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Salmio A, Rissanen APE, Kurkela JLO, Rottensteiner M, Seipäjärvi S, Juurakko J, Kujala UM, Laukkanen JA, Wikgren J. Cardiorespiratory fitness is linked with heart rate variability during stress in "at-risk" adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:334-347. [PMID: 38213267 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological mechanisms explaining why cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are incompletely understood. We examined if CRF modifies vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) during acute physical or psychosocial stress or night-time sleep in adults with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS Seventy-eight adults (age 56 years [IQR 50-60], 74% female, body mass index 28 kg/m2 [IQR 25-31]) with frequent cardiovascular risk factors participated in this cross-sectional study. They went through physical (treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test [CPET]) and psychosocial (Trier Social Stress Test for Groups [TSST-G]) stress tests and night-time sleep monitoring (polysomnography). Heart rate (HR) and vagally mediated HRV (root mean square of successive differences between normal R-R intervals [RMSSD]) were recorded during the experiments and analyzed by taking account of potential confounders. RESULTS CRF (peak O2 uptake) averaged 99% (range 78-126) in relation to reference data. From pre-rest to moderate intensities during CPET and throughout TSST-G, HR did not differ between participants with CRF below median (CRFlower) and CRF equal to or above median (CRFhigher), whereas CRFhigher had higher HRV than CRFlower, and CRF correlated positively with HRV in all participants. Meanwhile, CRF had no independent associations with HR or HRV levels during slow-wave sleep, the presence of metabolic syndrome was not associated with recorded HR or HRV levels, and single factors predicted HRV responsiveness independently only to limited extents. CONCLUSIONS CRF is positively associated with prevailing vagally mediated HRV at everyday levels of physical and psychosocial stress in adults with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Salmio
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka E Rissanen
- Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland -
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HULA - Helsinki Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari L O Kurkela
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mirva Rottensteiner
- Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Santtu Seipäjärvi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joona Juurakko
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Wikgren
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Bentley RF, Dorian P, Vecchiarelli E, Banks L, Connelly KA, Yan AT, Osman W, Goodman JM. The effect of chronic exercise training and acute exercise on power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:148-156. [PMID: 37751466 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Moderate to vigorous physical activity performed regularly is cardioprotective and reduces all-cause mortality, concomitant with increased resting heart rate variability (HRV). However, there are contradictory reports regarding the effects of chronic and acute exercise on nocturnal HRV in those performing exercise well-beyond physical activity guidelines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the power spectral analysis components of HRV in middle-aged endurance athletes (EA) and recreationally active individuals (REC) and explore acute exercise effects in EA. A total of 119 EA (52, 49-57 years) and 32 REC (56, 52-60 years) were recruited to complete 24 h Holter monitoring (GE SEER 1000) in the absence of exercise. Fifty one EA (52, 49-57 years) then underwent 24 h Holter monitoring following an intense bout of endurance exercise. Power spectral HRV analysis was completed hourly and averaged to quantify morning (1000-1200 h), evening (1900-2100 h), and nocturnal (0200-0400 h) HRV. EA had greater very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) (both p < 0.001) compared to REC. LF/high frequency (HF) was greater in EA at 0200-0400 h (p = 0.04). Among all participants, the change in HR and HF from 1000-1200 to 0200-0400 h was negatively correlated (r = -0.47, p < 0.001). Following acute exercise in EA, only nocturnal HRV was assessed. VLF (p < 0.001) and HF (p = 0.008) decreased, while LF/HF increased (p = 0.02). These results suggest that in EA, both long-term and acute exercises increase nocturnal sympathovagal activity through an increase in LF and decrease in HF, respectively. Further work is required to understand the mechanism underlying reduced nocturnal HRV in middle-aged EA and the long-term health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bentley
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Paul Dorian
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto
| | - Emily Vecchiarelli
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Laura Banks
- University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto
| | - Andrew T Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Wesseem Osman
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Jack M Goodman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
- University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto
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Mograss M, Frimpong E, Vilcourt F, Chouchou F, Zvionow T, Dang-Vu TT. The effects of acute exercise and a nap on heart rate variability and memory in young sedentary adults. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14454. [PMID: 37855092 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the autonomic nervous system can contribute to memory consolidation during sleep. Whether fluctuations in cardiac autonomic activity during sleep following physical exercise contribute to the process of memory consolidation has not been studied. We assessed the effects of a non-rapid eye movement (NREM) nap following acute exercise on cardiac autonomic regulation assessed with heart rate variability (HRV) to examine if HRV influences memory processes. Fifty-six (59% female) healthy young adults (23.14 ± 3.74 years) were randomly allocated to either the exercise plus nap (ExNap, n = 27) or nap alone (NoExNap, n = 29) groups. The ExNap group performed a 40-minute moderate-intensity cycling, while the NoExNap group was sedentary prior to learning 45 neutral pictures for a later test. Subsequently, participants underwent a 60-minute NREM nap while measuring EKG, followed by a visual recognition test. Our results indicated that heart rate did not significantly differ between the groups (p = .243), whereas vagally mediated HRV indices were lower in the ExNap group compared to the NoExNap group (p < .05). There were no significant differences in sleep variables between the groups (p > .05). Recognition accuracy was significantly higher in the ExNap group than in the NoExNap group (p = .027). In addition, the recognition accuracy of the ExNap group was negatively associated with vagally mediated HRV (p < .05). Pre-nap acute exercise appears to attenuate parasympathetic activity and to alter the relationship between memory and cardiac autonomic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodee Mograss
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Frimpong
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck Vilcourt
- IRISSE Laboratory (EA4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Florian Chouchou
- IRISSE Laboratory (EA4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Tehila Zvionow
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Corrigan SL, Roberts SSH, Warmington SA, Drain JR, Tait JL, Bulmer S, Main LC. Overnight heart rate variability responses to military combat engineer training. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 107:103935. [PMID: 36371929 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine if overnight heart rate variability (HRV) is reflective of workload and stress during military training. Measures of cognitive load, perceived exertion, physical activity, nocturnal HRV, cognitive performance and sleep were recorded for a 15-day assessment period in 32 combat engineers. The assessment period consisted of 4 phases, PRE, FIELD, BASE and RECOVERY that exposed trainees to periods of sleep deprivation and restriction. The FIELD phase was characterised by an increase in mood disturbance, perceived exertion, physical activity, HRV and a reduction in sleep quantity (p < 0.05). Measures of HRV returned to PRE-values quicker than subjective wellbeing responses. The combination of sleep duration (β = -0.002, F = 13.42, p < 0.001) and physical activity (metabolic equivalents, β = -0.483, F = 5.95, p = 0.017), the main stressors of the exercise, provided a significant effect in the best predictive model of HRV. The different recovery rates of HRV and subjective wellbeing suggest a different physiological and psychological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Corrigan
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Stuart A Warmington
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jace R Drain
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie L Tait
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean Bulmer
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Lamrani Y, Tran TPY, Toffa DH, Robert M, Bérubé AA, Nguyen DK, Bou Assi E. Unexpected cardiorespiratory findings postictally and at rest weeks prior to SUDEP. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1129395. [PMID: 37034071 PMCID: PMC10080096 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1129395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mechanisms underlying sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) are unclear, but autonomic disorders are thought to play a critical role. However, those dysfunctions have mainly been reported in the peri-ictal context of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Here, we explored whether heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate (HR), and breathing rate (BR) changes could be observed perictally during focal seizures with or without impaired awareness as well as interictally to assess the risk of SUDEP. We report the case of a 33-year-old patient with drug-resistant bilateral temporal lobe epilepsy who died at home probably from an unwitnessed nocturnal seizure ("probable SUDEP"). Methods Ictal and interictal HRV as well as postictal cardiorespiratory analyses were conducted to assess autonomic functions and overall SUDEP risk. The SUDEP patient was compared to two living male patients from our local database matched for age, sex, and location of the epileptic focus. Results Interictal HRV analysis showed that all sleep HRV parameters and most awake HRV parameters of the SUDEP patient were significantly lower than those of our two control subjects with bitemporal lobe epilepsy without SUDEP (p < 0.01). In two focal with impaired awareness seizures (FIAS) of the SUDEP patient, increased postictal mean HR and reduced preictal mean high frequency signals (HF), known markers of increased seizure severity in convulsive seizures, were seen postictally. Furthermore, important autonomic instability and hypersensitivity were seen through fluctuations in LF/HF ratio following two seizures of the SUDEP patient, with a rapid transition between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. In addition, a combination of severe hypopnea (202 s) and bradycardia (10 s), illustrating autonomic dysfunction, was found after one of the SUDEP patient's FIAS. Discussion The unusual cardiorespiratory and HRV patterns found in this case indicated autonomic abnormalities that were possibly predictive of an increased risk of SUDEP. It will be interesting to perform similar analyses in other SUDEP cases to see whether our findings are anecdotal or instead suggestive of reliable biomarkers of high SUDEP risk in focal epilepsy, in particular focal with or without impaired awareness seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Lamrani
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yassine Lamrani,
| | - Thi Phuoc Yen Tran
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manon Robert
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arline-Aude Bérubé
- Division of Neurology, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Bou Assi
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Karayigit R, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yasli BC, Gabrys T, Benesova D, Esen O. High Dose of Acute Normobaric Hypoxia Does Not Adversely Affect Sprint Interval Training, Cognitive Performance and Heart Rate Variability in Males and Females. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101463. [PMID: 36290367 PMCID: PMC9598265 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although preliminary studies suggested sex-related differences in physiological responses to hypoxia, the effects of sex on sprint interval training (SIT) performance in different degrees of hypoxia are largely lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of different doses of normobaric hypoxia on SIT performance as well as heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive performance (CP) in amateur-trained team sport players by comparing potential sex differences. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 26 (13 females) amateur team-sport (football, basketball, handball, rugby) players completed acute SIT (6 × 15 s all-out sprints, separated with 2 min active recovery, against a load equivalent to 9% of body weight) on a cycle ergometer, in one of four conditions: (I) normoxia without a mask (FiO2: 20.9%) (CON); (II) normoxia with a mask (FiO2: 20.9%) (NOR); (III) moderate hypoxia (FiO2: 15.4%) with mask (MHYP); and (IV) high hypoxia (FiO2: 13.4%) with mask (HHYP). Peak (PPO) and mean power output (MPO), HRV, heart rate (HR), CP, capillary lactate (BLa), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) pre- and post-SIT were compared between CON, NOR, MHYP and HHYP. There were no significant differences found between trials for PPO (p = 0.55), MPO (p = 0.44), RPE (p = 0.39), HR (p = 0.49), HRV (p > 0.05) and CP (response accuracy: p = 0.92; reaction time: p = 0.24). The changes in MP, PP, RPE, HR, CP and HRV were similar between men and women (all p > 0.05). While BLa was similar (p = 0.10) between MHYP and HHYP trials, it was greater compared to CON (p = 0.01) and NOR (p = 0.01), without a sex-effect. In conclusion, compared to normoxia, hypoxia, and wearing a mask, have no effect on SIT acute responses (other than lactate), including PP, MP, RPE, CP, HR, and cardiac autonomic modulation either in men or women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76000, Turkey
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Benesova
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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De La Vega R, Anabalon H, Tannion K, Purto H, Jara D C. Gender differences in professional drivers’ fatigue level measured with BAlert mobile app: A psychophysiological, time efficient, accessible, and innovative approach to fatigue management. Front Psychol 2022; 13:953959. [PMID: 35978790 PMCID: PMC9376464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.953959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing fatigue is useful in a variety of scenarios and activities. Fatigue has recently been studied from a psychophysiological standpoint. As a result, the expression and impact of peripheral and central fatigue has been evaluated. Driving is one occupation where tiredness has disastrous consequences. BAlert is a smartphone app that approaches exhaustion with psychophysiological measures. More specifically, it evaluates the level of fatigue via heart rate variability (HRV) data and the cognitive compromise via Stroop effect. The goal of this study is to determine if there are gender differences in fatigue levels among professional drivers using the BAlert app. Statistically significant differences were found in the number of hours awake, in different parameters of HRV (AVNN, PNN50, RMSSD, and SDNN), in the level of stress, as well as in the cognitive response evaluated through the app. The results are discussed and their implications for the management of work fatigue are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo De La Vega
- Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ricardo De La Vega,
| | | | - Kyran Tannion
- Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Purto
- Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Frytz P, Hödlmoser K. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schlaf und Training bei jugendlichen Elite-Mannschaftsathleten in Österreich. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie wurde das Schlaf-Wach-Verhalten jugendlicher Elite-Mannschaftsathleten in Österreich im Zusammenhang mit deren Training untersucht. Dafür wurden 104 Athleten ( M=14.52 Jahre, SD=0.40), die jeweils Mitglied eines U15/U16 Teams im Fußball ( n=69) oder Eishockey ( n =35) waren, über mehrere Wochen (14 – 42 Tage) per Aktigraphie und Schlafprotokoll untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden der Chronotyp (D-MEQ) und die allgemeine Schlafqualität (PSQI) erhoben. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Schlafqualität vor Trainings- und Spieltagen geringer ist als vor Ruhetagen und dass sich eine geringe Schlafqualität negativ auf die Trainingsintensität auswirkt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Athleten an Ruhetagen eine längere Schlafdauer aufweisen. Es hat sich außerdem bestätigt, dass eine kürzere Schlafdauer und längere Einschlaflatenz einen negativen Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene Trainingsintensität am folgenden Tag haben. Ein stärkerer Einbezug der Schlafqualität bei Leistungsanalysen und in der Gestaltung von Trainingsplänen wird empfohlen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Frytz
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Salzburg, Österreich
- Sportwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Deutschland
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Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Hynynen E, Nummela A, Holmberg HC, Linnamo V. Evaluation of nocturnal vs. morning measures of heart rate indices in young athletes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262333. [PMID: 34986202 PMCID: PMC8730395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability in young endurance athletes during nocturnal sleep and in the morning; and to assess whether changes in these values are associated with changes in submaximal running (SRT) and counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance. Methods During a three-week period of similar training, eleven athletes (16 ± 1 years) determined daily HR and heart rate variability (RMSSD) during sleep utilizing a ballistocardiographic device (Emfit QS), as well as in the morning with a HR monitor (Polar V800). Aerobic fitness and power production were assessed employing SRT and CMJ test. Results Comparison of the average values for week 1 and week 3 revealed no significant differences with respect to nocturnal RMSSD (6.8%, P = 0.344), morning RMSSD (13.4%, P = 0.151), morning HR (-3.9 bpm, P = 0.063), SRT HR (-0.7 bpm, P = 0.447), SRT blood lactate (4.9%, P = 0.781), CMJ (-4.2%, P = 0.122) or training volume (16%, P = 0.499). There was a strong correlation between morning and nocturnal HRs during week 1 (r = 0.800, P = 0.003) and week 3 (r = 0.815, P = 0.002), as well as between morning and nocturnal RMSSD values (for week 1, r = 0.895, P<0.001 and week 3, r = 0.878, P = 0.001). Conclusion This study concluded that HR and RMSSD obtained during nocturnal sleep and in the morning did not differ significantly. In addition, weekly changes in training and performance were small indicating that fitness was similar throughout the 3-week period of observation. Consequently, daily measurement of HR indices during nocturnal sleep provide a potential tool for long-term monitoring of young endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mishica
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Esa Hynynen
- KIHU–Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- KIHU–Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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10
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Costa JA, Brito J, Nakamura FY, Dores H, Rebelo A. Associations between 24-h heart rate variability and aerobic fitness in high-level female soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:140-149. [PMID: 34923673 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in 24-h heart rate variability and aerobic fitness, and their associations, in female soccer players during the preseason period. METHODS Sixteen players were assessed (24-h HRV and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, level 1 [YYIR1]) before and after 4 weeks of preseason. The relationship between R-R24h length and high-frequency oscillations (HF24h) was analyzed by a quadratic regression model (revealing or not saturation of vagal activity) assessed 48-h before (PRE-preseason) and 48-h after (POST-preseason) the preseason period. Additionally, the mean HF24h was calculated from the linear portion of the R-R interval versus the HF24h regression curve (HF index). The average of the corresponding R-R24h values was defined as the R-R index. RESULTS In PRE-preseason, seven players had a saturated HF24h, while in POST-preseason, five new cases of saturated HF24h were observed. The mean R-R24h, HF24h, R-R index, and HF index lengths significantly increased after preseason (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found in YYIR1 PRE- compared with POST-preseason (930 ± 286 m [individual range: 400-1240 m] versus 1265 ± 252 m [640-1640 m], respectively; p < 0.001). Additionally, the relative changes in HF24h and HF index were largely correlated with improvements in the distance covered during the YYIR1 (r = 0.68 and r = 0.56; respectively). CONCLUSION Enhanced vagal activity after 4-week preseason period of soccer training increased the occurrence of vagal saturation in high-level female soccer players. Additionally, the increases in HF24h and HF index were significantly correlated with aerobic fitness change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, CIFI2D, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | | | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, CIFI2D, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Hynynen E, Nummela A, Holmberg HC, Linnamo V. Relationships between Heart Rate Variability, Sleep Duration, Cortisol and Physical Training in Young Athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:778-788. [PMID: 35321140 PMCID: PMC8488831 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to examine the relationships between heart rate variability (HRV), salivary cortisol, sleep duration and training in young athletes. Eight athletes (16 ± 1 years) were monitored for 7 weeks during training and competition seasons. Subjects were training for endurance-based winter sports (cross-country skiing and biathlon). Training was divided into two zones (K1, easy training and K2, hard training). Heart rate and blood lactate during submaximal running tests (SRT), as well as cortisol, sleep duration and nocturnal HRV (RMSSD), were determined every other week. HRV and cortisol levels were correlated throughout the 7-week period (r = -0.552, P = 0.01), with the strongest correlation during week 7 (r = -0.879, P = 0.01). The relative changes in K1 and HRV showed a positive correlation from weeks 1-3 (r = 0.863, P = 0.006) and a negative correlation during weeks 3-5 (r = -0.760, P = 0.029). The relative change in sleep during weeks 1-3 were negatively correlated with cortisol (r = -0.762, P = 0.028) and K2 (r = -0.762, P = 0.028). In conclusion, HRV appears to reflect the recovery of young athletes during high loads of physical and/or physiological stress. Cortisol levels also reflected this recovery, but significant change required a longer period than HRV, suggesting that cortisol may be less sensitive to stress than HRV. Moreover, our results indicated that during the competition season, recovery for young endurance athletes increased in duration and additional sleep may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mishica
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Esa Hynynen
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleä University of Technology, Luleå Sweden
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Manresa-Rocamora A, Sarabia JM, Javaloyes A, Flatt AA, Moya-Ramón M. Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Enhancing Cardiac-Vagal Modulation, Aerobic Fitness, and Endurance Performance: A Methodological Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10299. [PMID: 34639599 PMCID: PMC8507742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to establish whether heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training enhances cardiac-vagal modulation, aerobic fitness, or endurance performance to a greater extent than predefined training while accounting for methodological factors. METHODS We searched Web of Science Core Collection, Pubmed, and Embase databases up to October 2020. A random-effects model of standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated for each outcome measure. Chi-square and the I2 index were used to evaluate the degree of homogeneity. RESULTS Accounting for methodological factors, HRV-guided training was superior for enhancing vagal-related HRV indices (SMD+ = 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.09, 0.91)), but not resting HR (SMD+ = 0.04 (95% CI = -0.34, 0.43)). Consistently small but non-significant (p > 0.05) SMDs in favor of HRV-guided training were observed for enhancing maximal aerobic capacity (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = -0.07, 0.47)), aerobic capacity at second ventilatory threshold (SMD+ = 0.26 (95% CI = -0.05, 0.57)), and endurance performance (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = -0.09, 0.48)), versus predefined training. No heterogeneity was found for any of the analyzed aerobic fitness and endurance performance outcomes. CONCLUSION Best methodological practices pertaining to HRV index selection, recording position, and approaches for establishing baseline reference values and daily changes (i.e., fixed or rolling HRV averages) require further study. HRV-guided training may be more effective than predefined training for maintaining and improving vagal-mediated HRV, with less likelihood of negative responses. However, if HRV-guided training is superior to predefined training for producing group-level improvements in fitness and performance, current data suggest it is only by a small margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
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13
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Javaloyes A, Mateo-March M, Manresa-Rocamora A, Sanz-Quinto S, Moya-Ramón M. The Use of a Smartphone Application in Monitoring HRV during an Altitude Training Camp in Professional Female Cyclists: A Preliminary Study. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165497. [PMID: 34450939 PMCID: PMC8401324 DOI: 10.3390/s21165497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Altitude training is a common strategy to improve performance in endurance athletes. In this context, the monitoring of training and the athletes’ response is essential to ensure positive adaptations. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate stress and the response to training. In this regard, many smartphone applications have emerged allowing a wide access to recording HRV easily. The purpose of this study was to describe the changes of HRV using a validated smartphone application before (Pre-TC), during (TC), and after (Post-TC) an altitude training camp in female professional cyclists. Training load (TL) and vagal markers of heart rate variability (LnRMSSD, LnRMSSDcv) of seven professional female cyclists before, during, and after and altitude training camp were monitored. Training volume (SMD = 0.80), LnRMSSD (SMD = 1.06), and LnRMSSDcv (SMD = −0.98) showed moderate changes from Pre-TC to TC. Training volume (SMD = 0.74), TL (SMD = 0.75), LnRMSSD (SMD = −1.11) and LnRMSSDcv (SMD = 0.83) showed moderate changes from TC to Post-TC. Individual analysis showed that heart rate variability responded differently among subjects. The use of a smartphone application to measure HRV is a useful tool to evaluate the individual response to training in female cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Javaloyes
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
| | | | - Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
| | - Santiago Sanz-Quinto
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.J.); (A.M.-R.); (S.S.-Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9656-62-523
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14
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Relationships between Depression, Daily Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Daytime Sleepiness among Japanese University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158036. [PMID: 34360329 PMCID: PMC8345676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Japan and other developed countries, the lifestyles of many—particularly the younger generation—have been disrupted in recent years. This disruption may manifest as a decrease in physical activity and deterioration in the quality and quantity of sleep. Depressive tendencies are also increasing among university students. This study examined the relationship between mental health, physical activity, physical fitness, and daytime sleepiness. Eighty-five undergraduate students participated in this study (52 men and 33 women, aged 18.9 (±1.4) years). Physical activity levels were measured using an accelerometer (Lifecorder, Kenz, Nagoya, Japan) for two weeks. To evaluate their level of physical fitness, maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) was calculated by an indirect method using a cycle ergometer. Depressive tendencies and daytime sleepiness were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 score was positively correlated with sleepiness (r = 0.35, p = 0.001) and total steps per day (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). Moreover, the PHQ-9 score was positively correlated with V˙O2max (r = 0.25, p = 0.019). The PHQ-9 score was higher in students with good exercise habits or part-time jobs. An important finding was the positive correlation between depression and variables related to physical activity levels. These results suggest that vigorous physical activity, such as exercise and part-time jobs, might be positively associated with depressive tendencies among university students.
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15
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Paech C, Schrieber S, Daehnert I, Schmidt-Hellinger PJ, Wolfarth B, Wuestenfeld J, Thouet T. Influence of a 100-mile ultramarathon on heart rate and heart rate variability. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001005. [PMID: 34046186 PMCID: PMC8126321 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to investigate the impact of an ultramarathon (UM) with a distance of 100 miles on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Methods 28 runners (25 men and 3 women) underwent 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring 1 week before the UM, immediately after the UM and after a week of recovery. The influence of age, body mass index (BMI), HR and HRV on the run time and recovery was investigated. Results A rise in the baseline HR (18.98%) immediately after the run accompanied by a significant drop in the SD of all normal RR intervals (7.12%) 1 week after. Except for the runners' age, BMI, HR and HRV showed no influence on the competition time. Full return of HRV to the athletes' baseline did not occur within 1 week. There were no significant differences between finishers and non-finishers in the analysed parameters. Conclusion The present results show that a 100-mile run leads to an increase in sympathetic activity and thus to an increase in HR and a decrease in HRV. Also, HRV might be a suitable parameter to evaluate the state of recovery after a 100-mile run but does not help to quantify the status of recovery, as the damage to the tendomuscular system primarily characterises this after completing a UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paech
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, Leipzig Heart Centre University Hospital, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Simone Schrieber
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Daehnert
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, Leipzig Heart Centre University Hospital, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Wuestenfeld
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Sports Medicine, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Thouet
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Costa JA, Figueiredo P, Nakamura FY, Rebelo A, Brito J. Monitoring Individual Sleep and Nocturnal Heart Rate Variability Indices: The Impact of Training and Match Schedule and Load in High-Level Female Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:678462. [PMID: 33981255 PMCID: PMC8110215 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe individual sleep habits and nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) responses, and to explore intra-individual associations of workload with sleep and nocturnal HRV indices in high-level female soccer players throughout a 2-week competitive period. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study followed a descriptive, observational design. Thirty-four high-level female soccer players (aged 20.6 ± 2.3 years) wore wrist actigraph units and heart rate (HR) monitors during night-sleep to record objective sleep and HRV data throughout 14 days [six evening-time training sessions (ET), six rest-days (RD), and two match-days (MD)]. During each ET and MD, exercise HR (HRexe), %HRpeak, training impulse (TRIMP), session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and perceived ratings of wellbeing were monitored. RESULTS After ET, a higher number of players (17-22) slept less than 7 h/night, in contrast to the remaining days (i.e., MD and RD), but only 1-6 players had a sleep efficiency < 75%. The coefficient of variation (CV) for sleep duration and sleep efficiency ranged between 9-22% and 2-11%, respectively. A small negative within-subject correlation was found between TRIMP and sleep duration [r = -0.25 (-0.36; -0.12); P < 0.001] and sleep efficiency [r = -0.20 (-0.32; -0.08); P = 0.004]. A moderate and small negative within-subject correlation was found between s-RPE and sleep duration [r = -0.43 (-0.53; -0.32); P < 0.001] and sleep efficiency [r = -0.17 (-0.30; -0.05); P = 0.02]. Nocturnal HRV for the time-domain analyses ranged from 4.1 (3.9; 4.3) to 4.4 (4.1; 4.6) ln[ms], and for the frequency-domain analyses ranged from 6.3 (5.9; 6.7) to 7.5 (7.1; 7.9) ln[ms2]. CV for time-domain HRV ranged from 3 to 23%, and from 4 to 46% for the frequency-domain. Higher CV fluctuations in time- and frequency-domain HRV were particularly observed in four players. CONCLUSION Overall, this study highlights the individual variability of sleep and nocturnal HRV indices, indicating that sleep duration may be affected by training and match schedules and workloads. Training and matches workload were not associated with nocturnal HRV in high-level female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A. Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFID), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), Oeiras, Portugal
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17
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Manresa-Rocamora A, Flatt AA, Casanova-Lizón A, Ballester-Ferrer JA, Sarabia JM, Vera-Garcia FJ, Moya-Ramón M. Heart rate-based indices to detect parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1164-1182. [PMID: 33533045 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the sensitivity of heart rate-(HR) derived indices for tracking parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) changes in functionally overreached (F-OR) endurance-trained athletes have produced equivocal findings. Lack of clarity may be a result of methodological inconsistencies. Therefore, the aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were (a) to determine the sensitivity of resting and post-exercise vagal-related HR variability (HRV) and HR recovery (HRR) indices to detect PNS modulation in F-OR and non-overreached (non-OR) athletes, and (b) to investigate the influence of methodological factors on the sensitivity of HR-based indices to detect PNS hyperactivity in F-OR athletes. We searched CENTRAL, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to May 2020 for the following terms: male and female endurance-trained athletes, controlled and uncontrolled studies that carried out an overload training period, and PNS modulation measured in resting and post-exercise, pre- and post-overload training period. A random-effects model of standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated for each outcome measure based on the training-induced fatigue status (F-OR vs non-OR athletes), and the influence of methodological issues to detect PNS hyperactivity in F-OR was assessed by subgroup analyses. Pooled analysis showed that resting vagal-related HRV indices did not detect PNS hyperactivity in F-OR athletes (SMD+ = -0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.51, 0.50), and no statistical difference (P = .600) was found with non-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.15; 95% CI = -0.14, 0.45). However, subgroup analysis based on HRV parameter showed a moderate statistical increase in weekly averaged HRV in F-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.35, 1.26), while isolated HRV values did not reach statistical significance (SMD+ = -0.45; 95% CI = -0.96, 0.06). We observed a moderate and statistically significant increase in HRR indices among F-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.87), no changes for non-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.10; 95% CI = -0.15, 0.34), and statistically significant differences between F-OR and non-OR athletes (P < .001). Insufficient data prevented meta-analysis for post-exercise vagal-related HRV indices. Our findings show that when methodological factors are considered, HR-based indices are sensitive to increased PNS modulation in F-OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Andrew A Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonio Casanova-Lizón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Juan A Ballester-Ferrer
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - José M Sarabia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain.,Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vera-Garcia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain.,Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
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18
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Muñoz-López A, Nakamura F, Naranjo Orellana J. Soccer Matches but Not Training Sessions Disturb Cardiac-Autonomic Regulation During National Soccer Team Training Camps. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:43-51. [PMID: 32027578 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1708843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to monitor changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Monitoring HRV via the natural log of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (lnRMSSD), a decrease was related to lower parasympathetic activity and a fatigued state, and an increase was related to higher parasympathetic activity and better physical conditioning. This study analyzed daily ANS function changes among professional soccer players at national team training camps during preparation for the UEFA Eurocup 2016. Method: 23 professional soccer players were distributed into two groups: First eleven (players who played more than 60 minutes per soccer match) and Reserves (the rest of the players). HRV and session training load (s-TL) were monitored. Between-group daily differences were assessed using two-way mixed repeated measures ANOVA. Results: s-TL significantly increased (p < .05) at the beginning of each camp and significantly decreased the day before the soccer match (p < .001). There was a significant time by group interaction in lnRMSSD (p = .024). Changes were found in the First eleven group from match day +1 to match day +2 (+0.523 ms, p = .003). After the soccer match, there were between-group differences (p < .05) at +24h and +72h in lnRMSSD. Conclusions: During national team training camps, ANS function was only modified 24h and 72h after playing soccer matches, in players who played a minimum of 60 minutes. This knowledge can help coaches to monitor the impact of soccer matches during training camps to detect fatigue and improve recovery.
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Figueiredo P, Costa J, Lastella M, Morais J, Brito J. Sleep Indices and Cardiac Autonomic Activity Responses during an International Tournament in a Youth National Soccer Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042076. [PMID: 33672683 PMCID: PMC7924379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe habitual sleep and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity (CAA), and their relationship with training/match load in male youth soccer players during an international tournament. Eighteen elite male youth soccer players (aged 14.8 ± 0.3 years; mean ± SD) participated in the study. Sleep indices were measured using wrist actigraphy, and heart rate (HR) monitors were used to measure CAA during night-sleep throughout 5 consecutive days. Training and match loads were characterized using the session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE). During the five nights 8 to 17 players slept less than <8 h and only one to two players had a sleep efficiency <75%. Players' sleep duration coefficient of variation (CV) ranged between 4 and 17%. Nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) indices for the time-domain analyses ranged from 3.8 (95% confidence interval, 3.6; 4.0) to 4.1 ln[ms] (3.9; 4.3) and for the frequency-domain analyses ranged from 5.9 (5.6; 6.5) to 6.6 (6.3; 7.4). Time-domain HRV CV ranged from 3 to 10% and frequency-domain HRV ranged from 2 to 12%. A moderate within-subjects correlation was found between s-RPE and sleep duration [r = -0.41 (-0.62; -0.14); p = 0.003]. The present findings suggest that youth soccer players slept less than the recommended during the international tournament, and sleep duration was negatively associated with training/match load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-914-805-002
| | - Júlio Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, QLD 5034, Australia;
| | - João Morais
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
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20
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Bentley RF, Vecchiarelli E, Banks L, Gonçalves PEO, Thomas SG, Goodman JM. Heart rate variability and recovery following maximal exercise in endurance athletes and physically active individuals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1138-1144. [PMID: 32294393 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine potential adverse cardiac effects of chronic endurance training by comparing sympathovagal modulation via heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) in middle-aged endurance athletes (EA) and physically active individuals (PA) following maximal exercise. Thirty-six (age, 53 ± 5 years) EA and 19 (age, 56 ± 5 years) PA were recruited to complete a 2-week exercise diary and graded exercise to exhaustion. Time domain and power spectral HRV analyses were completed on recorded R-R intervals. EA had a greater HRR slope following exercise (95% confidence interval, 0.0134-0.0138 vs. 0.0101-0.0104 beats/s; p < 0.001). While EA had greater HRR at 1-5 min after exercise (all p < 0.01), PA and EA did not differ when expressed as a percentage of baseline heart rate (130 ± 19 vs. 139 ± 19; p = 0.2). Root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals (rest and immediately after exercise) were elevated in EA (p < 0.05). Low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) spectral components were nonsignificantly elevated after exercise (p = 0.045-0.147) in EA while LF/HF was not different (p = 0.529-0.986). This data suggests greater HRR in EA may arise in part due to a lower resting HR. While nonsignificant elevations in HF and LF in EA produces a LF/HF similar to PA, absolute spectral component modulation differed. These observations require further exploration. Novelty Acute effects of exercise on HRV in EA compared with a relevant control group, PA, are unknown. EA had greater HRR and nonsignificant elevations in LF and HF compared with PA, yet LF/HF was not different. Future work should explore the implications of this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bentley
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Emily Vecchiarelli
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Laura Banks
- University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Patric E O Gonçalves
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Jack M Goodman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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Hottenrott L, Ketelhut S, Hottenrott K. Commentary: Vagal Tank Theory: The Three Rs of Cardiac Vagal Control Functioning - Resting, Reactivity, and Recovery. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1300. [PMID: 31920479 PMCID: PMC6915075 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Ketelhut
- Department of Training Science and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Department of Training Science and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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22
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Sekiguchi Y, Adams WM, Benjamin CL, Curtis RM, Giersch GE, Casa DJ. Relationships between resting heart rate, heart rate variability and sleep characteristics among female collegiate cross‐country athletes. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12836. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut Korey Stringer Institute Storrs CT USA
| | - William M. Adams
- Department of Kinesiology University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC USA
| | - Courteney L. Benjamin
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut Korey Stringer Institute Storrs CT USA
| | - Ryan M. Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut Korey Stringer Institute Storrs CT USA
| | - Gabrielle E.W. Giersch
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut Korey Stringer Institute Storrs CT USA
| | - Douglas J. Casa
- Department of Kinesiology University of Connecticut Korey Stringer Institute Storrs CT USA
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Laborde S, Hosang T, Mosley E, Dosseville F. Influence of a 30-Day Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention Compared to Social Media Use on Subjective Sleep Quality and Cardiac Vagal Activity. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020193. [PMID: 30736268 PMCID: PMC6406675 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing techniques are part of traditional relaxation methods; however, their influence on psychophysiological variables related to sleep is still unclear. Consequently, the aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of a 30-day slow-paced breathing intervention compared to social media use on subjective sleep quality and cardiac vagal activity (CVA, operationalized via high-frequency heart rate variability). Healthy participants (n = 64, 33 male, 31 female, M = 22.11, SD = 3.12) were randomly allocated to an experimental or control group. In the experimental group, they had to perform slow-paced breathing for 15 min each evening across a 30-day period. This was administered through a smartphone application. The control group used social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp) for the same duration. The night before and after the intervention, their CVA was assessed via a light portable Electrocardiogram (ECG) device, and they had to fill out the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Results showed that in comparison to the use of social media, the slow-paced breathing technique improved subjective sleep quality and increased overnight CVA, while a tendency was observed for morning awakening CVA. Slow-paced breathing appears a promising cost-effective technique to improve subjective sleep quality and cardiovascular function during sleep in young healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Psychology, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
- Université de Caen Normandie-UFR STAPS, EA 4260 Caen, France.
| | - Thomas Hosang
- Department of Psychology, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043 Hambourg, Germany.
- University of the Federal Armed Forces Hambourg, 22043 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Emma Mosley
- Solent University Southampton, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK.
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Oliveira-Silva I, Silva VA, Cunha RM, Foster C. Autonomic changes induced by pre-competitive stress in cyclists in relation to physical fitness and anxiety. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209834. [PMID: 30589905 PMCID: PMC6307747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycling is a sport which requires great physical effort from athletes. The stress and anxiety of competition might interfere greatly with performance, by impacting the autonomic system. Physiological alterations, such as situations that irritate, frighten or excite the individual can cause a stress response, defined as a response of the organism to reestablish the homeostasis, regardless of its relationship to a sports situation. The aim of this study was to present data on the autonomic changes induced by precompetitive stress in cyclists and their relation with physical fitness and anxiety. Twelve healthy cyclists aged between 18 and 40 years, with previous experience in competition at the regional level, participated in the study. Heart rate variability (HRV) and physical fitness (body mass index, body fat and aerobic capacity) were measured 5 days before the Mountain Bike championship and remeasured 45 minutes before the start of the race (HRV and Anciety). Paired T test, effect size and correlational test were used. Cycling competition is a stressful situation capable of altering autonomic and hemodynamic parameters. We observed the increase in SDNN, reflecting an increase in sympathetic autonomic control. There were correlations between physical fitness with some autonomic parameters, while anxiety correlated with the years of experience in competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iransé Oliveira-Silva
- Department of Physical Education, University Center of Anápolis-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Vinícius Araújo Silva
- Department of Physical Education, University Center of Anápolis-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Raphael Martins Cunha
- Department of Physical Education, University Center of Anápolis-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Douzi W, Dupuy O, Tanneau M, Boucard G, Bouzigon R, Dugué B. 3-min whole body cryotherapy/cryostimulation after training in the evening improves sleep quality in physically active men. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:860-867. [PMID: 30551730 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1551937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training during evening may disturb sleep patterns and hinder recovery process. The present study aimed to examine the effect of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) exposure after training in the evening on sleep quality and night heart rate variability (HRV). A total of 22 physically active men were randomized to undergo either WBC (3-min at -40°C, wind speed of 2.3 m s-1) or passive recovery (control) following an evening training consisting of 25 min of continuous running at 65% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) followed by intermittent running at 85% of the MAS. Each night following the training, the number of movements and HRV during sleeping time were recorded. The next morning, subjective sleep quality and perceived pain were assessed using Spiegel questionnaire and a visual analogue scale, respectively. The number of movements during the night following WBC was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared with the control condition. Subjective sleep quality following WBC was significantly better than the control group (p < 0.05). During the estimated slow-wave sleep (SWS), the high frequency power (HF) was higher in the WBC group than the control group (p < 0.05), and the low frequency power (LF) and the LF/HF ratio were lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Pain was significantly reduced following WBC compared to the control (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the use of 3-min WBC after training in the evening improves subjective and objective sleep quality in physically active subjects, which may be due to greater pain relief and improved parasympathetic nervous activity during the SWS period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Douzi
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Maxence Tanneau
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Geoffroy Boucard
- b Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR7295) , Université de Poitiers and Université François-Rabelais de Tours , Poitiers , France
| | - Romain Bouzigon
- c Laboratoire C3S (EA 4660), Unité de Promotion, de Formation et de Recherche (UPFR) des Sports , Université de Franche Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Benoit Dugué
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
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Costa JA, Brito J, Nakamura FY, Figueiredo P, Oliveira E, Rebelo A. Sleep patterns and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity in female athletes are affected by the timing of exercise and match location. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:360-373. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1545782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A. Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Health Sciences and Human Development, Research Center in Sports Sciences, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Oliveira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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27
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Effects of Late-Night Training on "Slow-Wave Sleep Episode" and Hour-by-Hour-Derived Nocturnal Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:638-644. [PMID: 29345542 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the sensitivity of nocturnal heart-rate-variability-monitoring methods to the effects of late-night soccer training sessions in female athletes. METHODS Eleven female soccer players competing in the first division of the Portuguese soccer league wore heart-rate monitors during sleep at night throughout a 1-wk competitive in-season microcycle, after late-night training sessions (n = 3) and rest days (n = 3). Heart rate variability was analyzed through "slow-wave sleep episode" (10-min duration) and "hour by hour" (all the RR intervals recorded throughout the hours of sleep). Training load was quantified by session rating of perceived exertion (281.8 [117.9] to 369.0 [111.7] arbitrary units [a.u.]) and training impulse (77.5 [36.5] to 110.8 [31.6] a.u.), added to subjective well-being ratings (Hopper index = 11.6 [4.4] to 12.8 [3.2] a.u.). These variables were compared between training and rest days using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS The log-transformed slow-wave sleep-episode cardiac autonomic activity (lnRMSSD [natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals] varying between 3.92 [0.57] and 4.20 [0.60] ms; [Formula: see text]; 95% confidence interval, .01-.26), lnHF (natural logarithm of high frequency), lnLF (natural logarithm of low frequency), lnSD1 (natural logarithm of short-term beat-to-beat variability), and lnSD2 (natural logarithm of long-term beat-to-beat variability), and the nontransformed LF/HF were not different among night-training session days and rest days (P > .05). Considering the hour-by-hour method (lnRMSSD varying between 4.05 [0.35] and 4.33 [0.32] ms; [Formula: see text]; 95% confidence interval, .26-.52), lnHF, lnLF, lnSD1, and lnSD2 and the nontransformed LF/HF were not different among night-training session days and rest days (P > .05). CONCLUSION Late-night soccer training does not seem to affect nocturnal slow-wave sleep-episode and hour-by-hour heart-rate-variability indices in highly trained athletes.
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28
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Yuda E, Moriyama Y, Mori T, Yoshida Y, Kawahara M, Hayano J. Acute effects of endurance exercise on nocturnal autonomic functions in sedentary subjects: a pilot study. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:113-117. [PMID: 29511661 PMCID: PMC5833955 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1835202.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) is thought to reflect healthy recovery function of the autonomic nervous system. Although exercise is recommended for health promotion, exercise itself decreases HRV. We studied acute effect of daytime exercise on nocturnal HRV in 5 healthy adults (age, 22–40 years; 2 female subjects) without regular exercise habit. Using a treadmill, they performed 30-min walking at 4 km/hr and 30-min running at 9 km/hr from 11 a.m. on different days at an interval of 2 weeks. On these days and a day without exercise (control), Holter electrocardiograms were recorded from 9 a.m. for 24 hr. The amplitudes of low-frequency (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF, 0.15–0.45 Hz) components of HRV were measured continuously by complex demodulation and were averaged over periods of 11:00–11:30 a.m., 3 hr after going to bed, and time in bed at night. Exercise intensities of the walking and running were at 10% to 44% and 55% to 67% of heart rate reserve, respectively. During exercise, heart rate increased and LF and HF amplitudes decreased with exercise intensity. Nocturnal heart rate and LF and HF amplitude, however, showed no consistent changes with exercise intensity and their averages on the days of walking and running did not differ significantly from those of the control day. In conclusion, 30-min walking and running exercises performed in the morning had no significant acute effects on nocturnal heart rate or HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Yuda
- Department of Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Department of Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Junichiro Hayano
- Department of Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Herzig D, Eser P, Omlin X, Riener R, Wilhelm M, Achermann P. Reproducibility of Heart Rate Variability Is Parameter and Sleep Stage Dependent. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1100. [PMID: 29367845 PMCID: PMC5767731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep have become increasingly popular as sleep could provide an optimal state for HRV assessments. While sleep stages have been reported to affect HRV, the effect of sleep stages on the variance of HRV parameters were hardly investigated. We aimed to assess the variance of HRV parameters during the different sleep stages. Further, we tested the accuracy of an algorithm using HRV to identify a 5-min segment within an episode of slow wave sleep (SWS, deep sleep). Methods: Polysomnographic (PSG) sleep recordings of 3 nights of 15 healthy young males were analyzed. Sleep was scored according to conventional criteria. HRV parameters of consecutive 5-min segments were analyzed within the different sleep stages. The total variance of HRV parameters was partitioned into between-subjects variance, between-nights variance, and between-segments variance and compared between the different sleep stages. Intra-class correlation coefficients of all HRV parameters were calculated for all sleep stages. To identify an SWS segment based on HRV, Pearson correlation coefficients of consecutive R-R intervals (rRR) of moving 5-min windows (20-s steps). The linear trend was removed from the rRR time series and the first segment with rRR values 0.1 units below the mean rRR for at least 10 min was identified. A 5-min segment was placed in the middle of such an identified segment and the corresponding sleep stage was used to assess the accuracy of the algorithm. Results: Good reproducibility within and across nights was found for heart rate in all sleep stages and for high frequency (HF) power in SWS. Reproducibility of low frequency (LF) power and of LF/HF was poor in all sleep stages. Of all the 5-min segments selected based on HRV data, 87% were accurately located within SWS. Conclusions: SWS, a stable state that, in contrast to waking, is unaffected by internal and external factors, is a reproducible state that allows reliable determination of heart rate, and HF power, and can satisfactorily be detected based on R-R intervals, without the need of full PSG. Sleep may not be an optimal condition to assess LF power and LF/HF power ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herzig
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Eser
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ximena Omlin
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mazurek K, Koprowska N, Gajewski J, Zmijewski P, Skibniewski F, Różanowski K. Parachuting training improves autonomic control of the heart in novice parachute jumpers. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bhati P, Bansal V, Moiz JA. Comparison of different volumes of high intensity interval training on cardiac autonomic function in sedentary young women. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 31:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2017-0073/ijamh-2017-0073.xml. [PMID: 28837421 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present study was conducted to compare the effects of low volume of high intensity interval training (LVHIIT) and high volume of high intensity interval training (HVHIIT) on heart rate variability (HRV) as a primary outcome measure, and on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), body composition, and lower limb muscle strength as secondary outcome measures, in sedentary young women. Methods Thirty-six participants were recruited in this study. The LVHIIT group (n = 17) performed one 4-min bout of treadmill running at 85%-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax), followed by 3 min of recovery by running at 70% HRmax, three times per week for 6 weeks. The HVHIIT group (n = 15) performed four times 4-min bouts of treadmill running at 85%-95% HRmax, interspersed with 3-min of recovery by running at 70% HRmax, 3 times per week for 6 weeks. All criterion measures were measured before and after training in both the groups. Results Due to attrition of four cases, data of 32 participants was used for analysis. A significant increase in high frequency (HF) power (p < 0.001) and decrease in the ratio of low frequency to high frequency power (LF/HF) ratio (p < 0.001) in HRV parameters, was observed post-HVHIIT, whereas, these variables did not change significantly (HF: p = 0.92, LF/HF ratio: p = 0.52) in LVHIIT group. Nevertheless, both the interventions proved equally effective in improving aerobic capacity (VO2max), body composition, and muscle strength. Conclusion The study results suggest that both LVHIIT and HVHIIT are equally effective in improving VO2max, body composition, and muscle strength, in sedentary young women. However, HVHIIT induces parasympathetic dominance as well, as measured by HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhati
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Bansal
- Department of Physiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007,India, Phone: +91-11-27402406
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
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32
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Mesquita RNDO, Kyröläinen H, Schäfer Olstad D. Reliability and validity of time domain heart rate variability during daily routine activities – an alternative to the morning orthostatic test? BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bhk-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: To determine the reliability and validity of a time domain heart rate variability (HRV) index during free-living physical activity (FLPA).
Material and methods: Eight white-collar workers participated in this study. RR intervals (time between consecutive R-peaks of the PQRS complex) were recorded using the Polar V800 heart rate (HR) monitor upon awakening and at work on 16 different days. A total of 127 cycles of sitting periods followed by walking breaks were included for consecutive pairwise analysis for reliability. The HR values from the orthostatic test (OT) were compared with the corresponding values at work.
Results: The HR values showed high levels of repeatability [the coefficient of variation (CV) during sitting and walking at work was 4.71 and 3.99%, respectively, with a typical error (TE) of 3.73 (3.34-4.25) and 3.65 (3.31-4.09)], but they did not correlate with the corresponding OT HR upon awakening (r = 0.28 for supine vs. sitting and r = 0.05 for standing vs. walking, p > 0.05). The root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR (RMSSD) was revealed not to be repeatable [CV values during sitting and walking were 19.99 and 29.05%, respectively, with a TE of 7.9 (7.15-8.85) and 9.43 (8.53-10.57)].
Conclusions: Analyzing RMSSD from daily routine activities was not reliable, and therefore validity cannot be assumed. RMSSD should therefore be calculated from RR intervals recorded in standardized conditions, such as during the OT upon awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä , Finland
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Boudet G, Walther G, Courteix D, Obert P, Lesourd B, Pereira B, Chapier R, Vinet A, Chamoux A, Naughton G, Poirier P, Dutheil F. Paradoxical dissociation between heart rate and heart rate variability following different modalities of exercise in individuals with metabolic syndrome: The RESOLVE study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016; 24:281-296. [PMID: 27856807 DOI: 10.1177/2047487316679523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aims To analyse the effects of different modalities of exercise training on heart rate variability (HRV) in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods and results Eighty MetS participants (aged 50-70 years) were housed and managed in an inpatient medical centre for 21 days, including weekends. Physical activity and food intake/diet were intensively monitored. Participants were randomly assigned into three training groups, differing only by intensity of exercise: moderate-endurance-moderate-resistance ( re), high-resistance-moderate-endurance ( Re), and moderate-resistance-high-endurance ( rE). HRV was recorded before and after the intervention by 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram. Although mean 24-hour heart rate decreased more in Re than re (-11.6 ± 1.6 vs. -4.8 ± 2.1%; P = 0.010), low frequency/high frequency decreased more in re than Re (-20.4 ± 5.5% vs. + 20.4 ± 9.1%; P = 0.002) and rE (-20.4 ± 5.5% vs. -0.3 ± 11.1%; P = 0.003). Very low frequency increased more in Re than re (+121.2 ± 35.7 vs. 42.9 ± 11.3%; P = 0.004). For all HRV parameters, rE ranged between re and Re values. Low frequency/high frequency changes were linked with visceral fat loss only in re (coefficient 5.9, 95% CI 1.9-10.0; P = 0.004). By day 21, HRV parameters of MetS groups (heart rate -8.6 ± 1.0%, standard deviation of R-R intervals + 34.0 ± 6.6%, total power + 63.3 ± 11.1%; P < 0.001) became closer to values of 50 aged-matched healthy controls. Conclusions A 3-week residential programme with intensive volumes of physical activity (15-20 hours per week) enhanced HRV in individuals with MetS. Participants with moderate intensity of training had greater improvements in sympathovagal balance, whereas those with high intensity in resistance training had greater decreases in heart rate and greater increases in very low frequency. Modality-specific relationships were observed between enhanced HRV and visceral fat loss. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00917917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Boudet
- 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France.,2 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Preventive and Occupational Medicine, France
| | | | - Daniel Courteix
- 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France
| | | | - Bruno Lesourd
- 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- 4 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Clinical Research and Innovation Direction, France
| | - Robert Chapier
- 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France
| | - Agnès Vinet
- 3 University of Avignon, LaPEC EA4278, France
| | - Alain Chamoux
- 2 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Preventive and Occupational Medicine, France
| | - Geraldine Naughton
- 5 Australian Catholic University, School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Australia
| | - Paul Poirier
- 6 Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada.,7 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Canada
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France.,2 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Preventive and Occupational Medicine, France.,5 Australian Catholic University, School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Australia.,8 CNRS, UMR 6024, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Clermont Auvergne, France
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Schwartz B, Kapellusch JM, Schrempf A, Probst K, Haller M, Baca A. Effect of a novel two-desk sit-to-stand workplace (ACTIVE OFFICE) on sitting time, performance and physiological parameters: protocol for a randomized control trial. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:578. [PMID: 27422158 PMCID: PMC4947350 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged sitting is ubiquitous in modern society and linked to several diseases. Height-adjustable desks are being used to decrease worksite based sitting time (ST). Single-desk sit-to-stand workplaces exhibit small ST reduction potential and short-term loss in performance. The aim of this paper is to report the study design and methodology of an ACTIVE OFFICE trial. Design The study was a 1-year three-arm, randomized controlled trial in 18 healthy Austrian office workers. Allocation was done via a regional health insurance, with data collection during Jan 2014 – March 2015. Participants were allocated to either an intervention or control group. Intervention group subjects were provided with traditional or two-desk sit-to-stand workstations in either the first or the second half of the study, while control subjects did not experience any changes during the whole study duration. Sitting time and physical activity (IPAQ-long), cognitive performance (text editing task, Stroop-test, d2R test of attention), workload perception (NASA-TLX) and physiological parameters (salivary cortisol, heartrate variability and body weight) were measured pre- and post-intervention (23 weeks after baseline) for intervention and control periods. Postural changes and sitting/standing time (software logger) were recorded at the workplace for the whole intervention period. Discussion This study evaluates the effects of a novel two-desk sit-to-stand workplace on sitting time, physical parameters and work performance of healthy office based workers. If the intervention proves effective, it has a great potential to be implemented in regular workplaces to reduce diseases related to prolonged sitting. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02825303, July 2016 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schwartz
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020, Linz, Austria. .,Department of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jay M Kapellusch
- Department of Occupational Science & Technology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Andreas Schrempf
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Probst
- Media Interactive Lab, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Softwarepark 11, 4232, Hagenberg, Austria
| | - Michael Haller
- Media Interactive Lab, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Softwarepark 11, 4232, Hagenberg, Austria
| | - Arnold Baca
- Department of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria
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Nummela A, Hynynen E, Kaikkonen P, Rusko H. High-intensity endurance training increases nocturnal heart rate variability in sedentary participants. Biol Sport 2015; 33:7-13. [PMID: 26985128 PMCID: PMC4786581 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1180171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of endurance training on endurance performance characteristics and cardiac autonomic modulation during night sleep were investigated during two 4-week training periods. After the first 4-week training period (3 x 40 min per week, at 75% of HRR) the subjects were divided into HIGH group (n = 7), who performed three high-intensity endurance training sessions per week; and CONTROL group (n = 8) who did not change their training. An incremental treadmill test was performed before and after the two 4-week training periods. Furthermore, nocturnal RR-intervals were recorded after each training day. In the second 4-week training period HIGH group increased their VO2max (P = 0.005) more than CONTROL group. At the same time, nocturnal HR decreased (P = 0.039) and high-frequency power (HFP) increased (P = 0.003) in HIGH group while no changes were observed in CONTROL group. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between the changes in nocturnal HFP and changes in VO2max during the second 4-week training period (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). The present study showed that the increased HFP is related to improved VO2max in sedentary subjects suggesting that nocturnal HFP can provide a useful method in monitoring individual responses to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nummela
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - E Hynynen
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - P Kaikkonen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - H Rusko
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Jyväskylä, Finland
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36
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Soares-Caldeira LF, de Souza EA, de Freitas VH, de Moraes SMF, Leicht AS, Nakamura FY. Effects of additional repeated sprint training during preseason on performance, heart rate variability, and stress symptoms in futsal players: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2815-26. [PMID: 24662230 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementing regular preseason futsal training with weekly sessions of repeated sprints (RS) training would have positive effects on repeated sprint ability (RSA) and field test performance. Thirteen players from a professional futsal team (22.6 ± 6.7 years, 72.8 ± 8.7 kg, 173.2 ± 6.2 cm) were divided randomly into 2 groups (AddT: n = 6 and normal training group: n = 7). Both groups performed a RSA test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YoYo IR1), squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), body composition, and heart rate variability (HRV) measures at rest before and after 4 weeks of preseason training. Athletes weekly stress symptoms were recorded by psychometric responses using the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes questionnaire and subjective ratings of well-being scale, respectively. The daily training load (arbitrary units) was assessed using the session of rating perceived exertion method. After the preseason training, there were no significant changes for body composition, SJ, CMJ, and RSAbest. The YoYo IR1, RSAmean, RSAworst, and RSAdecreament were significantly improved for both groups (p ≤ 0.05). The HRV parameters improved significantly within both groups (p ≤ 0.05) except for high frequency (HF, absolute and normalized units, [n.u.]), low frequency (LF) (n.u.), and the LF/HF ratio. A moderate effect size for the AddT group was observed for resting heart rate and several HRV measures. Training load and psychometric responses were similar between both groups. Additional RS training resulted in slightly greater positive changes for vagal-related HRV with similar improvements in performance and training stress during the preseason training in futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcio F Soares-Caldeira
- 1Physiological Adaptations to Training Research Group (GEAFIT), Sport and Physical Education Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Parana, Brazil; 2Research Centre on Health Sciences, Department of Physical Education, University of Northern Parana (UNOPAR), Londrina, Parana, Brazil; 3Integrado College, Department of Physical Education, Campo Mourão, Parana, Brazil; 4Biological Science Center, Department of Physiology, Maringa State University (UEM), Maringa, Parana, Brazil; and 5Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Brailoiu E, Deliu E, Sporici RA, Brailoiu GC. Irisin evokes bradycardia by activating cardiac-projecting neurons of nucleus ambiguus. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12419. [PMID: 26038469 PMCID: PMC4510623 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a newly identified hormone induced in muscle and adipose tissues by physical activity. This protein and its encoding gene have been identified in the brain; in addition, the precursor for irisin, FNDC5, can cross the blood-brain barrier. The fact that irisin is secreted during exercise together with the lower resting heart rate in athletes prompted us to investigate the effect of irisin on cardiac-projecting vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus, a key regulatory site of heart rate. In vitro experiments in cultured nucleus ambiguus neurons indicate that irisin activates these neurons, inducing an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and neuronal depolarization. In vivo microinjection of irisin into the nucleus ambiguus promotes bradycardia in conscious rats. Our study is the first to report the effects of irisin on the neurons controlling the cardiac vagal tone and to link a myokine to a cardioprotective role, by modulating central cardiovascular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elena Deliu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Romeo A Sporici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brandywine Hospital, Coatesville, Pennsylvania
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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38
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Temporal dynamics of the circadian heart rate following low and high volume exercise training in sedentary male subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2069-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sartor F, Vailati E, Valsecchi V, Vailati F, La Torre A. Heart rate variability reflects training load and psychophysiological status in young elite gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:2782-90. [PMID: 23364293 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828783cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In gymnastics, monitoring of the training load and assessment of the psychophysiological status of elite athletes is important for training planning and to avoid overtraining, consequently reducing the risk of injures. The aim of this study was to examine whether heart rate variability (HRV) is a valuable tool to determine training load and psychophysiological status in young elite gymnasts. Six young male elite gymnasts took part in a 10-week observational study. During this period, beat-to-beat heart rate intervals were measured every training day in weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Balance, agility, upper limb maximal strength, lower limb explosive, and elastic power were monitored during weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Training load of each training session of all 10 weeks was assessed by session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and psychophysiological status by Foster's index. Morning supine HRV (HF% and LF%/HF%) correlated with the training load of the previous day (r = 0.232, r = -0.279, p < 0.05 ). Morning supine to sitting HRV difference (mean R wave to R wave interval (RR), mean heart rate, HF%, SD1) correlated with session RPE of the previous day (r = -0.320, r = 0.301, p < 0.01; r = 0.265, r = -0.270, p < 0.05) but not with Foster's index. Training day/reference day HRV difference (mean RR, SD1) showed the best correlations with session RPE of the previous day (r = -0.384, r = -0.332, p < 0.01) and Foster's index (r = -0.227, r = -0.260, p < 0.05). In conclusion, HRV, and in particular training day/reference day mean RR difference or SD1 difference, could be useful in monitoring training load and psychophysiological status in young male elite gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sartor
- 1Department of Personal Health Solutions, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; 2Italian Gymnastics Federation, Rome, Italy; 3Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Stanley J, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: opening the door to effective monitoring. Sports Med 2014; 43:773-81. [PMID: 23852425 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) is often considered a convenient non-invasive assessment tool for monitoring individual adaptation to training. Decreases and increases in vagal-derived indices of HRV have been suggested to indicate negative and positive adaptations, respectively, to endurance training regimens. However, much of the research in this area has involved recreational and well-trained athletes, with the small number of studies conducted in elite athletes revealing equivocal outcomes. For example, in elite athletes, studies have revealed both increases and decreases in HRV to be associated with negative adaptation. Additionally, signs of positive adaptation, such as increases in cardiorespiratory fitness, have been observed with atypical concomitant decreases in HRV. As such, practical ways by which HRV can be used to monitor training status in elites are yet to be established. This article addresses the current literature that has assessed changes in HRV in response to training loads and the likely positive and negative adaptations shown. We reveal limitations with respect to how the measurement of HRV has been interpreted to assess positive and negative adaptation to endurance training regimens and subsequent physical performance. We offer solutions to some of the methodological issues associated with using HRV as a day-to-day monitoring tool. These include the use of appropriate averaging techniques, and the use of specific HRV indices to overcome the issue of HRV saturation in elite athletes (i.e., reductions in HRV despite decreases in resting heart rate). Finally, we provide examples in Olympic and World Champion athletes showing how these indices can be practically applied to assess training status and readiness to perform in the period leading up to a pinnacle event. The paper reveals how longitudinal HRV monitoring in elites is required to understand their unique individual HRV fingerprint. For the first time, we demonstrate how increases and decreases in HRV relate to changes in fitness and freshness, respectively, in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Plews
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, 0632 Auckland, New Zealand.
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Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol 2014; 5:73. [PMID: 24578692 PMCID: PMC3936188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Measures of resting, exercise, and recovery heart rate are receiving increasing interest for monitoring fatigue, fitness and endurance performance responses, which has direct implications for adjusting training load (1) daily during specific training blocks and (2) throughout the competitive season. However, these measures are still not widely implemented to monitor athletes' responses to training load, probably because of apparent contradictory findings in the literature. In this review I contend that most of the contradictory findings are related to methodological inconsistencies and/or misinterpretation of the data rather than to limitations of heart rate measures to accurately inform on training status. I also provide evidence that measures derived from 5-min (almost daily) recordings of resting (indices capturing beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity) and submaximal exercise (30- to 60-s average) heart rate are likely the most useful monitoring tools. For appropriate interpretation at the individual level, changes in a given measure should be interpreted by taking into account the error of measurement and the smallest important change of the measure, as well as the training context (training phase, load, and intensity distribution). The decision to use a given measure should be based upon the level of information that is required by the athlete, the marker's sensitivity to changes in training status and the practical constrains required for the measurements. However, measures of heart rate cannot inform on all aspects of wellness, fatigue, and performance, so their use in combination with daily training logs, psychometric questionnaires and non-invasive, cost-effective performance tests such as a countermovement jump may offer a complete solution to monitor training status in athletes participating in aerobic-oriented sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, Myorobie AssociationMontvalezan, France
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Esco MR, Snarr RL, Williford HN. Monitoring changes in VO2max via the Polar FT40 in female collegiate soccer players. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1084-90. [PMID: 24506090 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.879672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if the Polar FT40 could accurately track changes in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in a group of female soccer players. Predicted VO2max (pVO2max) via the Polar FT40 and observed VO2max (aVO2max) from a maximal exercise test on a treadmill were determined for members of a collegiate soccer team (n = 20) before and following an 8-week endurance training protocol. Predicted (VO2max and aVO2max measures were compared at baseline and within 1 week post-training. Change values (i.e., the difference between pre to post) for each variable were also determined and compared. There was a significant difference in aVO2max (pre = 43.6 ± 2.4 ml · kg · min(-1), post = 46.2 ± 2.4 ml · kg · min(-1), P < 0.001) and pVO2max (pre = 47.3 ± 5.3 ml · kg · min(-1), post = 49.7 ± 6.2 ml · kg · min(-1), P = 0.009) following training. However, predicted values were significantly greater at each time point compared to observed values (P < 0.001 at pre and P = 0.008 at post). Furthermore, there was a weak correlation between the change in aVO2max and the change in pVO2max (r = 0.18, P = 0.45). The Polar FT40 does not appear to be a valid method for predicting changes in individual VO2max following 8 weeks of endurance training in female collegiate soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Esco
- a Human Performance Laboratory , Auburn University at Montgomery , Montgomery , AL , USA
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Hausswirth C, Schaal K, Le Meur Y, Bieuzen F, Filliard JR, Volondat M, Louis J. Parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamine responses following a single partial-body cryostimulation and a whole-body cryostimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72658. [PMID: 23991134 PMCID: PMC3749989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) and a partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) (i.e., not exposing the head to cold) on indices of parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamines. Two groups of 15 participants were assigned either to a 3-min WBC or PBC session, while 10 participants constituted a control group (CON) not receiving any cryostimulation. Changes in thermal, physiological and subjective variables were recorded before and during the 20-min after each cryostimulation. According to a qualitative statistical analysis, an almost certain decrease in skin temperature was reported for all body regions immediately after the WBC (mean decrease±90% CL, -13.7±0.7°C) and PBC (-8.3±0.3°C), which persisted up to 20-min after the session. The tympanic temperature almost certainly decreased only after the WBC session (-0.32±0.04°C). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were very likely increased after the WBC session, whereas these changes were trivial in the other groups. In addition, heart rate almost certainly decreased after PBC (-10.9%) and WBC (-15.2%) sessions, in a likely greater proportion for WBC compared to PBC. Resting vagal-related heart rate variability indices (the root-mean square difference of successive normal R-R intervals, RMSSD, and high frequency band, HF) were very likely increased after PBC (RMSSD: +54.4%, HF: +138%) and WBC (RMSSD: +85.2%, HF: +632%) sessions without any marked difference between groups. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were likely to very likely increased after PBC (+57.4%) and WBC (+76.2%), respectively. Finally, cold and comfort sensations were almost certainly altered after WBC and PBC, sensation of discomfort being likely more pronounced after WBC than PBC. Both acute cryostimulation techniques effectively stimulated the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with a predominance of parasympathetic tone activation. The results of this study also suggest that a whole-body cold exposure induced a larger stimulation of the ANS compared to partial-body cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hausswirth
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Karine Schaal
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Robert Filliard
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Marielle Volondat
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Kabir MM, Kohler M, Pamula Y, Martin J, Kennedy D, Abbott D, Baumert M. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia during sleep in children with upper airway obstruction. J Sleep Res 2013; 22:463-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muammar M. Kabir
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Mark Kohler
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; Childrens Research Centre; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Yvonne Pamula
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Women's and Children's Hospital; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - James Martin
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Women's and Children's Hospital; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Declan Kennedy
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health; Childrens Research Centre; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Women's and Children's Hospital; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Derek Abbott
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Mathias Baumert
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
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Radtke T, Khattab K, Brugger N, Eser P, Saner H, Wilhelm M. High-volume sports club participation and autonomic nervous system activity in children. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:821-8. [PMID: 23713897 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sixty minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) are recommended for children. This study investigated the additional impact of high-volume sports club participation on the autonomic nervous system in active children, while controlling for acute effects of short-term PA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-nine children (29 females) aged 10-13 years were investigated. Sports club participation was assessed with a validated questionnaire. Short-term PA and night-time autonomic tone (spectral power and nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability) were measured with an ambulatory device (Actiheart(®) ). Children were dichotomized into two groups, based on their individual weekly time spent in a sports club: low-volume group < 180 min/week (N = 26) and high-volume group ≥ 180 min/week (N = 23). RESULTS Children in the high-volume group exhibited higher indices of vagal tone compared with the children in the low-volume group. Short-term moderate PA had a significant impact on the night course of autonomic activity. Boys showed a linear increase in vagal activity over the night course in relation to volumes of short-term moderate PA of the previous day. A similar but nonsignificant trend was observed for girls. CONCLUSIONS In active children, higher volumes of sports club participation have an additional benefit on indices of autonomic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Radtke
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Cardiology, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Heart rate variability indices for very short-term (30 beat) analysis. Part 2: validation. J Clin Monit Comput 2013; 27:577-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10877-013-9473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dupuy O, Bherer L, Audiffren M, Bosquet L. Night and postexercise cardiac autonomic control in functional overreaching. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:200-8. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 2-week overload period immediately followed by a 1-week taper period on the autonomic control of heart rate during the night or after exercise cessation. Eleven male endurance athletes increased their usual training volume by 100% for 2 weeks (overload) and decreased it by 50% for 1 week (taper). A maximal graded exercise test and a constant-speed test at 85% of peak treadmill speed, both followed by a 10-min passive recovery period, were performed at baseline and after each period. Heart rate variability was also measured during a 4-h period in the night or during estimated slow-wave sleep. All participants were considered to be overreached based on performance and physiological and psychological criteria. We found a decrease in cardiac parasympathetic control during slow-wave sleep (HFnu = 61.3% ± 11.7% vs 50.0% ± 10.1%, p < 0.05) but not during the 4-h period, as well as a faster heart rate recovery following the maximal graded exercise test (τ = 61.8 ± 14.5 s vs 54.7 ± 9.0 s, p < 0.05) but not after the constant-speed test, after the overload period. There was a return to baseline for both measures after the taper period. Other indices of cardiac autonomic control were not altered by the overload period. Care should be taken in selecting the most sensitive heart rate measures in the follow-up of athletes, because cardiac autonomic control is not affected uniformly by overload training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dupuy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, 8 chemin Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Louis Bherer
- Research Center, Montreal Institute of Geriatrics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, 8 chemin Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, 8 chemin Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France
- Research Center, Montreal Institute of Geriatrics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cipryan L, Litschmannova M. Intra-day and inter-day reliability of heart rate variability measurement. J Sports Sci 2012; 31:150-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.721931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3729-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Assessment of resting electrocardiogram, P wave dispersion and duration in different genders applying for registration to the School of Physical Education and Sports - results of a single centre Turkish Trial with 2093 healthy subjects. Cardiol Young 2011; 21:545-50. [PMID: 21554825 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951111000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 12-lead electrocardiogram shows a broad range of abnormal patterns in trained athletes. The primary end point of this study was to investigate P wave dispersion, and P wave durations and related factors in different genders applying for registration to the School of Physical Education and Sports. METHODS AND RESULTS From 2006 to 2009, a total of 2093 students - 1674 boys with a mean age of 19.8 plus or minus 1.9 years and 419 girls with a mean age of 19.1 plus or minus 1.8 years - were included in the study. All 12 leads of the resting electrocardiogram were evaluated for P wave dispersion and electrocardiogram abnormalities. Baseline parameters such as age, body weight, body height, and body mass index, as well as electrocardiogram findings such as P wave maximal duration and P wave dispersion, were significantly higher in boys than in girls. Of all the parameters tested with correlation analysis, only gender (p = 0.03) (r = 0.04), body weight (p < 0.001) (r = 0.07), body height (p = 0.004) (r = 0.06), and body mass index (p = 0.01) (p = 0.05) were correlated with P wave dispersion. CONCLUSION The frequencies of all electrocardiogram abnormalities, P wave dispersion, and P wave maximal duration were higher in boys as compared with girls in an unselected student population applying for registration to the School of Physical Education and Sports; in addition, P wave dispersion was correlated with gender, body weight, body height, and body mass index.
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