1
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Simkin J, Aloysius A, Adam M, Safaee F, Donahue RR, Biswas S, Lakhani Z, Gensel JC, Thybert D, Potter S, Seifert AW. Tissue-resident macrophages specifically express Lactotransferrin and Vegfc during ear pinna regeneration in spiny mice. Dev Cell 2024; 59:496-516.e6. [PMID: 38228141 PMCID: PMC10922778 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The details of how macrophages control different healing trajectories (regeneration vs. scar formation) remain poorly defined. Spiny mice (Acomys spp.) can regenerate external ear pinnae tissue, whereas lab mice (Mus musculus) form scar tissue in response to an identical injury. Here, we used this dual species system to dissect macrophage phenotypes between healing modes. We identified secreted factors from activated Acomys macrophages that induce a pro-regenerative phenotype in fibroblasts from both species. Transcriptional profiling of Acomys macrophages and subsequent in vitro tests identified VEGFC, PDGFA, and Lactotransferrin (LTF) as potential pro-regenerative modulators. Examining macrophages in vivo, we found that Acomys-resident macrophages secreted VEGFC and LTF, whereas Mus macrophages do not. Lastly, we demonstrate the requirement for VEGFC during regeneration and find that interrupting lymphangiogenesis delays blastema and new tissue formation. Together, our results demonstrate that cell-autonomous mechanisms govern how macrophages react to the same stimuli to differentially produce factors that facilitate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Ajoy Aloysius
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Mike Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Fatemeh Safaee
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Renée R Donahue
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Shishir Biswas
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Zohaib Lakhani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - David Thybert
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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2
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Breslin JW. Lymphatic Clearance and Pump Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041187. [PMID: 35667711 PMCID: PMC9899645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have an active role in draining excess interstitial fluid from organs and serving as conduits for immune cell trafficking to lymph nodes. In the central circulation, the force needed to propel blood forward is generated by the heart. In contrast, lymphatic vessels rely on intrinsic vessel contractions in combination with extrinsic forces for lymph propulsion. The intrinsic pumping features phasic contractions generated by lymphatic smooth muscle. Periodic, bicuspid valves composed of endothelial cells prevent backflow of lymph. This work provides a brief overview of lymph transport, including initial lymph formation along with cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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3
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Jiang J, Cong X, Alageel S, Dornseifer U, Schilling AF, Hadjipanayi E, Machens HG, Moog P. In Vitro Comparison of Lymphangiogenic Potential of Hypoxia Preconditioned Serum (HPS) and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031961. [PMID: 36768283 PMCID: PMC9916704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies for therapeutic lymphangiogenesis are gradually directed toward the use of growth factor preparations. In particular, blood-derived growth factor products, including Hypoxia Preconditioned Serum (HPS) and Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP), are both clinically employed for accelerating tissue repair and have received considerable attention in the field of regenerative medicine research. In this study, a comparative analysis of HPS and PRP was conducted to explore their lymphangiogenic potential. We found higher pro-lymphangiogenic growth factor concentrations of VEGF-C, PDGF-BB, and bFGF in HPS in comparison to normal serum (NS) and PRP. The proliferation and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were promoted considerably with both HPS and PRP, but the strongest effect was achieved with HPS-40% dilution. Tube formation of LECs showed the highest number of tubes, branching points, greater tube length, and cell-covered area with HPS-10%. Finally, the effects were double-validated using an ex vivo lymphatic ring assay, in which the highest number of sprouts and the greatest sprout length were achieved with HPS-10%. Our findings demonstrate the superior lymphangiogenic potential of a new generation blood-derived secretome obtained by hypoxic preconditioning of peripheral blood cells-a method that offers a novel alternative to PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaobin Cong
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Alageel
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulf Dornseifer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Isar Klinikum, D-80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Arndt F. Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ektoras Hadjipanayi
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Machens
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.-G.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Philipp Moog
- Experimental Plastic Surgery, Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.-G.M.); (P.M.)
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4
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Marr N, Zamboulis DE, Werling D, Felder AA, Dudhia J, Pitsillides AA, Thorpe CT. The tendon interfascicular basement membrane provides a vascular niche for CD146+ cell subpopulations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1094124. [PMID: 36699014 PMCID: PMC9869387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1094124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The interfascicular matrix (IFM; also known as the endotenon) is critical to the mechanical adaptations and response to load in energy-storing tendons, such as the human Achilles and equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). We hypothesized that the IFM is a tendon progenitor cell niche housing an exclusive cell subpopulation. Methods: Immunolabelling of equine superficial digital flexor tendon was used to identify the interfascicular matrix niche, localising expression patterns of CD31 (endothelial cells), Desmin (smooth muscle cells and pericytes), CD146 (interfascicular matrix cells) and LAMA4 (interfascicular matrix basement membrane marker). Magnetic-activated cell sorting was employed to isolate and compare in vitro properties of CD146+ and CD146- subpopulations. Results: Labelling for CD146 using standard histological and 3D imaging of large intact 3D segments revealed an exclusive interfascicular cell subpopulation that resides in proximity to a basal lamina which forms extensive, interconnected vascular networks. Isolated CD146+ cells exhibited limited mineralisation (osteogenesis) and lipid production (adipogenesis). Discussion: This study demonstrates that the interfascicular matrix is a unique tendon cell niche, containing a vascular-rich network of basement membrane, CD31+ endothelial cells, Desmin+ mural cells, and CD146+ cell populations that are likely essential to tendon structure and/or function. Contrary to our hypothesis, interfascicular CD146+ subpopulations did not exhibit stem cell-like phenotypes. Instead, our results indicate CD146 as a pan-vascular marker within the tendon interfascicular matrix. Together with previous work demonstrating that endogenous tendon CD146+ cells migrate to sites of injury, our data suggest that their mobilisation to promote intrinsic repair involves changes in their relationships with local interfascicular matrix vascular and basement membrane constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Marr
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Neil Marr,
| | - Danae E. Zamboulis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro A. Felder
- Research Software Development Group, Advanced Research Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chavaunne T. Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Kong AM, Lim SY, Palmer JA, Rixon A, Gerrand YW, Yap KK, Morrison WA, Mitchell GM. Engineering transplantable human lymphatic and blood capillary networks in a porous scaffold. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221140979. [PMID: 36600999 PMCID: PMC9806376 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221140979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a relative paucity of studies on human lymphatic assembly in vitro and subsequent in vivo transplantation, capillary formation and survival of primary human lymphatic (hLEC) and blood endothelial cells (hBEC) ± primary human vascular smooth muscle cells (hvSMC) were evaluated and compared in vitro and in vivo. hLEC ± hvSMC or hBEC ± hvSMC were seeded in a 3D porous scaffold in vitro, and capillary percent vascular volume (PVV) and vascular density (VD)/mm2 assessed. Scaffolds were also transplanted into a sub-cutaneous rat wound with morphology/morphometry assessment. Initially hBEC formed a larger vessel network in vitro than hLEC, with interconnected capillaries evident at 2 days. Interconnected lymphatic capillaries were slower (3 days) to assemble. hLEC capillaries demonstrated a significant overall increase in PVV (p = 0.0083) and VD (p = 0.0039) in vitro when co-cultured with hvSMC. A similar increase did not occur for hBEC + hvSMC in vitro, but hBEC + hvSMC in vivo significantly increased PVV (p = 0.0035) and VD (p = 0.0087). Morphology/morphometry established that hLEC vessels maintained distinct cell markers, and demonstrated significantly increased individual vessel and network size, and longer survival than hBEC capillaries in vivo, and established inosculation with rat lymphatics, with evidence of lymphatic function. The porous polyurethane scaffold provided advantages to capillary network formation due to its large (300-600 μm diameter) interconnected pores, and sufficient stability to ensure successful surgical transplantation in vivo. Given their successful survival and function in vivo within the porous scaffold, in vitro assembled hLEC networks using this method are potentially applicable to clinical scenarios requiring replacement of dysfunctional or absent lymphatic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Kong
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC,
Australia
- National Heart Research Institute
Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore
| | - Jason A Palmer
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, East
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda Rixon
- Experimental Medical and Surgical Unit,
St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi-Wen Gerrand
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Kiryu K Yap
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Wayne A Morrison
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian
Catholic University, East Melbourne VIC, Australia
- Department of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC,
Australia
| | - Geraldine M Mitchell
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian
Catholic University, East Melbourne VIC, Australia
- Geraldine M Mitchell, O’Brien Institute
Department at St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street,
Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
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6
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Seibel AJ, Kelly OM, Dance YW, Nelson CM, Tien J. Role of Lymphatic Endothelium in Vascular Escape of Engineered Human Breast Microtumors. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:553-569. [PMID: 36531861 PMCID: PMC9751254 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphatic vasculature provides a route for metastasis to secondary sites in the body. The role of the lymphatic endothelium in mediating the entry of breast cancer cells into the vasculature remains unclear. Methods In this study, we formed aggregates of MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells next to human microvascular lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC)-lined cavities in type I collagen gels to model breast microtumors and lymphatic vessels, respectively. We tracked invasion and escape of breast microtumors into engineered lymphatics or empty cavities under matched flow rates for up to sixteen days. Results After coming into contact with a lymphatic vessel, tumor cells escape by moving between the endothelium and the collagen wall, between endothelial cells, and/or into the endothelial lumen. Over time, tumor cells replace the LECs within the vessel wall and create regions devoid of endothelium. The presence of lymphatic endothelium slows breast tumor invasion and escape, and addition of LEC-conditioned medium to tumors is sufficient to reproduce nearly all of these inhibitory effects. Conclusions This work sheds light on the interactions between breast cancer cells and lymphatic endothelium during vascular escape and reveals an inhibitory role for the lymphatic endothelium in breast tumor invasion and escape. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-022-00745-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Seibel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Owen M. Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Yoseph W. Dance
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Celeste M. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, 25 William Street, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
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7
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Maeda T, Yamamoto Y, Hayashi T, Furukawa H, Ishikawa K, Miura T, Hojo M, Funayama E. Restoration of lymph flow by flap transfer can prevent severe lower extremity lymphedema after inguino-pelvic lymphadenectomy. Surg Today 2022; 53:588-595. [PMID: 36309621 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-022-02608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe lymphedema is difficult to treat because of the associated extensive scar formation. Therefore, preventing scar formation might alleviate the severity of lymphedema following lymphadenectomy. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of flap transfer, performed immediately after lymphadenectomy, for preventing scar formation. METHODS Twenty-three patients with subcutaneous malignancy in a lower extremity, who underwent inguino-pelvic lymphadenectomy, were divided into groups based on whether flap transfer was performed. The severity of lymphedema was categorized according to the ratio of the circumference of the affected extremity to that of the unaffected extremity, as mild (< 20% increase in volume), moderate (20-40%), or severe (> 40%). RESULTS In the 18 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy without flap transfer, lymphedema was classified as mild in 7, moderate in 7, and severe in 4. In the five patients who underwent lymphadenectomy with flap transfer, lymphedema was classified as mild in 4 and moderate in 1. This difference between the groups did not reach significance. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that flap transfer may help prevent scar formation and contribute to the restoration of lymph flow after lymphadenectomy.
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Lymphatic Tissue Bioengineering for the Treatment of Postsurgical Lymphedema. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040162. [PMID: 35447722 PMCID: PMC9025804 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphedema is characterized by progressive and chronic tissue swelling and inflammation from local accumulation of interstitial fluid due to lymphatic injury or dysfunction. It is a debilitating condition that significantly impacts a patient's quality of life, and has limited treatment options. With better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of lymphedema and advances in tissue engineering technologies, lymphatic tissue bioengineering and regeneration have emerged as a potential therapeutic option for postsurgical lymphedema. Various strategies involving stem cells, lymphangiogenic factors, bioengineered matrices and mechanical stimuli allow more precisely controlled regeneration of lymphatic tissue at the site of lymphedema without subjecting patients to complications or iatrogenic injuries associated with surgeries. This review provides an overview of current innovative approaches of lymphatic tissue bioengineering that represent a promising treatment option for postsurgical lymphedema.
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9
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Glycocalyx mechanotransduction mechanisms are involved in renal cancer metastasis. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 13:100100. [PMID: 35106474 PMCID: PMC8789524 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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10
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Computational and experimental comparison on the effects of flow-induced compression on the permeability of collagen gels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 128:105107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Biologically active lipids in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis in disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108011. [PMID: 34614423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have crucial roles in the regulation of interstitial fluids, immune surveillance, and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. Lymphatic function is also closely related to the pathogenesis of various disease states such as inflammation, lymphedema, endometriosis, liver dysfunction, and tumor metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, is a critical determinant in the above conditions. Although the effect of growth factors on lymphangiogenesis is well-characterized, and biologically active lipids are known to affect smooth muscle contractility and vasoaction, there is accumulating evidence that biologically active lipids are also important inducers of growth factors and cytokines that regulate lymphangiogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of biologically active lipids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid, as regulators of lymphangiogenesis, and the emerging importance of the lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target.
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12
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Nguyen D, Zaitseva TS, Zhou A, Rochlin D, Sue G, Deptula P, Tabada P, Wan D, Loening A, Paukshto M, Dionyssiou D. Lymphatic regeneration after implantation of aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds: Preliminary preclinical and clinical results. J Surg Oncol 2021; 125:113-122. [PMID: 34549427 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested our hypothesis that implantation of aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridge™) can both prevent and reduce established lymphedema in the rat lymphedema model. Our authors report clinical cases that demonstrate new lymphatic formation guided by BioBridge™ as seen by near-infrared (NIR) fluoroscopy and magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography. METHODS A rat lymphedema model was utilized. A prevention group received implantation of BioBridge™ immediately after lymphadenectomy. A lymphedema group received implantation of BioBridge™ with autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC; treatment group) or remained untreated (control group). All subjects were observed for 4 months after lymphadenectomy. The hindlimb change was evaluated using computed tomography-based volumetric analysis. Lymphagiogenesis was assessed by indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography. RESULTS Animals in the treatment group showed a reduction in affected limb volume. Animals in the prevention group showed no increase in the affected limb volume. ICG fluoroscopy demonstrated lymph flow and formation of lymphatics toward healthy lymphatics. CONCLUSIONS In the rat lymphedema model, implantation of BioBridge™ at the time of lymph node removal prevents the development of lymphedema. Treatment of established lymphedema with the BioBridge™ and ADSC reduces lymphedema. New lymphatic vessels are demonstrated by NIR fluoroscopy and MR lymphography. These findings have implications for the treatment of lymphedema in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Nguyen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Anna Zhou
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Danielle Rochlin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gloria Sue
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter Deptula
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Derrick Wan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andreas Loening
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Dimitrios Dionyssiou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179486. [PMID: 34502395 PMCID: PMC8431165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damaged blood–brain barrier cells, glymphatic transport mechanisms, and lymphatic vessels, which dramatically influence the systemic immune response and lead to complex neuroimmune communication. As a result, the immunological response after stroke is a highly dynamic event that involves communication between multiple organ systems and cell types, with significant consequences on not only the initial stroke tissue injury but long-term recovery in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the complex immunological and physiological interactions that occur after stroke with a focus on how the peripheral immune system and CNS communicate to regulate post-stroke brain homeostasis. First, we discuss the post-stroke immune cascade across different contexts as well as homeostatic regulation within the brain. Then, we focus on the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain and their ability to coordinate both immune response and fluid homeostasis within the brain after stroke. Finally, we discuss how therapeutic manipulation of peripheral systems may provide new mechanisms to treat stroke injury.
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14
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Stritt S, Koltowska K, Mäkinen T. Homeostatic maintenance of the lymphatic vasculature. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:955-970. [PMID: 34332911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is emerging as a multifaceted regulator of tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Lymphatic vessels drain fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs) and the systemic circulation. Their recently uncovered functions extend beyond drainage and include direct modulation of adaptive immunity and paracrine regulation of organ growth. The developmental mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel growth have been described with increasing precision. It is less clear how the essential functional features of lymphatic vessels are established and maintained. We discuss the mechanisms that maintain lymphatic vessel integrity in adult tissues and control vessel repair and regeneration. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the pathological vessel changes that contribute to disease, and provides an opportunity for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stritt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Ting Z, Zhi-Xin Y, You-Wen T, Fu-Ji Y, Hui S, Fei M, Wei Z, Wen-Rong X, Hui Q, Yong-Min Y. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental lymphedema. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e384. [PMID: 34323421 PMCID: PMC8287982 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ting
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, China.,The Aflliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhi-Xin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tan You-Wen
- The Affiliated Third Hospital of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yang Fu-Ji
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sun Hui
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mao Fei
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhu Wei
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xu Wen-Rong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Hui
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yan Yong-Min
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
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16
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Klaourakis K, Vieira JM, Riley PR. The evolving cardiac lymphatic vasculature in development, repair and regeneration. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:368-379. [PMID: 33462421 PMCID: PMC7812989 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature has an essential role in maintaining normal fluid balance in tissues and modulating the inflammatory response to injury or pathogens. Disruption of normal development or function of lymphatic vessels can have severe consequences. In the heart, reduced lymphatic function can lead to myocardial oedema and persistent inflammation. Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, contribute to cardiac development and to fibrotic repair and regeneration of cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. In this Review, we discuss the cardiac lymphatic vasculature with a focus on developments over the past 5 years arising from the study of mammalian and zebrafish model organisms. In addition, we examine the interplay between the cardiac lymphatics and macrophages during fibrotic repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cardiac lymphatic network to regulate immune cell content and alleviate inflammation in patients with ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Klaourakis
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- British Heart Foundation-Oxbridge Centre of Regenerative Medicine, CRM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joaquim M Vieira
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- British Heart Foundation-Oxbridge Centre of Regenerative Medicine, CRM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul R Riley
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- British Heart Foundation-Oxbridge Centre of Regenerative Medicine, CRM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Act as Important Regulators of Lymphatic Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083955. [PMID: 33921229 PMCID: PMC8070425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the function and development of the lymphatic system is expanding rapidly due to the identification of specific molecular markers and the availability of novel genetic approaches. In connection, it has been demonstrated that mechanical forces contribute to the endothelial cell fate commitment and play a critical role in influencing lymphatic endothelial cell shape and alignment by promoting sprouting, development, maturation of the lymphatic network, and coordinating lymphatic valve morphogenesis and the stabilization of lymphatic valves. However, the mechanosignaling and mechanotransduction pathways involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of mechanical forces on lymphatics and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanosensation and mechanotransduction by lymphatic endothelial cells. We also discuss how these mechanosensitive pathways affect endothelial cell fate and regulate lymphatic development and function. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases associated with impaired lymphatic function, such as lymphedema and may eventually lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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18
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Cells with Many Talents: Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in the Brain Meninges. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040799. [PMID: 33918497 PMCID: PMC8067019 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system serves key functions in maintaining fluid homeostasis, the uptake of dietary fats in the small intestine, and the trafficking of immune cells. Almost all vascularized peripheral tissues and organs contain lymphatic vessels. The brain parenchyma, however, is considered immune privileged and devoid of lymphatic structures. This contrasts with the notion that the brain is metabolically extremely active, produces large amounts of waste and metabolites that need to be cleared, and is especially sensitive to edema formation. Recently, meningeal lymphatic vessels in mammals and zebrafish have been (re-)discovered, but how they contribute to fluid drainage is still not fully understood. Here, we discuss these meningeal vessel systems as well as a newly described cell population in the zebrafish and mouse meninges. These cells, termed brain lymphatic endothelial cells/Fluorescent Granular Perithelial cells/meningeal mural lymphatic endothelial cells in fish, and Leptomeningeal Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in mice, exhibit remarkable features. They have a typical lymphatic endothelial gene expression signature but do not form vessels and rather constitute a meshwork of single cells, covering the brain surface.
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19
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Abstract
Tissue engineering has witnessed remarkable advancement in various fields of medicine and has the potential of revolutionizing the management of lymphedema. Combining approaches of biotechnology with the evolving understanding of lymphangiogenesis may offer promising treatment modalities for patients suffering from lymphedema. The strategies to lymphatic vessels tissue engineer can be grouped into four main categories: Delivery of chemokines, cytokines, and other growth factors to induce lymphangiogenesis; cell-based approach using lymphatic endothelial cells or stem-cells; scaffold-based tissue engineering; or a combination of these. This review will summarize the current approach to cancer-related lymphedema and advances in lymphatic tissue engineering strategies and the challenges facing the regeneration of lymphatic vasculature, particularly in an oncologic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malke Asaad
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Summer E Hanson
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Morgun EI, Vorotelyak EA. Epidermal Stem Cells in Hair Follicle Cycling and Skin Regeneration: A View From the Perspective of Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581697. [PMID: 33240882 PMCID: PMC7680886 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many studies devoted to the role of hair follicle stem cells in wound healing as well as in follicle self-restoration. At the same time, the influence of the inflammatory cells on the hair follicle cycling in both injured and intact skin is well established. Immune cells of all wound healing stages, including macrophages, γδT cells, and T regs, may activate epidermal stem cells to provide re-epithelization and wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. In addition to the ability of epidermal cells to maintain epidermal morphogenesis through differentiation program, they can undergo de-differentiation and acquire stem features under the influence of inflammatory milieu. Simultaneously, a stem cell compartment may undergo re-programming to adopt another fate. The proportion of skin resident immune cells and wound-attracted inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages) in wound-induced hair follicle anagen and plucking-induced anagen is still under discussion to date. Experimental data suggesting the role of reactive oxygen species and prostaglandins, which are uncharacteristic of the intact skin, in the hair follicle cycling indicates the role of neutrophils in injury-induced conditions. In this review, we discuss some of the hair follicles stem cell activities, such as wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis, hair follicle cycling, and re-epithelization, through the prism of inflammation. The plasticity of epidermal stem cells under the influence of inflammatory microenvironment is considered. The relationship between inflammation, scarring, and follicle neogenesis as an indicator of complete wound healing is also highlighted. Taking into consideration the available data, we also conclude that there may exist a presumptive interlink between the stem cell activation, inflammation and the components of programmed cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Assessing functional status of cardiac lymphatics: From macroscopic imaging to molecular profiling. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020; 31:333-338. [PMID: 32592746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe various techniques for visualization of the lymphatic vasculature, particularly in the heart. Addressing macro-, microscopic, and molecular levels of lymphatic organization, we give examples of how to explore the roles of specific antigens/markers expressed in lymphatic vessels and their extracellular matrix as structural and functional elements involved in various biological functions of lymphatics. Some obstacles and technical challenges related to lymphatic visualization are also discussed.
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22
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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23
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Gancz D, Raftrey BC, Perlmoter G, Marín-Juez R, Semo J, Matsuoka RL, Karra R, Raviv H, Moshe N, Addadi Y, Golani O, Poss KD, Red-Horse K, Stainier DY, Yaniv K. Distinct origins and molecular mechanisms contribute to lymphatic formation during cardiac growth and regeneration. eLife 2019; 8:44153. [PMID: 31702554 PMCID: PMC6881115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of lymphatics in organ repair and regeneration, due to their importance in immune surveillance and fluid homeostasis. Experimental approaches aimed at boosting lymphangiogenesis following myocardial infarction in mice, were shown to promote healing of the heart. Yet, the mechanisms governing cardiac lymphatic growth remain unclear. Here, we identify two distinct lymphatic populations in the hearts of zebrafish and mouse, one that forms through sprouting lymphangiogenesis, and the other by coalescence of isolated lymphatic cells. By tracing the development of each subset, we reveal diverse cellular origins and differential response to signaling cues. Finally, we show that lymphatic vessels are required for cardiac regeneration in zebrafish as mutants lacking lymphatics display severely impaired regeneration capabilities. Overall, our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying lymphatic formation during development and regeneration, opening new avenues for interventions targeting specific lymphatic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gancz
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian C Raftrey
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Gal Perlmoter
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan Semo
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ravi Karra
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Hila Raviv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noga Moshe
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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24
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Sestito LF, Thomas SN. Biomaterials for Modulating Lymphatic Function in Immunoengineering. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:293-310. [PMID: 32259064 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoengineering is a rapidly growing and interdisciplinary field focused on developing tools to study and understand the immune system, then employing that knowledge to modulate immune response for the treatment of disease. Because of its roles in housing a substantial fraction of the body's lymphocytes, in facilitating immune cell trafficking, and direct immune modulatory functions, among others, the lymphatic system plays multifaceted roles in immune regulation. In this review, the potential for biomaterials to be applied to regulate the lymphatic system and its functions to achieve immunomodulation and the treatment of disease are described. Three related processes-lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel contraction, and lymph node remodeling-are specifically explored. The molecular regulation of each process and their roles in pathologies are briefly outlined, with putative therapeutic targets and the lymphatic remodeling that can result from disease highlighted. Applications of biomaterials that harness these pathways for the treatment of disease via immunomodulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Sestito
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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25
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A novel mouse tail lymphedema model for observing lymphatic pump failure during lymphedema development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10405. [PMID: 31320677 PMCID: PMC6639358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that many forms of secondary lymphedema in humans are driven by a progressive loss of lymphatic pump function after an initial risk-inducing event. However, the link between pump failure and disease progression has remained elusive due to experimental challenges in the clinical setting and a lack of adequate animal models. Using a novel surgical model of lymphatic injury, we track the adaptation and functional decline of the lymphatic network in response to surgery. This model mimics the histological hallmarks of the typical mouse tail lymphedema model while leaving an intact collecting vessel for analysis of functional changes during disease progression. Lymphatic function in the intact collecting vessel negatively correlated with swelling, while a loss of pumping pressure generation remained even after resolution of swelling. By using this model to study the role of obesity in lymphedema development, we show that obesity exacerbates acquired lymphatic pump failure following lymphatic injury, suggesting one mechanism through which obesity may worsen lymphedema. This lymphatic injury model will allow for future studies investigating the molecular mechanisms leading to lymphedema development.
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26
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Bjork R, Ehmann S. S.T.R.I.D.E. Professional Guide to Compression Garment Selection for the Lower Extremity. J Wound Care 2019; 28:1-44. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2019.28.sup6a.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The following supplement is a rare example of a paper that combines clinical experience and theoretical knowledge on textiles used in compression therapy. The authors' intention is to propose a decision support system for choosing specific compression devices, which can be adjusted to counteract the individual signs and symptoms in an optimally adopted way. The document concentrates on compression devices which can be self-applied by the patients—compression stockings and adjustable wraps. The acronym ‘S.T.R.I.D.E.’, incorporating both textile characteristics and clinical presentation, stands for: Shape, Texture, Refill, Issues, Dosage and Etiology. The intent of the mnemotechnical value is to highlight that successful compression includes more than dosage alone. In addition to dosage, etiology and patient presentation need to be incorporated, including a patient's physical ability to use compression effectively as part of the daily routine, thereby promoting adherence. The suggested algorithms provide a valuable guide to stride across the important, but still underestimated field of medical compression therapy and will help to put the prescription of a specific product on a more rational basis. Enjoy reading! Hugo Partsch Emeritus Professor Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Bjork
- International Lymphedema and Wound Training Institute, Alaska, US
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27
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Tamburini BAJ, Finlon JM, Gillen AE, Kriss MS, Riemondy KA, Fu R, Schuyler RP, Hesselberth JR, Rosen HR, Burchill MA. Chronic Liver Disease in Humans Causes Expansion and Differentiation of Liver Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1036. [PMID: 31156626 PMCID: PMC6530422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver lymphatic vessels support liver function by draining interstitial fluid, cholesterol, fat, and immune cells for surveillance in the liver draining lymph node. Chronic liver disease is associated with increased inflammation and immune cell infiltrate. However, it is currently unknown if or how lymphatic vessels respond to increased inflammation and immune cell infiltrate in the liver during chronic disease. Here we demonstrate that lymphatic vessel abundance increases in patients with chronic liver disease and is associated with areas of fibrosis and immune cell infiltration. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing and multi-spectral immunofluorescence analysis we identified liver lymphatic endothelial cells and found that chronic liver disease results in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) that are in active cell cycle with increased expression of CCL21. Additionally, we found that LECs from patients with NASH adopt a transcriptional program associated with increased IL13 signaling. Moreover, we found that oxidized low density lipoprotein, associated with NASH pathogenesis, induced the transcription and protein production of IL13 in LECs both in vitro and in a mouse model. Finally, we show that oxidized low density lipoprotein reduced the transcription of PROX1 and decreased lymphatic stability. Together these data indicate that LECs are active participants in the liver, expanding in an attempt to maintain tissue homeostasis. However, when inflammatory signals, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein are increased, as in NASH, lymphatic function declines and liver homeostasis is impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Jiron Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Austin E Gillen
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael S Kriss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kent A Riemondy
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ronald P Schuyler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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28
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Chang CW, Seibel AJ, Song JW. Application of microscale culture technologies for studying lymphatic vessel biology. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12547. [PMID: 30946511 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immense progress in microscale engineering technologies has significantly expanded the capabilities of in vitro cell culture systems for reconstituting physiological microenvironments that are mediated by biomolecular gradients, fluid transport, and mechanical forces. Here, we examine the innovative approaches based on microfabricated vessels for studying lymphatic biology. To help understand the necessary design requirements for microfluidic models, we first summarize lymphatic vessel structure and function. Next, we provide an overview of the molecular and biomechanical mediators of lymphatic vessel function. Then we discuss the past achievements and new opportunities for microfluidic culture models to a broad range of applications pertaining to lymphatic vessel physiology. We emphasize the unique attributes of microfluidic systems that enable the recapitulation of multiple physicochemical cues in vitro for studying lymphatic pathophysiology. Current challenges and future outlooks of microscale technology for studying lymphatics are also discussed. Collectively, we make the assertion that further progress in the development of microscale models will continue to enrich our mechanistic understanding of lymphatic biology and physiology to help realize the promise of the lymphatic vasculature as a therapeutic target for a broad spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alex J Seibel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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29
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T helper 2 differentiation is necessary for development of lymphedema. Transl Res 2019; 206:57-70. [PMID: 30633890 PMCID: PMC6443462 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
T cells infiltrating lymphedematous tissues have a mixed T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 differentiation profile. Treatment with neutralizing antibodies targeting cytokines that promote Th2 differentiation (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-13) decreases the severity of lymphedema in preclinical models, suggesting that Th2 cells play a key role in the pathology of this disease. However, these previous studies do not address the contribution of Th1 cells and it remains unknown if IL-4 and IL-3 blockade acts primarily on T cells or decreases the pathological changes of lymphedema by other mechanisms. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the effect of lymphatic injury in transgenic mice with mutations that cause defects in Th1 and Th2 cell generation (T-bet knockout or T-betKO and STAT6 knockout or STAT6KO mice, respectively). Using both the mouse tail and popliteal lymph node dissection models of lymphedema, we show that Th2-deficient (STAT6KO) mice are protected from developing lymphedema, have decreased fibrosis, increased collateral vessel formation, and preserved collecting lymphatic vessel pumping function. In contrast, mice with defective Th1 cell generation (T-betKO) develop disease with the same severity as wild-type controls. Taken together, our results suggest that Th2 differentiation is necessary for development of lymphedema following lymphatic injury and that Th1 differentiation does not significantly contribute to the pathology of the disease. Such findings are important as immunotherapy directed at Th2 cells has been found to be effective in well-studied Th2-mediated diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis and may therefore be similarly useful for lymphedema management.
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30
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Alderfer L, Wei A, Hanjaya-Putra D. Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 30564284 PMCID: PMC6296077 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Alicia Wei
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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31
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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32
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Critical review: Cardiac telocytes vs cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells. Ann Anat 2018; 222:40-54. [PMID: 30439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of cardiac interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) began in 2005 and continued until 2010, when these cells were renamed as telocytes (TCs). Since then, numerous papers on cardiac ICLCs and TCs have been published. However, in the initial descriptions upon which further research was based, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and initial lymphatics were not considered. No specific antibodies for LECs (such as podoplanin or LYVE-1) were used in cardiac TC studies, although ultrastructurally, LECs and TCs have similar morphological traits, including the lack of a basal lamina. When tissues are longitudinally cut, migrating LECs involved in adult lymphangiogenesis have an ICLC or TC morphology, both in light and transmission electron microscopy. In this paper, we present evidence that at least some cardiac TCs are actually LECs. Therefore, a clear-cut distinction should be made between TCs and LECs, at both the molecular and the ultrastructural levels, in order to avoid obtaining invalid data.
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Wu H, Rahman HA, Dong Y, Liu X, Lee Y, Wen A, To KH, Xiao L, Birsner AE, Bazinet L, Wong S, Song K, Brophy ML, Mahamud MR, Chang B, Cai X, Pasula S, Kwak S, Yang W, Bischoff J, Xu J, Bielenberg DR, Dixon JB, D’Amato RJ, Srinivasan RS, Chen H. Epsin deficiency promotes lymphangiogenesis through regulation of VEGFR3 degradation in diabetes. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4025-4043. [PMID: 30102256 PMCID: PMC6118634 DOI: 10.1172/jci96063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired lymphangiogenesis is a complication of chronic complex diseases, including diabetes. VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling promotes lymphangiogenesis, but how this pathway is affected in diabetes remains poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that loss of epsins 1 and 2 in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) prevented VEGF-C-induced VEGFR3 from endocytosis and degradation. Here, we report that diabetes attenuated VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis in corneal micropocket and Matrigel plug assays in WT mice but not in mice with inducible lymphatic-specific deficiency of epsins 1 and 2 (LEC-iDKO). Consistently, LECs isolated from diabetic LEC-iDKO mice elevated in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation in response to VEGF-C over diabetic WT mice. Mechanistically, ROS produced in diabetes induced c-Src-dependent but VEGF-C-independent VEGFR3 phosphorylation, and upregulated epsins through the activation of transcription factor AP-1. Augmented epsins bound to and promoted degradation of newly synthesized VEGFR3 in the Golgi, resulting in reduced availability of VEGFR3 at the cell surface. Preclinically, the loss of lymphatic-specific epsins alleviated insufficient lymphangiogenesis and accelerated the resolution of tail edema in diabetic mice. Collectively, our studies indicate that inhibiting expression of epsins in diabetes protects VEGFR3 against degradation and ameliorates diabetes-triggered inhibition of lymphangiogenesis, thereby providing a novel potential therapeutic strategy to treat diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H.N. Ashiqur Rahman
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang Lee
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aiyun Wen
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kim H.T. To
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Amy E. Birsner
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Wong
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai Song
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan L. Brophy
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - M. Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Baojun Chang
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Satish Pasula
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sukyoung Kwak
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenxia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Diane R. Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Brandon Dixon
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert J. D’Amato
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kilarski WW. Physiological Perspective on Therapies of Lymphatic Vessels. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2018; 7:189-208. [PMID: 29984111 PMCID: PMC6032671 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Growth of distinctive blood vessels of granulation tissue is a central step in the post-developmental tissue remodeling. Even though lymphangiogenesis is a part of the regeneration process, the significance of the controlled restoration of lymphatic vessels has only recently been recognized. Recent Advances: Identification of lymphatic markers and growth factors paved the way for the exploration of the roles of lymphatic vessels in health and disease. Emerging pro-lymphangiogenic therapies use vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C to combat fluid retention disorders such as lymphedema and to enhance the local healing process. Critical Issues: The relevance of recently identified lymphatic functions awaits verification by their association with pathologic conditions. Further, despite a century of research, the complete etiology of secondary lymphedema, a fluid retention disorder directly linked to the lymphatic function, is not understood. Finally, the specificity of pro-lymphangiogenic therapy depends on VEGF-C transfection efficiency, dose exposure, and the age of the subject, factors that are difficult to standardize in a heterogeneous human population. Future Directions: Further research should reveal the role of lymphatic circulation in internal organs and connect its impairment with human diseases. Pro-lymphangiogenic therapies that aim at the acceleration of tissue healing should focus on the controlled administration of VEGF-C to increase their capillary specificity, whereas regeneration of collecting vessels might benefit from balanced maturation and differentiation of pre-existing lymphatics. Unique features of pre-nodal lymphatics, fault tolerance and functional hyperplasia of capillaries, may find applications outreaching traditional pro-lymphangiogenic therapies, such as immunomodulation or enhancement of subcutaneous grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W. Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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35
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Enhancement of Lymphatic Vessels in the Superficial Layer in a Rat Model of a Lymphedematous Response. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1770. [PMID: 29922556 PMCID: PMC5999423 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The morphologic and histologic behavior of lymphatic vessels in lymphedema has not been well analyzed using laboratory animals. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the regeneration process of lymphatic vessels after acute lymphedema in a rat model. Methods: The acute lymphedema was induced by an amputation and a replantation surgery on a rat hind limb. Recovery of lymphatic flow was traced using fluorescent lymphography with dye injection. The morphology and number of lymphatic vessels were immunohistochemically detected and quantified in both superficial and deep layers. Results: The swelling was the most severe, and the number of lymphatic vessels in the superficial layer was significantly and maximally increased on postoperative day 3. Backflows and overflows were also detectable in the superficial layer on postoperative day 3. The number of lymphatic vessels had decreased but remained significantly higher than that in the controls on postoperative day 14, when the swelling decreased to the levels in the controls. In contrast, the number of lymphatic vessels in the deep layer showed a tendency toward increased numbers; however, it was not statistically significant on postoperative day 3, 7, or 14. Conclusions: We have obtained solid evidence showing the differential potency of lymphatic vessels between the superficial and the deep layers after temporal lymphedematous induction. Further analysis of lymphedematous responses in animal models could provide new insights into the challenges associated with the clinical treatment of lymphedema.
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36
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Frye M, Taddei A, Dierkes C, Martinez-Corral I, Fielden M, Ortsäter H, Kazenwadel J, Calado DP, Ostergaard P, Salminen M, He L, Harvey NL, Kiefer F, Mäkinen T. Matrix stiffness controls lymphatic vessel formation through regulation of a GATA2-dependent transcriptional program. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1511. [PMID: 29666442 PMCID: PMC5904183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue and vessel wall stiffening alters endothelial cell properties and contributes to vascular dysfunction. However, whether extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness impacts vascular development is not known. Here we show that matrix stiffness controls lymphatic vascular morphogenesis. Atomic force microscopy measurements in mouse embryos reveal that venous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors experience a decrease in substrate stiffness upon migration out of the cardinal vein, which induces a GATA2-dependent transcriptional program required to form the first lymphatic vessels. Transcriptome analysis shows that LECs grown on a soft matrix exhibit increased GATA2 expression and a GATA2-dependent upregulation of genes involved in cell migration and lymphangiogenesis, including VEGFR3. Analyses of mouse models demonstrate a cell-autonomous function of GATA2 in regulating LEC responsiveness to VEGF-C and in controlling LEC migration and sprouting in vivo. Our study thus uncovers a mechanism by which ECM stiffness dictates the migratory behavior of LECs during early lymphatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Frye
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Taddei
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW11AT, London, UK
| | - Cathrin Dierkes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ines Martinez-Corral
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthew Fielden
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, SA5000, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dinis P Calado
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW11AT, London, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, SW170RE, London, UK
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, SA5000, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Maeda T, Yamamoto Y, Iwasaki D, Hayashi T, Funayama E, Oyama A, Murao N, Furukawa H. Lymphatic Reconnection and Restoration of Lymphatic Flow by Nonvascularized Lymph Node Transplantation: Real-Time Fluorescence Imaging Using Indocyanine Green and Fluorescein Isothiocyanate–Dextran. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:165-173. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Maeda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iwasaki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Emi Funayama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiko Oyama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoki Murao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hokkaido at Sapporo (UHS), Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
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38
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Tian W, Rockson SG, Jiang X, Kim J, Begaye A, Shuffle EM, Tu AB, Cribb M, Nepiyushchikh Z, Feroze AH, Zamanian RT, Dhillon GS, Voelkel NF, Peters-Golden M, Kitajewski J, Dixon JB, Nicolls MR. Leukotriene B 4 antagonism ameliorates experimental lymphedema. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/389/eaal3920. [PMID: 28490670 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acquired lymphedema is a cancer sequela and a global health problem currently lacking pharmacologic therapy. We have previously demonstrated that ketoprofen, an anti-inflammatory agent with dual 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitory properties, effectively reverses histopathology in experimental lymphedema. We show that the therapeutic benefit of ketoprofen is specifically attributable to its inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase metabolite leukotriene B4 (LTB4). LTB4 antagonism reversed edema, improved lymphatic function, and restored lymphatic architecture in the murine tail model of lymphedema. In vitro, LTB4 was functionally bimodal: Lower LTB4 concentrations promoted human lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting and growth, but higher concentrations inhibited lymphangiogenesis and induced apoptosis. During lymphedema progression, lymphatic fluid LTB4 concentrations rose from initial prolymphangiogenic concentrations into an antilymphangiogenic range. LTB4 biosynthesis was similarly elevated in lymphedema patients. Low concentrations of LTB4 stimulated, whereas high concentrations of LTB4 inhibited, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 and Notch pathways in cultured human lymphatic endothelial cells. Lymphatic-specific Notch1-/- mice were refractory to the beneficial effects of LTB4 antagonism, suggesting that LTB4 suppression of Notch signaling is an important mechanism in disease maintenance. In summary, we found that LTB4 was harmful to lymphatic repair at the concentrations observed in established disease. Our findings suggest that LTB4 is a promising drug target for the treatment of acquired lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeanna Kim
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrian Begaye
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric M Shuffle
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Allen B Tu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Cribb
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Kitajewski
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Mark R Nicolls
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. .,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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39
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Kilarski WW, Güç E, Swartz MA. Dorsal Ear Skin Window for Intravital Imaging and Functional Analysis of Lymphangiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1846:261-277. [PMID: 30242765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8712-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Postdevelopmental lymphangiogenesis occurs in chronic inflammation and wound healing, and here we describe a window preparation in the mouse ear in which lymphangiogenesis can be observed and manipulated. This model has many advantages, including access for intravital immunostaining and imaging to assess morphological features and regeneration kinetics, as well as functional assays such as lymphatic clearance. We describe five procedures: (1) the creation of a collagen-fibrin-filled window in the mouse ear as a model for regenerative lymphangiogenesis, (2) intravital immunostaining for live analysis of morphology and structure, (3) lymphatic clearance assay for functional quantification, (4) whole-mount imaging with tissue clearing for confocal imaging, and (5) postmortem lymphangiography. These procedures allow for identification of morphological and functional abnormalities in both preexisting and newly formed lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Esra Güç
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Scotland, IL, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Scotland, IL, USA
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40
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Vaahtomeri K, Karaman S, Mäkinen T, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1615-1634. [PMID: 28947496 PMCID: PMC5647933 DOI: 10.1101/gad.303776.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review by Vaahtomeri et al. discusses the mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges. It describes how the lymphatic vasculature network is controlled by an intricate balance of growth factors and biomechanical cues. Lymphatic vessels are important for tissue fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking and are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges are controlled by an intricate balance of growth factor and biomechanical cues. These transduce signals for the readjustment of gene expression and lymphatic endothelial migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we describe several of these cues and how they are integrated for the generation of functional lymphatic vessel networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vaahtomeri
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Güç E, Briquez PS, Foretay D, Fankhauser MA, Hubbell JA, Kilarski WW, Swartz MA. Local induction of lymphangiogenesis with engineered fibrin-binding VEGF-C promotes wound healing by increasing immune cell trafficking and matrix remodeling. Biomaterials 2017; 131:160-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abouelkheir GR, Upchurch BD, Rutkowski JM. Lymphangiogenesis: fuel, smoke, or extinguisher of inflammation's fire? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:884-895. [PMID: 28346012 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217697385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is a recognized hallmark of inflammatory processes in tissues and organs as diverse as the skin, heart, bowel, and airways. In clinical and animal models wherein the signaling processes of lymphangiogenesis are manipulated, most studies demonstrate that an expanded lymphatic vasculature is necessary for the resolution of inflammation. The fundamental roles that lymphatics play in fluid clearance and immune cell trafficking from the periphery make these results seemingly obvious as a mechanism of alleviating locally inflamed environments: the lymphatics are simply providing a drain. Depending on the tissue site, lymphangiogenic mechanism, or induction timeframe, however, evidence shows that inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) may worsen the pathology. Recent studies have identified lymphatic endothelial cells themselves to be local regulators of immune cell activity and its consequential phenotypes - a more active role in inflammation regulation than previously thought. Indeed, results focusing on the immunocentric roles of peripheral lymphatic function have revealed that the basic drainage task of lymphatic vessels is a complex balance of locally processed and transported antigens as well as interstitial cytokine and immune cell signaling: an interplay that likely defines the function of IAL. This review will summarize the latest findings on how IAL impacts a series of disease states in various tissues in both preclinical models and clinical studies. This discussion will serve to highlight some emerging areas of lymphatic research in an attempt to answer the question relevant to an array of scientists and clinicians of whether IAL helps to fuel or extinguish inflammation. Impact statement Inflammatory progression is present in acute and chronic tissue pathologies throughout the body. Lymphatic vessels play physiological roles relevant to all medical fields as important regulators of fluid balance, immune cell trafficking, and immune identity. Lymphangiogenesis is often concurrent with inflammation and can potentially aide or worsen disease progression. How new lymphatic vessels impact inflammation and by which mechanism is an important consideration in current and future clinical therapies targeting inflammation and/or vasculogenesis. This review identifies, across a range of tissue-specific pathologies, the current understanding of inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis in the progression or resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella R Abouelkheir
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bradley D Upchurch
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Bianchi A, Painter KJ, Sherratt JA. Spatio-temporal Models of Lymphangiogenesis in Wound Healing. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:1904-1941. [PMID: 27670430 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that one possible cause of impaired wound healing is failed or insufficient lymphangiogenesis, that is the formation of new lymphatic capillaries. Although many mathematical models have been developed to describe the formation of blood capillaries (angiogenesis), very few have been proposed for the regeneration of the lymphatic network. Lymphangiogenesis is a markedly different process from angiogenesis, occurring at different times and in response to different chemical stimuli. Two main hypotheses have been proposed: (1) lymphatic capillaries sprout from existing interrupted ones at the edge of the wound in analogy to the blood angiogenesis case and (2) lymphatic endothelial cells first pool in the wound region following the lymph flow and then, once sufficiently populated, start to form a network. Here, we present two PDE models describing lymphangiogenesis according to these two different hypotheses. Further, we include the effect of advection due to interstitial flow and lymph flow coming from open capillaries. The variables represent different cell densities and growth factor concentrations, and where possible the parameters are estimated from biological data. The models are then solved numerically and the results are compared with the available biological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bianchi
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK. .,University of Alberta, 632 Central Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada.
| | - Kevin J Painter
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan A Sherratt
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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Qazi H, Shi ZD, Song JW, Cancel LM, Huang P, Zeng Y, Roberge S, Munn LL, Tarbell JM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate renal carcinoma metastasis. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2791-2801. [PMID: 27543953 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The surface proteoglycan/glycoprotein layer (glycocalyx) on tumor cells has been associated with cellular functions that can potentially enable invasion and metastasis. In addition, aggressive tumor cells with high metastatic potential have enhanced invasion rates in response to interstitial flow stimuli in vitro. Our previous studies suggest that heparan sulfate (HS) in the glycocalyx plays an important role in this flow mediated mechanostransduction and upregulation of invasive and metastatic potential. In this study, highly metastatic renal cell carcinoma cells were genetically modified to suppress HS production by knocking down its synthetic enzyme NDST1. Using modified Boyden chamber and microfluidic assays, we show that flow-enhanced invasion is suppressed in HS deficient cells. To assess the ability of these cells to metastasize in vivo, parental or knockdown cells expressing fluorescence reporters were injected into kidney capsules in SCID mice. Histological analysis confirmed that there was a large reduction (95%) in metastasis to distant organs by tumors formed from the NDST1 knockdown cells compared to control cells with intact HS. The ability of these cells to invade surrounding tissue was also impaired. The substantial inhibition of metastasis and invasion upon reduction of HS suggests an active role for the tumor cell glycocalyx in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Qazi
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Limary M Cancel
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peigen Huang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ye Zeng
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, China
| | - Sylvie Roberge
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - John M Tarbell
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Liu HT, Xing AY, Chen X, Ma RR, Wang YW, Shi DB, Zhang H, Li P, Chen HF, Li YH, Gao P. MicroRNA-27b, microRNA-101 and microRNA-128 inhibit angiogenesis by down-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor C expression in gastric cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37458-70. [PMID: 26460960 PMCID: PMC4741941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C (VEGF-C) has critical roles in angiogenesis in human cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms regulating VEGF-C expression remain largely unknown. In the present study, VEGF-C protein expression and the density of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels were determined by immunohistochemistry in 103 cases of gastric cancer tissues. Suppression of VEGF-C by miR-27b, miR-101 and miR-128 was investigated by luciferase assays, Western blot and ELISA. The miRNAs expression levels were detected in human gastric cancers by real-time quantitative PCR. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays were performed to assess the effect of miRNAs on gastric cancer cells and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our data showed that high VEGF-C expression was significantly associated with increased tumor size, advanced TNM classification and clinical stage, higher microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic density (LVD), as well as poor survival in patients with gastric cancer. Furthermore, VEGF-C was found to be a direct target gene of miR-27b, miR-101, and miR-128. The expression levels of the three miRNAs were inversely correlated with MVD. Overexpression of miR-27b, miR-101, or miR-128 suppressed migration, proliferation activity, and tube formation in HUVECs by repressing VEGF-C secretion in gastric cancer cells. We conclude that miR-27b, miR-101 and miR-128 inhibit angiogenesis by down-regulating VEGF-C expression in gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Yan Xing
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Ran-Ran Ma
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Wen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Duan-Bo Shi
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Fang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Qingzhou Center Hospital, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Liaocheng Peoples Hospital, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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Lammoglia GM, Van Zandt CE, Galvan DX, Orozco JL, Dellinger MT, Rutkowski JM. Hyperplasia, de novo lymphangiogenesis, and lymphatic regression in mice with tissue-specific, inducible overexpression of murine VEGF-D. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H384-94. [PMID: 27342876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00208.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels modulate tissue fluid balance and inflammation and provide a conduit for endocrine and lipid transport. The growth of new lymphatic vessels in the adult, lymphangiogenesis, is predominantly mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) signaling. We took advantage of the unique binding of murine VEGF-D specifically to VEGFR-3 and generated mice capable of inducible, tissue-specific expression of murine VEGF-D under a tightly-controlled tetracycline response element (TRE) promoter to stimulate adult tissue lymphangiogenesis. With doxycycline-activated expression, TRE-VEGF-D mouse crossed to mice with tissue-specific promoters for the lung [Clara cell secretory protein-reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA)] developed pulmonary lymphangiectasia. In the kidney, (kidney-specific protein-rtTA × TRE-VEGF-D) mice exhibited rapid lymphatic hyperplasia on induction of VEGF-D expression. Crossed with adipocyte-specific adiponectin-rtTA mice [Adipo-VEGF-D (VD)], chronic VEGF-D overexpression was capable of inducing de novo lymphangiogenesis in white adipose tissue and a massive expansion of brown adipose tissue lymphatics. VEGF-D expression in white adipose tissue also increased macrophage infiltration and tissue fibrosis in the tissue. Expression did not, however, measurably affect peripheral fluid transport, the blood vasculature, or basal metabolic parameters. On removal of the doxycycline stimulus, VEGF-D expression returned to normal, and the expanded adipose tissue lymphatics regressed in Adipo-VD mice. The inducible TRE-VEGF-D mouse thus provides a novel murine platform to study the adult mechanisms and therapies of an array of disease- and tissue-specific models of lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Lammoglia
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Carolynn E Van Zandt
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Daniel X Galvan
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Jose L Orozco
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Michael T Dellinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas; Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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Johns SC, Yin X, Jeltsch M, Bishop JR, Schuksz M, El Ghazal R, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Alitalo K, Fuster MM. Functional Importance of a Proteoglycan Coreceptor in Pathologic Lymphangiogenesis. Circ Res 2016; 119:210-21. [PMID: 27225479 PMCID: PMC4938725 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Lymphatic vessel growth is mediated by major prolymphangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D, among other endothelial effectors. Heparan sulfate is a linear polysaccharide expressed on proteoglycan core proteins on cell membranes and matrix, playing roles in angiogenesis, although little is known about any function(s) in lymphatic remodeling in vivo. Objective: To explore the genetic basis and mechanisms, whereby heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate pathological lymphatic remodeling. Methods and Results: Lymphatic endothelial deficiency in the major heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1; involved in glycan-chain sulfation) was associated with reduced lymphangiogenesis in pathological models, including spontaneous neoplasia. Mouse mutants demonstrated tumor-associated lymphatic vessels with apoptotic nuclei. Mutant lymphatic endothelia demonstrated impaired mitogen (Erk) and survival (Akt) pathway signaling and reduced VEGF-C–mediated protection from starvation-induced apoptosis. Lymphatic endothelial-specific Ndst1 deficiency (in Ndst1f/fProx1+/CreERT2 mice) was sufficient to inhibit VEGF-C–dependent lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic heparan sulfate deficiency reduced phosphorylation of the major lymphatic growth receptor VEGF receptor-3 in response to multiple VEGF-C species. Syndecan-4 was the dominantly expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycan in mouse lymphatic endothelia, and pathological lymphangiogenesis was impaired in Sdc4(−/−) mice. On the lymphatic cell surface, VEGF-C induced robust association between syndecan-4 and VEGF receptor-3, which was sensitive to glycan disruption. Moreover, VEGF receptor-3 mitogen and survival signaling was reduced in the setting of Ndst1 or Sdc4 deficiency. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the genetic importance of heparan sulfate and the major lymphatic proteoglycan syndecan-4 in pathological lymphatic remodeling. This may introduce novel future strategies to alter pathological lymphatic-vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Johns
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Xin Yin
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Joseph R Bishop
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Manuela Schuksz
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Roland El Ghazal
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Sarah A Wilcox-Adelman
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Mark M Fuster
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.).
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Local inhibition of elastase reduces EMILIN1 cleavage reactivating lymphatic vessel function in a mouse lymphoedema model. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1221-36. [PMID: 26920215 PMCID: PMC4888021 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature critically depends on the connections of lymphatic endothelial cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which are mediated by anchoring filaments (AFs). The ECM protein EMILIN1 is a component of AFs and is involved in the regulation of lymphatic vessel functions: accordingly, Emilin1−/− mice display lymphatic vascular morphological alterations, leading to functional defects such as mild lymphoedema, lymph leakage and compromised lymph drainage. In the present study, using a mouse post-surgical tail lymphoedema model, we show that the acute phase of acquired lymphoedema correlates with EMILIN1 degradation due to neutrophil elastase (NE) released by infiltrating neutrophils. As a consequence, the intercellular junctions of lymphatic endothelial cells are weakened and drainage to regional lymph nodes is severely affected. The local administration of sivelestat, a specific NE inhibitor, prevents EMILIN1 degradation and reduces lymphoedema, restoring a normal lymphatic functionality. The finding that, in human secondary lymphoedema samples, we also detected cleaved EMILIN1 with the typical bands of an NE-dependent pattern of fragmentation establishes a rationale for a powerful strategy that targets NE inhibition. In conclusion, the attempts to block EMILIN1 degradation locally represent the basis for a novel ‘ECM’ pharmacological approach to assessing new lymphoedema treatments.
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