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Traylor MK, Batman GB, Sears KN, Ransom KV, Hammer SM, Keller JL. Sex-specific microvascular and hemodynamic responses to passive limb heating in young adults. Microcirculation 2024; 31:e12848. [PMID: 38281244 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined sex-specific microvascular reactivity and hemodynamic responses under conditions of augmented resting blood flow induced by passive heating compared to normal blood flow. METHODS Thirty-eight adults (19 females) completed a vascular occlusion test (VOT) on two occasions preceded by rest with or without passive heating in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation (StO2, %) was assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and the rate of desaturation and resaturation as well as maximal StO2 (StO2max) and prolonged hypersaturation (area under the curve, StO2AUC) were quantified. Before the VOT, brachial artery blood flow (BABF), vascular conductance, and relative BABF (BABF normalized to forearm lean mass) were determined. Sex × condition ANOVAs were used. A p-value ≤.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Twenty minutes of heating increased BABF compared to the control (102.9 ± 28.3 vs. 36.0 ± 20.9 mL min-1; p < .01). Males demonstrated greater BABF than females (91.9 ± 34.0 vs. 47.0 ± 19.1 mL min-1; p < .01). There was no sex difference in normalized BABF. There were no significant interactions for NIRS-VOT outcomes, but heat did increase the rate of desaturation (-0.140 ± 0.02 vs. -0.119 ± 0.03% s-1; p < .01), whereas regardless of condition, males exhibited greater rates of resaturation and StO2max than females. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blood flow is not the primary factor causing sex differences in NIRS-VOT outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda K Traylor
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Genevieve B Batman
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Kylie N Sears
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kyndall V Ransom
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Science, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Shane M Hammer
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Bach AJE, Cunningham SJK, Morris NR, Xu Z, Rutherford S, Binnewies S, Meade RD. Experimental research in environmentally induced hyperthermic older persons: A systematic quantitative literature review mapping the available evidence. Temperature (Austin) 2024; 11:4-26. [PMID: 38567267 PMCID: PMC7615797 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2023.2242062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The heat-related health burden is expected to persist and worsen in the coming years due to an aging global population and climate change. Defining the breadth and depth of our understanding of age-related changes in thermoregulation can identify underlying causes and strategies to protect vulnerable individuals from heat. We conducted the first systematic quantitative literature review to provide context to the historical experimental research of healthy older adults - compared to younger adults or unhealthy age matched cases - during exogenous heat strain, focusing on factors that influence thermoregulatory function (e.g. co-morbidities). We identified 4,455 articles, with 147 meeting eligibility criteria. Most studies were conducted in the US (39%), Canada (29%), or Japan (12%), with 71% of the 3,411 participants being male. About 71% of the studies compared younger and older adults, while 34% compared two groups of older adults with and without factors influencing thermoregulation. Key factors included age combined with another factor (23%), underlying biological mechanisms (18%), age independently (15%), influencing health conditions (15%), adaptation potential (12%), environmental conditions (9%), and therapeutic/pharmacological interventions (7%). Our results suggest that controlled experimental research should focus on the age-related changes in thermoregulation in the very old, females, those with overlooked chronic heat-sensitive health conditions (e.g. pulmonary, renal, mental disorders), the impact of multimorbidity, prolonged and cumulative effects of extreme heat, evidence-based policy of control measures (e.g. personal cooling strategies), pharmaceutical interactions, and interventions stimulating protective physiological adaptation. These controlled studies will inform the directions and use of limited resources in ecologically valid fieldwork studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. E. Bach
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah J. K. Cunningham
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Norman R. Morris
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service, The Prince Charles Hospital. Allied Health Research Collaborative, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sebastian Binnewies
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert D. Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Hemingway HW, Richey RE, Moore AM, Saul BM, Shokraeifard AM, Cope HL, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Cunningham RL, Smith ML, Romero SA. Effect of acute heat exposure on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:542-548. [PMID: 37439242 PMCID: PMC10538993 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00245.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea is mediated largely by increased sympathetic outflow. The neural control of blood pressure is altered in recovery from acute heat exposure, but its effect on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea has never been explored. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that prior heat exposure would attenuate the pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea. Eleven healthy adults (five women) were exposed to whole body passive heating (water-perfused suit) sufficient to increase body core temperature by 1.2°C. Voluntary hypoxic apneas were performed at baseline and in recovery when body core temperature returned to ≤ 0.3°C of baseline. Participants breathed gas mixtures of varying [Formula: see text] (21%, 16%, and 12%; randomized) for 1 min followed by a 15-s end-expiratory apnea. The change in arterial oxygen saturation during each apnea did not differ from baseline to recovery (P = 0.6 for interaction), whereas the pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxia apnea was reduced ([Formula: see text] 21%, baseline 17 ± 7 mmHg vs. recovery 14 ± 7 mmHg; [Formula: see text] 16%, baseline 24 ± 8 mmHg vs. recovery 18 ± 7 mmHg; [Formula: see text] 12%, baseline 28 ± 11 mmHg vs. recovery 24 ± 11 mmHg; P = 0.01 for main effect of time). These data suggest that prior heat exposure induces a cross-stressor effect such that the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea is attenuated.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea is mediated by increased sympathetic outflow. The neural control of blood pressure is altered in recovery from acute heat exposure, but its effect on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea has never been explored. Our data suggest that prior heat exposure induces a cross-stressor effect such that the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden W Hemingway
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Rauchelle E Richey
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Amy M Moore
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin M Saul
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Austin M Shokraeifard
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Heidi L Cope
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Albert H Olivencia-Yurvati
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Michael L Smith
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Steven A Romero
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Koch Esteves N, Khir AW, González‐Alonso J. Lower limb hyperthermia augments functional hyperaemia during small muscle mass exercise similarly in trained elderly and young humans. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1154-1171. [PMID: 37409754 PMCID: PMC10988472 DOI: 10.1113/ep091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Ageing is postulated to lead to underperfusion of human limb tissues during passive and exertional hyperthermia, but findings to date have been equivocal. Thus, does age have an independent adverse effect on local haemodynamics during passive single-leg hyperthermia, single-leg knee-extensor exercise and their combination? What is the main finding and its importance? Local hyperthermia increased leg blood flow over three-fold and had an additive effect during knee-extensor exercise with no absolute differences in leg perfusion between the healthy, exercise-trained elderly and the young groups. Our findings indicate that age per se does not compromise lower limb hyperaemia during local hyperthermia and/or small muscle mass exercise. ABSTRACT Heat and exercise therapies are recommended to improve vascular health across the lifespan. However, the haemodynamic effects of hyperthermia, exercise and their combination are inconsistent in young and elderly people. Here we investigated the acute effects of local-limb hyperthermia and exercise on limb haemodynamics in nine healthy, trained elderly (69 ± 5 years) and 10 young (26 ± 7 years) adults, hypothesising that the combination of local hyperthermia and exercise interact to increase leg perfusion, albeit to a lesser extent in the elderly. Participants underwent 90 min of single whole-leg heating, with the contralateral leg remaining as control, followed by 10 min of low-intensity incremental single-leg knee-extensor exercise with both the heated and control legs. Temperature profiles and leg haemodynamics at the femoral and popliteal arteries were measured. In both groups, heating increased whole-leg skin temperature and blood flow by 9.5 ± 1.2°C and 0.7 ± 0.2 L min-1 (>3-fold), respectively (P < 0.0001). Blood flow in the heated leg remained 0.7 ± 0.6 and 1.0 ± 0.8 L min-1 higher during exercise at 6 and 12 W, respectively (P < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in limb haemodynamics between cohorts, other than the elderly group exhibiting a 16 ± 6% larger arterial diameter and a 51 ± 6% lower blood velocity following heating (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, local hyperthermia-induced limb hyperperfusion and/or small muscle mass exercise hyperaemia are preserved in trained older people despite evident age-related structural and functional alterations in their leg conduit arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Koch Esteves
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | | | - José González‐Alonso
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
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5
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Martin ZT, Akins JD, Merlau ER, Kolade JO, Al-Daas IO, Cardenas N, Vu JK, Brown KK, Brothers RM. The acute effect of whole-body heat therapy on peripheral and cerebral vascular reactivity in Black and White females. Microvasc Res 2023; 148:104536. [PMID: 37024072 PMCID: PMC10908357 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Among females in the U.S., Black females suffer the most from cardiovascular disease and stroke. While the reasons for this disparity are multifactorial, vascular dysfunction likely contributes. Chronic whole-body heat therapy (WBHT) improves vascular function, but few studies have examined its acute effect on peripheral or cerebral vascular function, which may help elucidate chronic adaptative mechanisms. Furthermore, no studies have investigated this effect in Black females. We hypothesized that Black females would have lower peripheral and cerebral vascular function relative to White females and that one session of WBHT would mitigate these differences. Eighteen young, healthy Black (n = 9; 21 ± 3 yr; BMI: 24.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2) and White (n = 9; 27 ± 3 yr; BMI: 24.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2) females underwent one 60 min session of WBHT (49 °C water via a tube-lined suit). Pre- and 45 min post-testing measures included post-occlusive forearm reactive hyperemia (peripheral microvascular function, RH), brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (peripheral macrovascular function, FMD), and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to hypercapnia. Prior to WBHT, there were no differences in RH, FMD, or CVR (p > 0.05 for all). WBHT improved peak RH in both groups (main effect of WBHT: 79.6 ± 20.1 cm/s to 95.9 ± 30.0 cm/s; p = 0.004, g = 0.787) but not Δ blood velocity (p > 0.05 for both groups). WBHT improved FMD in both groups (6.2 ± 3.4 % to 8.8 ± 3.7 %; p = 0.016, g = 0.618) but had no effect on CVR in either group (p = 0.077). These data indicate that one session of WBHT acutely improves peripheral micro- and macrovascular but not cerebral vascular function in Black and White females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - John D Akins
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Emily R Merlau
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - John O Kolade
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Iman O Al-Daas
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Cardenas
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Joshua K Vu
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kyrah K Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - R Matthew Brothers
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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6
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Chaseling GK, Debray A, Gravel H, Ravanelli N, Bartlett A, Gagnon D. The acute effect of heat exposure on forearm macro- and microvascular function: Impact of measurement timing, heating modality and biological sex. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:221-239. [PMID: 36533971 PMCID: PMC10103856 DOI: 10.1113/ep090732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do measurement timing, heating modality and biological sex modulate the acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation and postocclusion reactive hyperaemia? What is the main finding and its importance? The acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation and postocclusion reactive hyperaemia is: (1) transient and short lasting; (2) different between forearm and whole-body heating; (3) unaffected by forearm heating during whole-body heating; and (4) not different but not always equivalent between males and females. These findings provide a useful basis for future studies to investigate the acute effect of heat exposure on vascular function. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and postocclusion reactive hyperaemia (PORH) by: characterizing the time course of changes post-heating; comparing forearm and whole-body heating; determining the impact of forearm heating during whole-body heating; and comparing males and females. Twenty adults (11 males and nine females; 28 ± 6 years of age) underwent two forearm [10 min electric blanket (EB) or 30 min hot water immersion (WI)] and two whole-body [60 min water-perfused suit with forearm covered (WBH-C) or uncovered (WBH-U)] heating modalities. The FMD and PORH were measured before and after (≤5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) heating. The FMD increased from baseline 30 min after EB, and 30 and 90 min after WI. In contrast, FMD decreased from baseline immediately after both WBH modalities. Peak PORH increased immediately after WI and both WBH modalities. Total PORH did not differ after WI, whereas it decreased immediately after both WBH modalities. Covering the forearm during WBH did not alter acute changes in FMD or PORH. Changes in FMD and PORH did not differ statistically between males and females during each heating modality, although the observed differences could not always be considered equivalent. These results demonstrate that the acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery FMD and PORH is: (1) transient and short lasting; (2) different between forearm heating and WBH; (3) unaffected by direct forearm heating during WBH; and (4) not different but not always equivalent between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia K. Chaseling
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Amélie Debray
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Hugo Gravel
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | | | - Audrey‐Ann Bartlett
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
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7
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SenthilKumar G, Gutierrez-Huerta CA, Freed JK, Beyer AM, Fancher IS, LeBlanc AJ. New developments in translational microcirculatory research. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1167-H1175. [PMID: 36306213 PMCID: PMC9678417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00566.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular disease plays a critical role in systemic end-organ dysfunction, and treatment of microvascular pathologies may greatly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The Call for Papers collection: New Developments in Translational Microcirculatory Research highlights key advances in our understanding of the role of microvessels in the development of chronic diseases as well as therapeutic strategies to enhance microvascular function. This Mini Review provides a concise summary of these advances and draws from other relevant research to provide the most up-to-date information on the influence of cutaneous, cerebrovascular, coronary, and peripheral microcirculation on the pathophysiology of obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular aging, peripheral artery disease, and cognitive impairment. In addition to these disease- and location-dependent research articles, this Call for Papers includes state-of-the-art reviews on coronary endothelial function and assessment of microvascular health in different organ systems, with an additional focus on establishing rigor and new advances in clinical trial design. These articles, combined with original research evaluating cellular, exosomal, pharmaceutical, exercise, heat, and dietary interventional therapies, establish the groundwork for translating microcirculatory research from bench to bedside. Although numerous studies in this collection are focused on human microcirculation, most used robust preclinical models to probe mechanisms of pathophysiology and interventional benefits. Future work focused on translating these findings to humans are necessary for finding clinical strategies to prevent and treat microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika SenthilKumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Cristhian A Gutierrez-Huerta
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Julie K Freed
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ibra S Fancher
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Amanda Jo LeBlanc
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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8
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Abstract
In this review, we highlight recent studies from our group and others that have characterized the cardiovascular adjustments that occur after acute heat exposure. Special emphasis will be placed on underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. Finally, we postulate that these acute cardiovascular adjustments may predict the long-term adaptive response to chronic heat therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Romero
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center
| | - Rauchelle E. Richey
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center
| | - Holden W. Hemingway
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center
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9
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Amin SB, Hansen AB, Mugele H, Simpson LL, Marume K, Moore JP, Cornwell WK, Lawley JS. High intensity exercise and passive hot water immersion cause similar post intervention changes in peripheral and cerebral shear. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:390-402. [PMID: 35708700 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive hot water immersion (PHWI) provides a peripheral vasculature shear stimulus comparable to low intensity exercise within the active skeletal muscle, whereas moderate and high intensity exercise elicit substantially greater shear rates in the peripheral vasculature, likely conferring greater vascular benefits. Few studies have compared post intervention shear rates in the peripheral and cerebral vasculature following high intensity exercise and PHWI, especially considering that the post intervention recovery period represents a key window in which adaptation occurs. Therefore, we aimed to compare shear rates in the internal carotid artery (ICA), vertebral artery (VA) and common femoral artery (CFA) between high intensity exercise and PHWI for up to 80 minutes post intervention. Fifteen healthy (27 ± 4 years), moderately trained individuals underwent three-time matched interventions in a randomised order which included 30 minutes of whole-body immersion in a 42°C hot bath, 30 minutes of treadmill running and 5x4 minute high intensity intervals (HIIE). There were no differences in ICA (P= 0.4643) and VA (P=0.1940) shear rates between PHWI and exercise (both continuous and HIIE) post intervention. All three interventions elicited comparable increases in CFA shear rate post intervention (P=0.0671), however, CFA shear rate was slightly higher 40 minutes post threshold running (P=0.0464) and, slightly higher, although not statically for HIIE (P=0.0565) compared with PHWI. Our results suggest that time and core temperature matched high intensity exercise and PHWI elicit limited changes in cerebral shear and comparable increases in peripheral vasculature shear rates when measured for up to 80 minutes post intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin B Amin
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Hendrik Mugele
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kyohei Marume
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - William K Cornwell
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO, United States.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO, United States
| | - Justin S Lawley
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Hemingway HW, Richey RE, Moore AM, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Kline GP, Romero SA. Acute heat exposure protects against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in aged humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R360-R367. [PMID: 35200050 PMCID: PMC8993535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00336.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonpharmacological therapies that protect against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) remain limited in aged adults. Acute heat exposure protects against endothelial I/R injury in young adults, but its efficacy has never been explored in aged adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that acute heat exposure would prevent the attenuation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation after I/R injury in aged adults. Nine (2 men, 69 ± 8 yr) aged adults were exposed to a thermoneutral control condition or whole body passive heating (water-perfused suit) sufficient to increase body core temperature by 1.2°C. Experiments were separated by at least 7 days. Heat exposure was always performed first to time match the thermoneutral control condition. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed via flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery before (pre-I/R) and after I/R injury (post-I/R), which was induced by 20 min of arm ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion. Flow-mediated dilation was reduced following I/R injury for the thermoneutral control condition (pre-I/R, 4.5 ± 2.9% vs. post-I/R, 0.9 ± 2.8%, P < 0.01), but was well maintained with prior heat exposure (pre-I/R, 4.4 ± 2.8% vs. post-I/R, 3.5 ± 2.8%, P = 0.5). Taken together, acute heat exposure protects against endothelial I/R injury in aged adults. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of heat therapy to prevent endothelial dysfunction associated with I/R injury in aged adults who are most at risk for an ischemic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden W Hemingway
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rauchelle E Richey
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Amy M Moore
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Albert H Olivencia-Yurvati
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Geoffrey P Kline
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steven A Romero
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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11
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Cho MJ, Choi HI, Kim HJ, Bunsawat K, Kunutsor SK, Jae SY. Comparison of the acute effects of ankle bathing versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on vascular function in young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:469-481. [PMID: 35380875 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the efficacy of ankle bathing versus aerobic exercise to improve vascular function in young adults who were randomized to aerobic exercise (AE) (n = 13, 40%-60% of heart rate reserve), ankle bathing (AB) (n = 15, 43 °C), or a control condition (CON) (n = 14, ankle bathing, 36 °C) for 40 min. Conduit vessel function [brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)], carotid and femoral artery blood flow and shear rate (SR), and arterial stiffness [carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), augmentation index (AIx@75), β-stiffness index, and arterial compliance] were evaluated. Compared with CON, AE and AB increased FMD at 30 min and 90 min (interaction: p < 0.05); AB decreased carotid artery blood flow and SR at 30 min, while both AE and AB increased femoral artery blood flow and SR at 30 min and 90 min (interaction: p < 0.05); AE and AB decreased cf-PWV and AIx@75 at 30 min and 90 min (interaction: p < 0.05); and AE improved both carotid and femoral β-stiffness index and arterial compliance, while AB reduced β-stiffness index and increased arterial compliance only in the femoral artery (interaction: p < 0.05). These findings suggest that ankle bathing may serve as an alternative strategy for enhancing vascular function. Novelty: We observed similar improvements in conduit vessel function, femoral artery blood flow and shear rate, and arterial stiffness following ankle bathing and acute aerobic exercise in young adults. These findings have identified ankle bathing as a potential therapeutic strategy for enhancing vascular function, which may be particularly relevant for those with limited ability to engage in regular aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Cho
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Il Choi
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Setor K Kunutsor
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Sae Young Jae
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Urban Social Health, Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Pettit-Mee RJ, Power G, Cabral-Amador FJ, Ramirez-Perez FI, Nogueira Soares R, Sharma N, Liu Y, Christou DD, Kanaley JA, Martinez-Lemus LA, Manrique-Acevedo CM, Padilla J. Endothelial HSP72 is not reduced in type 2 diabetes nor is it a key determinant of endothelial insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R43-R58. [PMID: 35470695 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired endothelial insulin signaling and consequent blunting of insulin-induced vasodilation is a feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) that contributes to vascular disease and glycemic dysregulation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial insulin resistance remain poorly known. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial insulin resistance in T2D is attributed to reduced expression of heat shock protein 72(HSP72). HSP72 is a cytoprotective chaperone protein that can be upregulated with heating and is reported to promote insulin sensitivity in metabolically active tissues, in part via inhibition of JNK activity. Accordingly, we further hypothesized that, in T2D individuals, seven days of passive heat treatment via hot water immersion to waist-level would improve leg blood flow responses to an oral glucose load (i.e., endogenous insulin stimulation) via induction of endothelial HSP72. In contrast, we found that: 1) endothelial insulin resistance in T2D mice and humans was not associated with reduced HSP72 in aortas and venous endothelial cells, respectively; 2) after passive heat treatment, improved leg blood flow responses to an oral glucose load did not parallel with increased endothelial HSP72; 3) downregulation of HSP72 (via small-interfering RNA) or upregulation of HSP72 (via heating) in cultured endothelial cells did not impair or enhance insulin signaling, respectively, nor was JNK activity altered. Collectively, these findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced HSP72 is a key driver of endothelial insulin resistance in T2D but provide novel evidence that lower-body heating may be an effective strategy for improving leg blood flow responses to glucose ingestion-induced hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Gavin Power
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | | | | | - Neekun Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Demetra D Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Camila M Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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13
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Behzadi P, Ravanelli N, Gravel H, Barry H, Debray A, Chaseling GK, Jacquemet V, Neagoe PE, Nigam A, Carpentier AC, Sirois MG, Gagnon D. Acute effect of passive heat exposure on markers of cardiometabolic function in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1154-1166. [PMID: 35323077 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Heat therapy is a promising strategy to improve cardiometabolic health. This study evaluated the acute physiological responses to hot water immersion in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS On separate days in randomized order, 13 adults with T2DM (8 males/5 females, 62 ± 12 yrs, BMI: 30.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2) were immersed in thermoneutral (34°C, 90 minutes) or hot (41°C, core temperature ≥38.5°C for 60 minutes) water. Insulin sensitivity was quantified via the minimal oral model during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed 60 minutes after immersion. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and reactive hyperemia were evaluated before and 40 minutes after immersion. Blood samples were drawn to quantify protein concentrations and mRNA levels of HSP70 and 90, and circulating concentrations of cytokines. RESULTS Relative to thermoneutral water immersion, hot water immersion increased core temperature (+1.66°C [+1.47, +1.87], P<0.01), heart rate (+34 bpm [+24, +44], P<0.01), antegrade shear rate (+96 s-1 [+57, +134], P<0.01), and IL-6 (+1.38 pg/mL [+0.31, +2.45], P=0.01). Hot water immersion did not exert an acute change in insulin sensitivity (-0.3 dl/kg/min/μU/ml [-0.9, +0.2], P=0.18), FMD (-1.0% [-3.6, +1.6], P=0.56), peak (+0.36 mL/min/mmHg [-0.71, +1.43], P=0.64) and total (+0.11 mL/min/mmHg x min [-0.46, +0.68], P=0.87) reactive hyperemia. There was also no change in eHSP70 (P=0.64), iHSP70 (P=0.06), eHSP90 (P=0.80), iHSP90 (P=0.51), IL1-RA (P=0.11), GLP-1 (P=0.59) and NFkB (P=0.56) after hot water immersion. CONCLUSION The physiological responses elicited by hot water immersion do not acutely improve markers of cardiometabolic function in adults with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Behzadi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of pharmacology and physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Hugo Gravel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hadiatou Barry
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of pharmacology and physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amelie Debray
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Georgia K Chaseling
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of pharmacology and physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Vincent Jacquemet
- Department of pharmacology and physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Anil Nigam
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Martin G Sirois
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of pharmacology and physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of pharmacology and physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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14
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Richey RE, Hemingway HW, Moore AM, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Romero SA. Acute heat exposure improves microvascular function in skeletal muscle of aged adults. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H386-H393. [PMID: 35060753 PMCID: PMC8858667 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00645.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute heat exposure improves microvascular function in aged adults as assessed using reactive hyperemia. The cutaneous and skeletal muscle microcirculations are thought to contribute to this response, but this has never been confirmed due to the methodological challenges associated with differentiating blood flow between these vascular beds. We hypothesized that acute hot water immersion would improve endothelial-dependent, but not endothelial-independent vasodilation in the microcirculation of the vastus lateralis muscle in healthy aged adults. Participants (70 ± 5 yr) were immersed for 60 min in thermoneutral (36°C) or hot (40°C) water. Ninety minutes following immersion, skeletal muscle microdialysis was used to bypass the cutaneous circulation and directly assess endothelial-dependent and endothelial-independent vasodilation by measuring the local hyperemic response to graded infusions of acetylcholine (ACh, 27.5 and 55.0 mM) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 21 and 42 mM), respectively. The hyperemic response to 27.5 mM ACh did not differ between thermal conditions (P = 0.9). However, the hyperemic response to 55.0 mM ACh was increased with prior hot water immersion (thermoneutral immersion, 43.9 ± 23.2 mL/min/100 g vs. hot water immersion, 66.5 ± 25.5 mL/min/100 g; P < 0.01). Similarly, the hyperemic response to 21 mM SNP did not differ between thermal conditions (P = 0.3) but was increased following hot water immersion with the infusion of 42 mM SNP (thermoneutral immersion, 48.8 ± 25.6 mL/min/100 g vs. hot water immersion, 90.7 ± 53.5 mL/min/100 g; P < 0.01). These data suggest that acute heat exposure improves microvascular function in skeletal muscle of aged humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute heat exposure improves microvascular function in aged adults as assessed using reactive hyperemia. The cutaneous and skeletal muscle microcirculations are thought to contribute to this response, but this has never been confirmed due to the methodological challenges associated with differentiating blood flow between these vascular beds. Using the microdialysis technique to bypass the cutaneous circulation, we demonstrated that heat exposure improves endothelial-dependent and endothelial-independent vasodilation in the microcirculation of skeletal muscle in aged humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauchelle E. Richey
- 1Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Holden W. Hemingway
- 1Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Amy M. Moore
- 1Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Albert H. Olivencia-Yurvati
- 1Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas,2Department of Surgery, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steven A. Romero
- 1Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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15
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Trinity JD, Drummond MJ, Fermoyle CC, McKenzie AI, Supiano MA, Richardson RS. Cardiovasomobility: an integrative understanding of how disuse impacts cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:835-861. [PMID: 35112929 PMCID: PMC8934676 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00607.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovasomobility is a novel concept that encompasses the integration of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function in health and disease with critical modification by physical activity, or lack thereof. Compelling evidence indicates that physical activity improves health while a sedentary, or inactive, lifestyle accelerates cardiovascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction and hastens disease progression. Identifying causative factors for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction, especially in humans, has proven difficult due to the limitations associated with cross-sectional investigations. Therefore, experimental models of physical inactivity and disuse, which mimic hospitalization, injury, and illness, provide important insight into the mechanisms and consequences of vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction. This review provides an overview of the experimental models of disuse and inactivity and focuses on the integrated responses of the vasculature and skeletal muscle in response to disuse/inactivity. The time course and magnitude of dysfunction evoked by various models of disuse/inactivity are discussed in detail, and evidence in support of the critical roles of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress are presented. Lastly, strategies aimed at preserving vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction during disuse/inactivity are reviewed. Within the context of cardiovasomobility, experimental manipulation of physical activity provides valuable insight into the mechanisms responsible for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction that limit mobility, degrade quality of life, and hasten the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Trinity
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Caitlin C Fermoyle
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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16
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Physiological Function during Exercise and Environmental Stress in Humans-An Integrative View of Body Systems and Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030383. [PMID: 35159193 PMCID: PMC8833916 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Claude Bernard’s milieu intérieur (internal environment) and the associated concept of homeostasis are fundamental to the understanding of the physiological responses to exercise and environmental stress. Maintenance of cellular homeostasis is thought to happen during exercise through the precise matching of cellular energetic demand and supply, and the production and clearance of metabolic by-products. The mind-boggling number of molecular and cellular pathways and the host of tissues and organ systems involved in the processes sustaining locomotion, however, necessitate an integrative examination of the body’s physiological systems. This integrative approach can be used to identify whether function and cellular homeostasis are maintained or compromised during exercise. In this review, we discuss the responses of the human brain, the lungs, the heart, and the skeletal muscles to the varying physiological demands of exercise and environmental stress. Multiple alterations in physiological function and differential homeostatic adjustments occur when people undertake strenuous exercise with and without thermal stress. These adjustments can include: hyperthermia; hyperventilation; cardiovascular strain with restrictions in brain, muscle, skin and visceral organs blood flow; greater reliance on muscle glycogen and cellular metabolism; alterations in neural activity; and, in some conditions, compromised muscle metabolism and aerobic capacity. Oxygen supply to the human brain is also blunted during intense exercise, but global cerebral metabolism and central neural drive are preserved or enhanced. In contrast to the strain seen during severe exercise and environmental stress, a steady state is maintained when humans exercise at intensities and in environmental conditions that require a small fraction of the functional capacity. The impact of exercise and environmental stress upon whole-body functions and homeostasis therefore depends on the functional needs and differs across organ systems.
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17
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Hemingway HW, Richey RE, Moore AM, Shokraeifard AM, Thomas GC, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Romero SA. Shear stress induced by acute heat exposure is not obligatory to protect against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:199-208. [PMID: 34941435 PMCID: PMC8759960 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00748.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute heat exposure protects against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in humans. However, the mechanism/s mediating this protective effect remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that inhibiting the increase in shear stress induced by acute heat exposure would attenuate the protection of endothelial function following I/R injury. Nine (3 women) young healthy participants were studied under three experimental conditions: 1) thermoneutral control; 2) whole body heat exposure to increase body core temperature by 1.2°C; and 3) heat exposure + brachial artery compression to inhibit the temperature-dependent increase in shear stress. Endothelial function was assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation before (pre-I/R) and after (post-I/R) 20 min of arm ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion. Brachial artery shear rate was increased during heat exposure (681 ± 359 s-1), but not for thermoneutral control (140 ± 63 s-1; P < 0.01 vs. heat exposure) nor for heat + brachial artery compression (139 ± 60 s-1; P < 0.01 vs. heat exposure). Ischemia-reperfusion injury reduced flow-mediated dilatation following thermoneutral control (pre-I/R, 5.5 ± 2.9% vs. post-I/R, 3.8 ± 2.9%; P = 0.06), but was protected following heat exposure (pre-I/R, 5.8 ± 2.9% vs. post-I/R, 6.1 ± 2.9%; P = 0.5) and heat + arterial compression (pre-I/R, 4.4 ± 2.8% vs. post-I/R, 5.8 ± 2.8%; P = 0.1). Contrary to our hypothesis, our findings demonstrate that shear stress induced by acute heat exposure is not obligatory to protect against endothelial I/R injury in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute heat exposure protects against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. However, the mechanism/s mediating this protective effect remain unclear. We utilized arterial compression to inhibit the temperature-dependent increase in brachial artery blood velocity that occurs during acute heat exposure to isolate the contribution of shear stress to the protection of endothelial function following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our findings demonstrate that shear stress induced by acute heat exposure is not obligatory to protect against endothelial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden W. Hemingway
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rauchelle E. Richey
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Amy M. Moore
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Austin M. Shokraeifard
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Gabriel C. Thomas
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Albert H. Olivencia-Yurvati
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas,2Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steven A. Romero
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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18
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Larson EA, Ely BR, Brunt VE, Francisco MA, Harris SM, Halliwill JR, Minson CT. Brachial and carotid hemodynamic response to hot water immersion in men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R823-R832. [PMID: 34643115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00110.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to compare the brachial and carotid hemodynamic response to hot water immersion (HWI) between healthy young men and women. Ten women (W) and 11 men (M) (24 ± 4 yr) completed a 60-min HWI session immersed to the level of the sternum in 40°C water. Brachial and carotid artery hemodynamics (Doppler ultrasound) were measured at baseline (seated rest) and every 15 min throughout HWI. Within the brachial artery, total shear rate was elevated to a greater extent in women [+479 (+364, +594) s-1] than in men [+292 (+222, +361) s-1] during HWI (P = 0.005). As shear rate is inversely proportional to blood vessel diameter and directly proportional to blood flow velocity, the sex difference in brachial shear response to HWI was the result of a smaller brachial diameter among women at baseline (P < 0.0001) and throughout HWI (main effect of sex, P < 0.0001) and a greater increase in brachial velocity seen in women [+48 (+36, +61) cm/s] compared with men [+35 (+27, +43) cm/s] with HWI (P = 0.047) which allowed for a similar increase in brachial blood flow between sexes [M: +369 (+287, +451) mL/min, W: +364 (+243, +486) mL/min, P = 0.943]. In contrast, no differences were seen between sexes in carotid total shear rate, flow, velocity, or diameter at baseline or throughout HWI. These data indicate the presence of an artery-specific sex difference in the hemodynamic response to a single bout of HWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Larson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Brett R Ely
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Sarianne M Harris
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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19
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Koch Esteves N, Chiesa ST. Passive leg movement: A novel method to assess vascular function during passive leg heating? Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2335-2336. [PMID: 34647386 DOI: 10.1113/ep090033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Koch Esteves
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Scott T Chiesa
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
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20
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Reminy K, Ngo Sock ET, Romana M, Connes P, Ravion S, Henri S, Hue O, Hardy-Dessources MD, Antoine-Jonville S. Strenuous exercise in warm environment is associated with improved microvascular function in sickle cell trait. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:185-197. [PMID: 34633508 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sickle cell trait is characterized by the presence of both normal and abnormal haemoglobin in red blood cells. The rate of exertional collapse is increased in athletes and military recruits who carry the trait, particularly in stressful environmental conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate microvascular function and its determinants in response to intense exercise at control and warm environmental temperatures in carriers (AS) and non-carriers (AA) of sickle cell trait. METHODS Nine AS and 11 AA, all healthy physically active young men, randomly participated in four experimental sessions (rest at 21 °C and 31 °C and cycling at 21 °C and 31 °C). All participants performed three exercises bouts as follows: 18-min submaximal exercise; an incremental test to exhaustion; and three 30-s sprints spaced with 20-s resting intervals. RESULTS Skin Blood Flow (SkBF) was similar at rest between AA and AS. SkBF for all participants was higher at 31 °C than 21 °C. It was significantly higher in the AS group compared to the AA group immediately after exercise, regardless of the environmental conditions. No significant differences in hemorheological parameters, muscle damage or cardiac injury biomarkers were observed between the two groups. Our data also suggest higher oxidative stress for the AS group, with high superoxide dismutase (P = 0.044 main group effect). CONCLUSION A specific profile is identified in the AS population, with increased microvascular reactivity after maximal exercise in stressful environment and slight pro-/antioxidant imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reminy
- Adaptation To Tropical Climate and Exercise Laboratory, EA3596, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - E T Ngo Sock
- Adaptation To Tropical Climate and Exercise Laboratory, EA3596, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - M Romana
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - P Connes
- (LIBM) EA7424, Biology and Red Blood Cell, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - S Ravion
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - S Henri
- Adaptation To Tropical Climate and Exercise Laboratory, EA3596, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - O Hue
- Adaptation To Tropical Climate and Exercise Laboratory, EA3596, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - M D Hardy-Dessources
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - S Antoine-Jonville
- Adaptation To Tropical Climate and Exercise Laboratory, EA3596, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. .,LAPEC EA4278, Avignon University, 84000, Avignon, France.
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21
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Koch Esteves N, Gibson OR, Khir AW, González‐Alonso J. Regional thermal hyperemia in the human leg: Evidence of the importance of thermosensitive mechanisms in the control of the peripheral circulation. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14953. [PMID: 34350727 PMCID: PMC8339537 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is thought to increase limb blood flow through the activation of thermosensitive mechanisms within the limb vasculature, but the precise vascular locus in which hyperthermia modulates perfusion remains elusive. We tested the hypothesis that local temperature-sensitive mechanisms alter limb hemodynamics by regulating microvascular blood flow. Temperature and oxygenation profiles and leg hemodynamics of the common (CFA), superficial (SFA) and profunda (PFA) femoral arteries, and popliteal artery (POA) of the experimental and control legs were measured in healthy participants during: (1) 3 h of whole leg heating (WLH) followed by 3 h of recovery (n = 9); (2) 1 h of upper leg heating (ULH) followed by 30 min of cooling and 1 h ULH bout (n = 8); and (3) 1 h of lower leg heating (LLH) (n = 8). WLH increased experimental leg temperature by 4.2 ± 1.2ºC and blood flow in CFA, SFA, PFA, and POA by ≥3-fold, while the core temperature essentially remained stable. Upper and lower leg blood flow increased exponentially in response to leg temperature and then declined during recovery. ULH and LLH similarly increased the corresponding segmental leg temperature, blood flow, and tissue oxygenation without affecting these responses in the non-heated leg segment, or perfusion pressure and conduit artery diameter across all vessels. Findings demonstrate that whole leg hyperthermia induces profound and sustained elevations in upper and lower limb blood flow and that segmental hyperthermia matches the regional thermal hyperemia without causing thermal or hemodynamic alterations in the non-heated limb segment. These observations support the notion that heat-activated thermosensitive mechanisms in microcirculation regulate limb tissue perfusion during hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Koch Esteves
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and RehabilitationCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - Oliver R. Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and RehabilitationCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise SciencesDepartment of Life SciencesCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - Ashraf W. Khir
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringCollege of Engineering, Design and Physical SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - José González‐Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and RehabilitationCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise SciencesDepartment of Life SciencesCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
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22
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The impact of repeated, local heating-induced increases in blood flow on lower limb endothelial function in young, healthy females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3017-3030. [PMID: 34251539 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of repeated, single leg heating on lower limb endothelial function. METHODS Macrovascular function was assessed with superficial femoral artery (SFA) reactive hyperemia flow-mediated dilation (RH-FMD) and sustained stimulus FMD (SS-FMD). Calf microvascular function was assessed as the peak and area under the curve of SFA reactive hyperemia (RH). Participants (n = 13 females, 23 ± 2 yrs) had one leg randomized to the single leg heating intervention (EXP; other leg: control (CON)). The EXP leg underwent 8 weeks of single leg heating via immersion in 42.5 ℃ water for five 35-min sessions/week. At weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8, SFA RH-FMD, SS-FMD (shear stress increased via plantar flexion exercise), and SFA RH flow were measured. RESULTS None of the variables changed with repeated, single leg heating (interaction week*limb RH-FMD: p = 0.076; SS-FMD: p = 0.958; RH flow p = 0.955). Covariation for the shear stress stimulus did not alter the FMD results. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of single leg heating did not change SFA endothelial or calf microvascular function. These results are in contrast with previous findings that limb heating improves upper limb endothelial function.
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23
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Cheng JL, Williams JS, Hoekstra SP, MacDonald MJ. Improvements in vascular function in response to acute lower limb heating in young healthy males and females. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:277-289. [PMID: 34013754 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular exposure to passive heat stress improves vascular function, but the optimal heating prescription remains undefined. Local limb heating is more feasible than whole body heating, but the evidence demonstrating its efficacy is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute improvements in vascular function can be achieved with lower limb heating in 16 young healthy individuals (8 female, 8 male). In separate visits, participants underwent 45 min of ankle- and knee-level hot water immersion (45°C). A subset of seven participants also participated in a time-control visit. Endothelial function was assessed through simultaneous brachial and superficial femoral artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) tests. Macrovascular function was quantified by %FMD, whereas microvascular function was quantified by vascular conductance during reactive hyperemia. Arterial stiffness was assessed through carotid-femoral and femoral-foot pulse wave velocity (PWV). Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and extracellular heat shock protein-72 (eHSP72) were used as indicators of inflammation. Our findings showed that 45 min of lower limb heating-regardless of condition-acutely improved upper limb macrovascular endothelial function (i.e., brachial %FMD; Pre: 4.6 ± 1.7 vs. Post: 5.4 ± 2.0%; P = 0.004) and lower limb arterial stiffness (i.e., femoral-foot PWV; Pre: 8.4 ± 1.2 vs. Post: 7.7 ± 1.1 m/s; P = 0.011). However, only knee-level heating increased upper limb microvascular function (i.e., brachial peak vascular conductance; Pre: 6.3 ± 2.7 vs. Post: 7.8 ± 3.5 mL/min ⋅ mmHg; P ≤ 0.050) and plasma eHSP72 concentration (Pre: 12.4 ± 9.4 vs. Post: 14.8 ± 9.8 ng/mL; P ≤ 0.050). These findings show that local lower limb heating acutely improves vascular function in younger individuals, with knee-level heating improving more outcome measures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that lower limb hot water immersion is an effective strategy for acutely improving vascular function in young, healthy males and females, thereby encouraging the development of accessible modes of heat therapy for vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jem L Cheng
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sven P Hoekstra
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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24
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Pizzey FK, Smith EC, Ruediger SL, Keating SE, Askew CD, Coombes JS, Bailey TG. The effect of heat therapy on blood pressure and peripheral vascular function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1317-1334. [PMID: 33866630 DOI: 10.1113/ep089424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? We have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the current evidence for the effect of heat therapy on blood pressure and vascular function. What advances does it highlight? We found that heat therapy reduced mean arterial, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We also observed that heat therapy improved vascular function, as assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation. Our results suggest that heat therapy is a promising therapeutic tool that should be optimized further, via mode and dose, for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease risk factors. ABSTRACT Lifelong sauna exposure is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Recent studies have investigated the effect of heat therapy on markers of cardiovascular health. We aimed to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to determine the effects of heat therapy on blood pressure and indices of vascular function in healthy and clinical populations. Four databases were searched up to September 2020 for studies investigating heat therapy on outcomes including blood pressure and vascular function. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) was used to assess the certainty of evidence. A total of 4522 titles were screened, and 15 studies were included. Healthy and clinical populations were included. Heat exposure was for 30-90 min, over 10-36 sessions. Compared with control conditions, heat therapy reduced mean arterial pressure [n = 4 studies; mean difference (MD): -5.86 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -8.63, -3.10; P < 0.0001], systolic blood pressure (n = 10; MD: -3.94 mmHg, 95% CI: -7.22, -0.67; P = 0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (n = 9; MD: -3.88 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.13, -1.63; P = 0.0007) and improved flow-mediated dilatation (n = 5; MD: 1.95%, 95% CI: 0.14, 3.76; P = 0.03). Resting heart rate was unchanged (n = 10; MD: -1.25 beats/min; 95% CI: -3.20, 0.70; P = 0.21). Early evidence also suggests benefits for arterial stiffness and cutaneous microvascular function. The certainty of evidence was moderate for the effect of heat therapy on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate and low for the effect of heat therapy on mean arterial pressure and flow-mediated dilatation. Heat therapy is an effective therapeutic tool to reduce blood pressure and improve macrovascular function. Future research should aim to optimize heat therapy, including the mode and dose, for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith K Pizzey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily C Smith
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stefanie L Ruediger
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher D Askew
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom G Bailey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Brunt VE, Minson CT. Heat therapy: mechanistic underpinnings and applications to cardiovascular health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1684-1704. [PMID: 33792402 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, and novel therapies are drastically needed to prevent or delay the onset of CVD to reduce the societal and healthcare burdens associated with these chronic diseases. One such therapy is "heat therapy," or chronic, repeated use of hot baths or saunas. Although using heat exposure to improve health is not a new concept, it has received renewed attention in recent years as a growing number of studies have demonstrated robust and widespread beneficial effects of heat therapy on cardiovascular health. Here, we review the existing literature, with particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that underscore the cardiovascular benefits of this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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26
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Gravel H, Behzadi P, Cardinal S, Barry H, Neagoe PE, Juneau M, Nigam A, Sirois MG, Gagnon D. Acute Vascular Benefits of Finnish Sauna Bathing in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Can J Cardiol 2021; 37:493-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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27
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Ren W, Xu L, Zheng X, Pu F, Li D, Fan Y. Effect of different thermal stimuli on improving microcirculation in the contralateral foot. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:14. [PMID: 33531012 PMCID: PMC7856788 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower extremities of the body often suffer from impaired microcirculation, particularly in the elderly or people with underlying conditions such as diabetes. Especially for people suffering from peripheral vascular diseases, skin lesions or wearing an external fixator in one side of limbs, direct contact treatments are not suitable for them to improve microcirculation. Heating the contralateral limb has been reported to improve blood flow in the impaired limb. However, its effect on plantar microvascular responses has not been previously investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how heating by warm bath and infrared radiation affects the circulations in the contralateral foot. Twelve healthy adults participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either placing the left foot in a warm bath or exposing it to infrared radiation for 10 min intervention every other day. The skin temperature (Temp) and skin blood flow (SBF) in the second metatarsal head of the contralateral foot were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS The results showed that both Temp (Bath: from 29.05 ± 3.56 °C to 31.03 ± 4.14 °C; Infrared: from 29.98 ± 3.86 °C to 31.07 ± 3.92 °C) and SBF (Bath: from 62.26 ± 48.12 PU to 97.76 ± 63.90 PU; Infrared: from 63.37 ± 39.88 PU to 85.27 ± 47.62 PU) in the contralateral foot were significantly increased after heating in both tests (p < 0.05). However, the contralateral SBF increased for 5 min after heating in warm bath test, but only for 1 min in infrared radiation test. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that both heating methods are the effective at increasing contralateral Temp and SBF, but the warm bath has a stronger residual thermal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids of Ministry of Civil Affair, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids of Ministry of Civil Affair, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids of Ministry of Civil Affair, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids of Ministry of Civil Affair, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids of Ministry of Civil Affair, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids of Ministry of Civil Affair, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Coombs GB, Tremblay JC, Shkredova DA, Carr JMJR, Wakeham DJ, Patrician A, Ainslie PN. Distinct contributions of skin and core temperatures to flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery following passive heating. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:149-159. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00502.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary determinant of vascular adaptations to lifestyle interventions, such as exercise and heat therapy, is repeated elevations in vascular shear stress. Whether skin or core temperatures also modulate the vascular adaptation to acute heat exposure is unknown, likely due to difficulty in dissociating the thermal and hemodynamic responses to heat. We found that skin and core temperatures modify the acute vascular responses to passive heating irrespective of the magnitude of increase in shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff B. Coombs
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua C. Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daria A. Shkredova
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jay M. J. R Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Denis J. Wakeham
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Patrician
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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29
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Amin SB, Hansen AB, Mugele H, Willmer F, Gross F, Reimeir B, Cornwell WK, Simpson LL, Moore JP, Romero SA, Lawley JS. Whole body passive heating versus dynamic lower body exercise: a comparison of peripheral hemodynamic profiles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:160-171. [PMID: 33090910 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00291.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive heating has emerged as a therapeutic intervention for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Like exercise, heating increases peripheral artery blood flow and shear rate, which is thought to be a primary mechanism underpinning endothelium-mediated vascular adaptation. However, few studies have compared the increase in arterial blood flow and shear rate between dynamic exercise and passive heating. In a fixed crossover design study, 15 moderately trained healthy participants (25.6 ± 3.4 yr) (5 female) underwent 30 min of whole body passive heating (42°C bath), followed on a separate day by 30 min of semi-recumbent stepping exercise performed at two workloads corresponding to the increase in cardiac output (Qc) (Δ3.72 L·min-1) and heart rate (HR) (Δ40 beats/min) recorded at the end of passive heating. At the same Qc (Δ3.72 L·min-1 vs. 3.78 L·min-1), femoral artery blood flow (1,599 mL/min vs. 1,947 mL/min) (P = 0.596) and shear rate (162 s-1 vs. 192 s-1) (P = 0.471) measured by ultrasonography were similar between passive heating and stepping exercise. However, for the same HRMATCHED intensity, femoral blood flow (1,599 mL·min-1 vs. 2,588 mL·min-1) and shear rate (161 s-1 vs. 271 s-1) were significantly greater during exercise, compared with heating (both P = <0.001). The results indicate that, for moderately trained individuals, passive heating increases common femoral artery blood flow and shear rate similar to low-intensity continuous dynamic exercise (29% V̇o2max); however, exercise performed at a higher intensity (53% V̇o2max) results in significantly larger shear rates toward the active skeletal muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Passive heating and exercise increase blood flow through arteries, generating a frictional force, termed shear rate, which is associated with positive vascular health. Few studies have compared the increase in arterial blood flow and shear rate elicited by passive heating with that elicited by dynamic continuous exercise. We found that 30 min of whole body passive hot-water immersion (42°C bath) increased femoral artery blood flow and shear rate equivalent to exercising at a moderate intensity (∼57% HRmax).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin B Amin
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander B Hansen
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hendrik Mugele
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Willmer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Gross
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Reimeir
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - William K Cornwell
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Romero
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Nguyen KH, Brunt VE. Attenuation of exaggerated blood pressure responses to exercise: a byproduct of improved vascular function with passive heat therapy? J Physiol 2020; 598:4443-4445. [PMID: 32687606 DOI: 10.1113/jp280041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy H Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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31
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Gravel H, Coombs GB, Behzadi P, Marcoux-Clément V, Barry H, Juneau M, Nigam A, Gagnon D. Acute effect of Finnish sauna bathing on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14166. [PMID: 31293098 PMCID: PMC6640592 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular Finnish sauna bathing is associated with a reduced risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in middle‐aged and older adults. Potential acute physiological adaptations induced by sauna bathing that underlie this relationship remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine if typical Finnish sauna sessions acutely improve brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and reactive hyperemia (RH) in healthy middle‐aged and older adults. Using a randomized crossover design, FMD and RH were evaluated in 21 healthy adults (66 ± 6 years, 10 men/11 women) before and after each of the following conditions: (1) 1 × 10 min of Finnish sauna bathing (80.2 ± 3.2°C, 23 ± 2% humidity); (2) 2 × 10 min of sauna bathing separated by 10 min of rest outside the sauna; (3) a time control period (10 min of seated rest outside the sauna). FMD was taken as the peak change from baseline in brachial artery diameter following 5 min of forearm ischemia, whereas RH was quantified as both peak and area‐under‐the‐curve forearm vascular conductance postischemia. FMD was statistically similar pre to post 1 × 10 min (4.69 ± 2.46 to 5.41 ± 2.64%, P = 0.20) and 2 × 10 min of sauna bathing (4.16 ± 1.79 to 4.55 ± 2.14%, P = 0.58). Peak and area‐under‐the‐curve forearm vascular conductance were also similar following both sauna interventions. These results suggest that typical Finnish sauna bathing sessions do not acutely improve brachial artery FMD and RH in healthy middle‐aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gravel
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Geoff B Coombs
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Parya Behzadi
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Virginie Marcoux-Clément
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hadiatou Barry
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Juneau
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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32
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Engelland RE, Hemingway HW, Tomasco OG, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Romero SA. Neural control of blood pressure is altered following isolated leg heating in aged humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H976-H984. [PMID: 32142377 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a sustained reduction in arterial blood pressure that occurs in aged adults following exposure to acute leg heating. We tested the hypothesis that acute leg heating would decrease arterial blood pressure in aged adults secondary to sympathoinhibition. We exposed 13 young and 10 aged adults to 45 min of leg heating. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (radial nerve) was measured before leg heating (preheat) and 30 min after (recovery) and is expressed as burst frequency. Neurovascular transduction was examined by assessing the slope of the relation between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and leg vascular conductance measured at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise performed to fatigue. Arterial blood pressure was well maintained in young adults (preheat, 86 ± 6 mmHg vs. recovery, 88 ± 7 mmHg; P = 0.4) due to increased sympathetic nerve activity (preheat, 16 ± 7 bursts/min vs. recovery, 22 ± 10 bursts/min; P < 0.01). However, in aged adults, sympathetic nerve activity did not differ from preheat (37 ± 5 bursts/min) to recovery (33 ± 6 bursts/min, P = 0.1), despite a marked reduction in arterial blood pressure (preheat, 101 ± 7 mmHg vs. recovery, 94 ± 6 mmHg; P < 0.01). Neurovascular transduction did not differ from preheat to recovery for either age group (P ≥ 0.1). The reduction in arterial blood pressure that occurs in aged adults following exposure to acute leg heating is mediated, in part, by a sympathoinhibitory effect that alters the compensatory neural response to hypotension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is a sustained reduction in arterial blood pressure that occurs in aged adults following exposure to acute leg heating. However, the neurovascular mechanisms mediating this response remain unknown. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that this reduction in arterial blood pressure is mediated, in part, by a sympathoinhibitory effect that alters the compensatory neural response to hypotension in aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Engelland
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Holden W Hemingway
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Olivia G Tomasco
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Albert H Olivencia-Yurvati
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas.,Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Steven A Romero
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
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Engelland RE, Hemingway HW, Tomasco OG, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Romero SA. Acute lower leg hot water immersion protects macrovascular dilator function following ischaemia-reperfusion injury in humans. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:302-311. [PMID: 31707732 DOI: 10.1113/ep088154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS • What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of lower leg hot water immersion on vascular ischaemia-reperfusion injury induced in the arm of young healthy humans? • What is the main finding and its importance? Lower leg hot water immersion successfully protects against vascular ischaemia-reperfusion injury in humans. This raises the possibility that targeted heating of the lower legs may be an alternative therapeutic approach to whole-body heating that is equally efficacious at protecting against vascular ischaemia-reperfusion injury. ABSTRACT Reperfusion that follows a period of ischaemia paradoxically reduces vasodilator function in humans and contributes to the tissue damage associated with an ischaemic event. Acute whole-body hot water immersion protects against vascular ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury in young healthy humans. However, the effect of acute lower leg heating on I-R injury is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that, compared with thermoneutral control immersion, acute lower leg hot water immersion would prevent the decrease in macro- and microvascular dilator functions following I-R injury in young healthy humans. Ten young healthy subjects (5 female) immersed their lower legs into a circulated water bath for 60 min under two randomized conditions: (1) thermoneutral control immersion (∼33°C) and (2) hot water immersion (∼42°C). Macrovascular (brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation) and microvascular (forearm reactive hyperaemia) dilator functions were assessed using Doppler ultrasound at three time points: (1) pre-immersion, (2) 60 min post-immersion, and (3) post-I/R (20 min of arm ischaemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion). Ischaemia-reperfusion injury reduced macrovascular dilator function following control immersion (pre-immersion 6.0 ± 2.1% vs. post-I/R 3.6 ± 2.1%; P < 0.05), but was well-maintained with prior hot water immersion (pre-immersion 5.8 ± 2.1% vs. post-I/R 5.3 ± 2.1%; P = 0.8). Microvascular dilator function did not differ between conditions or across time. Taken together, acute lower leg hot water immersion prevents the decrease in macrovascular dilator function that occurs following I-R injury in young healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Engelland
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Holden W Hemingway
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Olivia G Tomasco
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Albert H Olivencia-Yurvati
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Steven A Romero
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Cerebrovascular function is preserved during mild hyperthermia in cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2019; 57:979-984. [DOI: 10.1038/s41393-019-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Cheng JL, Au JS, MacDonald MJ. Peripheral artery endothelial function responses to altered shear stress patterns in humans. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1126-1135. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jem L. Cheng
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Jason S. Au
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
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Schlader ZJ, Okada Y, Best SA, Fu Q, Crandall CG. Arterial stiffness during whole-body passive heat stress in healthy older adults. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14094. [PMID: 31062476 PMCID: PMC6503298 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that whole-body passive heat stress reduces arterial stiffness in older adults. At preheat stress (baseline) and when core temperature was elevated by 0.6 ± 0.2°C (mild) and 1.2 ± 0.3°C (moderate), arterial stiffness was measured in eight healthy younger (26 ± 5 years) and eight healthy older (70 ± 4 years) adults in the supine position. Arterial stiffness was estimated from carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV, applanation tonometry). cfPWV was higher at baseline in older adults (8.8 ± 2.3 m/sec vs. 5.6 ± 0.9 m/sec, P < 0.01) and this difference was maintained throughout passive heat stress (P < 0.01). cfPWV did not change (P ≥ 0.49) with passive heat stress in either younger (at moderate heat stress: 6.0 ± 1.0 m/sec) or older (at moderate heat stress: 8.5 ± 1.6 m/sec) adults. However, the influence of baseline cfPWV on the change in cfPWV during mild (r = -0.66, P = 0.04) and moderate (r = -0.87, P < 0.01) heat stress were inversely related in older adults, and the strength of these relations was not statistically different (P = 0.08). In younger adults, the influence of baseline cfPWV on the change in cfPWV during mild heat stress was also inversely related (r = -0.79, P = 0.01), while the strength of this relation was attenuated at moderate heat stress (r = -0.24, P = 0.30). Changes in arterial stiffness during passive heat stress in adults aged ≥65 year are likely dependent on the magnitude of baseline arterial stiffness and not necessarily age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special EnvironmentsDepartment of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Yoshiyuki Okada
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
- Department of Special Care DentistryHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Stuart A. Best
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
- Department of Kinesiology and Health PromotionUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentucky
| | - Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Craig G. Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital DallasUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
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Abstract
In addition to its role as an environmental stressor, scientists have recently demonstrated the potential for heat to be a therapy for improving or mitigating declines in arterial health. Many studies at both ends of the scientific controls spectrum (tightly controlled, experimental vs. practical) have demonstrated the beneficial effects of heating on microvascular function (e.g., reactive hyperemia, cutaneous vascular conductance); endothelial function (e.g., flow-mediated dilation); and arterial stiffness (e.g., pulse-wave velocity, compliance, β-stiffness index). It is important to note that findings of beneficial effects are not unanimous, likely owing to the varied methodology in both heating protocols and assessments of outcome measures. Mechanisms of action for the effects of both acute and chronic heating are also understudied. Heat science is a very promising area of human physiology research, as it has the potential to contribute to approaches addressing the global cardiovascular disease burden, particularly in aging and at risk populations, and those for whom exercise is not feasible or recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jem L Cheng
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
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Coombs GB, Barak OF, Phillips AA, Mijacika T, Sarafis ZK, Lee AHX, Squair JW, Bammert TD, DeSouza NM, Gagnon D, Krassioukov AV, Dujic Z, DeSouza CA, Ainslie PN. Acute heat stress reduces biomarkers of endothelial activation but not macro- or microvascular dysfunction in cervical spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 316:H722-H733. [PMID: 30575438 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00693.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are highly prevalent in spinal cord injury (SCI), and peripheral vascular dysfunction might be a contributing factor. Recent evidence demonstrates that exposure to heat stress can improve vascular function and reduce the risk of CVD in uninjured populations. We therefore aimed to examine the extent of vascular dysfunction in SCI and the acute effects of passive heating. Fifteen participants with cervical SCI and 15 uninjured control (CON) participants underwent ultrasound assessments of vascular function and venous blood sampling for biomarkers of endothelial activation (i.e., CD62e+) and apoptosis (i.e., CD31+/42b-) before and after a 60-min exposure to lower limb hot water immersion (40°C). In SCI, macrovascular endothelial function was reduced in the brachial artery [SCI: 4.8 (3.2)% vs. CON: 7.6 (3.4)%, P = 0.04] but not the femoral artery [SCI: 3.7 (2.6)% vs. CON: 4.0 (2.1)%, P = 0.70]. Microvascular function, via reactive hyperemia, was ~40% lower in SCI versus CON in both the femoral and brachial arteries ( P < 0.01). Circulating concentrations of CD62e+ were elevated in SCI versus CON [SCI: 152 (106) microparticles/µl vs. CON: 58 (24) microparticles/µl, P < 0.05]. In response to heating, macrovascular and microvascular function remained unchanged, whereas increases (+83%) and decreases (-93%) in antegrade and retrograde shear rates, respectively, were associated with heat-induced reductions of CD62e+ concentrations in SCI to levels similar to CON ( P = 0.05). These data highlight the potential of acute heating to provide a safe and practical strategy to improve vascular function in SCI. The chronic effects of controlled heating warrant long-term testing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Individuals with cervical level spinal cord injury exhibit selectively lower flow-mediated dilation in the brachial but not femoral artery, whereas peak reactive hyperemia was lower in both arteries compared with uninjured controls. After 60 min of lower limb hot water immersion, femoral artery blood flow and shear patterns were acutely improved in both groups. Elevated biomarkers of endothelial activation in the spinal cord injury group decreased with heating, but these biomarkers remained unchanged in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff B Coombs
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Otto F Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aaron A Phillips
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cardiac Sciences, Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tanja Mijacika
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Zoe K Sarafis
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Amanda H X Lee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Jordan W Squair
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Tyler D Bammert
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Noah M DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Andrei V Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada.,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
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Lalande S, Romero SA. The shear complexity of insulin-stimulated vasodilatation. J Physiol 2018; 597:11. [PMID: 30447000 DOI: 10.1113/jp277324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lalande
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Steven A Romero
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Brazaitis M, Paulauskas H, Eimantas N, Daniuseviciute L, Volungevicius G, Skurvydas A. Motor performance is preserved in healthy aged adults following severe whole-body hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 36:65-74. [PMID: 30484343 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1533650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a progressive decline in motor performance and thermoregulatory efficiency. Functional consequences of severe whole-body hyperthermia on neurophysiological functions in healthy aged men have not been investigated. To determine whether severe whole-body hyperthermia (increase in rectal temperature of about 2.5 °C) induced by lower-body heating in older men (64-80 years, n = 9) would suppress excitability of reflexes, voluntarily and electrically induced ankle plantar flexor contractile properties were compared with those in young men (19-21 years, n = 11). Though no aging effect on hyperthermia-induced reflex amplitudes was observed, a decrease in maximal H-reflex and V-wave latencies was found to be greater in older than in young men. In older men, lower-body heating was accompanied by a significant increase in twitch and tetani test torque in parallel with a greater decrease in muscle contraction time. There was no temperature-depended aging effect on the voluntary activation and maximal voluntary torque production. Despite delayed and weakened thermoregulation and age-related decline in neuromuscular function, motor performance in whole-body severe hyperthermia is apparently preserved in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Brazaitis
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- b Department of Educational Studies , Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Volungevicius
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
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Walsh LK, Ghiarone T, Olver TD, Medina-Hernandez A, Edwards JC, Thorne PK, Emter CA, Lindner JR, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Increased endothelial shear stress improves insulin-stimulated vasodilatation in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2018; 597:57-69. [PMID: 30328623 DOI: 10.1113/jp277050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS It has been postulated that increased blood flow-associated shear stress on endothelial cells is an underlying mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation. This report provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that increased shear stress exerts insulin-sensitizing effects in the vasculature and this evidence is based on experiments in vitro in endothelial cells, ex vivo in isolated arterioles and in vivo in humans. Given the recognition that vascular insulin signalling, and associated enhanced microvascular perfusion, contributes to glycaemic control and maintenance of vascular health, strategies that stimulate an increase in limb blood flow and shear stress have the potential to have profound metabolic and vascular benefits mediated by improvements in endothelial insulin sensitivity. ABSTRACT The vasodilator actions of insulin contribute to glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, and previous studies have demonstrated that acute and chronic physical activity improves insulin-stimulated vasodilatation and glucose uptake. Because this effect of exercise primarily manifests in vascular beds highly perfused during exercise, it has been postulated that increased blood flow-associated shear stress on endothelial cells is an underlying mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation. Accordingly, herein we tested the hypothesis that increased shear stress, in the absence of muscle contraction, can acutely render the vascular endothelium more insulin-responsive. To test this hypothesis, complementary experiments were conducted using (1) cultured endothelial cells, (2) isolated and pressurized skeletal muscle arterioles from swine, and (3) humans. In cultured endothelial cells, 1 h of increased shear stress from 3 to 20 dynes cm-2 caused a significant shift in insulin signalling characterized by greater activation of eNOS relative to MAPK. Similarly, isolated arterioles exposed to 1 h of intraluminal shear stress (20 dynes cm-2 ) subsequently exhibited greater insulin-induced vasodilatation compared to arterioles kept under no-flow conditions. Finally, we found in humans that increased leg blood flow induced by unilateral limb heating for 1 h subsequently augmented insulin-stimulated popliteal artery blood flow and muscle perfusion. In aggregate, these findings across models (cells, isolated arterioles and humans) support the hypothesis that elevated shear stress causes the vascular endothelium to become more insulin-responsive and thus are consistent with the notion that shear stress may be a principal mechanism by which physical activity enhances insulin-stimulated vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Walsh
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Jenna C Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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42
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Commentary on "Acute Lower Leg Heating Increases Exercise Capacity in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease". J Cardiovasc Nurs 2018; 34:134-136. [PMID: 30363016 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Romero SA, Moralez G, Jaffery MF, Huang M, Crandall CG. Vasodilator function is impaired in burn injury survivors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1054-R1060. [PMID: 30256680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00188.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of severe burn injury on vascular health is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that, compared with nonburn control subjects, vasodilator function would be reduced and that pulse-wave velocity (a measure of arterial stiffness) would be increased in individuals with prior burn injuries, the extent of which would be associated with the magnitude of body surface area having sustained a severe burn. Pulse-wave velocity and macrovascular (flow-mediated dilation) and microvascular (reactive hyperemia) dilator functions were assessed in 14 nonburned control subjects and 32 age-matched subjects with well-healed burn injuries. Fifteen subjects with burn injuries covering 17-40% of body surface area were assigned to a moderate burn injury group, and 17 subjects with burn injuries covering >40% of body surface area were assigned to a high burn injury group. Pulse-wave velocity [ P = 0.3 (central) and P = 0.3 (peripheral)] did not differ between the three groups. Macrovascular dilator function was reduced in the moderate ( P = 0.07) and high ( P < 0.05) burn injury groups compared with the control group. Likewise, peak vascular conductance during postocclusive reactive hyperemia differed from the moderate burn injury group ( P = 0.08 vs. control) and the high burn injury group ( P < 0.05 vs. control). These data suggest that vasodilator function is impaired in well-healed burn injury survivors, with the extent of impairment not dependent on the magnitude of body surface area having sustained a severe burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Romero
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas.,University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas
| | - Manall F Jaffery
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas
| | - Mu Huang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas
| | - Craig G Crandall
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas
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Yoo JK, Sun DD, Parker RS, Urey MA, Romero SA, Lawley JS, Sarma S, Vongpatanasin W, Crandall CG, Fu Q. Augmented venoarteriolar response with ageing is associated with morning blood pressure surge. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1448-1455. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeung-Ki Yoo
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Dan-Dan Sun
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
| | - Rosemary S. Parker
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
| | - Marcus A. Urey
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Steven A. Romero
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Justin S. Lawley
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | | | - Craig G. Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas; Dallas TX USA
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
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45
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Strandberg TE, Strandberg A, Pitkälä K, Benetos A. Sauna bathing, health, and quality of life among octogenarian men: the Helsinki Businessmen Study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:1053-1057. [PMID: 29188579 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sauna-type bathing has increased worldwide, and it has been related to both harmful and beneficial effects. There are few studies of bathing in sauna in very old age. METHODS The series consists of 524 mostly home-living survivors of the Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS, mean age 86 years, range 80-95), who in 2015 responded to a questionnaire survey about lifestyle (including sauna bathing), prevalent diseases, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL, RAND-36). RESULTS Of the men 57.6% (n = 302) reported all-year round and 17.6% (n = 92) part-year sauna bathing. Sauna was currently used mostly once a week, but 10% bathed more than twice a week. Median time in the hot room was 15 min at 80 °C. Among 45.7% of the men, the habit had decreased with ageing, and 130 (24.8%) did not attend sauna. However, 92.2% of the latter had discontinued an earlier habit, respective proportions 20.7% and 75.0% among all-year and part-year users. Overall, reasons for decreased sauna bathing were nonspecific or related to mobility problems or diverse health reasons (n = 63). The most frequent motivations for sauna were relaxation and hygienic reasons. Of the RAND-36 domains physical function, vitality, social functioning, and general health were significantly better among sauna users than non-users. These differences partly remained after adjusting for prevalent diseases and mobility-disability. CONCLUSIONS Regular sauna bathing was common among octogenarian men and was associated with better HRQoL. However, reverse causality must be taken into account in this cross-sectional study. The bathing habit seemed to be prudent and had decreased in almost half of the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo E Strandberg
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, PO Box 340, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Arto Strandberg
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, PO Box 340, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisu Pitkälä
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, PO Box 340, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Athanase Benetos
- University Hospital of Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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46
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Age-related attenuation of conduit artery blood flow response to passive heating differs between the arm and leg. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2307-2318. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Lindsey ML, Gray GA, Wood SK, Curran-Everett D. Statistical considerations in reporting cardiovascular research. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H303-H313. [PMID: 30028200 PMCID: PMC6139626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00309.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The problem of inadequate statistical reporting is long standing and widespread in the biomedical literature, including in cardiovascular physiology. Although guidelines for reporting statistics have been available in clinical medicine for some time, there are currently no guidelines specific to cardiovascular physiology. To assess the need for guidelines, we determined the type and frequency of statistical tests and procedures currently used in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. A PubMed search for articles published in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology between January 1, 2017, and October 6, 2017, provided a final sample of 146 articles evaluated for methods used and 38 articles for indepth analysis. The t-test and ANOVA accounted for 71% (212 of 300 articles) of the statistical tests performed. Of six categories of post hoc tests, Bonferroni and Tukey tests were used in 63% (62 of 98 articles). There was an overall lack in details provided by authors publishing in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, and we compiled a list of recommended minimum reporting guidelines to aid authors in preparing manuscripts. Following these guidelines could substantially improve the quality of statistical reports and enhance data rigor and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,Research Service, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gillian A Gray
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Douglas Curran-Everett
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health , Denver, Colorado.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado
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48
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Short-term effects of Finnish sauna bathing on blood-based markers of cardiovascular function in non-naive sauna users. Heart Vessels 2018; 33:1515-1524. [PMID: 29971466 PMCID: PMC6267405 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-018-1202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that sauna bathing is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events. However, the biochemical pathways by which sauna bathing might confer its effects on cardiovascular function are not certain. We aimed to study the acute effects of Finnish sauna bathing on various blood-based cardiovascular biomarkers. The study included 102 non-naive sauna users (54% male) with mean age of 51.9 years, who had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Participants underwent a 30-min single sauna session (mean temperature, 73 °C). Biochemical profiling was conducted before, immediately after sauna and 30-min post-sauna. Overall median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level (n = 20 participants) was 46.0 ng/L before sauna exposure, which increased to 50.5 ng/l immediately after sauna (median change, + 12.00%; p < 0.001) and remained persistent at 30-min post-sauna (median change from pre-sauna to post-30-min sauna, + 13.93%; p < 0.001). The changes were more evident in males compared with females. There were no significant changes in overall levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, creatine kinase, high sensitivity troponin I, and creatine kinase-MBm. However, levels of creatine kinase increased in males (median change immediately after sauna, + 2.99%; p = 0.024). Levels of NT-proBNP increased after sauna exposure. The increase in levels of creatine kinase was more evident in males. Long-term interventional studies are warranted to evaluate if these biomarkers are involved in pathways underlying the associations of sauna bathing with cardiovascular outcomes.
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49
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Heinonen I, Laukkanen JA. Effects of heat and cold on health, with special reference to Finnish sauna bathing. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R629-R638. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress such as extremely warm or cold temperature is often considered a challenge to human health and body homeostasis. However, the human body can adapt relatively well to heat and cold environments, and recent studies have also elucidated that particularly heat stress might be even highly beneficial for human health. Consequently, the aim of the present brief review is first to discuss general cardiovascular and other responses to acute heat stress, followed by a review of beneficial effects of Finnish sauna bathing on general and cardiovascular health and mortality as well as dementia and Alzheimer's disease risk. Plausible mechanisms included are improved endothelial and microvascular function, reduced blood pressure and arterial stiffness, and possibly increased angiogenesis in humans, which are likely to mediate the health benefits of sauna bathing. In addition to heat exposure with physiological adaptations, cold stress-induced physiological responses and brown fat activation on health are also discussed. This is important to take into consideration, as sauna bathing is frequently associated with cooling periods in cold(er) environments, but their combination remains poorly investigated. We finally propose, therefore, that possible additive effects of heat- and cold-stress-induced adaptations and effects on health would be worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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50
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Bain AR, Ainslie PN, Bammert TD, Hijmans JG, Sekhon M, Hoiland RL, Flück D, Donnelly J, DeSouza CA. Passive heat stress reduces circulating endothelial and platelet microparticles. Exp Physiol 2018; 102:663-669. [PMID: 28397383 DOI: 10.1113/ep086336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does passive heat stress of +2°C oesophageal temperature change concentrations of circulating arterial endothelial- and platelet-derived microparticles in healthy adults? What is the main finding and its importance? Concentrations of circulating endothelial- and platelet-derived microparticles were markedly decreased in heat stress. Reductions in circulating microparticles might indicate favourable vascular changes associated with non-pathological hyperthermia. Interest in circulating endothelial- and platelet-derived microparticles (EMPs and PMPs, respectively) has increased because of their potential pathogenic role in vascular disease and as biomarkers for vascular health. Hyperthermia is commonly associated with a pro-inflammatory stress but might also provide vascular protection when the temperature elevation is non-pathological. Circulating microparticles might contribute to the cellular adjustments and resultant vascular impacts of hyperthermia. Here, we determined whether circulating concentrations of arterial EMPs and PMPs are altered by passive heat stress (+2°C oesophageal temperature). Ten healthy young men (age 23 ± 3 years) completed the study. Hyperthermia was achieved by circulating ∼49°C water through a water-perfused suit that covered the entire body except the hands, feet and head. Arterial (radial) blood samples were obtained immediately before heating (normothermia) and in hyperthermia. The mean ± SD oesophageal temperature in normothermia was 37.2 ± 0.1°C and in hyperthermia 39.1 ± 0.1°C. Concentrations of circulating EMPs and PMPs were markedly decreased in hyperthermia. Activation-derived EMPs were reduced by ∼30% (mean ± SD; from 61 ± 8 to 43 ± 7 microparticles μl-1 ; P < 0.05) and apoptosis-derived EMPs by ∼45% (from 46 ± 7 to 23 ± 3 microparticles μl-1 ; P < 0.05). Likewise, circulating PMPs were reduced by ∼75% in response to hyperthermia (from 256 ± 43 to 62 ± 14 microparticles μl-1 ). These beneficial reductions in circulating EMPs and PMPs in response to a 2°C increase in core temperature might partly underlie the reported vascular improvements following therapeutic bouts of physiological hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Bain
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Tyler D Bammert
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jamie G Hijmans
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mypinder Sekhon
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela Flück
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph Donnelly
- Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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