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Fu LY, Yang Y, Li RJ, Issotina Zibrila A, Tian H, Jia XY, Qiao JA, Wu JM, Qi J, Yu XJ, Kang YM. Activation AMPK in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Improves Renovascular Hypertension Through ERK1/2-NF-κB Pathway. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s12012-024-09888-9. [PMID: 39008239 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a globally prevalent disease, but the pathogenesis remains largely unclear. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a nutrition-sensitive signal of cellular energy metabolism, which has a certain influence on the development of hypertension. Previously, we found a down-regulation of the phosphorylated (p-) form of AMPK, and the up-regulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) and that of p-ERK1/2 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypertensive rats. However, the exact mechanism underlying the relationship between AMPK and AT1-R in the PVN during hypertension remains unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that AMPK modulates AT1-R through the ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway in the PVN, thereby inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity and improving hypertension. To examine this hypothesis, we employed a renovascular hypertensive animal model developed via two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) and sham-operated (SHAM). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), used as vehicle, or 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR, an AMPK activator, 60 μg/day) was microinjected bilaterally in the PVN of these rats for 4 weeks. In 2K1C rats, there an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and circulating norepinephrine (NE). Also, the hypertensive rats had lowered expression of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK, elevated expression of p-ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 and AT1-R, increased NF-κB p65 activity in the PVN compared with the levels of these biomarkers in SHAM rats. Four weeks of bilateral PVN injection of AMPK activator AICAR, attenuated the NE level and SBP, increased the expression of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK, lessened the NF-κB p65 activity, decreased the expression of p-ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 and AT1-R in the PVN of 2K1C rats. Data from this study imply that the activation of AMPK within the PVN suppressed AT1-R expression through inhibiting the ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway, decreased the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, improved hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui-Juan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Abdoulaye Issotina Zibrila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Diagnosis, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin-An Qiao
- Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Min Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Rahmouni K. Neural Circuits Underlying Reciprocal Cardiometabolic Crosstalk: 2023 Arthur C. Corcoran Memorial Lecture. Hypertension 2024; 81:1233-1243. [PMID: 38533662 PMCID: PMC11096079 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The interplay of various body systems, encompassing those that govern cardiovascular and metabolic functions, has evolved alongside the development of multicellular organisms. This evolutionary process is essential for the coordination and maintenance of homeostasis and overall health by facilitating the adaptation of the organism to internal and external cues. Disruption of these complex interactions contributes to the development and progression of pathologies that involve multiple organs. Obesity-associated cardiovascular risks, such as hypertension, highlight the significant influence that metabolic processes exert on the cardiovascular system. This cardiometabolic communication is reciprocal, as indicated by substantial evidence pointing to the ability of the cardiovascular system to affect metabolic processes, with pathophysiological implications in disease conditions. In this review, I outline the bidirectional nature of the cardiometabolic interaction, with special emphasis on the impact that metabolic organs have on the cardiovascular system. I also discuss the contribution of the neural circuits and autonomic nervous system in mediating the crosstalk between cardiovascular and metabolic functions in health and disease, along with the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Jia XY, Yang Y, Jia XT, Jiang DL, Fu LY, Tian H, Yang XY, Zhao XY, Liu KL, Kang YM, Yu XJ. Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension by alleviating AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1416522. [PMID: 38872941 PMCID: PMC11169651 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1416522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Long term hypertension seriously promotes target organ damage in the brain and heart, and has increasingly become serious public health problem worldwide. The anti-hypertensive effects of capsaicin has been reported, however, the role and mechanism of capsaicin within the brain on salt-induced hypertension have yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that capsaicin attenuates salt-induced hypertension via the AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Methods Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats were used as animal model for the present study. Rats were randomly divided into four groups based on their dietary regimen (0.3% normal salt diet and 8% high salt diet) and treatment methods (infusion of vehicle or capsaicin in the PVN). Capsaicin was chronically administered in the PVN throughout the animal experiment phase of the study that lasted 6 weeks. Results Our results demonstrated that PVN pretreatment with capsaicin can slow down raise of the blood pressure elevation and heart rate (HR) of Dahl S hypertensive rats given high salt diet. Interestingly, the cardiac hypertrophy was significantly improved. Furthermore, PVN pretreatment with capsaicin induced decrease in the expression of mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NOX4, p-IKKβ and proinflammatory cytokines and increase in number of positive cell level for Nrf2 and HO-1 in the PVN of Dahl S hypertensive rats. Additionally, the protein expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase-B (p-AKT) were decreased, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) were increased after the PVN pretreatment with capsaicin. Conclusion Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension by alleviating AMPK/Akt/iNOS pathway in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yue Jia
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Jia
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Da-Li Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Yan Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Pan S, A.C. Souza L, Worker CJ, Reyes Mendez ME, Gayban AJB, Cooper SG, Sanchez Solano A, Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW, Feng Earley Y. (Pro)renin receptor signaling in hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase neurons is required for obesity-associated glucose metabolic impairment. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174294. [PMID: 38349753 PMCID: PMC11063935 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is achieved via complex interactions between the endocrine pancreas and other peripheral tissues and glucoregulatory neurocircuits in the brain that remain incompletely defined. Within the brain, neurons in the hypothalamus appear to play a particularly important role. Consistent with this notion, we report evidence that (pro)renin receptor (PRR) signaling within a subset of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVNTH neurons) is a physiological determinant of the defended blood glucose level. Specifically, we demonstrate that PRR deletion from PVNTH neurons restores normal glucose homeostasis in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition of PVNTH neurons mimics the deleterious effect of DIO on glucose. Combined with our finding that PRR activation inhibits PVNTH neurons, these findings suggest that, in mice, (a) PVNTH neurons play a physiological role in glucose homeostasis, (b) PRR activation impairs glucose homeostasis by inhibiting these neurons, and (c) this mechanism plays a causal role in obesity-associated metabolic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lucas A.C. Souza
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Caleb J. Worker
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Miriam E. Reyes Mendez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Ariana Julia B. Gayban
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Silvana G. Cooper
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Alfredo Sanchez Solano
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory J. Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Savani R, Park E, Busannagari N, Lu Y, Kwon H, Wang L, Pang Z. Metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with viral vector-mediated toxicity in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231846. [PMID: 38227343 PMCID: PMC10830444 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combining adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of Cre recombinase with genetically modified floxed animals is a powerful approach for assaying the functional role of genes in regulating behavior and metabolism. Extensive research in diverse cell types and tissues using AAV-Cre has shown it can save time and avoid developmental compensation as compared to using Cre driver mouse line crossings. We initially sought to study the impact of ablation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) using intracranial AAV-Cre injection in adult animals. METHODS In this study, we stereotactically injected AAV8-hSyn-Cre or a control AAV8-hSyn-GFP both Crh-floxed and wild-type mouse PVN to assess behavioral and metabolic impacts. We then used immunohistochemical markers to systematically evaluate the density of hypothalamic peptidergic neurons and glial cells. RESULTS We found that delivery of one specific preparation of AAV8-hSyn-Cre in the PVN led to the development of obesity, hyperphagia, and anxiety-like behaviors. This effect occurred independent of sex and in both floxed and wild-type mice. We subsequently found that AAV8-hSyn-Cre led to neuronal cell death and gliosis at the site of viral vector injections. These behavioral and metabolic deficits were dependent on injection into the PVN. An alternatively sourced AAV-Cre did not reproduce the same results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that delivery of a specific batch of AAV-Cre could lead to cellular toxicity and lesions in the PVN that cause robust metabolic and behavioral impacts. These alterations can complicate the interpretation of Cre-mediated gene knockout and highlight the need for rigorous controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Savani
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Erin Park
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Nidhi Busannagari
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Yi Lu
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, U.S.A
| | - Le Wang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, U.S.A
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Savani R, Park E, Busannagari N, Lu Y, Kwon H, Wang L, Pang ZP. Metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with viral vector-mediated toxicity in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.26.564009. [PMID: 37961695 PMCID: PMC10634907 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Combining adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of Cre recombinase with genetically modified floxed animals is a powerful approach for assaying the functional role of genes in regulating behavior and metabolism. Extensive research in diverse cell types and tissues using AAV-Cre has shown it can save time and avoid developmental compensation as compared to using Cre driver mouse line crossings. We initially sought to study the impact of ablation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) using intracranial AAV-Cre injection in adult animals. Methods In this study, we stereotactically injected AAV8-hSyn-Cre or a control AAV8-hSyn-GFP both Crh-floxed and wild-type mouse PVN to assess behavioral and metabolic impacts. We then used immunohistochemical markers to systematically evaluate the density of hypothalamic peptidergic neurons and glial cells. Results We found that delivery of one specific preparation of AAV8-hSyn-Cre in the PVN led to the development of obesity, hyperphagia, and anxiety-like behaviors. This effect occurred independent of sex and in both floxed and wild-type mice. We subsequently found that AAV8-hSyn-Cre led to neuronal cell death and gliosis at the site of viral vector injections. These behavioral and metabolic deficits were dependent on injection into the PVN. An alternatively sourced AAV-Cre did not reproduce the same results. Conclusions Our findings reveal that delivery of a specific batch of AAV-Cre could lead to cellular toxicity and lesions in the PVN that cause robust metabolic and behavioral impacts. These alterations can complicate the interpretation of Cre-mediated gene knockout and highlight the need for rigorous controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Savani
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Erin Park
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nidhi Busannagari
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Undergraduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Le Wang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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7
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Mathieu NM, Fekete EM, Muskus PC, Brozoski DT, Lu KT, Wackman KK, Gomez J, Fang S, Reho JJ, Grobe CC, Vazirabad I, Mouradian GC, Hodges MR, Segar JL, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD, Nakagawa P. Genetic Ablation of Prorenin Receptor in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Influences Blood Pressure and Hydromineral Balance in Deoxycorticosterone-Salt Hypertension. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad043. [PMID: 37609445 PMCID: PMC10440998 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic activation of renin via its interaction with prorenin receptor (PRR) has been proposed as a key mechanism of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation. The presence of renin and angiotensinogen has been reported in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Overactivation of bulbospinal neurons in the RVLM is linked to hypertension (HTN). Previous studies have shown that the brain RAS plays a role in the pathogenesis of the deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt HTN model. Thus, we hypothesized that PRR in the RVLM is involved in the local activation of the RAS, facilitating the development of DOCA-salt HTN. Selective PRR ablation targeting the RVLM (PRRRVLM-Null mice) resulted in an unexpected sex-dependent and biphasic phenotype in DOCA-salt HTN. That is, PRRRVLM-Null females (but not males) exhibited a significant delay in achieving maximal pressor responses during the initial stage of DOCA-salt HTN. Female PRRRVLM-Null subsequently showed exacerbated DOCA-salt-induced pressor responses during the "maintenance" phase with a maximal peak at 13 d on DOCA-salt. This exacerbated response was associated with an increased sympathetic drive to the resistance arterioles and the kidney, exacerbated fluid and sodium intake and output in response to DOCA-salt, and induced mobilization of fluids from the intracellular to extracellular space concomitant with elevated vasopressin. Ablation of PRR suppressed genes involved in RAS activation and catecholamine synthesis in the RVLM but also induced expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses. This study illustrates complex and sex-dependent roles of PRR in the neural control of BP and hydromineral balance through autonomic and neuroendocrine systems. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Mathieu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Eva M Fekete
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Patricia C Muskus
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel T Brozoski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ko-Ting Lu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kelsey K Wackman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Javier Gomez
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shi Fang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John J Reho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Connie C Grobe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ibrahim Vazirabad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Segar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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8
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Pan S, Worker CJ, Feng Earley Y. The hypothalamus as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis: emerging roles of the brain renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C141-C154. [PMID: 37273237 PMCID: PMC10312332 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00533.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plasma glucose levels is a complex and multifactorial process involving a network of receptors and signaling pathways across numerous organs that act in concert to ensure homeostasis. However, much about the mechanisms and pathways by which the brain regulates glycemic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Understanding the precise mechanisms and circuits employed by the central nervous system to control glucose is critical to resolving the diabetes epidemic. The hypothalamus, a key integrative center within the central nervous system, has recently emerged as a critical site in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in regulating glucose homeostasis, with an emphasis on the paraventricular nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamus in regulating energy expenditure and metabolic rate, as well as its potential importance in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Caleb J Worker
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
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9
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Wang B, Jie H, Wang S, Dong B, Zou Y. The role of (pro)renin receptor and its soluble form in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1086603. [PMID: 36824459 PMCID: PMC9941963 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1086603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major classic therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the circulating RAS, local tissue RAS has been identified in various tissues and plays roles in tissue inflammation and tissue fibrosis. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) was identified as a new member of RAS in 2002. Studies have demonstrated the effects of PRR and its soluble form in local tissue RAS. Moreover, as an important part of vacuolar H+-ATPase, it also contributes to normal lysosome function and cell survival. Evidently, PRR participates in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and may be a potential therapeutic target of cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the effects of PRR and its soluble form on the physiological state, hypertension, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, heart failure, metabolic cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the possibilities and challenges of PRR and its soluble form as a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haipeng Jie
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Shuangxi Wang,
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Bo Dong,
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Yunzeng Zou,
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10
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Liu H, Alhassan N, Yoon KT, Almutlaq L, Lee SS. Oxidative stress triggers hyperdynamic circulation via central neural activation in portal hypertensive rats. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:689-697. [PMID: 36723800 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperdynamic circulation in portal hypertension (PHT) depends on central neural activation. However, the initiating mechanism that signals PHT to the central neural cardiovascular-regulatory centers remains unclear. We aimed to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress in the gut initiates the signal that activates central cardiovascular nuclei in portal hypertensive rats. METHODS Two groups of rats were used. One had portal hypertension produced by partial portal vein ligation, while controls underwent sham operation. Hemodynamics including portal pressure, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and peripheral vascular resistance were measured. Activation of central cardiovascular nuclei was determined by immunohistochemical Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Myeloperoxidase activity, an oxidative stress marker, was measured in the jejunum. Hydrogen peroxide, the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) or saline controls were administered for 12-14 days by gavage or osmotic minipumps placed in the peritoneal cavity. RESULTS Compared with controls, PHT rats showed increased cardiac output (54.2 ± 9.5 vs 33.6 ± 2.4 ml/min/100 g BW, p < 0.01), decreased MAP (96.2 ± 6.4 mmHg vs 103.2 ± 7.8, p < 0.01) and systemic vascular resistance (1.84 ± 0.28 vs 3.14 ± 0.19 mmHg/min/ml/100 g BW, p < 0.01). PHT rats had increased jejunal myeloperoxidase and PVN Fos expression. NAC treatment eliminated the hyperdynamic circulation, decreased jejunal myeloperoxidase and PVN Fos expression in PHT rats, but had no effect on sham controls. H2O2 significantly increased PVN Fos expression and decreased MAP. CONCLUSION These results indicate that in PHT, mesenteric oxidative stress is the initial signal that activates chemoreceptors and triggers hyperdynamic circulation by central neural cardiovascular-regulatory centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqun Liu
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Noura Alhassan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ki Tae Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Lamees Almutlaq
- Department of Surgery, Clinique Michel Gagner, Westmount, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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11
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Chao YM, Tain YL, Lee WC, Wu KLH, Yu HR, Chan JYH. Protection by -Biotics against Hypertension Programmed by Maternal High Fructose Diet: Rectification of Dysregulated Expression of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Adult Offspring. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204306. [PMID: 36296991 PMCID: PMC9609147 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the brain on the developmental programming of hypertension is poorly understood. The present study explored dysregulated tissue levels of SCFAs and expression of SCFA-sensing receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a key forebrain region engaged in neural regulation of blood pressure of offspring to maternal high fructose diet (HFD) exposure. We further investigated the engagement of SCFA-sensing receptors in PVN in the beneficial effects of -biotics (prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, and postbiotic) on programmed hypertension. Maternal HFD during gestation and lactation significantly reduced circulating butyrate, along with decreased tissue level of butyrate and increased expression of SCFA-sensing receptors, GPR41 and olfr78, and tissue oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in PVN of HFD offspring that were rectified by oral supplement with -biotics. Gene silencing of GPR41 or olfr78 mRNA in PVN also protected adult HFD offspring from programmed hypertension and alleviated the induced oxidative stress and inflammation in PVN. In addition, oral supplement with postbiotic butyrate restored tissue butyrate levels, rectified expressions of GPR41 and olfr78 in PVN, and protected against programmed hypertension in adult HFD offspring. These data suggest that alterations in tissue butyrate level, expression of GPR41 and olfr78, and activation of SCFA-sensing receptor-dependent tissue oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in PVN could be novel mechanisms that underlie hypertension programmed by maternal HFD exposure in adult offspring. Furthermore, oral -biotics supplementation may exert beneficial effects on hypertension of developmental origin by targeting dysfunctional SCFA-sensing receptors in PVN to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Mei Chao
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chia Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Kay L. H. Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Julie Y. H. Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +886-7733-8415
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12
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Renin-a in the Subfornical Organ Plays a Critical Role in the Maintenance of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091169. [PMID: 36139008 PMCID: PMC9496084 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system plays important roles in blood pressure and cardiovascular regulation. There are two isoforms of prorenin in the brain: the classic secreted form (prorenin/sREN) encoded by renin-a, and an intracellular form (icREN) encoded by renin-b. Emerging evidence indicates the importance of renin-b in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation. However, the role of endogenous brain prorenin in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension remains undefined. In this study, we test the hypothesis that renin-a produced locally in the brain contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Using RNAscope, we report for the first time that renin mRNA is expressed in several regions of the brain, including the subfornical organ (SFO), the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the brainstem, where it is found in glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons. Notably, we found that renin mRNA was significantly elevated in the SFO and PVN in a mouse model of DOCA-salt–induced hypertension. To examine the functional importance of renin-a in the SFO, we selectively ablated renin-a in the SFO in renin-a–floxed mice using a Cre-lox strategy. Importantly, renin-a ablation in the SFO attenuated the maintenance of DOCA-salt–induced hypertension and improved autonomic function without affecting fluid or sodium intake. Molecularly, ablation of renin-a prevented the DOCA-salt–induced elevation in NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in the SFO without affecting NOX4 or angiotensin II type 1 and 2 receptors. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that endogenous renin-a within the SFO is important for the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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13
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Xu C, Liu C, Xiong J, Yu J. Cardiovascular aspects of the (pro)renin receptor: Function and significance. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22237. [PMID: 35226776 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101649rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including all types of disorders related to the heart or blood vessels, are the major public health problems and the leading causes of mortality globally. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a single transmembrane protein, is present in cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. PRR plays an essential role in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating the renin-angiotensin system and several intracellular signals such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and wnt/β-catenin signaling in various cardiovascular cells. This review discusses the current evidence for the pathophysiological roles of the cardiac and vascular PRR. Activation of PRR in cardiomyocytes may contribute to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic or alcoholic cardiomyopathy, salt-induced heart damage, and heart failure. Activation of PRR promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial cell dysfunction, neovascularization, and the progress of vascular diseases. In addition, phenotypes of animals transgenic for PRR and the hypertensive actions of PRR in the brain and kidney and the soluble PRR are also discussed. Targeting PRR in local tissues may offer benefits for patients with CVDs, including heart injury, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunju Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Souza LA, Earley YF. (Pro)renin Receptor and Blood Pressure Regulation: A Focus on the Central Nervous System. Curr Hypertens Rev 2022; 18:101-116. [PMID: 35086455 PMCID: PMC9662243 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220127105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically described as a hormonal system in which angiotensin II (Ang II) is one of the main active peptides. The action of circulating Ang II on its cognate Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R) in circumventricular organs has important roles in regulating the autonomic nervous system, blood pressure (BP) and body fluid homeostasis, and has more recently been implicated in cardiovascular metabolism. The presence of a local or tissue RAS in various tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), is well established. However, because the level of renin, the rate-limiting enzyme in the systemic RAS, is very low in the brain, how endogenous angiotensin peptides are generated in the CNS-the focus of this review-has been the subject of considerable debate. Notable in this context is the identification of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) as a key component of the brain RAS in the production of Ang II in the CNS. In this review, we highlight cellular and anatomical locations of the PRR in the CNS. We also summarize studies using gain- and loss-of function approaches to elucidate the functional importance of brain PRR-mediated Ang II formation and brain RAS activation, as well as PRR-mediated Ang II-independent signaling pathways, in regulating BP. We further discuss recent developments in PRR involvement in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and present perspectives for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A.C. Souza
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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15
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Yu XJ, Xiao T, Liu XJ, Li Y, Qi J, Zhang N, Fu LY, Liu KL, Li Y, Kang YM. Effects of Nrf1 in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus on Regulating the Blood Pressure During Hypertension. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:805070. [PMID: 34938159 PMCID: PMC8685333 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.805070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate and mortality of hypertension increase every year. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a critical role on the pathophysiology of hypertension. It has been demonstrated that the imbalance of neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE), glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are closely related to sympathetic overactivity and pathogenesis of hypertension. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), consisting of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, is considered to be a glutamate-gated ion channel, which binds to Glu, and activates neuronal activity. Studies have found that the synthesis of respiratory chain enzyme complex was affected and mitochondrial function was impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), further indicating that mitochondria is associated with hypertension. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) is a transcription factor that modulates mitochondrial respiratory chain and is related to GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B promoters. However, the brain mechanisms underlying PVN Nrf1 modulating sympathoexcitation and blood pressure during the development of hypertension remains unclear. In this study, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying the shRNA targeting rat Nrf1 gene (shNrf1) was injected into bilateral PVN of male rats underwent two kidneys and one clip to explore the role of Nrf1 in mediating the development of hypertension and sympathoexcitation. Administration of shNrf1 knocked down the expression of Nrf1 and reduced the expression of excitatory neurotransmitters, increased the expression of inhibitory neurotransmitters, and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and attenuated sympathoexcitation and hypertension. The results indicate that knocking down Nrf1 suppresses sympathoexcitation in hypertension by reducing PVN transcription of NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B), rebalancing PVN excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, inhibiting PVN neuronal activity and oxidative stress, and attenuating sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Datong University School of Medicine, Datong, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Datong University School of Medicine, Datong, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
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16
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Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212305. [PMID: 34830184 PMCID: PMC8624735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) impacts cardiovascular homeostasis via direct actions on peripheral blood vessels and via modulation of the autonomic nervous system. To date, research has primarily focused on the actions of the RAAS on the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we review the critical role of the RAAS on parasympathetic nerve function during normal physiology and its role in cardiovascular disease, focusing on hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II receptors are present throughout the parasympathetic nerves and can modulate vagal activity via actions at the level of the nerve endings as well as via the circumventricular organs and as a neuromodulator acting within brain regions. There is tonic inhibition of cardiac vagal tone by endogenous Ang II. We review the actions of Ang II via peripheral nerve endings as well as via central actions on brain regions. We review the evidence that Ang II modulates arterial baroreflex function and examine the pathways via which Ang II can modulate baroreflex control of cardiac vagal drive. Although there is evidence that Ang II can modulate parasympathetic activity and has the potential to contribute to impaired baseline levels and impaired baroreflex control during hypertension, the exact central regions where Ang II acts need further investigation. The beneficial actions of angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertension may be mediated in part via actions on the parasympathetic nervous system. We highlight important unknown questions about the interaction between the RAAS and the parasympathetic nervous system and conclude that this remains an important area where future research is needed.
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17
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Hoffmann N, Peters J. Functions of the (pro)renin receptor (Atp6ap2) at molecular and system levels: pathological implications in hypertension, renal and brain development, inflammation, and fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105922. [PMID: 34607004 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR, Atp6ap2] was initially discovered as a membrane-bound binding partner of prorenin and renin. A soluble (P)RR has additional paracrine effects and is involved in metabolic syndrome and kidney damage. Meanwhile it is clear that most of the effects of the (P)RR are independent of prorenin. In the kidney, (P)RR plays an important role in renal dysfunction by activating proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules. In the brain, (P)RR is expressed in cardiovascular regulatory nuclei and is linked to hypertension. (P)RR is known to be an essential component of the v-ATPase as a key accessory protein and plays an important role in kidney, brain and heart via regulating the pH of the extracellular space and intracellular compartments. V-ATPase and (P)RR together act on WNT and mTOR signalling pathways, which are responsible for cellular homeostasis and autophagy. (P)RR through its role in v-ATPase assembly and function is also important for fast recycling endocytosis by megalin. In the kidney, megalin together with v-ATPase and (P)RR is crucial for endocytic uptake of components of the RAS and their intracellular processing. In the brain, (P)RR, v-ATPases and megalin are important regulators both during development and in the adult. All three proteins are associated with diseases such as XLMR, XMRE, X-linked parkinsonism and epilepsy, cognitive disorders with Parkinsonism, spasticity, intellectual disability, and Alzheimer's Disease which are characterized by impaired neuronal function and/or neuronal loss. The present review focusses on the relevant effects of Atp6ap2 without assigning them necessarily to the RAS. Mechanistically, many effects can be well explained by the role of Atp6ap2 for v-ATPase assembly and function. Furthermore, application of a soluble (P)RR analogue as new therapeutic option is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadin Hoffmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Peters
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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18
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Xu C, Chen Y, Wang F, Xie S, Yang T. Soluble (Pro)Renin Receptor as a Negative Regulator of NCC (Na +-Cl - Cotransporter) Activity. Hypertension 2021; 78:1027-1038. [PMID: 34495675 PMCID: PMC9212213 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.16981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, the United States
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, the United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, the United States
| | - Shiying Xie
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, the United States
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19
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Li J, Liang M, Zeng T, Qiu M, Zhang M, Jiang S, Tan L, Li A. Silencing of Central (Pro)renin Receptor Ameliorates Salt-Induced Renal Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:93-112. [PMID: 32757619 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims: A high-salt diet can aggravate oxidative stress, and renal fibrosis via the brain and renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) axis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) plays a role in regulating RAS and oxidative stress locally. However, whether central PRR regulates salt-induced renal injury in CKD remains undefined. Here, we hypothesized that the reduction of central PRR expression could ameliorate central lesions and thereby ameliorate renal injury in high-salt-load CKD rats. Results: We investigated RAS, sympathetic nerve activity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue injury in subfornical organs and kidneys in high-salt-load 5/6 nephrectomy CKD rats after the silencing of central PRR expression by intracerebroventricular lentivirus-RNAi. We found that the sympathetic nerve activity was reduced, and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress were decreased in both brain and kidney. Renal injury and fibrosis were ameliorated. To explore the mechanism by which central inhibition of PRR expression ameliorates kidney damage, we blocked central MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways as well as angiotensin converting enzyme 1-angiotensin II-angiotensin type 1 receptors (ACE1-Ang II-AT1R) axis. Salt-induced overexpression of renal RAS, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in CKD rats were prevented by central blockade of the pathways. Innovation: This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying salt-induced kidney damage. Targeting central PRR or PRR-mediated signaling pathway may be a novel strategy for the treatment of CKD. Conclusions: These results suggested that the silencing of central PRR expression ameliorates salt-induced renal injury in CKD through Ang II-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minzi Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengbi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoling Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The People's Hospital of Nanhai District of Foshan City, Foshan, China
| | - Lishan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Souza LAC, Cooper SG, Worker CJ, Thakore P, Feng Earley Y. Use of chlorisondamine to assess the neurogenic contribution to blood pressure in mice: An evaluation of method. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14753. [PMID: 33587331 PMCID: PMC7883841 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorisondamine (CSD) has been used to assess the neurogenic contribution to blood pressure (BP) and vasomotor sympathetic tone in animal models. It is assumed that the reduction in BP following CSD administration is associated to decreases in cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance, reflecting cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic tone, respectively. Surprisingly, this has not been characterized experimentally in mice, despite the extensive use of this animal model in cardiovascular research. We hypothesize that a specific dose of CSD can selectively block the sympathetic vasomotor tone. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of different doses of CSD (intraperitoneal) on BP and heart rate (HR) using telemetry, and on CO using echocardiography. BP and HR in normotensive C57Bl/6J mice reduced to a similar extent by all CSD doses tested (1-6 mg/kg). CSD at 6 mg/kg also reduced CO without affecting left ventricular stroke volume or fractional shortening. On the other hand, lower doses of CSD (1 and 2 mg/kg) produced significantly larger BP and HR reductions in DOCA-salt-induced hypertensive mice, indicating a greater neurogenic BP response. In addition, all doses of CSD reduced CO in hypertensive mice. Our data suggest that the BP response to CSD in mice likely reflects reduced CO and vasomotor sympathetic tone. We conclude that CSD can be used to assess the neurogenic contribution to BP in mice but may not be appropriate for specifically estimating vasomotor sympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas AC. Souza
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular SystemUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Silvana G. Cooper
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular SystemUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Caleb J. Worker
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular SystemUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Pratish Thakore
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular SystemUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular SystemUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
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21
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Liu KL, Zuo YY, Fu LY, Chen YM, Zhang DD, Shi XL, Qi J, Li Y, Yi QY, Tian H, Wang XM, Yu JY, Zhu GQ, Liu JJ, Kang KB, Kang YM. Chronic Infusion of Astaxanthin Into Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Modulates Cytokines and Attenuates the Renin-Angiotensin System in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:170-181. [PMID: 33538532 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and inflammation are some of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The aim of this study is to examine the protective effect of the chronic administration of astaxanthin, which is extracted from the shell of crabs and shrimps, into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups and treated with bilateral PVN infusion of astaxanthin or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) through osmotic minipumps (Alzet Osmotic Pumps, Model 2004, 0.25 μL/h) for 4 weeks. Spontaneously hypertensive rats had higher mean arterial pressure and plasma level of norepinephrine and proinflammatory cytokine; higher PVN levels of reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, IL-1β, IL-6, ACE, and AT1-R; and lower PVN levels of IL-10 and Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, ACE2, and Mas receptors than Wistar-Kyoto rats. Our data showed that chronic administration of astaxanthin into PVN attenuated the overexpression of reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, inflammatory cytokines, and components of RAS within the PVN and suppressed hypertension. The present results revealed that astaxanthin played a role in the brain. Our findings demonstrated that astaxanthin had protective effect on hypertension by improving the balance between inflammatory cytokines and components of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Yi Zuo
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Yue Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai B Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
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22
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Mohsin M, Souza LAC, Aliabadi S, Worker CJ, Cooper SG, Afrin S, Murata Y, Xiong Z, Feng Earley Y. Increased (Pro)renin Receptor Expression in the Hypertensive Human Brain. Front Physiol 2020; 11:606811. [PMID: 33329061 PMCID: PMC7710895 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.606811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) – a central physiological pathway involved in controlling blood pressure (BP) – leads to hypertension. It is now well-recognized that the central nervous system (CNS) has its own local RAS, and the majority of its components are known to be expressed in the brain. In physiological and pathological states, the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a novel component of the brain RAS, plays a key role in the formation of angiotensin II (Ang II) and also mediates Ang II-independent PRR signaling. A recent study reported that neuronal PRR activation is a novel mechanism for cardiovascular and metabolic regulation in obesity and diabetes. Expression of the PRR is increased in cardiovascular regulatory nuclei in hypertensive (HTN) animal models and plays an important role in BP regulation in the CNS. To determine the clinical significance of the brain PRR in human hypertension, we investigated whether the PRR is expressed and regulated in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) – two key cardiovascular regulatory nuclei – in postmortem brain samples of normotensive (NTN) and HTN humans. Here, we report that the PRR is expressed in neurons, but not astrocytes, of the human PVN and RVLM. Notably, PRR immunoreactivity was significantly increased in both the PVN and RVLM of HTN subjects. In addition, PVN-PRR immunoreactivity was positively correlated with systolic BP (sBP) and showed a tendency toward correlation with age but not body mass index (BMI). Collectively, our data provide clinical evidence that the PRR in the PVN and RVLM may be a key molecular player in the neural regulation of BP and cardiovascular and metabolic function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhazul Mohsin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Lucas A C Souza
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Simindokht Aliabadi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Caleb J Worker
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Silvana G Cooper
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sanzida Afrin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Yuki Murata
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhenggang Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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23
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Hirooka Y. Sympathetic Activation in Hypertension: Importance of the Central Nervous System. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:914-926. [PMID: 32374869 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The central nervous system (CNS) organizes the sympathetic outflow and various inputs from the periphery. The brain renin-angiotensin system has been studied in various regions involved in controlling sympathetic outflow. Recent progress in cardiovascular research, particularly in vascular biology and neuroscience, as well as in traditional physiological approaches, has advanced the field of the neural control of hypertension in which the CNS plays a vital role. Cardiovascular research relating to hypertension has focused on the roles of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity, and the network among various organs, including the heart, kidney, spleen, gut, and vasculature. The CNS mechanisms are similarly networked with these factors and are widely studied in neuroscience. In this review, I describe the development of the conceptual flow of this network in the field of hypertension on the basis of several important original research articles and discuss potential future breakthroughs leading to clinical precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hypertension and Heart Failure Center, Takagi Hospital, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Purpose of the Review The main goal of this article is to discuss how the development of state-of-the-art technology has made it possible to address fundamental questions related to how the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) operates within the brain from the neurophysiological and molecular perspective. Recent Findings The existence of the brain RAS remains surprisingly controversial. New sensitive in situ hybridization techniques and novel transgenic animals expressing reporter genes have provided pivotal information of the expression of RAS genes within the brain. We discuss studies using genetically engineered animals combined with targeted viral microinjections to study molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the brain RAS. We also discuss novel drugs targeting the brain RAS that have shown promising results in clinical studies and trials. Summary Over the last 50 years, several new physiological roles of the brain RAS have been identified. In the coming years, efforts to incorporate cutting-edge technologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and single-cell RNA sequencing will lead to dramatic advances in our full understanding of how the brain RAS operates at molecular and neurophysiological levels.
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25
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Geng Z, Ye C, Tong Y, Zhang F, Zhou YB, Xiong XQ. Exacerbated pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects of central Elabela in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 318:H124-H134. [PMID: 31834836 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00449.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Elabela (ELA) is a newly discovered peptide that acts as a novel endogenous ligand of angiotensin receptor-like 1 (APJ) receptor. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of ELA-21 in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Experiments were performed in male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR. ELA expression was upregulated in PVN of SHR. PVN microinjection of ELA-21 increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), plasma norepinephrine, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in SHR. Intravenous injection of ELA-21 significantly decreased MAP and HR in both WKY and SHR, but only induced a slight decrease in RSNA. APJ antagonist F13A in PVN abolished the effects of ELA-21 on RSNA, MAP and HR. Intravenous infusion of both ganglionic blocker hexamethonium and AVP V1a receptor antagonist SR49059 caused significant reduction in the effects of ELA-21 on RSNA, MAP and HR in SHR, while combined administration of hexamethonium and SR49059 abolished the effects of ELA-21. ELA-21 microinjection stimulated Akt and p85α subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation in PVN, whereas PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or Akt inhibitor MK-2206 almost abolished the effects of ELA-21 on RSNA, MAP, and HR. Chronic PVN infusion of ELA-21 induced sympathetic activation, hypertension, and AVP release accompanied with cardiovascular remodeling in normotensive WKY. In conclusion, ELA-21 in PVN induces exacerbated pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects in hypertensive rats via PI3K-Akt pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrated that PVN microinjection of ELA-21 increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure, which can be abolished by pretreatment of APJ antagonist. This is the first demonstration that central ELA can induce hypertension. The pressor effects in PVN are mediated by both sympathetic activation and vasopressin release via PI3K-Akt pathway. Our data confirm that ELA is upregulated in the PVN of SHR and so may be involved in the pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Geng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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