incorporation and morphogenesis of new cells and the expulsion of damaged enterocytes. We show that one signaling pathway, the EGFR pathway, is central to all these stages, and its activation at multiple steps could synchronize the complex cellular events leading to gut repair and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Buchon
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Guerrero CA, Santana AY, Acosta O. Mouse intestinal villi as a model system for studies of rotavirus infection. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Luebke-Wheeler JL, Nedredal G, Yee L, Amiot BP, Nyberg SL. E-cadherin protects primary hepatocyte spheroids from cell death by a caspase-independent mechanism. Cell Transplant 2010; 18:1281-7. [PMID: 20003757 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x474258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultivation of primary hepatocytes as spheroids creates an efficient three-dimensional model system for hepatic studies in vitro and as a cell source for a spheroid reservoir bioartificial liver. The mechanism of spheroid formation is poorly understood, as is an explanation for why normal, anchorage-dependent hepatocytes remain viable and do not undergo detachment-induced apoptosis, known as anoikis, when placed in suspension spheroid culture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of E-cadherin, a calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule, in the formation and maintenance of hepatocyte spheroids. Hepatocyte spheroids were formed by a novel rocker technique and cultured in suspension for up to 24 h. The dependence of spheroid formation on E-cadherin and calcium was established using an E-cadherin blocking antibody and a calcium chelator. We found that inhibiting E-cadherin prevented cell-cell attachment and spheroid formation, and, surprisingly, E-cadherin inhibition led to hepatocyte death through a caspase-independent mechanism. In conclusion, E-cadherin is required for hepatocyte spheroid formation and may be responsible for protecting hepatocytes from a novel form of caspase-independent cell death.
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Hofmann C, Lippert E, Falk W, Schölmerich J, Rogler G, Obermeier F. Primary human colonic epithelial cells are transiently protected from anoikis by a Src-dependent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:908-14. [PMID: 19852943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complete loss of cell anchorage triggers apoptosis in primary human colonic epithelial cells (CEC), a phenomenon known as anoikis. Besides the induction of pro-apoptotic events, activation of survival pathways was observed in detached intestinal epithelial cell lines, providing a transient apoptosis protection. However, nothing is known about molecular mechanisms protecting primary CEC from anoikis. In this study intact CEC crypts were isolated and kept in suspension, a condition which leads to the loss of cell-cell anchorage and induces anoikis. To reconstitute cell-cell contacts, cells were centrifuged to form cell aggregates. Induction of apoptosis was assessed by caspase-3 activity assay; activation of survival pathways was analyzed by Western blot. Immediately after loss of cell anchorage a rapid activation of survival proteins was observed before active caspase-3 could be detected. Src hyperactivation significantly contributed to transient protection from anoikis in CEC because its inhibition reversed the protecting effect of re-establishment of cell contacts. Basal levels of active Src in CEC from patients with inflammatory bowel disease were markedly reduced compared to control patients. These results demonstrate that loss of cell anchorage activates survival pathways in primary human CEC providing transient anoikis protection. Src is an important mediator of this mechanism and therefore constitutes a key regulatory molecule coordinating survival signals mediated by cell adhesion in primary human CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Medical Center, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, a key factor for homeostasis, cell architecture, and barrier function of the adult intestinal epithelium. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:6294-308. [PMID: 19805521 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00939-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF-4alpha) is a transcription factor which is highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium from duodenum to colon and from crypt to villus. The homeostasis of this constantly renewing epithelium relies on an integrated control of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as on the functional architecture of the epithelial cells. In order to determine the consequences of HNF-4alpha loss in the adult intestinal epithelium, we used a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-loxP system to inactivate the Hnf-4a gene. In the intestines of adult mice, loss of HNF-4alpha led to an increased proliferation in crypts and to an increased expression of several genes controlled by the Wnt/beta-catenin system. This control of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway by HNF-4alpha was confirmed in vitro. Cell lineage was affected, as indicated by an increased number of goblet cells and an impairment of enterocyte and enteroendocrine cell maturation. In the absence of HNF-4alpha, cell-cell junctions were destabilized and paracellular intestinal permeability increased. Our results showed that HNF-4alpha modulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and controls intestinal epithelium homeostasis, cell function, and cell architecture. This study indicates that HNF-4alpha regulates the intestinal balance between proliferation and differentiation, and we hypothesize that it might act as a tumor suppressor.
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