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Lu C, Song Y, Wu X, Lei W, Chen J, Zhang X, Liu Q, Deng C, Liang Z, Chen Y, Ren J, Yang Y. Pleiotropic role of GAS6 in cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00163-2. [PMID: 38653371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a common medical issue contributing to the onset and progression of ischemic heart diseases (IHD). Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6), a vitamin K-dependent secretory protein, promotes cell proliferation and inhibits inflammation and apoptosis through binding with Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to examine the effect of GAS6 pathways activation as a potential new treatment in myocardial IR injury. METHODS Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were utilized to determine the roles of GAS6 in the pathological processes of myocardial IR injury. RESULTS Our results revealed down-regulated levels of GAS6, Axl, and SIRT1 in murine hearts subjected to IR injury, and cardiomyocytes challenged with hypoxia reoxygenation (HR) injury. GAS6 overexpression significantly improved cardiac dysfunction in mice subjected to myocardial IR injury, accompanied by reconciled mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. In vitro experiments also observed a protective effect of GAS6 in cardiomyocytes. SIRT1 was found to function as a downstream regulator for GAS6/Axl signaling axis. Through screening a natural product library, a polyphenol natural compound catechin was identified to exhibit a protective effect by turning on GAS6/Axl-SIRT1 cascade. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings indicate that GAS6 emerges as a potential novel target in the management of myocardial IR injury and other related anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Lu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Yanbin Song
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, 43 North Street, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wangrui Lei
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, 43 North Street, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Terzioglu G, Young-Pearse TL. Microglial function, INPP5D/SHIP1 signaling, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:89. [PMID: 38017562 PMCID: PMC10685641 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have brought microglia under the spotlight, as loci associated with AD risk are enriched in genes expressed in microglia. Several of these genes have been recognized for their central roles in microglial functions. Increasing evidence suggests that SHIP1, the protein encoded by the AD-associated gene INPP5D, is an important regulator of microglial phagocytosis and immune response. A recent study from our group identified SHIP1 as a negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human iPSC-derived microglial cells (iMGs). In addition, we found evidence for a connection between SHIP1 activity and inflammasome activation in the AD brain. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines as part of innate immune responses against pathogens and endogenous damage signals. Previously published studies have suggested that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in AD and contributes to AD-related pathology. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of AD-related inflammation. We then review the known intracellular functions of SHIP1, including its role in phosphoinositide signaling, interactions with microglial phagocytic receptors such as TREM2 and evidence for its intersection with NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Through rigorous examination of the intricate connections between microglial signaling pathways across several experimental systems and postmortem analyses, the field will be better equipped to tailor newly emerging therapeutic strategies targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Terzioglu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Mohammadzadeh P, Amberg GC. AXL/Gas6 signaling mechanisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1212104. [PMID: 37396176 PMCID: PMC10310921 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase commonly associated with a variety of human cancers. Along with its ligand Gas6 (growth arrest-specific protein 6), AXL is emerging as an important regulator of neuroendocrine development and function. AXL signaling in response to Gas6 binding impacts neuroendocrine structure and function at the level of the brain, pituitary, and gonads. During development, AXL has been identified as an upstream inhibitor of gonadotropin receptor hormone (GnRH) production and also plays a key role in the migration of GnRH neurons from the olfactory placode to the forebrain. AXL is implicated in reproductive diseases including some forms of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and evidence suggests that AXL is required for normal spermatogenesis. Here, we highlight research describing AXL/Gas6 signaling mechanisms with a focus on the molecular pathways related to neuroendocrine function in health and disease. In doing so, we aim to present a concise account of known AXL/Gas6 signaling mechanisms to identify current knowledge gaps and inspire future research.
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Bhadresha K, Mirza S, Penny C, Mughal MJ. Targeting AXL in Mesothelioma: from functional characterization to clinical implication. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104043. [PMID: 37268175 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer with a poor survival rate. Current treatment approaches primarily rely on chemotherapy and radiation, but their effectiveness is limited. Consequently, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment strategies, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying MM, and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Extensive studies over the past decade have emphasized the role of Axl in driving tumor development and metastasis, while high levels of Axl expression have been associated with immune evasion, drug resistance, and reduced patient survival in various cancer types. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the efficacy of Axl inhibitors for different cancers. However, the precise role of Axl in MM progression, development, and metastasis, as well as its regulatory mechanisms within MM, remain inadequately understood. This review aims to comprehensively investigate the involvement of Axl in MM. We discuss Axl role in MM progression, development, and metastasis, along with its specific regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, we examined the Axl associated signaling pathways, the relationship between Axl and immune evasion, and the clinical implications of Axl for MM treatment. Furthermore, we discussed the potential utility of liquid biopsy as a non-invasive diagnostic technique for early detection of Axl in MM. Lastly, we evaluated the potential of a microRNA signature that targets Axl. By consolidating existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, this review contributes to a better understanding of Axl's role in MM and sets the stage for future investigations and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Bhadresha
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheefa Mirza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muhammed Jameel Mughal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Science, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America.
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Yong J, Elisabeth Groeger S, Ruf S, Ruiz-Heiland G. Influence of leptin and compression in GAS-6 mediated homeostasis of periodontal ligament cell. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1172-1183. [PMID: 34861742 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS-6) regulates immunomodulatory and inflammatory mechanisms in periodontium and may participate in obesity predisposition. This study aimed to determine whether GAS-6 is associated with the homeostasis of periodontal ligament (SV-PDL) cells in the presence of adipokines or compressive forces. The SV-PDL cell line was used. Western blots were employed for TAM receptors detection. Cells were stimulated using different concentrations of GAS-6. The migration, viability, and proliferation were measured by a standard scratch test, MTS assay, and immunofluorescent staining. The mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. Release of TGF-β1, GAS-6, and Axl were verified by ELISA. Western blot shows that TAM receptors are expressed in SV-PDL cells. GAS-6 has a promoting effect on cell migration and proliferation. RT-PCR analysis showed that GAS-6 induces Collagen-1, Collagen-3, Periostin, and TGF-β1 mRNA expression whereas it reduces Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, and IL-6 mRNA expression. Further, secreted GAS-6 in SV-PDL is reduced in response to both compressive forces and leptin and upregulated by IL-6. Additionally, ADAM-10 inhibition reduces GAS-6 and Axl release on SV-PDL cells. TAM receptors especially Axl are identified as the receptors of GAS-6. GAS-6/TAM interactions contribute to periodontal ligament cells homeostasis. Leptin inhibits the GAS-6 release independently of ADAM-10 metalloprotease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Elisabeth Groeger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gisela Ruiz-Heiland
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Rizzi M, Tonello S, D’Onghia D, Sainaghi PP. Gas6/TAM Axis Involvement in Modulating Inflammation and Fibrosis in COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020951. [PMID: 36674471 PMCID: PMC9861142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) is a widely expressed vitamin K-dependent protein that is involved in many biological processes such as homeostatic regulation, inflammation and repair/fibrotic processes. It is known that it is the main ligand of TAMs, a tyrosine kinase receptor family of three members, namely MerTK, Tyro-3 and Axl, for which it displays the highest affinity. Gas6/TAM axis activation is known to be involved in modulating inflammatory responses as well as fibrotic evolution in many different pathological conditions. Due to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic, this review will focus on Gas6/TAM axis activation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where de-regulated inflammatory responses and fibrosis represent a relevant feature of severe disease manifestation. Furthermore, this review will highlight the most recent scientific evidence supporting an unsuspected role of Axl as a SARS-CoV-2 infection driver, and the potential therapeutic advantages of the use of existing Axl inhibitors in COVID-19 management. From a physiological point of view, the Gas6/TAM axis plays a dual role, fostering the tissue repair processes or leading to organ damage and loss of function, depending on the prevalence of its anti-inflammatory or profibrotic properties. This review makes a strong case for further research focusing on the Gas6/TAM axis as a pharmacological target to manage different disease conditions, such as chronic fibrosis or COVID-19.
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Liang Z, Yang Y, Wu X, Lu C, Zhao H, Chen K, Zhao A, Li X, Xu J. GAS6/Axl is associated with AMPK activation and attenuates H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress. Apoptosis 2022; 28:485-497. [PMID: 36580193 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key part in cardiovascular event. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) is a vitamin K-dependent ligand which has been shown to exert important effects in heart. The effects of GAS6 were evaluated against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) ‑induced oxidative stress injury in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. A series of experimental methods were used to analyze the effects of GAS6 on cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and AMPK/ACC signaling in H2O2‑injured HL-1 cells. In this study, we found that H2O2 reduced cell viability, increased apoptotic rate and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, H2O2 decreased the protein levels of GAS6, and increased the protein level of p-AMPK/AMPK, p-ACC/ACC. Then, we observed that overexpression of GAS6 significantly reduced cell death, manifested as increased cell viability, improved oxidative stress, apoptosis and upregulated the levels of GAS6, p-Axl/Axl, Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, Bcl-2/Bax, PGC-1α, NRF1, TFAM, p-AMPK/AMPK, and p-ACC/ACC-related protein expression in HL-1 cells and H2O2‑injured cardiomyocytes. To further verify the results, we successfully constructed GAS6 lentiviral vectors, and found GAS6 shRNA partially reversed the above results. These data suggest that AMPK/ACC may be a downstream effector molecule in the antioxidant action of GAS6. In summary, our findings indicate that activation GAS6/Axl-AMPK signaling protects H2O2‑induced oxidative stress which is accompanied by the amelioration of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Airforce Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, 710038, Xi'an, China
| | - Kehan Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
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Wei M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li D, He X. AXL, along with PROS1, is overexpressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma and regulates its biological behaviour. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:334. [PMID: 36203174 PMCID: PMC9535883 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AXL, a TAM tyrosine kinase receptor, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of various solid tumours. This study explores the role of AXL and its ligand PROS1 in the generation and biological behaviour of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). METHODS The expression levels of AXL in PTC cancer tissue were analysed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The expression levels of AXL in PTC and normal thyroid cell lines were analysed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). CCK-8 was used to assess the proliferation of the PTC cell line with and without the effect of the AXL inhibitor (R428). Scratching assays played a role in evaluating the cell migration rate. RESULTS PROS1 and AXL were expressed in TPC-1, B-CPAP, and Nthy-Ori 3-1 cells at different levels. Expression was significantly higher in PTC cell lines (TPC-1 and B-CPAP) than in the normal thyroid cell line (Nthy-Ori 3-1) (p < 0.05). In addition, AXL expression in PTC tissues was significantly higher than in adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.05). CCK-8 experiments confirmed that R428 suppresses the proliferation of PTC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with an increase in concentration from 0.5 to 4 μM, decreasing the inhibitory effect (p < 0.01). In addition, R428 inhibited PTC cell line migration to different degrees in a range of concentrations from 0.5 to 2 μM compared to control cells (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION PROS1 and its downstream receptor AXL expression were significantly higher in PTC than in normal thyroid cells. AXL expression was also higher in human PTC tissues than in normal thyroid tissues. Inhibiting the PROS1-AXL-mediated TAM signaling pathway via the AXL blocker R428 suppressed the proliferation and migration of human PTC cells, highlighting the role of this cascade in human PTC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Wei
- grid.416271.70000 0004 0639 0580Department of General Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Yizeng Wang
- grid.412645.00000 0004 1757 9434Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- grid.412645.00000 0004 1757 9434Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- grid.412645.00000 0004 1757 9434Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianghui He
- grid.412645.00000 0004 1757 9434Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Identification of Key Genes and Pathways in Genotoxic Stress Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Results of Whole Transcriptome Sequencing. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092067. [PMID: 36140167 PMCID: PMC9495888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial disfunction underlying the atherogenesis can be triggered by genotoxic stress in endothelial cells. In the presented research whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of human coronary artery (HCAEC) and internal thoracic artery (HITAEC) endothelial cells in vitro exposed to 500 ng/mL mitomycin C (treatment group) or 0.9% NaCl (control group) was performed. Resulting to bioinformatic analysis, 56 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 6 downregulated DEGs with absolute fold change ≥ 2 and FDR p-value < 0.05 were selected in HCAEC exposed to mitomycin C compared to the control group; in HITAEC only one upregulated DEG was found. According to Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, DEGs in HCAEC were classified into 25 functional groups of biological processes, while in HITAEC we found no statistically significant (FDR p-value < 0.05) groups. The four largest groups containing more than 50% DEGs (“signal transduction”, “response to stimulus”, “biological regulation”, and “regulation of biological process”) were identified. Finally, candidate DEGs and pathways underlying the genotoxic stress induced endothelial disfunction have been discovered that could improve our understanding of fundamental basis of atherogenesis and help to justification of genotoxic stress as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis.
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Wang Z, Liu D, Yan Q, Liu F, Zhan M, Qi S, Fang Q, Yao L, Wang W, Zhang R, Du J, Chen L. Activated AXL Protects Against Hepatic Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Upregulating SOCS-1 Expression. Transplantation 2022; 106:1351-1364. [PMID: 35546091 PMCID: PMC9213082 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the main factor affecting the morbidity and mortality associated with perioperative complications of liver transplantation and major hepatectomy. AXL is a member of the TYRO3, AXL, MERTK family and is involved in immune and apoptosis processes in multiple organs. However, the role of AXL in hepatic I/R injury remains to be elucidated. METHODS Mice pretreated with rmGas6 or R428 and mice tail vein injected with adeno-associated virus knockdown suppressor of cytokine signaling protein-1 (SOCS-1) underwent liver I/R surgery to detect the function of activated AXL in vivo. Primary hepatocytes undergo hypoxic reoxygenation injury in vitro. RESULTS AXL expression was significantly upregulated, and phosphorylated-AXL was substantially downregulated in liver transplantation patients and hepatic I/R surgery mice. A mouse model of hepatic I/R injury showed that AXL activation reduced liver inflammation and liver cells apoptosis. The inhibition of AXL activation (AXL-specific inhibitor R428) aggravated hepatic I/R injury, resulted in larger areas of liver injury, aggravated inflammatory response, and increased apoptosis of liver cells. In addition, activated AXL promotes the expression level of SOCS-1 and inhibits toll-like receptor 4 and its downstream signaling pathways. Finally, SOCS-1 was knocked down with an adeno-associated virus, and activated AXL failed to protect against hepatic I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS AXL activation protects the liver from I/R injury by upregulating SOCS-1 and inhibiting the toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-88/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling axis. Targeting AXL may be a new therapeutic option for ameliorating hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Deng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengting Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shunli Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weizhi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Paudel KR, Mehta M, Yin GHS, Yen LL, Malyla V, Patel VK, Panneerselvam J, Madheswaran T, MacLoughlin R, Jha NK, Gupta PK, Singh SK, Gupta G, Kumar P, Oliver BG, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles inhibit non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and migration in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46830-46847. [PMID: 35171422 PMCID: PMC9232428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is reported to have a high incidence rate and is one of the most prevalent types of cancer contributing towards 85% of all incidences of lung cancer. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid which offers a broad range of therapeutical and pharmacological actions against cancer. However, extremely low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability have largely restricted its therapeutic applications. To overcome these limitations, we formulated berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs) and investigated their in vitro antiproliferative and antimigratory activity in human lung epithelial cancer cell line (A549). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), trypan blue staining, and colony forming assays were used to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity, while scratch wound healing assay and a modified Boyden chamber assay were carried out to determine the anti-migratory activity. We also investigated major proteins associated with lung cancer progression. The developed nanoparticles were found to have an average particle size of 181.3 nm with spherical shape, high entrapment efficiency (75.35%) and have shown sustained release behaviour. The most remarkable findings reported with berberine-loaded LCNs were significant suppression of proliferation, inhibition of colony formation, inhibition of invasion or migration via epithelial mesenchymal transition, and proliferation related proteins associated with cancer progression. Our findings suggest that anti-cancer compounds with the problem of poor solubility and bioavailability can be overcome by formulating them into nanotechnology-based delivery systems for better efficacy. Further in-depth investigations into anti-cancer mechanistic research will expand and strengthen the current findings of berberine-LCNs as a potential NSCLC treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav R Paudel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Geena Hew Suet Yin
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee Li Yen
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vamshikrishna Malyla
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Vyoma K Patel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Jithendra Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94, Galway, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida-201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura 302017, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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12
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Sang YB, Kim JH, Kim CG, Hong MH, Kim HR, Cho BC, Lim SM. The Development of AXL Inhibitors in Lung Cancer: Recent Progress and Challenges. Front Oncol 2022; 12:811247. [PMID: 35311091 PMCID: PMC8927964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.811247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AXL, along with MER and TYRO3, is a receptor tyrosine kinase from the TAM family. Although AXL itself is not thought to be a potent oncogenic driver, overexpression of AXL is known to trigger tumor cell growth, survival, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and immune suppression. Overexpression of AXL is associated with therapy resistance and poor prognosis. Therefore, it is being studied as a marker of prognosis in cancer treatment or as a target in various cancer types. Recently, many preclinical and clinical studies on agents with various mechanisms targeting AXL have been actively conducted. They include small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates. This article reviewed the fundamental role of AXL in solid tumors, and the development in research of AXL inhibitors in recent years. Emphasis was placed on the function of AXL in acquired therapy resistance in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since clinical needs increase in NSCLC patients with acquired resistance after initial therapy, recent research efforts have focused on a combination treatment with AXL inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors or immunotherapy to overcome resistance. Lastly, we deal with challenges and limitations encountered in the development of AXL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Beom Sang
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hang Kim
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Chang-Gon Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Hee Hong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Min Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Synn CB, Kim SE, Lee HK, Kim MH, Kim JH, Lee JM, Jo HN, Lee W, Kim DK, Byeon Y, Kim YS, Yun MR, Park CW, Yun J, Lim S, Heo SG, Yang SD, Lee EJ, Lee S, Choi H, Lee YW, Cho JS, Kim DH, Park S, Kim JH, Choi Y, Lee SS, Ahn BC, Kim CG, Lim SM, Hong MH, Kim HR, Pyo KH, Cho BC. SKI-G-801, an AXL kinase inhibitor, blocks metastasis through inducing anti-tumor immune responses and potentiates anti-PD-1 therapy in mouse cancer models. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1364. [PMID: 35003748 PMCID: PMC8716998 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives AXL‐mediated activation of aberrant tyrosine kinase drives various oncogenic processes and facilitates an immunosuppressive microenvironment. We evaluated the anti‐tumor and anti‐metastatic activities of SKI‐G‐801, a small‐molecule inhibitor of AXL, alone and in combination with anti‐PD‐1 therapy. Methods In vitro pAXL inhibition by SKI‐G‐801 was performed in both human and mouse cancer cell lines. Immunocompetent mouse models of tumor were established to measure anti‐metastatic potential of SKI‐G‐801. Furthermore, SKI‐G‐801, anti‐PD‐1 or their combination was administered as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant in the 4T1 tumor model to assess their potential for clinical application. Results SKI‐G‐801 robustly inhibited pAXL expression in various cell lines. SKI‐G‐801 alone or in combination with anti‐PD‐1 potently inhibited metastasis in B16F10 melanoma, CT26 colon and 4T1 breast models. SKI‐G‐801 inhibited the growth of B16F10 and 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice but not immune‐deficient mice. An antibody depletion assay revealed that CD8+ T cells significantly contributed to SKI‐G‐801‐mediated survival. Anti‐PD‐1 and combination group were observed the increased CD8+Ki67+ and effector T cells and M1 macrophage and decreased M2 macrophage, and granulocytic myeloid‐derived suppressor cell (G‐MDSC) compared to the control group. The neoadjuvant combination of SKI‐G‐801 and anti‐PD‐1 therapy achieved superior survival benefits by inducing more profound T‐cell responses in the 4T1 syngeneic mouse model. Conclusion SKI‐G‐801 significantly suppressed tumor metastasis and growth by enhancing anti‐tumor immune responses. Our results suggest that SKI‐G‐801 has the potential to overcome anti‐PD‐1 therapy resistance and allow more patients to benefit from anti‐PD‐1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Bong Synn
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | | | - Min-Hwan Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Ha Ni Jo
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Wongeun Lee
- JEUK Institute for Cancer Research Gumi Korea
| | - Dong Kwon Kim
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Youngseon Byeon
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Young Seob Kim
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Mi Ran Yun
- JEUK Institute for Cancer Research Gumi Korea
| | - Chae-Won Park
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yun
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Sangbin Lim
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Seong Gu Heo
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - San-Duk Yang
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Hunmi Choi
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - You Won Lee
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Jae Seok Cho
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Do Hee Kim
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sung Sook Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital Busan Korea
| | - Beung-Chul Ahn
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Chang Gon Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Sun Min Lim
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Min Hee Hong
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Pyo
- Department of Medical Science College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea.,Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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14
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Novoyatleva T, Rai N, Kojonazarov B, Veeroju S, Ben-Batalla I, Caruso P, Shihan M, Presser N, Götz E, Lepper C, Herpel S, Manaud G, Perros F, Gall H, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Wharton J, Wilkins M, Upton PD, Loges S, Morrell NW, Seeger W, Schermuly RT. Deficiency of Axl aggravates pulmonary arterial hypertension via BMPR2. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1002. [PMID: 34429509 PMCID: PMC8385080 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), is a fatal disease characterized by a pseudo-malignant phenotype. We investigated the expression and the role of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in experimental (i.e., monocrotaline and Su5416/hypoxia treated rats) and clinical PAH. In vitro Axl inhibition by R428 and Axl knock-down inhibited growth factor-driven proliferation and migration of non-PAH and PAH PASMCs. Conversely, Axl overexpression conferred a growth advantage. Axl declined in PAECs of PAH patients. Axl blockage inhibited BMP9 signaling and increased PAEC apoptosis, while BMP9 induced Axl phosphorylation. Gas6 induced SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation and ID1/ID2 increase were blunted by BMP signaling obstruction. Axl association with BMPR2 was facilitated by Gas6/BMP9 stimulation and diminished by R428. In vivo R428 aggravated right ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction, abrogated BMPR2 signaling, elevated pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis and loss. Together, Axl is a key regulator of endothelial BMPR2 signaling and potential determinant of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Novoyatleva
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Nabham Rai
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health, Giessen, Germany
| | - Swathi Veeroju
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paola Caruso
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nadine Presser
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elsa Götz
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carina Lepper
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herpel
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Grégoire Manaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Henning Gall
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - John Wharton
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Wilkins
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul D Upton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Rui J, Deng S, Perdigoto AL, Ponath G, Kursawe R, Lawlor N, Sumida T, Levine-Ritterman M, Stitzel ML, Pitt D, Lu J, Herold KC. Tet2 Controls the Responses of β cells to Inflammation in Autoimmune Diabetes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5074. [PMID: 34417463 PMCID: PMC8379260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
β cells may participate and contribute to their own demise during Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here we report a role of their expression of Tet2 in regulating immune killing. Tet2 is induced in murine and human β cells with inflammation but its expression is reduced in surviving β cells. Tet2-KO mice that receive WT bone marrow transplants develop insulitis but not diabetes and islet infiltrates do not eliminate β cells even though immune cells from the mice can transfer diabetes to NOD/scid recipients. Tet2-KO recipients are protected from transfer of disease by diabetogenic immune cells.Tet2-KO β cells show reduced expression of IFNγ-induced inflammatory genes that are needed to activate diabetogenic T cells. Here we show that Tet2 regulates pathologic interactions between β cells and immune cells and controls damaging inflammatory pathways. Our data suggests that eliminating TET2 in β cells may reduce activating pathologic immune cells and killing of β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Rui
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Songyan Deng
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald Ponath
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romy Kursawe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nathan Lawlor
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tomokazu Sumida
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael L Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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16
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Zaman A, Bivona TG. Targeting AXL in NSCLC. LUNG CANCER (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:67-79. [PMID: 34408519 PMCID: PMC8364399 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s305484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art cancer precision medicine approaches involve targeted inactivation of chemically and immunologically addressable vulnerabilities that often yield impressive initial anti-tumor responses in patients. Nonetheless, these responses are overshadowed by therapy resistance that follows. AXL, a receptor tyrosine kinase with bona fide oncogenic capacity, has been associated with the emergence of resistance in an array of cancers with varying pathophysiology and cellular origins, including in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Here in this review, we summarize AXL biology during normal homeostasis, oncogenic development and therapy resistance with a focus on NSCLC. In the context of NSCLC therapy resistance, we delineate AXL's role in mediating resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) deployed against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as other notable oncogenes and to chemotherapeutics. We also discuss the current understanding of AXL's role in mediating cell-biological variables that function as important modifiers of therapy resistance such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), the tumor microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity. We also catalog and discuss a set of effective pharmacologic tools that are emerging to strategically perturb AXL mediated resistance programs in NSCLC. Finally, we enumerate ongoing and future exciting precision medicine approaches targeting AXL as well as challenges in this regard. We highlight that a holistic understanding of AXL biology in NSCLC may allow us to predict and improve targeted therapeutic strategies, such as through polytherapy approaches, potentially against a broad spectrum of NSCLC sub-types to forestall tumor evolution and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubhishek Zaman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Shyni GL, Renjitha J, B Somappa S, Raghu KG. Zerumin A attenuates the inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-11. [PMID: 33755281 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zerumin A (ZA) is one of the potential components of Curcuma amada rhizomes, and it has been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. This study deals with the beneficial activity of ZA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Herein, H9c2 cells were preincubated with ZA for 1 h and stimulated with LPS for 24 h. The cells were analyzed for the expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators and signaling molecules. Results showed that the cell viability was significantly improved and reactive oxygen species production was alleviated remarkably with ZA pretreatment. We also found that ZA pretreatment significantly suppressed the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels, and nitric oxide (NO) release in LPS-stimulated cells. In addition, ZA significantly ameliorated LPS-elicited overexpression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in H9c2 cells, and it upregulated the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Moreover, pretreatment with ZA and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway inhibitors also reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38. ZA significantly inhibited IkB-a phosphorylation and nuclear factor (NF)-kB p65 subunit translocation into nuclei. Overall data demonstrated that ZA protects cardiomyocytes against LPS injury by inhibiting NF-kB p65 activation via the MAPK signaling pathway in vitro. These findings suggest that ZA may be a promising agent for a detailed study for the prevention or treatment of myocardial dysfunction in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Shyni
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - J Renjitha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - Sasidhar B Somappa
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - K G Raghu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
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Xie S, Zhang H, Liang Z, Yang X, Cao R. AXL, an Important Host Factor for DENV and ZIKV Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:575346. [PMID: 33954117 PMCID: PMC8092360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.575346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, as critically important pathogens, are still major public health problems all over the world. For instance, the evolution of ZIKV led to large-scale outbreaks in the Yap island in 2007. DENV was considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the 10 threats to global health in 2019. Enveloped viruses hijack a variety of host factors to complete its replication cycle. Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, AXL, is considered to be a candidate receptor for flavivirus invasion. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure of ZIKV and DENV, and how they interact with AXL to successfully invade host cells. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavivirus-AXL interaction will provide crucial insights into the virus infection process and the development of anti-flavivirus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Xie
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjie Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingmiao Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruibing Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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张 胜, 安 娜, 欧阳 翔, 刘 颖, 王 雪. [Role of growth arrest-specific protein 6 in migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2020; 53:9-15. [PMID: 33550330 PMCID: PMC7867974 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) in the process of the migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). METHODS After different concentrations of recombinant human Gas6 (rhGas6) were added to hPDLCs, cell prolife-ration experiment (CCK-8) was taken to observe the effect of rhGas6 on hPDLCs cell proliferation. Scratch test and cell migration test (Transwell) were taken to analyze the migratory ability of hPDLCs in different concentrations of rhGas6 groups. After osteogenic induction, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was taken to detect the expression of the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALP staining was used to detect the amount of mineralized nodules. RESULTS After adding different concentrations of rhGas6, there were no statistically significant differences in hPDLCs cell proliferation among the experimental groups and the control group at 24, 48 and 72 hours (P>0.05). After 24 h of scratch, the healing area in the 800 μg/L of the rhGas6 group was greater than that in the control group, but without statistically significant difference (31.06%±13.70% vs. 21.79%±9.51%, P>0.05). In the migration test, after 24 h, the number of hPDLCs cells which penetrated through the membrane in the 800 μg/L rhGas6 group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). After rhGas6 was added and osteogenic induction, Runx2 and ALP gene expressions of hPDLCs in the 800 μg/L group were significantly higher than those in the control group (1.60±0.30 vs. 0.91±0.10, 2.81±0.61 vs. 0.86±0.12, P < 0.01). After Gas6 was knocked down, the ALP expression of hPDLCs was significantly lower than that of the control group (0.39±0.07 vs. 0.92±0.14, P < 0.01). There was no significant change in Runx2 expression (P>0.05). After 7 days of osteogenic induction, the mineralized nodules formed in the Gas6 knockdown group were significantly less than those in control group (0.25±0.04 vs. 1.00±0.11, P < 0.001). After 14 days of induction, the staining degree of the Gas6 knockdown group was lower than that of the control group, but there was no significant difference (0.86±0.04 vs. 1.00±0.16, P>0.05). CONCLUSION After downregulation of Gas6 gene, mineralized nodule formation was reduced and ALP gene expressions were decreased in the early stage of osteogenic induction (7 days). After addition of rhGas6, Runx2 and ALP gene expressions were increased and the number of cell migration was increased, suggesting that Gas6 might play a promoting role in the migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- 胜男 张
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,牙周科,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 娜 安
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合二科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of General Dentistry Ⅱ, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 翔英 欧阳
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,牙周科,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 颖君 刘
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,综合二科 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of General Dentistry Ⅱ, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 雪奎 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,牙周科,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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The Multifaceted Roles of TAM Receptors during Viral Infection. Virol Sin 2020; 36:1-12. [PMID: 32720213 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors play multiple roles in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, varying from promoting the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, sustaining the immune and inflammatory homeostasis, maintaining the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, to mediating cancer malignancy and chemoresistance. Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) and protein S (Pros1) are the two ligands that activate TAM receptors. Recently, TAM receptors have been reported to mediate cell entry and infection of multitudinous enveloped viruses in a manner called apoptotic mimicry. Moreover, TAM receptors are revitalized during viral entry and infection, which sequesters innate immune and inflammatory responses, facilitating viral replication and immune evasion. However, accumulating evidence have now proposed that TAM receptors are not required for the infection of these viruses in vivo. In addition, TAM receptors protect mice against the CNS infection of neuroinvasive viruses and relieve the brain lesions during encephalitis. These protective effects are achieved through maintaining BBB integrity, attenuating proinflammatory cytokine production, and promoting neural cell survival. TAM receptors also regulate the programmed cell death modes of virus-infected cells, which have profound impacts on the pathogenesis and outcome of infection. Here, we systematically review the functionalities and underlying mechanisms of TAM receptors and propose the potential application of TAM agonists to prevent severe viral encephalitis.
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21
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Ma L, Cao Y, Zhang L, Li K, Yan L, Pan Y, Zhu J. Celastrol mitigates high glucose-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes via miR-345-5p/growth arrest-specific 6. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3201. [PMID: 32307774 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celastrol (Cel) has been corroborated as an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent in multiple cell damage models. However, the protective effect of Cel in high glucose (HG)-induced cardiomyocyte injury is still unclear. The present study aimed to determine whether Cel can mitigate HG-stimulated cardiomyocyte injury via regulating the miR-345-5p/growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) signaling pathway. METHODS Cardiomyocytes were exposed to normal glucose (NG; 5 mmol/l) or HG (30 mmol/l) and then administered with Cel. Cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to detect cell proliferative activity and apoptosis. mRNA and protein expression were analyzed using a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. A bioinformatics algorithm and a luciferase reporter gene assay were used to determine whether Gas6 is a direct target of miR-345-5p. RESULTS The present study confirmed the inhibitory effects of Cel in HG-induced inflammation in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, Cel exhibited the ability to antagonize HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and suppress the elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio elicited by HG stimulation. Intriguingly, Cel treatment revoked the HG-triggered repression of Gas6 protein expression, and Gas6 loss-of-function accelerated HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. HG-triggered up-regulation of miR-345-5p expression was depressed following Cel treatment. Importantly, we validated that Gas6 is a direct target of miR-345-5p. Transfection with miR-345-5p inhibitors restrained HG-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study demonstrate that Cel administration antagonized HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation through up-regulating Gas6 expression by restraining miR-345-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ketao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laixing Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhan Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Jeong I, Song J, Bae SY, Lee SK. Overcoming the Intrinsic Gefitinib-resistance via Downregulation of AXL in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:217-223. [PMID: 31950021 PMCID: PMC6951316 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as gefitinib, is a limited factor in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Therefore, ongoing studies are trying to identify EGFR-TKIs-resistant mechanisms and to discover novel therapeutic strategies and targets for NSCLC treatment. Methods In the present study, the possibility of overcoming intrinsic gefitinib-resistance was examined by regulating the expression of AXL. A natural product-derived antitumor agent, yuanhuadine (YD) was employed to modulate the expression of AXL in the cells. Results Treatment with YD effectively downregulated AXL expression in AXL-overexpressed gefitinib-resistant H1299 cells. The combination of gefitinib and YD exhibited a synergistic grwoth-inhibitory activity in H1299 cells by downregulation of AXL expression. Conclusions Based on these findings, AXL was found to be a promising therapeutic target to overcome the intrinsic resistance to gefitinib in NSCLC. Furthermore, YD is able to effectively regulate the expression of AXL and thus it may be applicable as a potential lead compound for the treatment of gefitinib-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jayoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Yi Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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PTBP1-mediated regulation of AXL mRNA stability plays a role in lung tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16922. [PMID: 31729427 PMCID: PMC6858377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AXL is expressed in many types of cancer and promotes cancer cell survival, metastasis and drug resistance. Here, we focus on identifying modulators that regulate AXL at the mRNA level. We have previously observed that the AXL promoter activity is inversely correlated with the AXL expression levels, suggesting that post-transcriptional mechanisms exist that down-regulate the expression of AXL mRNA. Here we show that the RNA binding protein PTBP1 (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) directly targets the 5′-UTR of AXL mRNA in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we also demonstrate that PTBP1, but not PTBP2, inhibits the expression of AXL mRNA and the RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) of PTBP1 is crucial for this interaction. To clarify how PTBP1 regulates AXL expression at the mRNA level, we found that, while the transcription rate of AXL was not significantly different, PTBP1 decreased the stability of AXL mRNA. In addition, over-expression of AXL may counteract the PTBP1-mediated apoptosis. Knock-down of PTBP1 expression could enhance tumor growth in animal models. Finally, PTBP1 was found to be negatively correlated with AXL expression in lung tumor tissues in Oncomine datasets and in tissue micro-array (TMA) analysis. In conclusion, we have identified a molecular mechanism of AXL expression regulation by PTBP1 through controlling the AXL mRNA stability. These findings may represent new thoughts alternative to current approaches that directly inhibit AXL signaling and may eventually help to develop novel therapeutics to avoid cancer metastasis and drug resistance.
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AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising anti-cancer approach: functions, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:153. [PMID: 31684958 PMCID: PMC6827209 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy for cancer has been a research hotspot for decades. AXL is a member of the TAM family with the high-affinity ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6). The Gas6/AXL signalling pathway is associated with tumour cell growth, metastasis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, drug resistance, immune regulation and stem cell maintenance. Different therapeutic agents targeting AXL have been developed, typically including small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nucleotide aptamers, soluble receptors, and several natural compounds. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive discussion of the structure, function, regulation, and signalling pathways of AXL. Then, we highlight recent strategies for targeting AXL in the treatment of cancer.AXL-targeted drugs, either as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or other small molecule inhibitors, are likely to improve the survival of many patients. However, future investigations into AXL molecular signalling networks and robust predictive biomarkers are warranted to select patients who could receive clinical benefit and to avoid potential toxicities.
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25
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Vitamin K 2-MK-7 improves nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function in ApoE/LDLR -/- mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 122-123:106581. [PMID: 31421222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although, vitamin K2 displays vasoprotective effects, it is still not known whether K2 treatment improves endothelial function. In ApoE/LDLR-/- mice at the stage prior to atherosclerosis development, four-week treatment with K2-MK-7, given at a low dose (0.05 mg/kg), improved acetylcholine- and flow-induced, endothelium-dependent vasodilation in aorta or in femoral artery, as assessed by MRI in vivo. This effect was associated with an increased NO production, as evidenced by EPR measurements in ex vivo aorta. Treatment with higher doses of K2-MK-7 (0.5; 5 mg/kg) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in plasma K2-MK-7 and K2-MK-4 concentration, without further improvement in endothelial function. In ApoE/LDLR-/- mice with developed atherosclerotic plaques, treatment with a low (0.03 mg/kg) or high (10 mg/kg) dose of K2-MK-7 resulted in a similar degree of endothelium-dependent vasodilation improvement and increase in plasma nitrate concentration, what was not associated with changes in thrombin generation as measured by CAT. Both doses of K2-MK-7 also reduced media thickness in the brachiocephalic artery, but did not modify atherosclerotic plaque size. In conclusion, K2-MK-7 improves NO-dependent endothelial function in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice. This study, identifies the endothelial profile of the pharmacological activity of vitamin K2, which has not been previously described.
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Peng CK, Wu CP, Lin JY, Peng SC, Lee CH, Huang KL, Shen CH. Gas6/Axl signaling attenuates alveolar inflammation in ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury by up-regulating SOCS3-mediated pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219788. [PMID: 31318922 PMCID: PMC6638944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Axl is a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase, and activation of the Axl attenuates inflammation induced by various stimuli. Growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) has high affinity for Axl receptor. The role of Gas6/Axl signaling in ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury (IR-ALI) has not been explored previously. We hypothesized that Gas6/Axl signaling regulates IR-induced alveolar inflammation via a pathway mediated by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). Methods IR-ALI was induced by producing 30 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion in situ in an isolated and perfused rat lung model. The rats were randomly allotted to a control group and IR groups, which were treated with three different doses of Gas6. Mouse alveolar epithelium MLE-12 cells were cultured in control and hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) conditions with or without Gas6 and Axl inhibitor R428 pretreatment. Results We found that Gas6 attenuated IR-induced lung edema, the production of proinflammatory cytokines in perfusates, and the severity of ALI ex vivo. IR down-regulated SOCS3 expression and up-regulated NF-κB, and Gas6 restored this process. In the model of MLE-12 cells with HR, Gas6 suppressed the activation of TRAF6 and NF-κB by up-regulating SOCS3. Axl expression of alveolar epithelium was suppressed in IR-ALI but Gas6 restored phosphorylation of Axl. The anti-inflammatory effect of Gas6 was antagonized by R428, which highlighted that phosphorylation of Axl mediated the protective role of Gas6 in IR-ALI. Conclusions Gas6 up-regulates phosphorylation of Axl on alveolar epithelium in IR-ALI. The Gas6/Axl signaling activates the SOCS3-mediated pathway and attenuates IR-related inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pyng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Peng
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Shen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li M, Ye J, Zhao G, Hong G, Hu X, Cao K, Wu Y, Lu Z. Gas6 attenuates lipopolysaccharide‑induced TNF‑α expression and apoptosis in H9C2 cells through NF‑κB and MAPK inhibition via the Axl/PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:982-994. [PMID: 31524235 PMCID: PMC6657963 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents used to treat sepsis‑induced cardiac dysfunction are designed to suppress tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α release and inhibit cell apoptosis. Exogenous administration of growth arrest‑specific 6 (Gas6) exerts several biological and pharmacological effects; however, the role of Gas6 in sepsis‑induced myocardial dysfunction remains unclear. In this study, H9C2 cardiomyocytes were stimulated with LPS (10 µg/ml) to mimic septic cardiac dysfunction and Gas6 (100 ng/ml) was applied exogenously. Subsequently, mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB activation, TNF‑α expression, and apoptosis in the presence or absence of TP‑0903 (15 nM) and Wortmannin (3 nM) were evaluated. The morphological alterations of H9C2 cells were visualized by phase‑contrast microscopy. Cell viability was determined using the Cell Counting kit 8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase release, and TNF‑α release was analyzed by ELISA analysis. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. Nuclear morphological alterations were detected by Hoechst staining and caspase‑3 activity was measured using biochemical methods. The expression levels of Bax and Bcl‑2, and the phosphorylation and expression levels of Axl, Akt, IκB‑α, p65, c‑Jun N‑terminal protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 were determined by western blotting. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis was performed to visualize translocation of NF‑κB p65. The results demonstrated that Gas6 suppressed TNF‑α release and inhibited cell apoptosis, and attenuated nuclear factor (NF)‑κB and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation via the Axl/PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, the cardioprotective properties of Gas6 on the suppression of LPS‑induced TNF‑α release and apoptosis were abolished by treatment with TP‑0903 (an Axl inhibitor) and Wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor). Pretreatment with TP‑0903 and Wortmannin abrogated the effects of Gas6 on phosphorylated‑IκB‑α, IκB‑α, NF‑κB, ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK. These findings suggested that activation of Axl/PI3K/Akt signaling by Gas6 may inhibit LPS‑induced TNF‑α expression and apoptosis, as well as MAPK and NF‑κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfang Li
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guangju Zhao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiyi Hu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Cao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - You Wu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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McShane L, Tabas I, Lemke G, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Maffia P. TAM receptors in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1286-1295. [PMID: 30980657 PMCID: PMC6587925 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM receptors are a distinct family of three receptor tyrosine kinases, namely Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK. Since their discovery in the early 1990s, they have been studied for their ability to influence numerous diseases, including cancer, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The TAM receptors demonstrate an ability to influence multiple aspects of cardiovascular pathology via their diverse effects on cells of both the vasculature and the immune system. In this review, we will explore the various functions of the TAM receptors and how they influence cardiovascular disease through regulation of vascular remodelling, efferocytosis and inflammation. Based on this information, we will suggest areas in which further research is required and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy McShane
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ira Tabas
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA,Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK,Corresponding authors. Tel: +44 141 330 7142; E-mail: (P.M.) Tel: +44 141 330 6085; E-mail: (M.K.-S.)
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Corresponding authors. Tel: +44 141 330 7142; E-mail: (P.M.) Tel: +44 141 330 6085; E-mail: (M.K.-S.)
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AXL Is a Novel Predictive Factor and Therapeutic Target for Radioactive Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060785. [PMID: 31181609 PMCID: PMC6628138 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) have an excellent prognosis, but a fraction of them show aggressive behavior, becoming radioiodine (RAI)-resistant and/or metastatic. AXL (Anexelekto) is a tyrosine kinase receptor regulating viability, invasiveness and chemoresistance in various human cancers, including PTCs. Here, we analyze the role of AXL in PTC prognosis and as a marker of RAI refractoriness. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess AXL positivity in a cohort of human PTC samples. Normal and cancerous thyroid cell lines were used in vitro for signaling, survival and RAI uptake evaluations. 38.2% of human PTCs displayed high expression of AXL that positively correlated with RAI-refractoriness and disease persistence or recurrence, especially when combined with v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B(BRAF) V600E mutation. In human PTC samples, AXL expression correlated with V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1) and p65 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) activation levels. Consistently, AXL stimulation with its ligand growth arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) increased AKT1- and p65 NF-kB-phosphorylation and promoted survival of thyroid cancer cell lines in culture. Enforced expression or activation of AXL in normal rat thyroid cells significantly reduced the expression of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and the radioiodine uptake. These data indicate that AXL expression levels could be used as predictor of RAI refractoriness and as a possible novel therapeutic target of RAI resistant PTCs.
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Reinhardt C. GAS6: Pouring GASoline Into the Inflammatory Inferno of Venous Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019. [PMID: 28637697 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Reinhardt
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany.
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Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) attenuates inflammatory injury and apoptosis in iodine-induced NOD.H-2 h4 mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:333-342. [PMID: 31129420 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) is a vitamin K-dependent protein that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression of Gas6 and its effects on autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). METHOD A total of 24 male NOD.H-2h4 mice were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) a control group supplied with regular water; (2) a sodium iodide (NaI) group supplied with 0.005% sodium iodide water; and (3) a group treated with recombinant mouse Gas6 (rmGas6) after iodine supplementation (NaI + Gas6 group). The severity of lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid was measured through histopathology. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-1β, as well as anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) titers were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the expression of Gas6, Caspase 3, TAM receptors (Axl and MerTK), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and I-kappa-B α (IκB-α) were measured by Western blotting. Finally, the proportions of T cells were determined in the splenocytes of NOD.H-2h4 mice by flow cytometry. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression of Gas6 was significantly lower in the NaI group compared to the control group. Serum levels of TgAb, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were also significantly higher in the NaI group but were dramatically reduced after rmGas6 injection. The prevalence of thyroiditis and the infiltration of lymphocytes were significantly lower in the NaI + Gas6 group compared to the NaI group. The protein expression of cleaved-Caspase 3, phosphorylation of MerTK, and NF-κB and IκB-α in the thyroid gland were significantly reduced after rmGas6 administration. The proportion of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells in splenocytes were also significantly reduced after rmGas6 treatment, whereas there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of Treg cells. CONCLUSION Gas6 exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in a mouse model of AIT and may therefore be a potential therapeutic target.
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Integrated analysis of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases identifies Axl as a therapeutic target and mediator of resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:512-521. [PMID: 30765873 PMCID: PMC6461770 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant activation of Axl is implicated in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We explored the biologic significance and preclinical efficacy of Axl inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in sorafenib-naive and resistant HCC. METHODS We evaluated Axl expression in sorafenib-naive and resistant (SR) clones of epithelial (HuH7) and mesenchymal origin (SKHep-1) using antibody arrays and confirmed tissue expression. We tested the effect of Axl inhibition with RNA-interference and pharmacologically with R428 on a number of phenotypic assays. RESULTS Axl mRNA overexpression in cell lines (n = 28) and RNA-seq tissue datasets (n = 373) correlated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Axl was overexpressed in HCC compared to cirrhosis and normal liver. We confirmed sorafenib resistance to be associated with EMT and enhanced motility in both HuH7-SR and SKHep-1-SR cells documenting a 4-fold increase in Axl phosphorylation as an adaptive feature of chronic sorafenib treatment in SKHep-1-SR cells. Axl inhibition reduced motility and enhanced sensitivity to sorafenib in SKHep-1SR cells. In patients treated with sorafenib (n = 40), circulating Axl levels correlated with shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of Axl-dependent signalling influences the transformed phenotype in HCC cells and contributes to adaptive resistance to sorafenib, providing a pre-clinical rationale for the development of Axl inhibitors as a measure to overcome sorafenib resistance.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower tidal volumes are increasingly used in acute respiratory distress syndrome, but mortality has changed little in the last 20 yr. Therefore, in addition to ventilator settings, it is important to target molecular mediators of injury. Sepsis and other inflammatory states increase circulating concentrations of Gas6, a ligand for the antiinflammatory receptor Axl, and of a soluble decoy form of Axl. We investigated the effects of lung stretch on Axl signaling. METHODS We used a mouse model of early injury from high tidal volume and assessed the effects of inhibiting Axl on in vivo lung injury (using an antagonist R428, n = 4/group). We further determined the effects of stretch on Axl activation using in vitro lung endothelial cells. RESULTS High tidal volume caused mild injury (compliance decreased 6%) as intended, and shedding of the Axl receptor (soluble Axl in bronchoalveolar fluid increased 77%). The Axl antagonist R428 blocked the principal downstream Axl target (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [SOCS3]) but did not worsen lung physiology or inflammation. Cyclic stretch in vitro caused Axl to become insensitive to activation by its agonist, Gas6. Finally, in vitro Axl responses were rescued by blocking stretch-activated calcium channels (using guanidinium chloride [GdCl3]), and the calcium ionophore ionomycin replicated the effect of stretch. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that lung endothelial cell overdistention activates ion channels, and the resultant influx of Ca inactivates Axl. Downstream inactivation of Axl by stretch was not anticipated; preventing this would be required to exploit Axl receptors in reducing lung injury.
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Tulchinsky E, Demidov O, Kriajevska M, Barlev NA, Imyanitov E. EMT: A mechanism for escape from EGFR-targeted therapy in lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:29-39. [PMID: 30419315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible developmental genetic programme of transdifferentiation of polarised epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells. In cancer, EMT is an important factor of tumour cell plasticity and has received increasing attention for its role in the resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. In this paper we provide an overview of EMT in human malignancies, and discuss contribution of EMT to the development of the resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with the tumours bearing specific mutations in EGFR have a good clinical response to selective EGFR inhibitors, but the resistance inevitably develops. Several mechanisms responsible for the resistance include secondary mutations in the EGFR gene, genetic or non-mutational activation of alternative survival pathways, transdifferentiation of NSCLC to the small cell lung cancer histotype, or formation of resistant tumours with mesenchymal characteristics. Mechanistically, application of an EGFR inhibitor does not kill all cancer cells; some cells survive the exposure to a drug, and undergo genetic evolution towards resistance. Here, we present a theory that these quiescent or slow-proliferating drug-tolerant cell populations, or so-called "persisters", are generated via EMT pathways. We review the EMT-activated mechanisms of cell survival in NSCLC, which include activation of ABC transporters and EMT-associated receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, immune evasion, and epigenetic reprogramming. We propose that therapeutic inhibition of these pathways would eliminate pools of persister cells and prevent or delay cancer recurrence when applied in combination with the agents targeting EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Tulchinsky
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Leicester University, UK; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, region, 117303, Russia.
| | - Oleg Demidov
- Instutute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | | | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, region, 117303, Russia; Instutute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
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Polovic M, Dittmar S, Hennemeier I, Humpf HU, Seliger B, Fornara P, Theil G, Azinovic P, Nolze A, Köhn M, Schwerdt G, Gekle M. Identification of a novel lncRNA induced by the nephrotoxin ochratoxin A and expressed in human renal tumor tissue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2241-2256. [PMID: 29282485 PMCID: PMC11105410 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs represent a fraction of the transcriptome that is being increasingly recognized. For most of them no function has been allocated so far. Here, we describe the nature and function of a novel non-protein-coding transcript, named WISP1-AS1, discovered in human renal proximal tubule cells exposed to the carcinogenic nephrotoxin ochratoxin A. WISP1-AS1 overlaps parts of the fourth intron and fifth exon of the Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) gene. The transcript is 2922 nucleotides long, transcribed in antisense direction and predominantly localized in the nucleus. WISP1-AS1 is expressed in all 20 samples of a human tissue RNA panel with the highest expression levels detected in uterus, kidney and adrenal gland. Its expression was confirmed in primary tissues of human kidneys. In addition, WISP1-AS1 is expressed at higher levels in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines compared to primary proximal tubule cells as well as in RCC lesions than in the adjacent healthy control tissue from the same patient. Using specific gapmer antisense oligonucleotides to prevent its upregulation, we show that WISP1-AS1 (1) does not influence the mRNA expression of WISP1, (2) affects transcriptional regulation by Egr-1 and E2F as revealed by RNA-sequencing, enrichment analysis and reporter assays, and (3) modulates the apoptosis-necrosis balance. In summary, WISP1-AS1 is a novel lncRNA with modulatory transcriptional function and the potential to alter the cellular phenotype in situations of stress or oncogenic transformation. However, its precise mode of action and impact on cellular functions require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Polovic
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sandro Dittmar
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Isabell Hennemeier
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelm University Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Paolo Fornara
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerit Theil
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital, Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Azinovic
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Nolze
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcel Köhn
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerald Schwerdt
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 6, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Pedrosa RMSM, Mustafa DAM, Aerts JGJV, Kros JM. Potential Molecular Signatures Predictive of Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:159. [PMID: 29868480 PMCID: PMC5958181 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most common tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Incidence rates vary according to primary tumor origin, whereas the majority of the cerebral metastases arise from primary tumors in the lung (40-50%). Brain metastases from lung cancer can occur concurrently or within months after lung cancer diagnosis. Survival rates after lung cancer brain metastasis diagnosis remain poor, to an utmost of 10 months. Therefore, prevention of brain metastasis is a critical concern in order to improve survival among cancer patients. Although several studies have been made in order to disclose the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with CNS metastasis, the precise mechanisms that govern the CNS metastasis from lung cancer are yet to be clarified. The ability to forecast, which patients have a higher risk of brain metastasis occurrence, would aid cancer management approaches to diminish or prevent the development of brain metastasis and improve the clinical outcome for such patients. In this work, we revise genetic and molecular targets suitable for prediction of lung cancer CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana A M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Jaksch-Bogensperger H, Hammerschmid A, Aigner L, Trinka E, Gehwolf R, Ebner Y, Hutterer M, Couillard-Despres S. Proseek single-plex protein assay kit system to detect sAxl and Gas6 in serological material of brain tumor patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 18:e00252. [PMID: 29876303 PMCID: PMC5989588 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of an alternative method beside routinely used ELISA to measure levels of sAxl and Gas6 in serological material of HGG patients is proposed. Both antibodies are established with the powerful combination of protein detection and PCR amplification using the Proseek Single-Plex Assay. This tool quantifies single proteins in solution with a maximum of sensitivity and specificity to visualize low levels of proteins in just 1 μl blood sample within one day.
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Axl and its ligand Gas6 are critically involved in the pathogenesis of high-grade glioma (HGG). Both proteins were found to be overexpressed e.g. in tumor cells, mediating cell proliferation and migration as well as tumor angiogenesis and neuroinflammation. The extracellular domain of Axl (sAxl) and Gas6 were found in the peri-tumoral edema and blood of animals as well as in human glioma tissue. Therefore, we monitored the level of sAxl and Gas6 in human blood samples. To increase the sensitivity of protein detection beyond commonly used standard methods we preliminary tested the innovative Proseek Single-Plex Protein Assay Kit System from Olink Bioscience together with new antibodies against the soluble RTK sAxl and its ligand Gas6. We conclude that the Proseek method is a highly sensitive and fast procedure that can be used as a possible powerful tool compared to routinely used ELISA-methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Jaksch-Bogensperger
- University Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Hammerschmid
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- University Hospital of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Ebner
- University Hospital of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Hutterer
- Department of Neurology 1 - Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital Linz, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Shafit-Zagardo B, Gruber RC, DuBois JC. The role of TAM family receptors and ligands in the nervous system: From development to pathobiology. Pharmacol Ther 2018. [PMID: 29514053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk, referred to as the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are instrumental in maintaining cell survival and homeostasis in mammals. TAM receptors interact with multiple signaling molecules to regulate cell migration, survival, phagocytosis and clearance of metabolic products and cell debris called efferocytosis. The TAMs also function as rheostats to reduce the expression of proinflammatory molecules and prevent autoimmunity. All three TAM receptors are activated in a concentration-dependent manner by the vitamin K-dependent growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6). Gas6 and the TAMs are abundantly expressed in the nervous system. Gas6, secreted by neurons and endothelial cells, is the sole ligand for Axl. ProteinS1 (ProS1), another vitamin K-dependent protein functions mainly as an anti-coagulant, and independent of this function can activate Tyro3 and Mertk, but not Axl. This review will focus on the role of the TAM receptors and their ligands in the nervous system. We highlight studies that explore the function of TAM signaling in myelination, the visual cortex, neural cancers, and multiple sclerosis (MS) using Gas6-/- and TAM mutant mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Shafit-Zagardo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Ross C Gruber
- Sanofi, Neuroinflammation and MS Research, 49 New York Ave, Framingham, MA 01701, United States
| | - Juwen C DuBois
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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Shen Y, Chen X, He J, Liao D, Zu X. Axl inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutic agents. Life Sci 2018; 198:99-111. [PMID: 29496493 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase have been widely accepted to promote cell proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several human cancers, such as lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) family, and its inhibitors can specifically break the kinase signaling nodes, allowing advanced patients to regain drug sensitivity with improved therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the research on Axl is promising and it is worthy of further investigations. In this review, we present an update on the Axl inhibitors and provide new insights into their latent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Wu G, Ma Z, Cheng Y, Hu W, Deng C, Jiang S, Li T, Chen F, Yang Y. Targeting Gas6/TAM in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:20. [PMID: 29386018 PMCID: PMC5793417 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 6, also known as Gas6, is a human gene encoding the Gas6 protein, which was originally found to be upregulated in growth-arrested fibroblasts. Gas6 is a member of the vitamin K-dependent family of proteins expressed in many human tissues and regulates several biological processes in cells, including proliferation, survival and migration, by binding to its receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer (TAM). In recent years, the roles of Gas6/TAM signalling in cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment have been studied, and some progress has made in targeted therapy, providing new potential directions for future investigations of cancer treatment. In this review, we introduce the Gas6 and TAM receptors and describe their involvement in different cancers and discuss the roles of Gas6 in cancer cells, the tumour microenvironment and metastasis. Finally, we introduce recent studies on Gas6/TAM targeting in cancer therapy, which will assist in the experimental design of future analyses and increase the potential use of Gas6 as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Wu
- 0000 0004 1761 5538grid.412262.1Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069 China ,0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- 0000 0004 1791 6584grid.460007.5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi’an, 710038 China
| | - Yicheng Cheng
- 0000 0004 1765 1045grid.410745.3Department of Stomatology, Bayi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Wei Hu
- 0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Chao Deng
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- 0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Tian Li
- 0000 0004 1765 1045grid.410745.3Department of Stomatology, Bayi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Fulin Chen
- 0000 0004 1761 5538grid.412262.1Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Yang Yang
- 0000 0004 1761 5538grid.412262.1Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069 China ,0000 0004 1761 4404grid.233520.5Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
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Popov Aleksandrov A, Mirkov I, Ninkov M, Mileusnic D, Demenesku J, Subota V, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Effects of warfarin on biological processes other than haemostasis: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:19-32. [PMID: 29353071 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Warfarin is the world's most widely used anticoagulant drug. Its anticoagulant activity is based on the inhibition of the vitamin K-dependent (VKD) step in the complete synthesis of a number of blood coagulation factors that are required for normal blood coagulation. Warfarin also affects synthesis of VKD proteins not related to haemostasis including those involved in bone growth and vascular calcification. Antithrombotic activity of warfarin is considered responsible for some aspects of its anti-tumour activity of warfarin. Some aspects of activities against tumours seem not to be related to haemostasis and included effects of warfarin on non-haemostatic VKD proteins as well as those not related to VKD proteins. Inflammatory/immunomodulatory effects of warfarin indicate much broader potential of action of this drug both in physiological and pathological processes. This review provides an overview of the published data dealing with the effects of warfarin on biological processes other than haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Mileusnic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Demenesku
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Subota
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Military Medical Academy, 17 Crnotravska, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Lee EH, Kim EM, Ji KY, Park AR, Choi HR, Lee HY, Kim SM, Chung BY, Park CH, Choi HJ, Ko YH, Bai HW, Kang HS. Axl acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating LIGHT expression in T lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20645-20655. [PMID: 28423548 PMCID: PMC5400533 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Axl is an oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a role in many cancers. LIGHT (Lymphotoxin-related inducible ligand that competes for glycoprotein D binding to herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells) is a ligand that induces robust anti-tumor immunity by enhancing the recruitment and activation of effector immune cells at tumor sites. We observed that mouse EL4 and human Jurkat T lymphoma cells that stably overexpressed Axl also showed high expression of LIGHT. When Jurkat-Axl cells were treated with Gas6, a ligand for Axl, LIGHT expression was upregulated through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and transcriptional induction by Sp1. The lytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells was enhanced by EL4-Axl cells. In addition, tumor volume and growth were markedly reduced due to enhanced apoptotic cell death in EL4-Axl tumor-bearing mice as compared to control mice. We also observed upregulated expression of CCL5 and its receptor, CCR5, and enhanced intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in EL4-Axl-bearing mice as compared to mock controls. These data strongly suggested that Axl exerts novel tumor suppressor effects by inducing upregulation of LIGHT in the tumor microenvironment of T lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Lee
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Choi
- Department of Nursing, Nambu University, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 506-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Youn Lee
- Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hong Park
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Choi
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Woo Bai
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Park JW, Song KD, Kim NY, Choi JY, Hong SA, Oh JH, Kim SW, Lee JH, Park TS, Kim JK, Kim JG, Cho BW. Molecular analysis of alternative transcripts of equine AXL receptor tyrosine kinase gene. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1471-1477. [PMID: 28854781 PMCID: PMC5582333 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since athletic performance is a most importance trait in horses, most research focused on physiological and physical studies of horse athletic abilities. In contrast, the molecular analysis as well as the regulatory pathway studies remain insufficient for evaluation and prediction of horse athletic abilities. In our previous study, we identified AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) gene which was expressed as alternative spliced isoforms in skeletal muscle during exercise. In the present study, we validated two AXL alternative splicing transcripts (named as AXLa for long form and AXLb for short form) in equine skeletal muscle to gain insight(s) into the role of each alternative transcript during exercise. METHODS We validated two isoforms of AXL transcripts in horse tissues by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and then cloned the transcripts to confirm the alternative locus and its sequences. Additionally, we examined the expression patterns of AXLa and AXLb transcripts in horse tissues by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Both of AXLa and AXLb transcripts were expressed in horse skeletal muscle and the expression levels were significantly increased after exercise. The sequencing analysis showed that there was an alternative splicing event at exon 11 between AXLa and AXLb transcripts. 3-dimentional (3D) prediction of the alternative protein structures revealed that the structural distance of the connective region between fibronectin type 3 (FN3) and immunoglobin (Ig) domain was different between two alternative isoforms. CONCLUSION It is assumed that the expression patterns of AXLa and AXLb transcripts would be involved in regulation of exercise-induced stress in horse muscle possibly through an NF-κB signaling pathway. Further study is necessary to uncover biological function(s) and significance of the alternative splicing isoforms in race horse skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Woong Park
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National, University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Nam Young Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju 63242, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Seul A Hong
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jin Hyeog Oh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyo Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Tae Sub Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Jong Geun Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
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Antony J, Huang RYJ. AXL-Driven EMT State as a Targetable Conduit in Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3725-3732. [PMID: 28667075 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL has been intrinsically linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting cell survival, anoikis resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several cancers. AXL signaling has been shown to directly affect the mesenchymal state and confer it with aggressive phenotype and drug resistance. Recently, the EMT gradient has also been shown to rewire the kinase signaling nodes that facilitate AXL-RTK cross-talk, protracted signaling, converging on ERK, and PI3K axes. The molecular mechanisms underplaying the regulation between the kinome and EMT require further elucidation to define targetable conduits. Therapeutically, as AXL inhibition has shown EMT reversal and resensitization to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and platinum-based therapy, there is a need to stratify patients based on AXL dependence. This review elucidates the role of AXL in EMT-mediated oncogenesis and highlights the reciprocal control between AXL signaling and the EMT state. In addition, we review the potential in inhibiting AXL for the development of different therapeutic strategies and inhibitors. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3725-32. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Antony
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wu X, Ma W, Zhou Q, Yan H, Lim ZF, Huang M, Deng C, Yu X, Su H, Komo S, Yang H, Zhang X, Wen S, Zhang Z, Ma PC. AXL-GAS6 expression can predict for adverse prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1947-1957. [PMID: 28551766 PMCID: PMC5599460 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases (BM) have poor clinical outcomes. We sought to determine if AXL-GAS6 expression can be used as independent prognostic biomarkers for NSCLC BM. METHODS We retrospectively studied the medical records of 98 patients diagnosed with advanced metastatic NSCLC from December 2000 to June 2014. Out of a total of 98 patients with NSCLC metastases, 66 patients were identified to have brain metastases. The expressions of AXL and GAS6 were assessed by standard immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological factors and overall survival (OS) outcomes. RESULTS The expression of AXL was positively associated with GAS6 expression (P < 0.001), and tumor differentiation (P = 0.014) in advanced NSCLC with metastases. AXL expression displayed no association with gender, age, smoking history, pathology, T stage, N stage, CEA, and LDH. In univariate analysis, both AXL and GAS6 were found to predict worse OS outcomes (AXL: HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.13-2.79, P = 0.01; GAS6: HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.14-2.84, P = 0.01). In the brain metastasis subgroup, the expression of AXL was positively associated with GAS6 expression (P < 0.001). Both AXL and GAS6 were found to predict worse BM-OS outcomes in univariate analysis (AXL: HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.33-4.10, P = 0.005; GAS6: HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.01-3.71, P = 0.019). In multivariate analysis, high co-expression of AXL/GAS6 was found to be an independent unfavorable risk factor for the overall study population (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.40-3.87, P = 0.0011) and also in BM (HR 2.76, 95% CI 1.45-5.25, P = 0.001), predicting worse survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS AXL-GAS6 co-expression represents a potential independent prognostic biomarker for survival outcome in NSCLC BM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qianghua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Haijuan Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zuan-Fu Lim
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mayan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chuangzhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xingsu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Huifang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Satoshi Komo
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Haixia Yang
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xinke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Sijin Wen
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang Road, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Patrick C Ma
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Sara Crile Allen and James Frederick Allen Comprehensive Lung Cancer Program, Eminent Scholar in Lung Cancer Research, WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9300, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9300, USA.
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Seike M, Kim CH, Zou F, Noro R, Chiba M, Ishikawa A, Kunugi S, Kubota K, Gemma A. AXL and GAS6 co-expression in lung adenocarcinoma as a prognostic classifier. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3261-3269. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wu N, Huang Y, Zou Z, Gimenez-Capitan A, Yu L, Hu W, Zhu L, Sun X, Sanchez JJ, Guan W, Liu B, Rosell R, Wei J. High BIM mRNA levels are associated with longer survival in advanced gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1826-1834. [PMID: 28454330 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin and docetaxel, are commonly used in the treatment of gastric cancer (GC). Apoptosis-relevant genes may be associated with drug resistance. In the present study, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 interacting mediator of cell death (BIM), astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) and AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) were investigated in 131 advanced GC samples, and the expression levels of these genes were correlated with patients' overall survival (OS). All 131 patients received first-line FOLFOX combination chemotherapy with folinic acid and 5-FU, in which 56 patients were further treated with second-line docetaxel-based chemotherapy. A correlation between the mRNA expression levels of BIM and AEG-1 was observed (rs=0.30; P=0.002). There was no association between the mRNA expression levels of any of the individual genes analyzed and OS in patients only receiving first-line FOLFOX chemotherapy. In a subgroup of patients receiving docetaxel-based second-line chemotherapy, those with high or intermediate levels of BIM exhibited a median OS of 18.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.8-23.6], compared with 9.6 months (95% CI, 8.9-10.3) in patients with low BIM levels (P=0.008). However, there was no correlation between the mRNA expression levels of AEG-1 or AXL and OS. The risk of mortality was higher in patients with low BIM mRNA levels than in those with high or intermediate BIM mRNA levels (hazard ratio, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.21-5.62; P=0.010). Therefore, BIM may be considered as a biomarker to identify whether patients could benefit from docetaxel-based second-line chemotherapy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandie Wu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ana Gimenez-Capitan
- Pangaea Biotech, Department of Oncology, USP Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona 08001, Spain
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xia Sun
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jose Javier Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28001, Spain
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Pangaea Biotech, Department of Oncology, USP Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona 08001, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Spain
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Protective Effects of Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6 (Gas6) on Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Inflammation 2017; 39:575-82. [PMID: 26552404 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of sepsis, which has a high mortality rate. Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6), the protein product of the growth arrest specific gene 6, has been shown to have an anti-apoptotic effect as well as pro-survival capability. Here, we investigated the effects of Gas6 on sepsis-associated AKI in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We found that the administration of rmGas6 significantly reduced serum urea nitrogen and creatinine and improved the survival of septic mice. Furthermore, the renal pathological damage induced by CLP was attenuated by rmGas6 treatment. Finally, rmGas6 reduced the renal tissue apoptotic index and the expression of Bax, while it upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. The data suggest that rmGas6 might be used as a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis-induced AKI.
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Wang S, Long CL, Chen J, Cui WY, Zhang YF, Zhang H, Wang H. Pharmacological evidence: a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of chronic heart failure through SUR2B/Kir6.1 channel in endothelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:41-55. [PMID: 27890915 PMCID: PMC5220542 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both iptakalim (Ipt) and natakalim (Nat) activate the SUR2B/Kir6.1 channel, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) subtype, with high selectivity. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effects of Ipt and Nat against isoproterenol-induced chronic heart failure (ISO-CHF) in rats, and demonstrated a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of CHF through activation of the SUR2B/Kir6.1 channel in endothelial cells. In ISO-CHF rats, oral administration of Nat (1, 3, 9 mg·kg-1·d-1) or Ipt (3 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 60 days significantly improved cardiac dysfunction, reversed cardiac remodeling, significantly attenuated the pathological increases in BNP levels, and improved endothelial dysfunction by adjusting the balance between endothelin and NO systems. The therapeutic effects of Nat were prevented by the selective KATP blocker glibenclamine (Gli, 50 mg·kg-1·d-1), confirming that these effects were mediated through activation of the SUR2B/Kir6.1 channel in endothelial cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Nat were further addressed using proteomic methods. We identified 724 proteins in the plasma of ISO-CHF rats; 55 proteins were related to Nat. These differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in single-organism processes and the regulation of biological quality relative to CHF, including proteasome (Psm) and ATP protein clusters. We screened out PRKAR2β, GAS6/eNOS/NO and NO/PKG/VASP pathways involved in the amelioration of CHF among the 24 enriched pathways. We further confirmed 6 protein candidates, including PRKAR2β, GAS6 and VASP, which were involved in the endothelial mechanisms, and ATP, TIMP3 and AGT, which contributed to its cardiovascular actions. This study demonstrates a new pharmacological approach to the treatment of CHF through activation of the SUR2B/Kir6.1 channel in endothelial cells, and that the eNOS/VASP pathways are involved in its signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chao-liang Long
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wen-yu Cui
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Thadweik Academy of Medicine, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yan-fang Zhang
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Thadweik Academy of Medicine, Beijing 100039, China
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Qu X, Liu J, Zhong X, Li X, Zhang Q. Role of AXL expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5085-5091. [PMID: 28105215 PMCID: PMC5228461 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression profile of AXL in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its clinical significance. The current study included 257 NSCLC patients, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (AXL) expression in paired lung cancer and adjacent normal lung tissues of NSCLC patients were compared by immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). These methods were used to detect the expression of the AXL gene and protein in fresh tissues from 35 patients. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into the H1299 lung cancer cell line to knock down AXL expression; the effects of AXL-siRNA on cell proliferation and migration were examined by MTT and Transwell migration assay, respectively. It was found that AXL staining density in lung cancer tissues was significantly increased compared with adjacent normal lung tissues (55.25 vs. 26.85%; P<0.01); and the expression level of AXL in NSCLC patients was significantly associated with the degree of tumor differentiation (P<0.01) and the clinical stage of disease (P<0.01). Western blotting and qPCR showed that AXL expression was significantly higher in cancer tissues compared with that in adjacent lung tissue (P<0.05). Additionally, the current study also showed that AXL-siRNA inhibited H1299 cell proliferation and migration in vitro. The present study demonstrates the association between increased expression of AXL in NSCLC and the low differentiation phenotype, and its effects on cell proliferation and migration, suggesting its potential clinical values for the prognosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Qu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jinlu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China
| | - Xinwen Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qigang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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