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Nègre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R. Reactive Carbonyl Species and Protein Lipoxidation in Atherogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:232. [PMID: 38397830 PMCID: PMC10886358 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease of medium and large arteries, characterized by the presence of lipid-rich plaques lining the intima over time. It is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases and death worldwide. Redox imbalance and lipid peroxidation could play key roles in atherosclerosis by promoting a bundle of responses, including endothelial activation, inflammation, and foam cell formation. The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids generates various lipid oxidation products such as reactive carbonyl species (RCS), including 4-hydroxy alkenals, malondialdehyde, and acrolein. RCS covalently bind to nucleophilic groups of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins, modifying their structure and activity and leading to their progressive dysfunction. Protein lipoxidation is the non-enzymatic post-translational modification of proteins by RCS. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and apolipoprotein B (apoB) modification by RCS play a major role in foam cell formation. Moreover, oxidized LDLs are a source of RCS, which form adducts on a huge number of proteins, depending on oxidative stress intensity, the nature of targets, and the availability of detoxifying systems. Many systems are affected by lipoxidation, including extracellular matrix components, membranes, cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and other components. The mechanisms involved in lipoxidation-induced vascular dysfunction are not fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on protein lipoxidation during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), 1297 Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rangueil—BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Salvayre
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), 1297 Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rangueil—BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
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Lactate dehydrogenase is associated with flow-mediated dilation in hypertensive patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:768. [PMID: 36641500 PMCID: PMC9840603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been proved to be positively associated with albuminuria, which represents glomerular endothelial damage in hypertension (HTN). In this study, the relationship between LDH and endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was investigated in hypertensives. 1507 subjects (aged 61.2 ± 12.5 years) were enrolled. All hypertensives (n = 1216) were subdivided into 3 groups: LDH1 (lowest tertile of LDH, n = 399), LDH2 (mediate tertile of LDH, n = 409) and LDH3 (highest tertile of LDH, n = 408). Meanwhile, 291 normotensives served as controls. FMD of right anterior tibial artery was assessed by high-resolution color Doppler ultrasound. The level of LDH in hypertensives was significantly higher than normotensives (p < 0.001). Whereas, FMD was obviously more blunted in hypertensives (p < 0.001). There was an increasing trend of FMD < 8% from control, LDH1, LDH2 to LDH3 group (χ2 = 36.751, p < 0.001). Stepwise multiple liner regression analysis demonstrated an independent correlation between LDH and FMD in hypertensives (β = - 0.145, p < 0.05). After stratified analysis, the relevance persisted in the male, young and middle-aged, hypertensives with grade 2 HTN, duration of HTN < 3 years, metabolic syndrome and those without statin therapy. In conclusion, the level of LDH was inversely correlated with FMD among hypertensives. Those hypertensives with increased LDH need to be scanned for target organ damage, such as microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction, and more frequent following up are also recommended.
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Kulkarni A, Muralidharan C, May SC, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. Inside the β Cell: Molecular Stress Response Pathways in Diabetes Pathogenesis. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6783239. [PMID: 36317483 PMCID: PMC9667558 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The pathogeneses of the 2 major forms of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, differ with respect to their major molecular insults (loss of immune tolerance and onset of tissue insulin resistance, respectively). However, evidence suggests that dysfunction and/or death of insulin-producing β-cells is common to virtually all forms of diabetes. Although the mechanisms underlying β-cell dysfunction remain incompletely characterized, recent years have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that contribute to the demise of the β-cell. Cellular and environmental factors contribute to β-cell dysfunction/loss through the activation of molecular pathways that exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum stress, the integrated stress response, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy. Whereas many of these stress responsive pathways are interconnected, their individual contributions to glucose homeostasis and β-cell health have been elucidated through the development and interrogation of animal models. In these studies, genetic models and pharmacological compounds have enabled the identification of genes and proteins specifically involved in β-cell dysfunction during diabetes pathogenesis. Here, we review the critical stress response pathways that are activated in β cells in the context of the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah C May
- Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Correspondence: Raghavendra G. Mirmira, MD, PhD, Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 900 E 57th St, KCBD 8132, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Viedma-Poyatos Á, González-Jiménez P, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Alexander disease GFAP R239C mutant shows increased susceptibility to lipoxidation and elicits mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102415. [PMID: 35933901 PMCID: PMC9364016 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease is a fatal neurological disorder caused by mutations in the intermediate filament protein Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), which is key for astrocyte homeostasis. These mutations cause GFAP aggregation, astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Remarkably, most of the known GFAP mutations imply a change by more nucleophilic amino acids, mainly cysteine or histidine, which are more susceptible to oxidation and lipoxidation. Therefore, we hypothesized that a higher susceptibility of Alexander disease GFAP mutants to oxidative or electrophilic damage, which frequently occurs during neurodegeneration, could contribute to disease pathogenesis. To address this point, we have expressed GFP-GFAP wild type or the harmful Alexander disease GFP-GFAP R239C mutant in astrocytic cells. Interestingly, GFAP R239C appears more oxidized than the wild type under control conditions, as indicated both by its lower cysteine residue accessibility and increased presence of disulfide-bonded oligomers. Moreover, GFP-GFAP R239C undergoes lipoxidation to a higher extent than GFAP wild type upon treatment with the electrophilic mediator 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Importantly, GFAP R239C filament organization is altered in untreated cells and is earlier and more severely disrupted than GFAP wild type upon exposure to oxidants (diamide, H2O2) or electrophiles (4-hydroxynonenal, 15d-PGJ2), which exacerbate GFAP R239C aggregation. Furthermore, H2O2 causes reversible alterations in GFAP wild type, but irreversible damage in GFAP R239C expressing cells. Finally, we show that GFAP R239C expression induces a more oxidized cellular status, with decreased free thiol content and increased mitochondrial superoxide generation. In addition, mitochondria show decreased mass, increased colocalization with GFAP and altered morphology. Notably, a GFP-GFAP R239H mutant recapitulates R239C-elicited alterations whereas an R239G mutant induces a milder phenotype. Together, our results outline a deleterious cycle involving altered GFAP R239C organization, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and further GFAP R239C protein damage and network disruption, which could contribute to astrocyte derangement in Alexander disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Offer S, Hartner E, Di Bucchianico S, Bisig C, Bauer S, Pantzke J, Zimmermann EJ, Cao X, Binder S, Kuhn E, Huber A, Jeong S, Käfer U, Martens P, Mesceriakovas A, Bendl J, Brejcha R, Buchholz A, Gat D, Hohaus T, Rastak N, Jakobi G, Kalberer M, Kanashova T, Hu Y, Ogris C, Marsico A, Theis F, Pardo M, Gröger T, Oeder S, Orasche J, Paul A, Ziehm T, Zhang ZH, Adam T, Sippula O, Sklorz M, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Kiendler-Scharr A, Rudich Y, Zimmermann R. Effect of Atmospheric Aging on Soot Particle Toxicity in Lung Cell Models at the Air–Liquid Interface: Differential Toxicological Impacts of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:27003. [PMID: 35112925 PMCID: PMC8812555 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from anthropogenic or biogenic gaseous precursors in the atmosphere substantially contribute to the ambient fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] burden, which has been associated with adverse human health effects. However, there is only limited evidence on their differential toxicological impact. Objectives: We aimed to discriminate toxicological effects of aerosols generated by atmospheric aging on combustion soot particles (SPs) of gaseous biogenic (β-pinene) or anthropogenic (naphthalene) precursors in two different lung cell models exposed at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Methods: Mono- or cocultures of lung epithelial cells (A549) and endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were exposed at the ALI for 4 h to different aerosol concentrations of a photochemically aged mixture of primary combustion SP and β-pinene (SOAβPIN-SP) or naphthalene (SOANAP-SP). The internally mixed soot/SOA particles were comprehensively characterized in terms of their physical and chemical properties. We conducted toxicity tests to determine cytotoxicity, intracellular oxidative stress, primary and secondary genotoxicity, as well as inflammatory and angiogenic effects. Results: We observed considerable toxicity-related outcomes in cells treated with either SOA type. Greater adverse effects were measured for SOANAP-SP compared with SOAβPIN-SP in both cell models, whereas the nano-sized soot cores alone showed only minor effects. At the functional level, we found that SOANAP-SP augmented the secretion of malondialdehyde and interleukin-8 and may have induced the activation of endothelial cells in the coculture system. This activation was confirmed by comet assay, suggesting secondary genotoxicity and greater angiogenic potential. Chemical characterization of PM revealed distinct qualitative differences in the composition of the two secondary aerosol types. Discussion: In this study using A549 and EA.hy926 cells exposed at ALI, SOA compounds had greater toxicity than primary SPs. Photochemical aging of naphthalene was associated with the formation of more oxidized, more aromatic SOAs with a higher oxidative potential and toxicity compared with β-pinene. Thus, we conclude that the influence of atmospheric chemistry on the chemical PM composition plays a crucial role for the adverse health outcome of emissions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9413
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Hartner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Bendl
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ramona Brejcha
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Buchholz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniella Gat
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thorsten Hohaus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ogris
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annalisa Marsico
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Till Ziehm
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Rafaqat S, Sharif S, Majeed M, Naz S, Manzoor F, Rafaqat S. Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: Role in Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology Of Atrial Fibrillation. J Atr Fibrillation 2021; 14:20200495. [PMID: 34950373 DOI: 10.4022/jafib.20200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between Metabolic syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation is confirmed by many studies. The components of Metabolic syndrome cause remodeling of the atrial. Metabolic syndrome and metabolic derangements of the syndrome could be the cause of the pathogenesis of AF. This review article discusses the major biomarkers of Metabolic syndrome and their role in the pathogenesis of AF. The biomarkers are adiponectin, leptin, Leptin/ Adiponectin ratio, TNF-α, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, PTX3, ghrelin, uric acid, and OxLDL.The elevated plasma levels of adiponectin were linked to the presence of persistent AF. Leptin signaling contributes to angiotensin-II evoked AF and atrial fibrosis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha involvement has been shown in the pathogenesis of chronic AF. Similarly, Valvular AF patients showed high levels of TNF-α. Increased left atrial size was associated with the interleukin-6 because it is a well-known risk factor for AF. Interleukin-10 as well as TNF-α were linked to AF recurrence after catheter ablation. PTX3 could be superior to other inflammatory markers that were reported to be elevated in AF. The serum ghrelin concentration in AF patients was reduced and significantly increased after treatment. Elevated levels of uric acid could be related to the burden of AF. Increased OxLDL was found in AF as compared to sinus rhythm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Rafaqat
- Department of Zoology,Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats Jail Rd, Jubilee Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000
| | - Saima Sharif
- Department of Zoology,Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats Jail Rd, Jubilee Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000
| | - Mona Majeed
- Senior Registrar, Emergency Department, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Naz
- Department of Zoology,Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats Jail Rd, Jubilee Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000
| | - Farkhanda Manzoor
- Department of Zoology,Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats Jail Rd, Jubilee Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000
| | - Sana Rafaqat
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats, Jail Rd, Jubilee Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000
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Schnegelberger RD, Lang AL, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Environmental toxicant-induced maladaptive mitochondrial changes: A potential unifying mechanism in fatty liver disease? Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3756-3767. [PMID: 35024304 PMCID: PMC8727895 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to industrial chemicals are well known to cause hepatotoxicity and liver injury. However, despite extensive evidence showing that exposure can lead to disease, current research approaches and regulatory policies fail to address the possibility that subtle changes caused by low level exposure to chemicals may also enhance preexisting conditions. In recent years, the conceptual understanding of the contribution of environmental chemicals to liver disease has progressed significantly. Mitochondria are often target of toxicity of environmental toxicants resulting in multisystem disorders involving different cells, tissues, and organs. Here, we review persistent maladaptive changes to mitochondria in response to environmental toxicant exposure as a mechanism of hepatotoxicity. With better understanding of the mechanism(s) and risk factors that mediate the initiation and progression of toxicant-induced liver disease, rational targeted therapy can be developed to better predict risk, as well as to treat or prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina D. Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anna L. Lang
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Vairetti M, Di Pasqua LG, Cagna M, Richelmi P, Ferrigno A, Berardo C. Changes in Glutathione Content in Liver Diseases: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:364. [PMID: 33670839 PMCID: PMC7997318 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide particularly concentrated in the liver, is the most important thiol reducing agent involved in the modulation of redox processes. It has also been demonstrated that GSH cannot be considered only as a mere free radical scavenger but that it takes part in the network governing the choice between survival, necrosis and apoptosis as well as in altering the function of signal transduction and transcription factor molecules. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview on the molecular biology of the GSH system; therefore, GSH synthesis, metabolism and regulation will be reviewed. The multiple GSH functions will be described, as well as the importance of GSH compartmentalization into distinct subcellular pools and inter-organ transfer. Furthermore, we will highlight the close relationship existing between GSH content and the pathogenesis of liver disease, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), chronic cholestatic injury, ischemia/reperfusion damage, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, the potential therapeutic benefits of GSH and GSH-related medications, will be described for each liver disorder taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (M.C.); (P.R.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (M.C.); (P.R.); (C.B.)
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10
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Karki P, Birukov KG. Oxidized Phospholipids in Control of Endothelial Barrier Function: Mechanisms and Implication in Lung Injury. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:794437. [PMID: 34887839 PMCID: PMC8649713 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.794437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies investigating the pathogenesis of chronic vascular inflammation associated with atherosclerosis described pro-inflammatory and vascular barrier disruptive effects of lipid oxidation products accumulated in the sites of vascular lesion and atherosclerotic plaque. However, accumulating evidence including studies from our group suggests potent barrier protective and anti-inflammatory properties of certain oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) in the lung vascular endothelium. Among these OxPLs, oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachdonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) causes sustained enhancement of lung endothelial cell (EC) basal barrier properties and protects against vascular permeability induced by a wide variety of agonists ranging from bacterial pathogens and their cell wall components, endotoxins, thrombin, mechanical insults, and inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, truncated OxPLs cause acute endothelial barrier disruption and potentiate inflammation. It appears that multiple signaling mechanisms triggering cytoskeletal remodeling are involved in OxPLs-mediated regulation of EC barrier. The promising vascular barrier protective and anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by OxPAPC and its particular components that have been established in the cellular and animal models of sepsis and acute lung injury has prompted consideration of OxPAPC as a prototype therapeutic molecule. In this review, we will summarize signaling and cytoskeletal mechanisms involved in OxPLs-mediated damage, rescue, and restoration of endothelial barrier in various pathophysiological settings and discuss a future potential of OxPAPC in treating lung disorders associated with endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Konstantin G. Birukov,
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Azzini GOM, Santos GS, Visoni SBC, Azzini VOM, Santos RGD, Huber SC, Lana JF. Metabolic syndrome and subchondral bone alterations: The rise of osteoarthritis - A review. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11:S849-S855. [PMID: 32999567 PMCID: PMC7503158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) has become one of the top major health burdens for over three decades not only due to its effects on cardiovascular health but also its implications in orthopedics. Extensive research has shown that MS is tightly linked to osteoarthritis and inflammation, a process which appears to primarily occur in the subchondral bone via the incidence of bone-marrow lesions (BMLs). Numerous studies identify obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension as the top metabolic risk factors, the so-called "deadly quartet". These factors are responsible for the disruptive physiological processes that culminate in detrimental alterations within the subchondral bone, cartilage damage and, overall, the predominant pro-inflammatory joint microenvironment. Although it has long been thought that osteoarthritis was limited to the cartilage component of the joint, other studies indicate that the disease may originate from the harmful alterations that occur primarily in the subchondral bone, especially via means of vascular pathology. Since metabolic risk factors are manageable to a certain extent, it is therefore possible to decelerate the progression of OA and mitigate its devastating effects on the subchondral bone and subsequent articular cartilage damage. METHODS Literature was reviewed using PubMed and Google Scholar in order to find a correlation between metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritic progression. The investigation included a combination of nomenclature such as: "metabolic syndrome", "obesity", "insulin resistance", "hypertension", "dyslipidemia", "low-grade systemic inflammation", "osteoarthritis", "subchondral bone", "cartilage" and "inflammatory biomarkers". CONCLUSION Based on several studies, there seems to be a significant association between The Deadly Quartet (metabolic syndrome), dysregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers, and osteoarthritic progression arising from unbridled systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ohana Marques Azzini
- Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Pain Physician, IOC, Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Presidente Kennedy Avenue, 1386, 2nd Floor, Room #29, Cidade Nova I, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Biomedical Scientist, IOC, Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Presidente Kennedy Avenue, 1386, 2nd Floor, Room #29, Cidade Nova I, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Coutinho Visoni
- Biologist, IOC, Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Presidente Kennedy Avenue, 1386, 2nd Floor, Room #29, Cidade Nova I, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Ohana Marques Azzini
- Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Pain Physician, IOC, Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Presidente Kennedy Avenue, 1386, 2nd Floor, Room #29, Cidade Nova I, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Gonzales dos Santos
- Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Pain Physician, IOC, Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Presidente Kennedy Avenue, 1386, 2nd Floor, Room #29, Cidade Nova I, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephany Cares Huber
- Biomedical Scientist, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), The University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Fábio Lana
- Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Pain Physician, IOC, Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Presidente Kennedy Avenue, 1386, 2nd Floor, Room #29, Cidade Nova I, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil
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12
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Trostchansky A, Wood I, Rubbo H. Regulation of arachidonic acid oxidation and metabolism by lipid electrophiles. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 152:106482. [PMID: 33007446 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a precursor of enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidized products such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and isoprostanes. These products may exert signaling or damaging roles during physiological and pathological conditions, some of them being markers of oxidative stress linked to inflammation. Recent data support the concept that cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) followed by cytosolic and microsomal dehydrogenases can convert AA to lipid-derived electrophiles (LDE). Lipid-derived electrophiles are fatty acid derivatives bearing an electron-withdrawing group that can react with nucleophiles at proteins, DNA, and small antioxidant molecules exerting potent signaling properties. This review aims to describe the formation, sources, and electrophilic anti-inflammatory actions of key mammalian LDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Irene Wood
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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13
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Zhang X, Gu W, Ma Z, Liu Y, Ru H, Zhou J, Zang Y, Xu Z, Qian G. Short-term exposure to ZnO/MCB persistent free radical particles causes mouse lung lesions via inflammatory reactions and apoptosis pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114039. [PMID: 32220747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are easily generated in the combustion processes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and can cause adverse effects on human health. This study focuses on understanding the toxicity of EPFR particles (ZnO/MCB containing EPFRs) to human bronchial epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and 16HBE, murine macrophages Raw264.7, and the lung of BALB/c mice after a short exposure (7 days). Exposure of BEAS-2B, 16HBE, and Raw264.7 cells to ZnO/MCB particles significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and perturbed levels of intracellular redox conditions (decreased the intracellular GSH level and the activity of cytosolic SOD, and stimulated oxidative stress related proteins such as HO-1 and Nrf2). EPFR particles decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced cell apoptosis, including the activation of Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 apoptotic signalling pathways. A signature inflammatory condition was observed in both cell models and the mouse model for lung lesions. Our data suggest that EPFRs in particles have greater toxicity to lung cells and tissues that are potential health hazards to human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhongliang Ma
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hongbo Ru
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, China
| | - Jizhi Zhou
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yi Zang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, China
| | - ZhiPing Xu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guangren Qian
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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14
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Karki P, Birukov KG. Oxidized Phospholipids in Healthy and Diseased Lung Endothelium. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040981. [PMID: 32326516 PMCID: PMC7226969 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating and cell membrane phospholipids undergo oxidation caused by enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. As a result, a diverse group of bioactive oxidized phospholipids generated in these conditions have both beneficial and harmful effects on the human body. Increased production of oxidized phospholipid products with deleterious effects is linked to the pathogenesis of various cardiopulmonary disorders such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, acute lung injury (ALI), and inflammation. It has been determined that the contrasting biological effects of lipid oxidation products are governed by their structural variations. For example, full-length products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine oxidation (OxPAPC) have prominent endothelial barrier protective and anti-inflammatory activities while most of the truncated oxidized phospholipids induce vascular leak and exacerbate inflammation. The extensive studies from our group and other groups have demonstrated a strong potential of OxPAPC in mitigating a wide range of agonist-induced lung injuries and inflammation in pulmonary endothelial cell culture and rodent models of ALI. Concurrently, elevated levels of truncated oxidized phospholipids are present in aged mice lungs that potentiate the inflammatory agents-induced lung injury. On the other hand, increased levels of full length OxPAPC products accelerate ALI recovery by facilitating production of anti-inflammatory lipid mediator, lipoxin A4, and other molecules with anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that OxPAPC-assisted lipid program switch may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of acute inflammatory syndromes. In this review, we will summarize the vascular-protective and deleterious aspects of oxidized phospholipids and discuss their therapeutic potential including engineering of stable analogs of oxidized phospholipids with improved anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(410)-706-2578; Fax: +1-(410)-706-6952
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15
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Moftah N, Mubarak R, Abdelghani R. Clinical, trichoscopic, and folliscopic identification of the impact of metabolic syndrome on the response to intradermal dutasteride 0.02% injection in patients with female pattern hair loss: a prospective cohort study. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 32:827-836. [PMID: 31868049 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1708849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies investigating the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in treatment response of female pattern hair loss (FPHL). OBJECTIVE In this prospective cohort study, we studied the impact of MetS in response to intradermal dutasteride 0.02% injection in patients with FPHL. METHODS Fifty-one adult participants with FPHL were classified into study cohorts: with MetS and comparison cohorts without MetS. Both groups underwent clinical, trichoschopic, and digital folliscopic evaluation. Treatment was scheduled over a period of 3 months as four weekly sessions, followed by another four bimonthly sessions. Response was evaluated by digital folliscopy, investigator's, and patient's self assessments at 1 and 3 months post-treatment. Side effects were evaluated. RESULTS In participants with MetS, there was a significant reduction of the mean percentage of terminal hair with significant increase of the mean percentage of vellus hair (p = .003, .006, respectively) compared with participants without MetS at 1 month after treatment. These significant differences persisted at 3 months after treatment; for terminal and vellus hair (p = .000) with significant reduction in the mean hair thickness (p = .002) compared with participants without MetS. CONCLUSIONS MetS negatively impacted FPHL in terms of response to intradermal injection of dutasteride 0.02% and severity. Further studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayera Moftah
- Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana Mubarak
- Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Abdelghani
- Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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DFT modeling of the prevention of Fe(II)-mediated redox damage by imidazole-based thiones and selones. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 193:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) is increasing rapidly worldwide and it is a relevant health problem because it is associated with several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Understanding the mechanisms involved in IR onset and progression will open new avenues for identifying biomarkers for preventing and treating IR and its co-diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are important factors that mediate the environmental effect in the genome by regulating gene expression and consequently its effect on the phenotype and the development of disease. Taking into account that IR results from a complex interplay between genes and the environment and that epigenetic marks are reversible, disentangling the relationship between IR and epigenetics will provide new tools to improve the management and prevention of IR. Here, we review the current scientific evidence regarding the association between IR and epigenetic markers as mechanisms involved in IR development and potential management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Izquierdo
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), C/ Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Crujeiras
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), C/ Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Gas Signaling Molecules and Mitochondrial Potassium Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103227. [PMID: 30340432 PMCID: PMC6214077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, gaseous signaling molecules, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which were previously considered to be highly toxic, have been of increasing interest due to their beneficial effects at low concentrations. These so-called gasotransmitters affect many cellular processes, such as apoptosis, proliferation, cytoprotection, oxygen sensing, ATP synthesis, and cellular respiration. It is thought that mitochondria, specifically their respiratory complexes, constitute an important target for these gases. On the other hand, increasing evidence of a cytoprotective role for mitochondrial potassium channels provides motivation for the analysis of the role of gasotransmitters in the regulation of channel function. A number of potassium channels have been shown to exhibit activity within the inner mitochondrial membrane, including ATP-sensitive potassium channels, Ca2+-activated potassium channels, voltage-gated Kv potassium channels, and TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel 3 (TASK-3). The effects of these channels include the regulation of mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential. Additionally, they may modulate the synthesis of reactive oxygen species within mitochondria. The opening of mitochondrial potassium channels is believed to induce cytoprotection, while channel inhibition may facilitate cell death. The molecular mechanisms underlying the action of gasotransmitters are complex. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of H2S, NO, and CO on potassium channels present within mitochondria.
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19
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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20
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Gesslbauer B, Kuerzl D, Valpatic N, Bochkov VN. Unbiased Identification of Proteins Covalently Modified by Complex Mixtures of Peroxidized Lipids Using a Combination of Electrophoretic Mobility Band Shift with Mass Spectrometry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090116. [PMID: 30200198 PMCID: PMC6162613 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of functionally important cell proteins by lipid oxidation products (LOPs) is a known mechanism initiating pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Identification of new proteins covalently modified by electrophilic lipids can be performed by a combination of chemical, immunological, and mass spectrometry-based methods, but requires prior knowledge either on the exact molecular structure of LOPs (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal) or candidate protein targets. However, under the conditions of oxidative stress in vivo, a complex mixture of proteins (e.g., cytosolic proteome) reacts with a complex mixture of LOPs. Here we describe a method for detection of lipid-modified proteins that does not require an a priori knowledge on the chemical structure of LOPs or identity of target proteins. The method is based on the change of electrophoretic mobility of lipid-modified proteins, which is induced by conformational changes and cross-linking with other proteins. Abnormally migrating proteins are detected by mass spectrometry-based protein peptide sequencing. We applied this method to study effects of oxidized palmitoyl-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) on endothelial cells. Several known, but also many new, OxPAPC-binding proteins were identified. We expect that this technically relatively simple method can be widely applied for label-free analysis of lipid-protein interactions in complex protein samples treated with different LOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - David Kuerzl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Niko Valpatic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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21
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Yang T, Sun Y, Mao L, Zhang M, Li Q, Zhang L, Shi Y, Leak RK, Chen J, Zhang F. Brain ischemic preconditioning protects against ischemic injury and preserves the blood-brain barrier via oxidative signaling and Nrf2 activation. Redox Biol 2018; 17:323-337. [PMID: 29775963 PMCID: PMC6007054 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemic preconditioning (IPC) with mild ischemic episodes is well known to protect the brain against subsequent ischemic challenges. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate the critical role of the master redox transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), in IPC-mediated neuroprotection and blood-brain barrier (BBB) preservation. We report that IPC causes generation of endogenous lipid electrophiles, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), which release Nrf2 from inhibition by Keap1 (via Keap1-C288) and inhibition by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (via GSK3β-C199). Nrf2 then induces expression of its target genes, including a new target, cadherin 5, a key component of adherens junctions of the BBB. These effects culminate in mitigation of BBB leakage and of neurological deficits after stroke. Collectively, these studies are the first to demonstrate that IPC protects the BBB against ischemic injury by generation of endogenous electrophiles and activation of the Nrf2 pathway through inhibition of Keap1- and GSK3β-dependent Nrf2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leilei Mao
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology and Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, University of Shandong, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology and Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation, University of Shandong, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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22
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Chuang GC, Xia H, Mahne SE, Varner KJ. Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Cause Apoptosis in HL-1 Cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2017; 17:140-149. [PMID: 27052339 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-016-9367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Samples of environmental particulate matter contain environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) capable of sustained generation of oxygen radicals. While exposure to EPFRs produces cardiac toxicity and oxidative stress in experimental animals, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To determine whether EPFRs could directly damage cardiomyocytes, cultured mouse cardiomyocytes (HL-1) and primary rat adult left ventricular myocytes (ALVM) were incubated with an EPFR consisting of 1,2-dichlorobenzene chemisorbed to CuO-coated silica beads (DCB230). Treatment with DCB230 killed both HL-1 and ALVM in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effects of DCB230 were significantly attenuated by treatment with α-tocopherol. One to 2 h after exposure to DCB230, there were significant reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential and significant increases in cleaved caspase-9, but no significant increases in DNA damage or cell death. After 8 h of treatment, there were significant increases in caspase-3, caspase-9, DNA damage and PARP cleavage associated with significant cell death. Together, these data indicate that DCB230 kills HL-1 myocytes by inducing oxidative stress that initiates apoptosis, with the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway acting early in the apoptotic signaling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin C Chuang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Perdido St, MEB 5262, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Superfund Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Huijing Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Perdido St, MEB 5262, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Superfund Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sarah E Mahne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Perdido St, MEB 5262, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kurt J Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Perdido St, MEB 5262, New Orleans, LA, USA. .,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA. .,Superfund Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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23
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Nègre-Salvayre A, Garoby-Salom S, Swiader A, Rouahi M, Pucelle M, Salvayre R. Proatherogenic effects of 4-hydroxynonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:127-139. [PMID: 28040472 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal generated by peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. This reactive carbonyl compound exhibits a huge number of biological properties that result mainly from the formation of HNE-adducts on free amino groups and thiol groups in proteins. In the vascular system, HNE adduct accumulation progressively leads to cellular dysfunction and tissue damages that are involved in the progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases. HNE contributes to the atherogenicity of oxidized LDL, by forming HNE-apoB adducts that deviate the LDL metabolism to the scavenger receptor pathway of macrophagic cells, and lead to the formation of foam cells. HNE activates transcription factors (Nrf2, NF-kappaB) that (dys)regulate various cellular responses ranging from hormetic and survival signaling at very low concentrations, to inflammatory and apoptotic effects at higher concentrations. Among a variety of cellular targets, HNE can modify signaling proteins involved in atherosclerotic plaque remodeling, particularly growth factor receptors (PDGFR, EGFR), cell cycle proteins, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum components or extracellular matrix proteins, which progressively alters smooth muscle cell proliferation, angiogenesis and induces apoptosis. HNE adducts accumulate in the lipidic necrotic core of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and may locally contribute to macrophage and smooth muscle cell apoptosis, which may induce plaque destabilization and rupture, thereby increasing the risk of athero-thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Salvayre
- Inserm UMR-1048, France; University of Toulouse, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Dept, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome-otherwise called syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven syndrome, and "the deadly quartet"-is the name given to the aggregate of clinical conditions comprising central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance (or type 2 diabetes mellitus), and atherogenic dyslipidemia. It is a prothrombotic and proinflammatory state characterized by increased inflammatory cytokine activity. In addition to inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis, lichen planus, and hidradenitis suppurativa, metabolic syndrome is also commonly associated with accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hyperuricemia/gout, chronic kidney disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. Current therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome are limited to individual treatments for hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, as well as dietary control measures and regular exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma McCracken
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, South West Acute Hospital, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, UK
| | - Monica Monaghan
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, South West Acute Hospital, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, UK
| | - Shiva Sreenivasan
- Acute and General Medicine, Department of Medicine, South West Acute Hospital, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, UK; School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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Zielonka J, Sikora A, Hardy M, Ouari O, Vasquez-Vivar J, Cheng G, Lopez M, Kalyanaraman B. Mitochondria-Targeted Triphenylphosphonium-Based Compounds: Syntheses, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10043-10120. [PMID: 28654243 PMCID: PMC5611849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 921] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as one of the most important targets for new drug design in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Currently, the most effective way to deliver drugs specifically to mitochondria is by covalent linking a lipophilic cation such as an alkyltriphenylphosphonium moiety to a pharmacophore of interest. Other delocalized lipophilic cations, such as rhodamine, natural and synthetic mitochondria-targeting peptides, and nanoparticle vehicles, have also been used for mitochondrial delivery of small molecules. Depending on the approach used, and the cell and mitochondrial membrane potentials, more than 1000-fold higher mitochondrial concentration can be achieved. Mitochondrial targeting has been developed to study mitochondrial physiology and dysfunction and the interaction between mitochondria and other subcellular organelles and for treatment of a variety of diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. In this Review, we discuss efforts to target small-molecule compounds to mitochondria for probing mitochondria function, as diagnostic tools and potential therapeutics. We describe the physicochemical basis for mitochondrial accumulation of lipophilic cations, synthetic chemistry strategies to target compounds to mitochondria, mitochondrial probes, and sensors, and examples of mitochondrial targeting of bioactive compounds. Finally, we review published attempts to apply mitochondria-targeted agents for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Marcos Lopez
- Translational Biomedical Research Group, Biotechnology Laboratories, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Carrera 5a No. 6-33, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia, 681003
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B No. 36-00, Cali, Colombia, 760032
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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Reeder BJ. Redox and Peroxidase Activities of the Hemoglobin Superfamily: Relevance to Health and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:763-776. [PMID: 27637274 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Erythrocyte hemoglobin (Hb) and myocyte myoglobin, although primarily oxygen-carrying proteins, have the capacity to do redox chemistry. Such redox activity in the wider family of globins now appears to have important associations with the mechanisms of cell stress response. In turn, an understanding of such mechanisms in vivo may have a potential in the understanding of cancer therapy resistance and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's. Recent Advances: There has been an enhanced understanding of the redox chemistry of the globin superfamily in recent years, leading to advances in development of Hb-based blood substitutes and in hypotheses relating to specific disease mechanisms. Neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) have been linked to cell protection mechanisms against hypoxia and oxidative stress, with implications in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases for Ngb and cancer for Cygb. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite advances in the understanding of redox chemistry of globins, the physiological roles of many of these proteins still remain ambiguous at best. Confusion over potential physiological roles may relate to multifunctional roles for globins, which may be modulated by surface-exposed cysteine pairs in some globins. Such roles may be critical in deciphering the relationships of these globins in human diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further studies are required to connect the considerable knowledge on the mechanisms of globin redox chemistry in vitro with the physiological and pathological roles of globins in vivo. In doing so, new therapies for neurodegenerative disorders and cancer therapy resistance may be targeted. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 763-776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Reeder
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex , Essex, United Kingdom
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Long MJC, Poganik JR, Ghosh S, Aye Y. Subcellular Redox Targeting: Bridging in Vitro and in Vivo Chemical Biology. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:586-600. [PMID: 28068059 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Networks of redox sensor proteins within discrete microdomains regulate the flow of redox signaling. Yet, the inherent reactivity of redox signals complicates the study of specific redox events and pathways by traditional methods. Herein, we review designer chemistries capable of measuring flux and/or mimicking subcellular redox signaling at the cellular and organismal level. Such efforts have begun to decipher the logic underlying organelle-, site-, and target-specific redox signaling in vitro and in vivo. These data highlight chemical biology as a perfect gateway to interrogate how nature choreographs subcellular redox chemistry to drive precision redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Souradyuti Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Yimon Aye
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Booij HG, Koning AM, van Goor H, de Boer RA, Westenbrink BD. Selecting heart failure patients for metabolic interventions. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 17:141-152. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1266939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harmen G. Booij
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne M. Koning
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - B. Daan Westenbrink
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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29
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Real-time quantification of oxidative stress and the protective effect of nitroxide antioxidants. Neurochem Int 2016; 92:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Srikanthan K, Feyh A, Visweshwar H, Shapiro JI, Sodhi K. Systematic Review of Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers: A Panel for Early Detection, Management, and Risk Stratification in the West Virginian Population. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:25-38. [PMID: 26816492 PMCID: PMC4716817 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome represents a cluster of related metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance, with central obesity and insulin resistance in particular recognized as causative factors. These metabolic derangements present significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which is commonly recognized as the primary clinical outcome, although other outcomes are possible. Metabolic syndrome is a progressive condition that encompasses a wide array of disorders with specific metabolic abnormalities presenting at different times. These abnormalities can be detected and monitored via serum biomarkers. This review will compile a list of promising biomarkers that are associated with metabolic syndrome and this panel can aid in early detection and management of metabolic syndrome in high risk populations, such as in West Virginia. METHODS A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to search for markers related to metabolic syndrome. Biomarkers searched included adipokines (leptin, adiponectin), neuropeptides (ghrelin), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), markers of antioxidant status (OxLDL, PON-1, uric acid), and prothrombic factors (PAI-1). RESULTS According to the literature, the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), markers of pro-oxidant status (OxLDL, uric acid), and prothrombic factors (PAI-1) were elevated in metabolic syndrome. Additionally, leptin concentrations were found to be elevated in metabolic syndrome as well, likely due to leptin resistance. In contrast, concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), ghrelin, adiponectin, and antioxidant factors (PON-1) were decreased in metabolic syndrome, and these decreases also correlated with specific disorders within the cluster. CONCLUSION Based on the evidence presented within the literature, the aforementioned biomarkers correlate significantly with metabolic syndrome and could provide a minimally-invasive means for early detection and specific treatment of these disorders. Further research is encouraged to determine the efficacy of applying these biomarkers to diagnosis and treatment in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Srikanthan
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Andrew Feyh
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Haresh Visweshwar
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Joseph I. Shapiro
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Komal Sodhi
- 2. Department of Surgery and Pharmacology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
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Chen Y, Qin W, Wang C. Chemoproteomic profiling of protein modifications by lipid-derived electrophiles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 30:37-45. [PMID: 26625013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs) are a group of endogenous reactive metabolites generated as products of lipid peroxidation when cells are under oxidative stress. LDEs are able to covalently modify nucleophilic residues in proteins to alter their structures and activities, either resulting in irreversible functional damage or triggering aberrant signaling pathways. Traditional biochemical methods have revealed individual protein targets modified by LDEs, however, deciphering the toxicity and/or signaling roles of LDEs requires systematic studies of these modifications in a high-throughput fashion. Here we survey recent progress in developing chemical proteomic strategies to globally profile protein-LDE interactions directly from complex proteomes. These powerful chemoproteomic methods have yielded a rich inventory of proteins and residue sites that are sensitive to LDE modification, serving as valuable resources to investigate mechanisms of their cellular toxicity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Cebula M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. TrxR1 as a potent regulator of the Nrf2-Keap1 response system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:823-53. [PMID: 26058897 PMCID: PMC4589110 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE All cells must maintain a balance between oxidants and reductants, while allowing for fluctuations in redox states triggered by signaling, altered metabolic flow, or extracellular stimuli. Furthermore, they must be able to rapidly sense and react to various challenges that would disrupt the redox homeostasis. RECENT ADVANCES Many studies have identified Keap1 as a key sensor for oxidative or electrophilic stress, with modification of Keap1 by oxidation or electrophiles triggering Nrf2-mediated transcriptional induction of enzymes supporting reductive and detoxification pathways. However, additional mechanisms for Nrf2 regulation are likely to exist upstream of, or in parallel with, Keap1. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we propose that the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a potent regulator of Nrf2. A high chemical reactivity of TrxR1 and its vital role for the thioredoxin (Trx) system distinguishes TrxR1 as a prime target for electrophilic challenges. Chemical modification of the selenocysteine (Sec) in TrxR1 by electrophiles leads to rapid inhibition of thioredoxin disulfide reductase activity, often combined with induction of NADPH oxidase activity of the derivatized enzyme, thereby affecting many downstream redox pathways. The notion of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 is supported by many publications on effects in human cells of selenium deficiency, oxidative stress or electrophile exposure, as well as the phenotypes of genetic mouse models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigation of the role of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 activation will facilitate further studies of redox control in diverse cells and tissues of mammals, and possibly also in animals of other classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Cebula
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- 2 Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Doskey CM, van ‘t Erve TJ, Wagner BA, Buettner GR. Moles of a Substance per Cell Is a Highly Informative Dosing Metric in Cell Culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132572. [PMID: 26172833 PMCID: PMC4501792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biological consequences upon exposure of cells in culture to a dose of xenobiotic are not only dependent on biological variables, but also the physical aspects of experiments e.g. cell number and media volume. Dependence on physical aspects is often overlooked due to the unrecognized ambiguity in the dominant metric used to express exposure, i.e. initial concentration of xenobiotic delivered to the culture medium over the cells. We hypothesize that for many xenobiotics, specifying dose as moles per cell will reduce this ambiguity. Dose as moles per cell can also provide additional information not easily obtainable with traditional dosing metrics. Methods Here, 1,4-benzoquinone and oligomycin A are used as model compounds to investigate moles per cell as an informative dosing metric. Mechanistic insight into reactions with intracellular molecules, differences between sequential and bolus addition of xenobiotic and the influence of cell volume and protein content on toxicity are also investigated. Results When the dose of 1,4-benzoquinone or oligomycin A was specified as moles per cell, toxicity was independent of the physical conditions used (number of cells, volume of medium). When using moles per cell as a dose-metric, direct quantitative comparisons can be made between biochemical or biological endpoints and the dose of xenobiotic applied. For example, the toxicity of 1,4-benzoquinone correlated inversely with intracellular volume for all five cell lines exposed (C6, MDA-MB231, A549, MIA PaCa-2, and HepG2). Conclusions Moles per cell is a useful and informative dosing metric in cell culture. This dosing metric is a scalable parameter that: can reduce ambiguity between experiments having different physical conditions; provides additional mechanistic information; allows direct comparison between different cells; affords a more uniform platform for experimental design; addresses the important issue of repeatability of experimental results, and could increase the translatability of information gained from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Doskey
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. van ‘t Erve
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Wagner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roul D, Recchia FA. Metabolic alterations induce oxidative stress in diabetic and failing hearts: different pathways, same outcome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1502-14. [PMID: 25836025 PMCID: PMC4449624 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Several authors have proposed a link between altered cardiac energy substrate metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. A cogent evidence of this association has been found in diabetic cardiomyopathy (dCM); however, experimental findings in animal models of heart failure (HF) and in human myocardium also seem to support the coexistence of the two alterations in HF. CRITICAL ISSUES Two important questions remain open: whether pathological changes in metabolism play an important role in enhancing oxidative stress and whether there is a common pathway linking altered substrate utilization and activation of ROS-generating enzymes, independently of the underlying cardiac pathology. In this regard, the comparison between dCM and HF is intriguing, in that these pathological conditions display very different cardiac metabolic phenotypes. RECENT ADVANCES Our literature review on this topic indicates that a vast body of knowledge is now available documenting the relationship between the metabolism of energy substrates and ROS generation in dCM. In some cases, biochemical mechanisms have been identified. On the other hand, only a few and relatively recent studies have explored this phenomenon in HF and their conclusions are not consistent. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Better methods of investigation, especially in vivo, will be necessary to test whether the metabolic fate of certain substrates is causally linked to ROS production. If successful, these studies will place a new emphasis on the potential clinical relevance of metabolic modulators, which might indirectly mitigate cardiac oxidative stress in dCM, HF, and, possibly, in other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roul
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Park JH, Lee JH, Park JW. Attenuated SAG expression exacerbates 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced apoptosis and hypertrophy of H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:962-72. [PMID: 25850934 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1023796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), results in numerous and detrimental effects on the myocardium such as the induction of apoptotic cell death, hypertrophy, fibrosis, dysfunction, and dilatation. The product of sensitive to apoptosis gene (SAG) is a RING finger protein that has been shown to have a protective effect against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in various cell types. The major reactive aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), is believed to be largely responsible for cytopathological effects observed during oxidative stress. In the present study, we showed that the transfection of H9c2 clonal myoblastic cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for SAG markedly attenuated SAG expression and exacerbates HNE-induced apoptosis and hypertrophy. The knockdown of SAG expression resulted in the modulation of cellular redox status, mitochondrial function, and cellular oxidative damage. Taken together, our results showed that the suppression of SAG expression by siRNA enhanced HNE-induced apoptosis and hypertrophy of cultured cardiomyocytes via the disruption of the cellular redox balance. Given the importance of the SAG protein in the regulation of the redox status of cardiomyocytes, we conclude that this protein may be a potential new target in the development of therapeutic agents for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Taegu , Republic of Korea
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Spickett C, Fedorova M, Hoffmann R, Forman H. An Introduction to Redox Balance and Lipid Oxidation. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vasil’ev YV, Tzeng SC, Huang L, Maier CS. Protein modifications by electrophilic lipoxidation products: adduct formation, chemical strategies and tandem mass spectrometry for their detection and identification. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:157-82. [PMID: 24818247 PMCID: PMC4138024 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins by electrophilic oxylipids is emerging as an important mechanism that contributes to the complexity of proteomes. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation of biological lipids results in the formation of chemically diverse electrophilic carbonyl compounds, such as 2-alkenals and 4-hydroxy alkenals, epoxides, and eicosanoids with reactive cyclopentenone structures. These lipoxidation products are capable of modifying proteins. Originally considered solely as markers of oxidative insult, more recently the modifications of proteins by lipid peroxidation products are being recognized as a new mechanism of cell signaling with relevance to redox homeostasis, adaptive response and inflammatory resolution. The growing interest in protein modifications by reactive oxylipid species necessitates the availability of methods that are capable of detecting, identifying and characterizing these protein adducts in biological samples with high complexity. However, the efficient analysis of these chemically diverse protein adducts presents a considerable analytical challenge. We first provide an introduction into the chemistry and biological relevance of protein adductions by electrophilic lipoxidation products. We then provide an overview of tandem mass spectrometry approaches that have been developed in recent years for the interrogation of protein modifications by electrophilic oxylipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia S. Maier
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall Phone: 541-737-9533 Fax: 541-737-2062
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38
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HOCl-modified phosphatidylcholines induce apoptosis and redox imbalance in HUVEC-ST cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 548:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xu Y, Qi J, Yang X, Wu E, Qian SY. Free radical derivatives formed from cyclooxygenase-catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation can attenuate colon cancer cell growth and enhance 5-fluorouracil's cytotoxicity. Redox Biol 2014; 2:610-8. [PMID: 25114837 PMCID: PMC4124262 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and its downstream fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) are both nutritionally important ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6s). Evidence shows that, via COX-mediated peroxidation, DGLA and its metabolites (1-series prostaglandins) are associated with anti-tumor activity, while AA and its metabolites (2-series prostaglandins) could be tightly implicated in various cancer diseases. However, it still remains a mystery why DGLA and AA possess contrasting bioactivities. Our previous studies showed that DGLA could go through an exclusive C-8 oxygenation pathway during COX-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in addition to a C-15 oxygenation pathway shared by both DGLA and AA, and that the exclusive C-8 oxygenation could lead to the production of distinct DGLA׳s free radical derivatives that may be correlated with DGLA׳s anti-proliferation activity. In the present work, we further investigate the anti-cancer effect of DGLA׳s free radical derivatives and their associated molecular mechanisms. Our study shows that the exclusive DGLA׳s free radical derivatives from C-8 oxygenation lead to cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the human colon cancer cell line HCA-7 colony 29, probably by up-regulating the cancer suppressor p53 and the cell cycle inhibitor p27. In addition, these exclusive radical derivatives were also able to enhance the efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a widely used chemo-drug for colon cancer. For the first time, we show how DGLA׳s radical pathway and metabolites are associated with DGLA׳s anti-cancer activities and able to sensitize colon cancer cells to chemo-drugs such as 5-FU. Our findings could be used to guide future development of a combined chemotherapy and dietary care strategy for colon cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-Fluorouracil
- 5-Fluorouracil
- 8-HOA, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ACN, acetonitrile
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- COX-catalyzed PUFA peroxidation
- Cell cycle and apoptosis
- Colon cancer cell line HCA-7 colony 29
- D5D, delta-5 desaturase
- DGLA, dihomo-γ-linoleic acid
- DGLA׳s free radical derivatives
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- EIC, extracted ion chromatogram
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- ESR, electron spin resonance
- GC, gas chromatography
- HEX, 1-hexanol
- HOAc, glacial acetic acid
- HPLC/LC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HTA, heptanoic acid
- LC/MS and ESR spin trapping
- MS, mass spectrometry
- PGs, prostaglandins
- PI, propidium iodide
- POBN, α-[4-pyridyl-1-oxide]-N-tert-butyl nitrone
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- SPE, solid phase extraction
- TBS, Tris buffered saline
- TIC, total ion chromatogram
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA ; Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Oeste CL, Pérez-Sala D. Modification of cysteine residues by cyclopentenone prostaglandins: interplay with redox regulation of protein function. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:110-125. [PMID: 23818260 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPG) are endogenous lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation and the regulation of cell proliferation and cellular redox status. Upon exogenous administration they have shown beneficial effects in models of inflammation and tissue injury, as well as potential antitumoral actions, which have raised a considerable interest in their study for the development of therapeutic tools. Due to their electrophilic nature, the best-known mechanism of action of these mediators is the covalent modification of proteins at cysteine residues through Michael addition. Identification of cyPG targets through proteomic approaches, including MS/MS analysis to pinpoint the modified residues, is proving critical to characterize their mechanisms of action. Among the targets of cyPG are proinflammatory transcription factors, proteins involved in cell defense, such as the regulator of the antioxidant response Keap1 and detoxifying enzymes like GST, and key signaling proteins like Ras proteins. Moreover, cyPG may interact with redox-active small molecules, such as glutathione and hydrogen sulfide. Much has been learned about cyPG in the past few years and this knowledge has also contributed to clarify both pharmacological actions and signaling mechanisms of these and other electrophilic lipids. Given the fact that many cyPG targets are involved in or are targets for redox regulation, there is a complex interplay with redox-induced modifications. Here we address the modification of protein cysteine residues by cyPG elucidated by proteomic studies, paying special attention to the interplay with redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Oeste
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Wayhs CAY, Mescka CP, Vanzin CS, Ribas GS, Guerreiro G, Nin MS, Manfredini V, Barros HMT, Vargas CR. Brain effect of insulin and clonazepam in diabetic rats under depressive-like behavior. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:563-70. [PMID: 23532706 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects on insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It has recently become clear that the central nervous system is not spared from the deleterious effects of diabetes, since diabetic encephalopathy was recognized as a complication of this heterogeneous metabolic disorder. There is a well recognized association between depression and diabetes, once prevalence of depression in diabetic patients is higher than in general population, and clonazepam is being used to treat this complication. Oxidative stress is widely accepted as playing a key mediatory role in the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. In this work we analyzed DNA damage by comet assay and lipid damage in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats submitted to the forced swimming test. It was verified that the diabetic group presented DNA and lipid damage in the brain areas evaluated, when compared to the control groups. Additionally, a significant reduction of the DNA and lipid damage in animals treated with insulin and/or clonazepam was observed. These data suggest that the association of these two drugs could protect against DNA and lipid damage in diabetic rats submitted to the forced swimming test, an animal model of depression.
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Dodson M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Cellular metabolic and autophagic pathways: traffic control by redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:207-21. [PMID: 23702245 PMCID: PMC3729625 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the key metabolic pathways of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are intimately related to redox biology through control of cell signaling. Under physiological conditions glucose metabolism is linked to control of the NADH/NAD redox couple, as well as providing the major reductant, NADPH, for thiol-dependent antioxidant defenses. Retrograde signaling from the mitochondrion to the nucleus or cytosol controls cell growth and differentiation. Under pathological conditions mitochondria are targets for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and are critical in controlling apoptotic cell death. At the interface of these metabolic pathways, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway functions to maintain mitochondrial quality and generally serves an important cytoprotective function. In this review we will discuss the autophagic response to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated from perturbations of cellular glucose metabolism and bioenergetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
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Detection of electrophile-sensitive proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:913-22. [PMID: 24021887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Redox signaling is an important emerging mechanism of cellular function. Dysfunctional redox signaling is increasingly implicated in numerous pathologies, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. The molecular messengers in this type of signaling are reactive species which can mediate the post-translational modification of specific groups of proteins, thereby effecting functional changes in the modified proteins. Electrophilic compounds comprise one class of reactive species which can participate in redox signaling. Electrophiles modulate cell function via formation of covalent adducts with proteins, particularly cysteine residues. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will discuss the commonly used methods of detection for electrophile-sensitive proteins, and will highlight the importance of identifying these proteins for studying redox signaling and developing novel therapeutics. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There are several methods which can be used to detect electrophile-sensitive proteins. These include the use of tagged model electrophiles, as well as derivatization of endogenous electrophile-protein adducts. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In order to understand the mechanisms by which electrophiles mediate redox signaling, it is necessary to identify electrophile-sensitive proteins and quantitatively assess adduct formation. Strengths and limitations of these methods will be discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Chapple SJ, Cheng X, Mann GE. Effects of 4-hydroxynonenal on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell redox signaling and function in health and disease. Redox Biol 2013; 1:319-31. [PMID: 24024167 PMCID: PMC3757694 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a lipid hydroperoxide end product formed from the oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative abundance of HNE within the vasculature is dependent not only on the rate of lipid peroxidation and HNE synthesis but also on the removal of HNE adducts by phase II metabolic pathways such as glutathione-S-transferases. Depending on its relative concentration, HNE can induce a range of hormetic effects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, including kinase activation, proliferation, induction of phase II enzymes and in high doses inactivation of enzymatic processes and apoptosis. HNE also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and in utero diseases such as pre-eclampsia. This review examines the known production, metabolism and consequences of HNE synthesis within vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, highlighting alterations in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function and their association with various vascular pathologies. HNE is a lipid peroxidation endproduct regulating vascular redox signaling. HNE detoxification is tightly regulated in vascular and other cell types. Elevated HNE levels are associated with various vascular diseases.
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Key Words
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Delta (12,14) prostaglandin-J2
- 4-hydroxynonenal
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- AR, Aldose reductase
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- BAEC, Bovine aortic endothelial cells
- BH4, Tetrahydrobiopterin
- BLMVEC, Bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells
- BPAEC, Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells
- BTB, Broad complex Tramtrack and Bric–brac domain
- CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, Endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Elk1, ETS domain-containing protein
- Endothelial cells
- EpRE, Electrophile response element
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FAP, Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
- GCLC, Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GCLM, Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- GS-DHN, Glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene
- GS-HNE, HNE-conjugates
- GSH, Glutathione
- GST, Glutathione-S-transferase
- GTPCH, Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I
- HASMC, Human aortic smooth muscle cells
- HCSMC, Human coronary smooth muscle cells
- HERP, Homocysteine inducible ER protein
- HMEC, Human microvascular endothelial cells
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hsp-70/72/90, Heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90
- IRE1, Inositol requiring enzyme 1 IRE1
- IVR, Central intervening region
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MASMC, Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells
- MEK1/2, Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2
- MMP-1/2, Matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2
- MPEC, Mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, Nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2
- PCEC, Porcine cerebral endothelial cells
- PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor
- PDI, Protein disulfide isomerases
- PERK, Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RASMC, Rat aortic smooth muscle cells
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RVSMC, Rat vascular smooth muscle cells
- Redox signaling
- SMC, Smooth muscle cell
- TKR, Tyrosine kinase receptor
- UPR, Unfolded protein response
- Vascular biology
- Vascular smooth muscle cells
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- elF2α, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α
- iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- oxLDL, Oxidized low density lipoprotein
- tBHP, Tert-butylhydroperoxide
- xCT, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Chapple
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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Zhu X, Walton RG, Tian L, Luo N, Ho SR, Fu Y, Garvey WT. Prostaglandin A2 enhances cellular insulin sensitivity via a mechanism that involves the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A3. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45:213-20. [PMID: 23104421 PMCID: PMC4116744 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that members of the NR4A family of orphan nuclear receptors can augment insulin's ability to stimulate glucose transport in adipocytes. In the current study, we endeavored to test for an insulin-sensitizing effect in muscle cells and to identify a potential transactivator. Lentiviral constructs were used to engineer both hyperexpression and shRNA silencing of NR4A3 in C2C12 myocytes. The NR4A3 hyper-expression construct led to a significant increase in glucose transport rates in the presence of maximal insulin while the NR4A3 knock-down exhibited a significant reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose transport rates. Consistently, insulin-mediated AKT phosphorylation was increased by NR4A3 hyperexpression and decreased following shRNA NR4A3 suppression. Then, we examined effects of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) on insulin action and NR4A3 transactivation. PGA2 augmented insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myocytes and AKT phosphorylation after 12-h treatment, without significant effects on basal transport or basal AKT phosphorylation. More importantly, we demonstrated that PGA2 led to a greater improvement in insulin-stimulated glucose rates in NR4A3 overexpressing C2C12 myocytes, when compared with Lac-Z controls stimulated with insulin and PGA2. Moreover, the sensitizing effect of PGA2 was significantly diminished in NR4A3 knockdown myocytes compared to scramble controls. These results show for the first time that: (i) PGA2 augments insulin action in myocytes as manifested by enhanced stimulation of glucose transport and AKT phosphorylation; and (ii) the insulin sensitizing effect is dependent upon the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA.
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47
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Li X, Fang P, Mai J, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang XF. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:19. [PMID: 23442817 PMCID: PMC3599349 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. As a major site of ROS production, mitochondria have drawn considerable interest because it was recently discovered that mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) directly stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and pathological conditions as diverse as malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases all share common phenotype of increased mtROS production above basal levels. Several excellent reviews on this topic have been published, but ever-changing new discoveries mandated a more up-to-date and comprehensive review on this topic. Therefore, we update recent understanding of how mitochondria generate and regulate the production of mtROS and the function of mtROS both in physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we describe newly developed methods to probe or scavenge mtROS and compare these methods in detail. Thorough understanding of this topic and the application of mtROS-targeting drugs in the research is significant towards development of better therapies to combat inflammatory diseases and inflammatory malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Bachschmid MM, Schildknecht S, Matsui R, Zee R, Haeussler D, Cohen RA, Pimental D, Loo BVD. Vascular aging: chronic oxidative stress and impairment of redox signaling-consequences for vascular homeostasis and disease. Ann Med 2013; 45:17-36. [PMID: 22380696 PMCID: PMC3717565 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.645498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Characteristic morphological and molecular alterations such as vessel wall thickening and reduction of nitric oxide occur in the aging vasculature leading to the gradual loss of vascular homeostasis. Consequently, the risk of developing acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases increases with age. Current research of the underlying molecular mechanisms of endothelial function demonstrates a duality of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in contributing to vascular homeostasis or leading to detrimental effects when formed in excess. Furthermore, changes in function and redox status of vascular smooth muscle cells contribute to age-related vascular remodeling. The age-dependent increase in free radical formation causes deterioration of the nitric oxide signaling cascade, alters and activates prostaglandin metabolism, and promotes novel oxidative posttranslational protein modifications that interfere with vascular and cell signaling pathways. As a result, vascular dysfunction manifests. Compensatory mechanisms are initially activated to cope with age-induced oxidative stress, but become futile, which results in irreversible oxidative modifications of biological macromolecules. These findings support the 'free radical theory of aging' but also show that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are essential signaling molecules, regulating vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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49
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Spickett CM. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: Advances in chemistry and analysis. Redox Biol 2013; 1:145-52. [PMID: 24024147 PMCID: PMC3757682 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is one of the most studied products of phospholipid peroxidation, owing to its reactivity and cytotoxicity. It can be formed by several radical-dependent oxidative routes involving the formation of hydroperoxides, alkoxyl radicals, epoxides, and fatty acyl cross-linking reactions. Cleavage of the oxidized fatty acyl chain results in formation of HNE from the methyl end, and 9-oxo-nonanoic acid from the carboxylate or esterified end of the chain, although many other products are also possible. HNE can be metabolized in tissues by a variety of pathways, leading to detoxification and excretion. HNE-adducts to proteins have been detected in inflammatory situations such as atherosclerotic lesions using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, which have also been applied in ELISAs and western blotting. However, in order to identify the proteins modified and the exact sites and nature of the modifications, mass spectrometry approaches are required. Combinations of enrichment strategies with targetted mass spectrometry routines such as neutral loss scanning are now facilitating detection of HNE-modified proteins in complex biological samples. This is important for characterizing the interactions of HNE with redox sensitive cell signalling proteins and understanding how it may modulate their activities either physiologically or in disease.
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Key Words
- Anti-HNE antibodies
- DHN-MA, 1,4-Dihydroxynonane-mercapturic acid
- DNPH, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- FT-ICR, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
- HNE, 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal
- HNE-protein adducts
- HODA, 9-Hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- HPETE, Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HPODE, Hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- Hydroxyalkenal
- KODA, 9-Keto-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- MALDI, Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- Mab, Monoclonal antibody
- Mass spectrometry
- Neutral loss scanning
- ONA, 9-Oxo-nonanoic acid
- ONE, 9-Oxo-2-nonenal
- PETE, Peroxyeicosatetraenoate
- PODE, Peroxyoctadecadienoate
- Redox signalling
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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50
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Reily C, Mitchell T, Chacko BK, Benavides G, Murphy MP, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrially targeted compounds and their impact on cellular bioenergetics. Redox Biol 2013; 1:86-93. [PMID: 23667828 PMCID: PMC3647698 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as critical sites of localized injury in a number of chronic pathologies which has led to the development of organelle directed therapeutics. One of the approaches employed to target molecules to the mitochondrion is to conjugate a delocalized cation such as triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) to various redox active compounds. Mitochondrially targeted antioxidants have also been used in numerous cell culture based studies as probes of the contribution of the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species on cell signaling events. However, concentrations used in vitro are typically 10-100 times greater than those generated from oral dosing in a wide range of animal models and in humans. In the present study, we determined the effects of mitochondrial targeted antioxidants, MitoQ, MitoTempol, and MitoE on cellular bioenergetics of mesangial cells in culture and compared these to TPP+ conjugated compounds which lack the antioxidant functional group. We found that all TPP+ compounds inhibited oxidative phosphorylation to different extents independent of the antioxidant functional groups. These findings show that the TPP+ moiety can disrupt mitochondrial function at concentrations frequently observed in cell culture and this behavior is dependent on the linker group and independent of antioxidant properties. Moreover, TPP+ moiety alone is unlikely to achieve the concentrations needed to contribute to the protective mechanisms of the mitochondrially targeted compounds that have been reported in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reily
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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