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Mowaad NA, Elgohary R, ElShebiney S. Effect of Stanozolol and/or Cannabis Abuse on Hypertrophic Mechanism and Oxidative Stress of Male Albino Rat Cardiac Tissue in Relation to Exercise: A Sport Abuse Practice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:527-538. [PMID: 38720122 PMCID: PMC11102414 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Adolescents commonly co-abuse many drugs including anabolic androgenic steroids either they are athletes or non-athletes. Stanozolol is the major anabolic used in recent years and was reported grouped with cannabis. The current study aimed at evaluating the biochemical and histopathological changes related to the hypertrophic effects of stanozolol and/or cannabis whether in condition of exercise practice or sedentary conditions. Adult male Wistar albino rats received either stanozolol (5 mg/kg, s.c), cannabis (10 mg/kg, i.p.), and a combination of both once daily for two months. Swimming exercise protocol was applied as a training model. Relative heart weight, oxidative stress biomarkers, cardiac tissue fibrotic markers were evaluated. Left ventricular morphometric analysis and collagen quantification was done. The combined treatment exhibited serious detrimental effects on the heart tissues. It increased heart tissue fibrotic markers (Masson's trichrome stain (p < 0.001), cardiac COL3 (p < 0.0001), and VEGF-A (p < 0.05)), lowered heart glutathione levels (p < 0.05) and dramatically elevated oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde (p < 0.0001) and 8-OHDG (p < 0.0001)). Training was not ameliorating for the observed effects. Misuse of cannabis and stanozolol resulted in more hypertrophic consequences of the heart than either drug alone, which were at least largely assigned to oxidative stress, heart tissue fibrotic indicators, histological alterations, and morphometric changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Mowaad
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rania Elgohary
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa ElShebiney
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Sretenovic J, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Pantovic S, Jovic JJ, Nikolic M, Turnic TN, Savic M, Jevdjevic M, Milosavljevic Z, Bolevich S, Jakovljevic V. Nandrolone Decanoate and Swimming Affects Cardiodynamic and Morphometric Parameters in the Isolated Rat Heart. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081242. [PMID: 36013421 PMCID: PMC9410289 DOI: 10.3390/life12081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to show the effects of swimming and nandrolone administration on cardiodynamic and morphometric parameters of the isolated rat heart. (2) The study included 72 Wistar rats, divided into three groups, scheduled to be sacrificed after the second, third, and fourth week. Each group was divided into four subgroups: control (T-N-), nandrolone (T-N+), swimming training (T+N-), and swimming training plus nandrolone (T+N+) group. The rats from T+N- and T+N+ swam 1 h/day, 5 days/week while ones from T-N+ and T+N+ received weekly nandrolone decanoate (20 mg/kg). The isolated hearts were perfused according to the Langendorff technique and measured parameters: dp/dt max/min, SLVP, DLVP, heart rate, and coronary flow. Hearts were fixed and stained with H/E and Masson trichrome dyes. (3) dp/dt max and dp/dt min were increased in the T-N+ group at higher perfusion pressure compared to the T-N- group. SLVP and DLVP were increased in all groups after the 4th week. Collagen content was increased in T-N+ by 403% and in T+N+ by 357% groups, while it was decreased in T+N- compared to the control after 4th week. (4) Conclusions: Nandrolone alone or combined with swimming had a deleterious effect on myocardial function and perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sretenovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacology 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya Str. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacology 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya Str. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Suzana Pantovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic Jovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Maja Nikolic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tamara Nikolic Turnic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- N.A. Semashko Public Health and Healthcare Department, F.F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maja Savic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Maja Jevdjevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milosavljevic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Farmacy, Pavlovica Put bb., Bijeljina University, 76300 Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sergej Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya Str. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya Str. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Grandperrin A, Schnell F, Donal E, Galli E, Hedon C, Cazorla O, Nottin S. Specific alterations of regional myocardial work in strength-trained athletes using anabolic steroids compared to athletes with genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022:S2095-2546(22)00078-3. [PMID: 35908728 PMCID: PMC10362519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Strength-trained athletes using anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis that can lead to sudden cardiac death. A similar feature was described in athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which complicates the diagnosis for clinicians. In this context, we aimed to compare the LV function of the 2 populations by measuring global and regional strain and myocardial work using speckle-tracking imaging. METHODS Twenty-four strength-trained asymptomatic athletes using AAS (AAS-Athletes), 22 athletes diagnosed with HCM (HCM-Athletes), and 20 healthy control athletes (Ctrl-Athletes) underwent a resting echocardiography to assess LV function. We evaluated LV global and regional strains and myocardial work, with an evaluation of the constructive work (CW), wasted work, and work efficiency (WE). RESULTS Compared to Ctrl-Athletes, both AAS-Athletes and HCM-Athletes had a thicker interventricular septum, with majored values in HCM-Athletes. LV strain was reduced in AAS-Athletes and even more in HCM-Athletes. Consequently, global WE was significantly diminished in both AAS and HCM-Athletes (93% ± 2% in Ctrl-Athletes, 90% ± 4% in AAS-Athletes, and 90% ± 5% in HCM-Athletes (mean ± SD); p < 0.05). Constructive work and WE regional analysis showed specific alterations, with the basal septal segments preferentially affected in AAS-Athletes, and both septal and apical segments affected in HCM-Athletes. CONCLUSION The regional evaluation of myocardial work reported specific alterations of the major LV hypertrophy induced by the regular use of AAS compared to the LV hypertrophy due to HCM. This finding could help clinicians to differentiate between these 2 forms of pathological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Schnell
- Rennes University, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Erwan Donal
- Rennes University, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Elena Galli
- Rennes University, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Christophe Hedon
- Montpellier University, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Physiology and Experimental Heart and Muscle Medicine, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Olivier Cazorla
- Montpellier University, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Physiology and Experimental Heart and Muscle Medicine, Montpellier 34295, France
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4
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Adhikari G, Khan A, Shams N, Hassan MH, Kunadi A. A unique case of tachycardia‐mediated cardiomyopathy in a patient misusing anabolic steroids. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e5976. [PMID: 35734186 PMCID: PMC9194462 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 54‐year‐old male patient with history of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) misuse presented to the emergency department with new‐onset atrial fibrillation and severely reduced ejection fraction. Cardiac catheterization revealed normal coronaries. He underwent cryo‐balloon ablation with subsequent conversion to sinus rhythm. After appropriate guideline‐directed medical management, ejection fraction improved on follow‐up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Adhikari
- Department of Internal Medicine McLaren‐Flint/MSU Flint Michigan USA
| | - Ashiya Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine McLaren‐Flint/MSU Flint Michigan USA
| | - Nasheed Shams
- Department of Internal Medicine McLaren‐Flint/MSU Flint Michigan USA
| | | | - Arvind Kunadi
- Department of Internal Medicine McLaren‐Flint/MSU Flint Michigan USA
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5
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Grandperrin A, Schuster I, Moronval P, Izem O, Rupp T, Obert P, Nottin S. Anabolic Steroids Use Is Associated with Impairments in Atrial and Ventricular Cardiac Structure and Performance in Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:780-788. [PMID: 34974501 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite potential severe cardiac side effects, anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are increasingly used by strength athletes. However, previous echocardiographic studies focused on the left ventricular (LV) strains but did not assess LV twist and untwist mechanics. Moreover, left atrial (LA) function has been often neglected, and its stiffness, an important determinant of LA reservoir function, has never been challenged. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AAS on LA and LV morphologies and functions in strength athletes. METHODS Fifty subjects including 20 strength-trained young athletes age 32.0 ± 8.5 yr with a mean duration of AAS use of 4.7 ± 1.8 yr (users), 15 athletes with no history of AAS use (nonusers) and 15 sedentary controls underwent speckle tracking echocardiography to assess LA and LV morphology and function. RESULTS Users showed higher LA reservoir dysfunction than nonusers (33.7% ± 10.9% vs 44.9% ± 9.9% respectively, P = 0.004) and higher LA stiffness (0.13 ± 0.05 vs 0.19 ± 0.08 A.U., respectively; P = 0.02), higher LV mass index and lower global and regional LV diastolic and systolic dysfunction (global longitudinal strain: -15.5% ± 3.2% vs -18.9% ± 1.8% respectively; P = 0.003), with a drop of LV twist-untwist mechanics (untwisting velocity: 61.5°·s-1 ± 20.2°·s-1 vs 73.7°·s-1 ± 16.1°·s-1 respectively, P = 0.04). There were significant correlations between LV mass and LV apical rotation (P = 0.003, r = 0.44) and diastolic longitudinal strain rate (P = 0.015, r = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS Our results showing significant LA and LV remodeling and dysfunctions in young AAS using athletes are alarming. Screening echocardiography based on speckle tracking echocardiography parameters for early diagnosis, as well as a stronger awareness in athletes and in physicians are warranted in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Rupp
- LIBM, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, FRANCE
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6
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Motevalian M, Joukar S, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Karimi A, Masoumi-Ardakani Y, Safari S. Interaction of high-intensity endurance exercise and nandrolone on cardiac remodeling: role of adipo-cardiac axis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 43:63-70. [PMID: 34786896 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the cardiac pathological remodeling following to anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) consumption, we examined the effect of chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate with high-intensity endurance exercise on the left ventricular hypertrophy index, levels of hydroxyproline, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin (APN) and its receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) expression in rats' hearts. METHODS The male Wistar rats randomly divided to six groups included the control (CTL), exercise (Ex), nandrolone (Nan), vehicle (Arach), trained vehicle (Ex + Arach), and trained nandrolone (Ex + Nan) groups that were treated for eight weeks. RESULTS Nandrolone consumption significantly enhanced the hypertrophy index (p<0.05) and exercise intensified this effect. It also increased the level of cardiac hydroxyproline (p<0.001), however exercise completely masked this effect. The values of TNF-α protein and AdipoR1 protein significantly increased in trained nandrolone-treated (Ex + Nan) group in comparison with CTL group (p<0.05), however, did not show significant alteration in Nan or Ex groups. High-intensity endurance exercise significantly enhanced the AdipoR2 protein (p<0.05), but, co-administration of nandrolone with exercise prevented this effect. The mRNA expression of AdipoR1 significantly reduced in the animals that received nandrolone for eight weeks and exercise recovered this effect (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Despite an additive effect of high-intensity endurance exercise plus nandrolone on TNF-α level, their effects on hydroxyproline and APN receptors expression is incompatible in heart of rat. It is suggests a part of beneficial regulatory role of endurance exercise against nandrolone induced heart remodeling may apply through modulation of APN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, ShahidBahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdollah Karimi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yaser Masoumi-Ardakani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, ShahidBahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Dantas PS, Guzzoni V, Perez JD, Arita DY, Novaes PD, Marcondes FK, Casarini DE, Cunha TS. Nandrolone combined with strenuous resistance training impairs myocardial proteome profile of rats. Steroids 2021; 175:108916. [PMID: 34492258 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of high doses of nandrolone decanoate and resistance training (RT) on the proteomic profile of the left ventricle (LV) of rats, using a label-free quantitative approach. Male rats were randomized into four groups: untrained vehicle (UTV), trained vehicle (TV), untrained nandrolone (UTN), and trained nandrolone (TN). Rats were familiarized with the exercise training protocol (jump exercise) for one week. Jump-exercise was performed five days a week for 6 weeks, with 30 s of inter-set rest intervals. Nandrolone was administrated for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg, twice a week, via intramuscular). Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate were measured 48 h post-training. LV was isolated and collagen content was measured. The expression of cardiac proteins was analyzed by ultra-efficiency liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry high / low collision energy (UPLC/MSE). Nandrolone and RT led to cardiac hypertrophy, even though high doses of nandrolone counteracted the RT-induced arterial pressures lowering. Nandrolone also affected the proteome profile negatively in LV of rats, including critical proteins related to biological processes (metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation), structural function and membrane transporters. Our findings show physiological relevance since high doses of nandrolone induced detrimental effects on the proteome profile of heart tissue and hemodynamic parameters of rats. Furthermore, as nandrolone abuse has become increasingly common among recreational athletes and casual fitness enthusiasts, we consider that our findings have clinical relevance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Sousa Dantas
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Guzzoni
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dinéia Perez
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Yuri Arita
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Duarte Novaes
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Morphology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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de Souza FR, Dos Santos MR, Rochitte CE, Dos Santos RP, Jordão CP, Leite IS, da Fonseca GWP, Fonseca RA, de Oliveira TF, Yonamine M, Pereira RMR, Negrão CE, Alves DNNMJ. Decreased Native T1 Values and Impaired Myocardial Contractility in Anabolic Steroid Users. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:183-191. [PMID: 34341973 DOI: 10.1055/a-1518-7953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse leads to myocardial toxicity. Human studies are conflicting about the myocardial fibrosis in AAS users. We evaluated cardiac tissue characterization, left ventricle (LV) function, and cardiac structure by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU) aged 29±5 yr, 20 strength-trained AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 7 sedentary controls (SC) were enrolled. Native T1 mapping, late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE), extracellular volume (ECV), and myocardial strain were evaluated. AASU showed lower Native T1 values than AASNU (888±162 vs. 1020±179 ms p=0.047). Focal myocardial fibrosis was found in 2 AASU. AASU showed lower LV radial strain (30±8 vs. 38±6%, p<0.01), LV circumferential strain (-17±3 vs. -20±2%, p<0.01), and LV global longitudinal strain (-17±3 vs. -20±3%, p<0.01) than AASNU by CMR. By echocardiography, AASU demonstrated lower 4-chamber longitudinal strain than AASNU (-15±g3 vs. -18±2%, p=0.03). ECV was similar among AASU, AASNU, and SC (28±10 vs. 28±7 vs. 30±7%, p=0.93). AASU had higher LV mass index than AASNU and SC (85±14 vs. 64±8 vs. 58±5 g/m2, respectively, p<0.01). AAS abuse may be linked to decreased myocardial native T1 values, impaired myocardial contractility, and focal fibrosis. These alterations may be associated with maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy in young AAS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ribeiro de Souza
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Parenquine Dos Santos
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Paixão Jordão
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivanhoe Stuart Leite
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Almeida Fonseca
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacociências da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Yonamine
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira
- Laboratório de Metabolismo Ósseo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Negrão
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Cittadini A, Isidori AM, Salzano A. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2039-2057. [PMID: 34293112 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first synthesised in 1935, testosterone (T) has been viewed as the mythical Fountain of Youth, promising rejuvenation, restoring sexual appetites, growing stronger muscles, and quicker thinking. T is endowed with direct effects on myocardial and vascular structure and function, as well as on risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Indeed, low serum T levels are a risk factor for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and dyslipidaemia. Moreover, many studies have shown that T deficiency per se is an independent risk factor of CV and all-cause mortality. On this background and due to direct-to-patient marketing by drug companies, we have witnessed to the widespread use of T replacement therapy (TT) without clear indications particularly in late-life onset hypogonadism. The current review will dwell upon current evidence and controversies surrounding the role of T in the pathophysiology of CV diseases, the link between circulating T levels and CV risk, and the use of replacing T as a possible adjuvant treatment in specific CV disorders. Specifically, recent findings suggest that heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent two potential targets of T therapy once that a state of hypogonadism is diagnosed. However, only if ongoing studies solve the CV safety issue the T orchid may eventually 'bloom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Salzano
- IRCCS SDN, Diagnostic and Nuclear Research Institute, Naples, Italy
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10
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Esposito M, Licciardello G, Privitera F, Iannuzzi S, Liberto A, Sessa F, Salerno M. Forensic Post-Mortem Investigation in AAS Abusers: Investigative Diagnostic Protocol. A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081307. [PMID: 34441242 PMCID: PMC8393338 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of synthetic molecules derived from testosterone and its precursors. AASs are widely used illicitly by adolescents and athletes, especially by bodybuilders; AASs are among the most used drugs for improving physical performance, as well as for aesthetic purposes. The use of AASs by professional and recreational athletes is increasing worldwide. This review focused on deaths related to AAS abuse and to investigation of the autopsy results and histopathological findings using a rigorous methodology protocol covering: a complete autopsy, histological analysis, and a broad toxicological investigation. Moreover, we aimed to define an investigative diagnostic protocol supporting forensic pathologists during the post-mortem investigation of AAS abusers. This review was conducted using PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases to find articles published between 1 January 1968 and 30 June 2021, using the following key terms: “(anabolic-androgenic steroids) AND (autopsy); (anabolic-androgenic steroids) AND (forensic)”. A total of 939 articles were screened and 926 did not meet the inclusion criteria. In conclusion, 14 articles were included in this systematic review, reporting 137 fatal cases of AAS abuse in total. The histopathologic studies showed myocardial damage characterized by myocyte hypertrophy, focal myocyte damage with myofibrillar loss, interstitial fibrosis, mostly subepicardial, and small vessel disease. Indeed, in AAS-related cases, autopsy plays a pivotal role in the study of AAS adverse effects and organ damage related to their use or abuse. This systematic review aimed to define a specific workflow in death cases related to AASs, suggesting important future insights to better clarify sudden deaths related to AASs, such as the use of miRNAs. The forensic community needs a unified approach in cases of suspected death related to the use of AASs. There are several occasions to apply this workflow, for example in cases of death of bodybuilders and of young people who die in gymnasiums or during sports activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (G.L.); (F.P.); (S.I.); (A.L.)
| | - Gabriele Licciardello
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (G.L.); (F.P.); (S.I.); (A.L.)
| | - Federico Privitera
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (G.L.); (F.P.); (S.I.); (A.L.)
| | - Salvatore Iannuzzi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (G.L.); (F.P.); (S.I.); (A.L.)
| | - Aldo Liberto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (G.L.); (F.P.); (S.I.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-0881-736-926 (F.S.); +39-0953-782-060 (M.S.)
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (G.L.); (F.P.); (S.I.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-0881-736-926 (F.S.); +39-0953-782-060 (M.S.)
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11
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Sretenovic J, Joksimovic Jovic J, Srejovic I, Zivkovic V, Mihajlovic K, Labudovic-Borovic M, Trifunovic S, Milosevic V, Lazic D, Bolevich S, Jakovljevic V, Milosavljevic Z. Morphometric analysis and redox state of the testicles in nandrolone decanoate and swimming treated adult male rats. Basic Clin Androl 2021; 31:17. [PMID: 34261436 PMCID: PMC8281612 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-021-00134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the last decades, the abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) has become popular among professional and recreational athletes. The abuse of AASs leads to decreased levels of sex hormones, but the available literature a gives very small pool of data regarding the effects of swimming alone or combined with AASs on testicle tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four-week administration of nandrolone decanoate and swimming training alone or in combination on morphometric parameters, androgen receptor (AR) and redox state in testicle tissue. The study included Wistar albino male rats, 10 weeks old, classified into 4 groups: control (T-N-), nandrolone (T-N+), swimming training (T+N-) and swimming training with nandrolone (T+N+). The rats from nandrolone (N+) groups received nandrolone decanoate 20 mg/kg b.w.once per week. The rats from training (T+) groups, swam 1 h/day 5 days/week. The isolated testicles were measured, left testicles were routinely processed for histological analysis, while right testicles were homogenized and prepared for the analysis of the following oxidative stress biomarkers: index of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), nitrites, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results Diameter, as well as cross-section area of seminiferous tubules were decreased by 10 % and 21 % (respectively) in the T-N+ group and by 15% and 41 % (respectively) in the T+N+ group compared to control. Interstitium of the testicles was decreased in all experimental groups. Reduction of immunoreactivity of AR in T-N+ group was 22 %, in T+N+ group was 9 % compared to control. TBARS levels were increased in T+N- and T+N+ groups. Nitrites were decreased in T+N+ group. Catalase activity was increased in all experimental groups. Swimming alone or combined with nandrolone decreased the level of GSH compared to control. SOD activity was decreased in T-N+ and T+N+ groups compared to control. Conclusions Nandrolone alone or combined with swimming decreased morphometric parameters and amount of AR in testicle tissue. Changes in the redox state indicate reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sretenovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic Jovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Katarina Mihajlovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milica Labudovic-Borovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar Đ. Kostić" Faculty of Medicine, Supremalab Diagnostics and Research, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Trifunovic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Milosevic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Lazic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya str. 2, Russian Federation, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Trubetskaya str. 2, Russian Federation, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoran Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Grandperrin A, Schuster I, Rupp T, Izem O, Obert P, Nottin S. Left ventricular dyssynchrony and post-systolic shortening in young bodybuilders using anabolic-androgenic steroids. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H509-H517. [PMID: 34242095 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00136.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling, characterized by increased LV hypertrophy and depressed systolic and diastolic function, is observed in strength-trained athletes who use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Previous studies suggested a pathological remodeling with an increase in cardiac fibrosis in these athletes, which could promote intraventricular dyssynchrony. In this context, this study evaluated LV dyssynchrony in strength-trained athletes using AAS, hypothesizing that the use of AAS would lead to an increase in post-systolic shortening. Forty-four male subjects (aged 20-40 yr) were divided into three age-matched groups: strength-trained athletes using (users, n = 14) or not (nonusers, n = 15) AAS and healthy sedentary men (controls, n = 15). After completing a survey, each participant was assessed with two-dimensional (2D)-strain echocardiography. LV dyssynchrony was quantified using the standard deviation (SD) of the time to peak for longitudinal strain of the 18 LV-segments (from the apical 4, 3, and 2 chambers views), the longitudinal strain delay index (LSDI), and the segmental post-systolic index (PSI). Users showed mean AAS dosages of 564 ± 288 mg[Formula: see text]wk-1 with a mean protocol duration of 12 ± 6 wk and a history of use of 4.7 ± 1.8 yr. They exhibited a greater LV mass index and depressed systolic and diastolic function when compared with both nonusers and controls. The decrease in LV strain in users was predominantly observed at the interventricular septum level (-16.9% ± 2.5% vs. -19.2% ± 1.8% and -19.0% ± 1.6% in users, nonusers, and controls, respectively, P < 0.01). Users showed higher SD than controls (43 ± 8 ms vs. 32 ± 5 ms, respectively, P < 0.01). The LSDI was significantly higher in users compared with both nonusers and controls (-23.4 ± 9.5 vs. -15.9 ± 9.3 and -9.8 ± 3.9, respectively, P < 0.01). PSI, calculated on the basal inferoseptal, basal anteroseptal, and basal inferolateral segments, were also greater in users compared with the two other groups. Our results reported an increase in LV dyssynchrony in young AAS users that brought new evidences of a pathologic cardiac remodeling in this specific population.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Illicit androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) use is widespread, but data on LV dyssynchrony are lacking, although it could be increased by a higher prevalence of myocardial fibrosis reported in this population. In AAS users, the decrease in LV strain was predominantly observed in interventricular segments. All dyssynchrony indices were higher in AAS users and several segments exhibited post-systolic shortening. These results showed an association between AAS consumption, LV remodeling, and dyssynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Grandperrin
- Laboratoire de Phram-écologie Cardiovasculaire (LAPEC) EA4278, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Iris Schuster
- PhyMedExp, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Omar Izem
- Laboratoire de Phram-écologie Cardiovasculaire (LAPEC) EA4278, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Philippe Obert
- Laboratoire de Phram-écologie Cardiovasculaire (LAPEC) EA4278, Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Stéphane Nottin
- Laboratoire de Phram-écologie Cardiovasculaire (LAPEC) EA4278, Avignon University, Avignon, France
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Ronchi SN, Mass EMSW, Bernardina NRD, de Melo Júnior AF, Dos Santos WC, de Andrade TU, Brasil GA, Bissoli NS. Low and high doses of oxandrolone promote pathological cardiac remodeling in young male rats. Steroids 2021; 170:108814. [PMID: 33727119 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxandrolone (OXA) used in clinical practice, however, its misuse is frequent, including by adolescents pursuing an aesthetic goal. However, the impacts of noxious doses on the cardiovascular system remain unknown. AIM To investigate cardiac effects of OXA in low (LD) and high (HD) doses. METHODS Male Wistar prepubescent rats were separated into 3 experimental groups: control (CON), LD, and HD. Only the CON group received the carrier (carboxymethylcellulose, 0.5%), while the LD and HD groups received, respectively, 2.5 and 37.5 mg/kg/day of OXA via gavage for 4 weeks. The hemodynamic parameters (+dP/dtmax, -dP/dtmin, and Tau) and cardiac autonomic tonus were assessed. Hearts were retrieved for histological analyses and oxidative stress evaluation. Expression levels of calcium-handling proteins were measured by western blot. RESULTS The OXA treatment changed neither the cardiac contractility nor the cardiac autonomic tonus. However, cardiac hypertrophy, collagen deposition, and increased angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression were observed in a dose-dependent way. Also, the p-phospholamban (p-PLB)/PLB ratio was observed to decrease and increase, respectively, in the LD and HD groups; the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a)/PLB ratio being higher in both groups. OXA increased SOD1 expression and decreased catalase expression only in the LD group, and protein oxidation was increased in HD. CONCLUSION Both doses of OXA could promote pathological cardiac remodeling, probably via increased ACE, and these effects were exacerbated in the HD treatment, but cardiac contractility was not affected regardless of the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Nascimento Ronchi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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14
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Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9010097. [PMID: 33477800 PMCID: PMC7832337 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a large group of molecules including endogenously produced androgens, such as testosterone, as well as synthetically manufactured derivatives. AAS use is widespread due to their ability to improve muscle growth for aesthetic purposes and athletes’ performance, minimizing androgenic effects. AAS use is very popular and 1–3% of US inhabitants have been estimated to be AAS users. However, AASs have side effects, involving all organs, tissues and body functions, especially long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system, thereby, their abuse is considered a public health issue. The aim of the proposed review is to highlight the most recent evidence regarding the mechanisms of action of AASs and their unwanted effects on organs and lifestyle, as well as suggesting that AAS misuse and abuse lead to adverse effects in all body tissues and organs. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are common mechanisms involved in AAS-related damage in the whole body. The cardiovascular system and the reproductive system are the most frequently involved apparatuses. Epidemiology as well as the molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in the neuropsychiatric side-effects of AAS abuse are still unclear, further research is needed in this field. In addition, diagnostically reliable tests for AAS abuse should be standardized. In this regard, to prevent the use of AASs, public health measures in all settings are crucial. These measures consist of improved knowledge among healthcare workers, proper doping screening tests, educational interventions, and updated legislation.
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15
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Seara FAC, Olivares EL, Nascimento JHM. Anabolic steroid excess and myocardial infarction: From ischemia to reperfusion injury. Steroids 2020; 161:108660. [PMID: 32492466 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids (AS) are synthetic testosterone-derivatives developed by the pharmaceutical industry to mimic testosterone biological effects. So far, AS have been implicated in the treatment of pathological conditions, such as hypogonadism, anemia, and cachexia. Since their discovery, though, AS have been illicitly used by elite and recreational athletes, bodybuilders and weightlifters in order to enhance athletic and aesthetic performance. This practice is characterized by cycles of administration and withdrawal, the combination of different AS compounds, and administration of doses 50 - 1000 times higher than those recommended for therapeutic purposes. AS excess has been correlated to cardiovascular detrimental effects, including cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Particularly, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been extensively reported by clinical and post-mortem studies. Atherosclerosis, hypercoagulability state, increased thrombogenesis and vasospasm have arisen as potential causes of myocardial ischemia in AS users. Additionally, several experimental reports have demonstrated that AS can increase the susceptibility to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas the cardioprotection elicited by physical exercise and ischemic postconditioning is blunted. Altogether, these factors can contribute to increased AMI morbidity and mortality during AS excess, particularly when AS are combined with other compounds, such as thyroid hormones, growth hormones, insulin, and diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A C Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Emerson L Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Jose H M Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Sesti F, Pofi R, Minnetti M, Tenuta M, Gianfrilli D, Isidori AM. Late-onset hypogonadism: Reductio ad absurdum of the cardiovascular risk-benefit of testosterone replacement therapy. Andrology 2020; 8:1614-1627. [PMID: 32737921 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low testosterone (T) level is considered a marker of poor cardiovascular health. Ten years ago, the Testosterone in Older Men with Mobility Limitations (TOM) trial was discontinued due to a higher number of adverse events in men receiving T compared with placebo. Since then, several studies have investigated the risks of T replacement therapy (TRT) in late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). OBJECTIVE To review the mechanism by which TRT could damage the cardiovascular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comprehensive literature search of recent clinical and experimental studies. RESULTS The mechanisms of T-mediated coronary vasodilation were reviewed with emphasis on calcium-activated and ATP-sensitive potassium ion channels. We showed how T regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/eNOS signaling pathways in vessel walls and its direct effects on cardiomyocytes via β1-adrenergic and ryanodine receptors and provided data on myocardial infarction and heart failure. Vascular smooth muscle senescence could be explained by the modulation of growth factors, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and angiotensin II by T. Furthermore, leukocyte trafficking, facilitated by changes in TNF-α, could explain some of the effects of T on atheromatous plaques. Conflicting data on prothrombotic risk linked to platelet aggregation inhibition via NO-triggered arachidonate synthesis or increased aggregability due to enhanced thromboxane A in human platelets provide evidence regarding the hypotheses on plaque maturation and rupture risk. The effects of T on cardiac electrophysiology and oxygen delivery were also reviewed. DISCUSSION The effects of TRT on the cardiovascular system are complex. Although molecular studies suggest a potential benefit, several clinical observations reveal neutral or occasionally detrimental effects, mostly due to confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Attempts to demonstrate that TRT damages the cardiovascular system via systematic analysis of the putative mechanisms led to the contradiction of the initial hypothesis. Current evidence indicates that TRT is safe once other comorbidities are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Sesti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pofi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Minnetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Sretenovic J, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Ajdzanovic V, Ristic N, Trifunovic M, Pantovic S, Jovic S, Jakovljevic V, Bolevich S, Milosavljevic Z, Milosevic V. Immunohistomorphometric and Hormonal Analysis of the Pituitary Gonadotropic Cells After Application of the Nandrolone Decanoate and Swimming Training in Adult Male Rats. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:699-707. [PMID: 32519626 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762000166x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chronic nandrolone decanoate treatment and/or swimming training on immunohistomorphometric parameters on rat pituitary gonadotropic cells. Male Wistar albino rats, 10 weeks old, were classified into four groups: control (T−N−), nandrolone (T−N+), swimming training (T+N−), and swimming training with nandrolone (T+N+). The T+ groups swam for 4 weeks, 1 h/day, 5 days/week. The N+ groups received nandrolone decanoate (20 mg/kg) once per week for 4 weeks. Pituitary tissue sections were processed and stained for immunohistochemical analysis and immunofluorescence. The volume density of luteinizing hormone (LH) cells was decreased by 48% in T−N+ and for 35% in the T+N+ group. The volume density of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) cells was decreased by 39% in T−N+ and for 30% in T+N+ compared to the control. Nandrolone alone, or combined with swimming training, decreased the number of LH/FSH cells compared to the control. The levels of the immunofluorescent signal of LH/FSH cells were increased in all experimental groups. Nandrolone alone decreased the serum level of LH by 17%, whereas swimming training alone increased FSH levels by 11% compared to the control. Serum levels of testosterone were increased in all experimental groups. Nandrolone alone, or combined with swimming training, decreased immunohistomorphometric parameters of gonadotropic cells, whereas the levels of immunofluorescent signal were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sretenovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdzanovic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Ristic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroljub Trifunovic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital Studenica, Jug Bogdanova 110, 36000Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Suzana Pantovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slavoljub Jovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow119992, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow119992, Russian Federation
| | - Zoran Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Verica Milosevic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
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Akbari Z, Esmailidehaj M, Avarand E, Shariati M, Pourkhalili K. Ischemic Preconditioning Efficacy Following Anabolic Steroid Usage: A Clear Difference Between Sedentary and Exercise-Trained Rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:287-296. [PMID: 30535662 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show that anabolic steroids impair innate cardioprotective mechanisms. Here, we investigated the effect of supraphysiological doses of nandrolone on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) as a potent cardioprotective tool against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in rat hearts. Male Wistar rats in two experimental settings of sedentary and exercise-trained (60 min/day swimming, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks) were either pretreated with intramuscular injections of arachis oil (Arach, n = 16) as vehicle or nandrolone decanoate (ND, n = 8), 10 mg/kg/week, for 8 weeks. At the end, the hearts were excised and perfused in a Langendorff system. Then, the vehicle-treated hearts subdivided into the IR (30 min of LAD coronary artery occlusion and 120 min reperfusion, n = 8) and IPC (three cycles of 3-min ischemia and 3-min reperfusion before test ischemia, n = 8) groups and nandrolone-treated hearts served as ND + IPC (nandrolone pretreatment before IR and IPC protocols, n = 8) group. Post-ischemic cardiac function and infarct size were assessed. Reperfusion arrhythmias were analyzed using a standard scoring system. In sedentary hearts, ND slightly increased heart-to-body weight ratio and increased baseline cardiac contractile function. In trained hearts, ND markedly increased heart-to-body weight ratio which was also associated with enhanced baseline cardiac function. ND pretreatment enhanced protective effects of IPC in sedentary group; however, abolished these effects in exercise-trained group. The arrhythmia score was not significantly different between nandrolone-treated groups vs. respective preconditioned groups. Our findings show that ND impairs IPC-induced cardioprotection in exercise-trained rat hearts. Cardiac hypertrophy seems to play a crucial role in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Akbari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mansour Esmailidehaj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Avarand
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | | | - Khalil Pourkhalili
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Marocolo M, Katayama PL, Meireles A, Barbosa Neto O. Combined effects of exercise training and high doses of anabolic steroids on cardiac autonomic modulation and ventricular repolarization properties in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:1185-1192. [PMID: 31505126 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that high doses of synthetic anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) can have serious negative effects on health, including the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of AAS and exercise training on ventricular repolarization and cardiac autonomic modulation in rats. Male Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups: sedentary rats treated with vehicle, sedentary rats treated with nandrolone decanoate, swimming-trained rats treated with vehicle, and swimming-trained rats treated with nandrolone decanoate. Ventricular repolarization was evaluated by electrocardiographic analysis of QT interval and QT dispersion. Cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed by heart rate variability. Our results show that AAS increased QT interval and QT dispersion in sedentary rats treated with nandrolone decanoate as compared to sedentary rats treated with vehicle, indicating AAS-induced ventricular repolarization abnormalities. When rats treated with nandrolone decanoate were subjected to concomitant exercise training, ventricular repolarization was normalized. On the other hand, AAS-induced reduction in cardiac parasympathetic modulation was not prevented by exercise training. In conclusion, AAS produced cardiac autonomic dysfunction and ventricular repolarization disturbances in rats. Combining an exercise training protocol during the AAS treatment attenuated the ventricular repolarization abnormalities and did not prevent cardiac autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Katayama
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Octávio Barbosa Neto
- Sport Sciences Department, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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20
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Swoboda PP, Garg P, Levelt E, Broadbent DA, Zolfaghari-Nia A, Foley AJR, Fent GJ, Chew PG, Brown LA, Saunderson CE, Dall’Armellina E, Greenwood JP, Plein S. Regression of Left Ventricular Mass in Athletes Undergoing Complete Detraining Is Mediated by Decrease in Intracellular but Not Extracellular Compartments. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:e009417. [PMID: 31505947 PMCID: PMC7099858 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.119.009417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletic cardiac remodeling can occasionally be difficult to differentiate from pathological hypertrophy. Detraining is a commonly used diagnostic test to identify physiological hypertrophy, which can be diagnosed if hypertrophy regresses. We aimed to establish whether athletic cardiac remodeling assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance is mediated by changes in intracellular or extracellular compartments and whether this occurs by 1 or 3 months of detraining. METHODS Twenty-eight athletes about to embark on a period of forced detraining due to incidental limb bone fracture underwent clinical assessment, ECG, and contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance within a week of their injury and then 1 month and 3 months later. RESULTS After 1 month of detraining, there was reduction in left ventricular (LV) mass (130±28 to 121±25 g; P<0.0001), increase in native T1 (1225±30 to 1239±30 ms; P=0.02), and extracellular volume fraction (24.5±2.3% to 26.0±2.6%; P=0.0007) with no further changes by 3 months. The decrease in LV mass was mediated by a decrease in intracellular compartment volume (94±22 to 85±19 mL; P<0.0001) with no significant change in the extracellular compartment volume. High LV mass index, low native T1, and low extracellular volume fraction at baseline were all predictive of regression in LV mass in the first month. CONCLUSIONS Regression of athletic LV hypertrophy can be detected after just 1 month of complete detraining and is mediated by a decrease in the intracellular myocardial compartment with no change in the extracellular compartment. Further studies are needed in athletes with overt and pathological hypertrophy to establish whether native T1 and extracellular volume fraction may complement electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and genetic testing in predicting the outcome of detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Swoboda
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Pankaj Garg
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Eylem Levelt
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - David A. Broadbent
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
- Medical Physics and Engineering, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (D.A.B.)
| | - Ashkun Zolfaghari-Nia
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - A. James R. Foley
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Graham J. Fent
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Pei G. Chew
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Louise A. Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Christopher E. Saunderson
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Erica Dall’Armellina
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - John P. Greenwood
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
| | - Sven Plein
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (P.P.S., P.G., E.L., D.A.B., A.Z.-N., A.J.R.F., G.J.F., P.G.C., L.A.B., C.E.S., E.D., J.P.G., S.P.)
- Medical Physics and Engineering, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom (D.A.B.)
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21
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A Mechanistic and Pathophysiological Approach for Stroke Associated with Drugs of Abuse. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091295. [PMID: 31450861 PMCID: PMC6780697 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs of abuse are associated with stroke, especially in young individuals. The major classes of drugs linked to stroke are cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, morphine, cannabis, and new synthetic cannabinoids, along with androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs). Both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke have been reported due to drug abuse. Several common mechanisms have been identified, such as arrhythmias and cardioembolism, hypoxia, vascular toxicity, vascular spasm and effects on the thrombotic mechanism, as causes for ischemic stroke. For hemorrhagic stroke, acute hypertension, aneurysm formation/rupture and angiitis-like changes have been implicated. In AAS abuse, the effect of blood pressure is rather substance specific, whereas increased erythropoiesis usually leads to thromboembolism. Transient vasospasm, caused by synthetic cannabinoids, could lead to ischemic stroke. Opiates often cause infective endocarditis, resulting in ischemic stroke and hypereosinophilia accompanied by pyogenic arthritis, provoking hemorrhagic stroke. Genetic variants are linked to increased risk for stroke in cocaine abuse. The fact that case reports on cannabis-induced stroke usually refer to the young population is very alarming.
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22
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Seara FAC, Arantes PC, Domingos AE, Barbosa RAQ, Olivares EL, Sudo RT, Campos de Carvalho AC, Nascimento JHM. Cardiac electrical and contractile disorders promoted by anabolic steroid overdose are associated with late autonomic imbalance and impaired Ca 2+ handling. Steroids 2019; 148:1-10. [PMID: 31028764 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Investigate cardiac electrical and mechanical dysfunctions elicited by chronic anabolic steroid (AS) overdose. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with nandrolone decanoate (DECA) or vehicle (CTL) for 8 weeks. Electrocardiography and heart rate variability were assessed at weeks 2, 4, and 8. Cardiac reactivity to isoproterenol was investigated in isolated rat hearts. Action potential duration (APD) was measured from left ventricular (LV) muscle strips. L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL), and transient outward potassium current (Ito) were recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp in LV cardiomyocytes. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+-induced contractile response sensitivity were evaluated in skinned cardiac fibers. Muscarinic type 2 receptor (M2R), β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR), sarcoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA-2a), type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2), L-type Ca2+ channel (CACNA1), Kv4.2 (KCND2), and Kv4.3 (KCND3) mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Compared with CTL group, DECA group exhibited decreased high frequency band power density (HF) and increased low frequency power density (LF), Cardiac M2R mRNA level was decreased. QTc interval at 2nd, 4th, and 8th week as well as APD30 and APD90 were increased by DECA. Ito density was decreased, while ICaL density was increased by DECA. SR Ca2+ loading and release were decreased by DECA, while contractile sensitivity to Ca2+ was increased versus CTL group. CONCLUSION DECA overdose induced cardiac rhythmic and mechanical abnormalities that can be associated with autonomic imbalance, up-regulated ICaL and down-regulated Ito, abnormal SR Ca2+ mobilization, and increased contractile sensitivity to Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A C Seara
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Arantes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ainá E Domingos
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raiana A Q Barbosa
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson L Olivares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto T Sudo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose H M Nascimento
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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Maldonado O, Ramos A, Guapillo M, Rivera J, Palma I, Rubio-Gayosso I, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Najera N, Ceballos G, Mendez-Bolaina E. Effects of chronic inhibition of Testosterone metabolism on cardiac remodeling after ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial damage in gonadectomized rats. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.041905. [PMID: 31085546 PMCID: PMC6550079 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of testosterone on cardiovascular homeostasis are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of testosterone in the absence or presence of inhibition of Aromatase (4-hydroxyandrostenedione) and/or 5α reductase (Finasteride) enzymatic activities on the myocardial remodeling 30 days after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in gonadectomized rats. Results showed that testosterone administration to ORX rats resulted in decreased myocardial damaged area, inflammatory infiltrates and reduced MMP-3 and 13 expressions. Interestingly, Finasteride administration resulted in a greater decrease in scar tissue, inflammatory infiltrates, along with a significant decrease in MMP-3 and 13 expressions. In contrast, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione administrations increased all parameters. Our results suggest that testosterone does not have a direct effect since simultaneous inhibition of aromatase and 5α-reductase did not induce significant changes in I/R induced myocardial injury. Summary: Coronary ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in gonadectomyzed male rats is decreased by testosterone, protection is increased by blocking its 5α-reduction and blocked by inhibition of its aromatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Maldonado
- CIB-Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas-UV. Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Colonia Industrial Anima, CP. 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.,Departamento de Nanotecnología, Universidad Tecnológica del Centro de Veracruz, Av. Universidad No. 350, Carretera Federal Cuitláhuac - La Tinaja, Localidad Dos Caminos, CP. 94910, Cuitláhuac, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Angel Ramos
- MCPB-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Colonia Rafael Alvarado, CP. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mario Guapillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Colonia Rafael Alvarado, CP. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jose Rivera
- MCPB-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Colonia Rafael Alvarado, CP. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Icela Palma
- Seccion de Estudios de posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ivan Rubio-Gayosso
- Seccion de Estudios de posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- Seccion de Estudios de posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Najera
- Seccion de Estudios de posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Seccion de Estudios de posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Mendez-Bolaina
- CIB-Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas-UV. Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Colonia Industrial Anima, CP. 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.,MCPB-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Colonia Rafael Alvarado, CP. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
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Vieira TM, Rossi Junior WC, Da Ré Guerra F, Damião B, Marques PP, Esteves A. Effect of testosterone cypionate and stanozolol on the heart of young trained mice: A morphometric study. Steroids 2019; 145:19-22. [PMID: 30772437 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone cypionate and Stanozolol are Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) which are synthetic substances that possess functions similar to testosterone. The use of these substances has increased considerably among youngsters and sports practitioners aiming better performance of with aesthetic purposes. The major concern is the effects caused by the inappropriate use of the substances, such as hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and left ventricle hypertrophy. The objective of the present research was to measure the diameter of the left ventricle lumen and the thickness of the left ventricle myocardium in mice submitted to supraphysiological doses of AAS. A total of 30 female Swiss mice were used in the experiments. The animals received supraphysiological doses of the AAS for 30 days, and during the treatment period, they were put to swim in intercalated days. After treatment animals were euthanized and slides were made from the hearts for measurements. Results demonstrated that both AAS changed significantly the heart morphology: Testosterone cypionate led to an increase in the ventricular lumen and stanozolol increased left ventricle myocardium thickness. In conclusion, the use of AAS in supraphysiological doses can change the heart morphology and can lead to serious health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Martins Vieira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Wagner Costa Rossi Junior
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Flávia Da Ré Guerra
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Damião
- Doctorate in the Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Petrus Pires Marques
- Department of Morphology, Medical School, José Vellano University, Unifenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Esteves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil.
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Mishra JS, More AS, Gopalakrishnan K, Kumar S. Testosterone plays a permissive role in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in male rats. Biol Reprod 2019; 100:139-148. [PMID: 30102356 PMCID: PMC6335213 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones contribute to sex differences in blood pressure. Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system is involved in vascular dysfunction and hypertension. This study evaluated the role of androgens (testosterone) in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced increase in blood pressure, vascular reactivity, and cardiac hypertrophy. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats underwent sham operation, castration, or castration with testosterone replacement. After 12 weeks of chronic changes in androgen status, Ang II (120 ng/kg per minute) or saline was infused for 28 days via subcutaneous miniosmotic pump, and changes in blood pressure was measured. Vascular reactivity and Ang II receptor levels were examined in mesenteric arteries. Heart weight, cardiac ANP mRNA levels, and fibrosis were also assessed. Ang II infusion increased arterial pressure in intact males. The Ang II-induced increase in hypertensive response was prevented in castrated males. Testosterone replacement in castrated males restored Ang II-induced hypertensive responses. Castration reduced vascular AT1R/AT2R ratio, an effect that was reversed by testosterone replacement. Ang II-induced hypertension was associated with increased contractile response of mesenteric arteries to Ang II and phenylephrine in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males; these increases were prevented in castrated males. Ang II infusion induced increased left ventricle-to-body weight ratio and ANP mRNA expression, indicators of left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males, and castration prevented the increase in these parameters caused by Ang II. This study demonstrates that testosterone plays a permissive role in development and maintenance of Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Mishra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amar S More
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Rasmussen JJ, Schou M, Madsen PL, Selmer C, Johansen ML, Ulriksen PS, Dreyer T, Kümler T, Plesner LL, Faber J, Gustafsson F, Kistorp C. Cardiac systolic dysfunction in past illicit users of anabolic androgenic steroids. Am Heart J 2018; 203:49-56. [PMID: 30015068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is associated with left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction and increased LV mass (LVM), but whether these findings persist in former AAS users has yet to be elucidated. The objective was to assess LV systolic function, LVM and myocardial fibrosis in current and former illicit AAS users compared with non-users. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study among men, aged 18–50 years, involved in recreational resistance training. We included 37 current and 33 former illicit AAS users, geometric mean (95%CI), 30 (21; 44) months since AAS cessation, and 30 non-users as controls. We assessed myocardial function and structure using advanced echocardiography and cardiac MRI with late-gadolinium enhancement. Results Mean (SE) LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was impaired in former AAS users compared with non-users, −16.7 (0.5) versus −18.2 (0.4) %, P < .05. Mean (SE) LV ejection fraction (EF) was decreased, 51 (1) versus 58 (1) %, P < .001 and LV GLS impaired, −14.5 (0.4)%, P < .001, in current AAS users compared with non-users. Measures of LVM were increased in current AAS users compared with the other two groups, P < .001. Plasma total testosterone was independently associated with reduced LVEF (P = .049) and increased LVM/body surface area (P = .005) in multivariate linear regressions. Focal myocardial fibrosis was not detected in any participants and diffuse myocardial fibrosis, assessed using post-contrast T1-mapping time, did not differ among the three groups. Conclusions Past illicit AAS use is associated with impaired LV GLS, suggesting subclinical cardiac systolic dysfunction years after AAS cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Rasmussen
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Morten Schou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per L Madsen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Selmer
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marie L Johansen
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter S Ulriksen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Tina Dreyer
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kümler
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Louis L Plesner
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens Faber
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospitals Herlev/Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sretenovic J, Ajdzanovic V, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Corbic M, Milosevic V, Jakovljevic V, Milosavljevic Z. Nandrolone decanoate and physical activity affect quadriceps in peripubertal rats. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:429-437. [PMID: 29759662 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are synthetic analogs of testosterone often used by athletes to increase the skeletal muscle mass. Our goal was to examine the effects of physical activity and physical activity combined with supraphysiological doses of nandrolone on functional morphology of the quadriceps muscle. The study included 32 peripubertal Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups: control (T-N-), nandrolone (T-N+), physical activity (T+N-) and physical activity plus nandrolone (T+N+) groups. The T+N- and T+N+ group swam for 4 weeks, 1 h/day, 5 days/week. The T-N+ and T+N+ groups received nandolone decanoate (20 mg/kg b.w.) once per week, subcutaneously. Subsequently, the rats were sacrificed and muscle specimens were prepared for the processing. Tissue sections were histochemically and immunohistochemically stained, while the image analysis was used for quantification. Longitudinal diameter of quadriceps muscle cells was increased for 21% in T-N+, for 57% in T+N- and for 64% in T+N+ group while cross section muscle cell area was increased in T-N+ for 19%, in T+N- for 47% and in T+N+ group for 59%, compared to the control. Collagen fibers covered area was increased in T-N+ group for 36%, in T+N- for 109% and in T+N+ group for 159%, compared to the control. Erythrocyte depots were decreased in T-N+ group and increased in T+N- and T+N+ group, in comparison with T-N-. VEGF depots were increased in all treated groups. Chronic administration of supraphysiological doses of AASs alone or in combination with physical activity induces hypertrophy and significant changes in the quadriceps muscle tissue structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sretenovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdzanovic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milena Corbic
- Clinic of Neurology, KRH Klinikum Agnes Karll Laatzen, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verica Milosevic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoran Milosavljevic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Selakovic D, Joksimovic J, Zaletel I, Puskas N, Matovic M, Rosic G. The opposite effects of nandrolone decanoate and exercise on anxiety levels in rats may involve alterations in hippocampal parvalbumin-positive interneurons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189595. [PMID: 29232412 PMCID: PMC5726625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of chronic (six weeks) nandrolone decanoate (ND, 20 mg/kg, s.c., weekly in single dose) administration (in order to mimic heavy human abuse), and exercise (swimming protocol of 60 minutes a day, five days in a row/two days break), applied alone and simultaneously with ND, in male rats (n = 40). Also, we evaluated the effects of those protocols on hippocampal parvalbumin (PV) content and the possible connection between the alterations in certain parts of hippocampal GABAergic system and behavioral patterns. Both ND and exercise protocols induced increase in testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol blood levels. Our results confirmed anxiogenic effects of ND observed in open field (OF) test (decrease in the locomotor activity, as well as in frequency and cumulative duration in the centre zone) and in elevated plus maze (EPM) test (decrease in frequency and cumulative duration in open arms, and total exploratory activity), that were accompanied with a mild decrease in the number of PV interneurons in hippocampus. Chronic exercise protocol induced significant increase in hippocampal PV neurons (dentate gyrus and CA1 region), followed by anxiolytic-like behavioral changes, observed in both OF and EPM (increase in all estimated parameters), and in evoked beam-walking test (increase in time to cross the beam), compared to ND treated animals. The applied dose of ND was sufficient to attenuate beneficial effects of exercise in rats by means of decreased exercise-induced anxiolytic effect, as well as to reverse exercise-induced augmentation in number of PV immunoreactive neurons in hippocampus. Our results implicate the possibility that alterations in hippocampal PV interneurons (i.e. GABAergic system) may be involved in modulation of anxiety level induced by ND abuse and/or extended exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Zaletel
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nela Puskas
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milovan Matovic
- Deparment of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Clinical Centre "Kragujevac", Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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Bayat G, Javan M, Khalili A, Safari F, Shokri S, Hajizadeh S. Chronic endurance exercise antagonizes the cardiac UCP2 and UCP3 protein up-regulation induced by nandrolone decanoate. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:609-614. [PMID: 28902623 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence revealed that chronic treatment of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) is accompanied with some cardiovascular side effects and in addition they also negatively mask the beneficial effects of exercise training on cardiac performance. METHODS The present study examined whether the nandrolone decanoate (ND)-induced cardiac effects were mediated by changing the cardiac uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and 3 (UCP3) expression. Five groups of male wistar-albino rats including sedentary control (SC), sedentary vehicle (SV), sedentary nandrolone decanoate (SND), exercise control (EC), and exercise nandrolone decanoate (END) were used. ND was injected (10 mg/kg/week, intramuscular) to the animals in the SND and END groups and endurance exercise training was performed on a treadmill five times per week. RESULTS The protein expressions of cardiac UCP2 and UCP3 have significantly increased in both the SND and EC groups compared to the SC ones. In contrast to UCP3, no significant differences were found between UCP2 protein expressions of the END and SC groups. Compared with the SND group, the exercise training significantly decreased the UCP2 and UCP3 protein expressions in the END group. CONCLUSIONS The study has indicated that endurance exercise in combination with ND can result in that the exercise effectively antagonizes the effects of ND treatment on UCP2 and UCP3 up-regulation.
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Barbosa Neto O, da Mota GR, De Sordi CC, Resende EAMR, Resende LAPR, Vieira da Silva MA, Marocolo M, Côrtes RS, de Oliveira LF, Dias da Silva VJ. Long-term anabolic steroids in male bodybuilders induce cardiovascular structural and autonomic abnormalities. Clin Auton Res 2017; 28:231-244. [DOI: 10.1007/s10286-017-0470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Exercise Training Restores Cardiac MicroRNA-1 and MicroRNA-29c to Nonpathological Levels in Obese Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1549014. [PMID: 29138674 PMCID: PMC5613694 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1549014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that aerobic exercise training (AET) consisted of 10 weeks of 60-min swimming sessions, and 5 days/week AET counteracts CH in obesity. Here, we evaluated the role of microRNAs and their target genes that are involved in heart collagen deposition and calcium signaling, as well as the cardiac remodeling induced by AET in obese Zucker rats. Among the four experimental Zucker groups: control lean rats (LZR), control obese rats (OZR), trained lean rats (LZR + TR), and trained obese rats (OZR + TR), heart weight was greater in the OZR than in the LZR group due to increased cardiac intramuscular fat and collagen. AET seems to exert a protective role in normalizing the heart weight in the OZR + TR group. Cardiac microRNA-29c expression was decreased in OZR compared with the LZR group, paralleled by an increase in the collagen volumetric fraction (CVF). MicroRNA-1 expression was upregulated while the expression of its target gene NCX1 was decreased in OZR compared with the LZR group. Interestingly, AET restored cardiac microRNA-1 to nonpathological levels in the OZR-TR group. Our findings suggest that AET could be used as a nonpharmacological therapy for the reversal of pathological cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in obesity.
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Seara FDAC, Barbosa RAQ, de Oliveira DF, Gran da Silva DLS, Carvalho AB, Freitas Ferreira AC, Matheus Nascimento JH, Olivares EL. Administration of anabolic steroid during adolescence induces long-term cardiac hypertrophy and increases susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury in adult Wistar rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:34-42. [PMID: 28179209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic administration of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in adult rats results in cardiac hypertrophy and increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Molecular analyses demonstrated that hyperactivation of type 1 angiotensin II (AT1) receptor mediates cardiac hypertrophy induced by AAS and also induces down-regulation of myocardial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), resulting in loss of exercise-induced cardioprotection. Exposure to AAS during adolescence promoted long-term cardiovascular dysfunctions, such as dysautonomia. We tested the hypothesis that chronic AAS exposure in the pre/pubertal phase increases the susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in adult rats. Male Wistar rats (26day old) were treated with vehicle (Control, n=12) or testosterone propionate (TP) (AAS, 5mgkg-1 n=12) 5 times/week during 5 weeks. At the end of AAS exposure, rats underwent 23days of washout period and were submitted to euthanasia. Langendorff-perfused hearts were submitted to IR injury and evaluated for mechanical dysfunctions and infarct size. Molecular analysis was performed by mRNA levels of α-myosin heavy chain (MHC), βMHC and brain-derived natriuretic peptide (BNP), ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of AT1 receptor and KATP channel subunits (Kir6.1 and SURa) was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. NADPH oxidase (Nox)-related reactive oxygen species generation was assessed by spectrofluorimetry. The expression of antioxidant enzymes was measured by qRT-PCR in order to address a potential role of redox unbalance. AAS exposure promoted long-term cardiac hypertrophy characterized by increased expression of βMHC and βMHC/αMHC ratio. Baseline derivative of pressure (dP/dt) was impaired by AAS exposure. Postischemic recovery of mechanical properties was impaired (decreased left ventricle [LV] developed pressure and maximal dP/dt; increased LV end-diastolic pressure and minimal dP/dt) and infarct size was larger in the AAS group. Catalase mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the AAS group. In conclusion, chronic administration of AAS during adolescence promoted long-term pathological cardiac hypertrophy and persistent increase in the susceptibility to myocardial IR injury possible due to disturbances on catalase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Azevedo Cruz Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Raiana Andrade Quintanilha Barbosa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Dahienne Ferreira de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Diorney Luiz Souza Gran da Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bastos Carvalho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil; NUMPEX-Bio, Pólo de Xerém, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - José Hamilton Matheus Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson Lopes Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil.
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Use of anabolic androgenic steroids produces greater oxidative stress responses to resistance exercise in strength-trained men. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:282-286. [PMID: 28959650 PMCID: PMC5615127 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single session of high-intensity RE on trained bodybuilder men had effect on DNA damage and oxidative stress. The AAS users showed greater response than NAAS users. At pre-RE, the levels of oxidant were greater for the AAS group. The study has reported a range of negative redox status consequence of AAS use in conjunction with resistance training. The alteration of oxidative stress status with AAS use likely increase the injury risks in some organs in athletes.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use on oxidative stress responses to a single session of resistance exercise in strength-trained men. Twenty-three strength trained men, with 11 self-reporting regular AAS use and 12 self-reporting never taking AAS (NAAS) volunteered to participate in this study. Blood draws were obtained pre and post resistance exercise in order to evaluate changes in oxidative stress biomarkers levels (i.e., 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG], malondialdehyde [MDA], and nitric oxide [NO]), antioxidant defense systems (i.e., glutathione peroxidase [GPx] and catalase [CAT]), and glucose (GLU) levels. The AAS users had higher level of 8-OHdG (77.3 ± 17 vs. 57.7 ± 18.2 ng/mg), MDA (85.6 ± 17.8 vs. 52.3 ± 15.1 ng/mL), and GPx (9.1 ± 2.3 vs. 7.1 ± 1.3 mu/mL) compared to NAAS at pre exercise (p < 0.05). Both the experimental groups showed increases in 8-OHdG (p = 0.001), MDA (p = 0.001), GPx (p = 0.001), NO (p = 0.04), CAT (p = 0.02) and GLU (p = 0.001) concentrations after resistance exercise, and the AAS group indicated significant differences in 8-OHdG (p = 0.02) and MDA (p = 0.05) concentrations compared with NAAS users at post exercise. In conclusion, use of AAS is associated with alterations in immune function resulting in oxidative stress, and cell damage; however, high-intensity resistance exercise could increase greater oxidative stress biomarkers in strength-trained men.
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Pergolizzi B, Carriero V, Abbadessa G, Penna C, Berchialla P, De Francia S, Bracco E, Racca S. Subchronic nandrolone administration reduces cardiac oxidative markers during restraint stress by modulating protein expression patterns. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 434:51-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Caliman IF, Bernabe CS, de Melo AF, Brasil GA, do Nascimento AM, de Lima EM, Figueiredo SG, de Andrade TU, Bissoli NS. Long-term treatment with Nandrolone Decanoate impairs mesenteric vascular relaxation in both sedentary and exercised female rats. Steroids 2017; 120:7-18. [PMID: 28192127 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) is an Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) that under abusive regimen can lead to multiple physiological adverse effects. Studies of AAS-mediated cardiovascular (CV) alterations were mostly taken from male subjects, even though women are also susceptible to the effects of AAS and gender-specific differences in susceptibility to vascular diseases exist. Here we investigate ND-induced vascular reactivity alterations in both sedentary and exercised female rats and whether these alterations depend on endothelium-derived factors. We show that chronic exposure of female Wistar rats to ND (20mg/Kg/week for 4weeks) impaired the vascular mesenteric bed (MVB) reactivity to vasodilator (acetylcholine) agonist. The endothelium-dependent Nitric Oxide (NO) component was reduced in ND-treated rats, whereas neither the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) component nor prostanoids were altered in the MVBs. Endothelial dysfunction observed in ND-treated rats was associated with decreased eNOS (Ser1177) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation sites and upregulation of iNOS and NADPH oxidase expression. Exercise training by weight lifting in water did not improve the vascular alterations induced by ND treatment. ND treatment also significantly reduced the serum levels of estradiol in females, overriding its CV protective effect. These results help uncover the role of ND modulating endothelial function in the setting of CV disease caused by the abuse of AAS in females. If this translates to humans, young women abusing AAS can potentially lose the cardio protective effect rendered by estrogen and be more susceptible to CV alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela F Caliman
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Cristian S Bernabe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Program in Medical Neurosciences, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antônio F de Melo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Girlândia A Brasil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Andrews M do Nascimento
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ewelyne M de Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Suely G Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tadeu U de Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré S Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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36
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Sretenovic J, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Milosavljevic Z. The Effects of High Doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on Cardiac Muscle Tissue. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In recent decades, steroid abuse has become very popular and widespread among professional and recreational athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the chronic effects of training combined with high doses of nandrolone decanoate on cardiac muscle tissue. The study included 32 Wistar albino rats divided into 4 groups: control (T-N-), steroid (T-N+), exercisetraining (T+N-) and exercise plus steroid (T+N+) groups. The T+N- and T+N+ group swam for 4 weeks, 1 hour per day, 5 days per week. The N+ (nandrolone positive groups) received nandrolone decanoate (20 mg/kg) once per week, subcutaneously. After 4 weeks of training, the rats were sacrificed. Heart biopsy specimens were routinely fixed and embedded in paraffin. Fivemicrometre thick sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H/E) and Masson-Trichrome dyes. Captured microscopic images were processed by special software for image analysis to quantify results. Our results showed that the combination of nandrolone and training causes left ventricular wall thickening of 30%. Average cardiac muscle cell longitudinal diameter was increased by 6% in the T-N+ group, by 16% in the T+N- group and by 25% in the T+N+ group. The cross sectional muscle cell area was increased in the T+N+ group by 33%. Heart collagen content was increased in the nandrolone group compared to the control group by 261%. Collagen content was decreased in the T+N+ group by 34%. High doses of AAS induced left ventricle hypertrophy and excessive heart collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sretenovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Kragujevac, Department of Histology and Embryology Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Engi SA, Planeta CS, Crestani CC. Effect of Voluntary Ethanol Consumption Combined with Testosterone Treatment on Cardiovascular Function in Rats: Influence of Exercise Training. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146974. [PMID: 26760038 PMCID: PMC4711937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of voluntary ethanol consumption combined with testosterone treatment on cardiovascular function in rats. Moreover, we investigated the influence of exercise training on these effects. To this end, male rats were submitted to low-intensity training on a treadmill or kept sedentary while concurrently being treated with ethanol for 6 weeks. For voluntary ethanol intake, rats were given access to two bottles, one containing ethanol and other containing water, three 24-hour sessions per week. In the last two weeks (weeks 5 and 6), animals underwent testosterone treatment concurrently with exercise training and exposure to ethanol. Ethanol consumption was not affected by either testosterone treatment or exercise training. Also, drug treatments did not influence the treadmill performance improvement evoked by training. However, testosterone alone, but not in combination with ethanol, reduced resting heart rate. Moreover, combined treatment with testosterone and ethanol reduced the pressor response to the selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. Treatment with either testosterone or ethanol alone also affected baroreflex activity and enhanced depressor response to acetylcholine, but these effects were inhibited when drugs were coadministrated. Exercise training restored most cardiovascular effects evoked by drug treatments. Furthermore, both drugs administrated alone increased pressor response to phenylephrine in trained animals. Also, drug treatments inhibited the beneficial effects of training on baroreflex function. In conclusion, the present results suggest a potential interaction between toxic effects of testosterone and ethanol on cardiovascular function. Data also indicate that exercise training is an important factor influencing the effects of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Engi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleopatra S. Planeta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C. Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abdollahi F, Joukar S, Najafipour H, Karimi A, Masumi Y, Binayi F. The risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in presence of high-intensity endurance exercise along with chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate. Steroids 2016; 105:106-12. [PMID: 26686897 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids used to improve muscular strength and performance in athletics. Its long-term consumption may induce cardiovascular adverse effects. We assessed the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in rats which subjected to chronic nandrolone plus high-intensity endurance exercise. Animals were grouped as; control (CTL), exercise (Ex): 8 weeks under exercise, vehicle group (Arach): received arachis oil, and Nan group: received nandrolone decanoate 5 mg/kg twice a week for 8 weeks, Arach+Ex group, and Nan+Ex. Finally, under anesthesia, arrhythmia was induced by infusion of 1.5 μg/0.1 mL/min of aconitine IV and ventricular arrhythmias were recorded for 15 min. Then, animals' hearts were excised and tissue samples were taken. Nandrolone plus exercise had no significant effect on blood pressure but decreased the heart rate (P<0.01) and increased the RR (P<0.01) and JT intervals (P<0.05) of electrocardiogram. Nandrolone+exercise significantly increased the ventricular fibrillation (VF) frequency and also decreased the VF latency (P<0.05 versus CTL group). Combination of exercise and nandrolone could not recover the decreasing effects of nandrolone on animals weight gain but, it enhanced the heart hypertrophy index (P<0.05). In addition, nandrolone increased the level of hydroxyproline (HYP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) but had not significant effect on glutathione peroxidase of heart. Exercise only prevented the effect of nandrolone on HYP. Nandrolone plus severe exercise increases the risk of VF that cannot be explained only by the changes in redox system. The intensification of cardiac hypertrophy and prolongation of JT interval may be a part of involved mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Abdollahi
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdolah Karimi
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yaser Masumi
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fateme Binayi
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Lima EM, Nascimento AM, Brasil GA, Kalil IC, Lenz D, Endringer DC, Andrade TU, Bissoli NS. Cardiopulmonary reflex, cardiac cytokines, and nandrolone decanoate: response to resistance training in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:985-91. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of nandrolone associated with resistance training (RT) on cardiac cytokines, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity (ACEA), and the sensitivity of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR). Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: CONT (received vehicle, no training); EXERC (RT: after one week of water adaptation, rats were exercised by jumping into water twice a week for 4 weeks), and ND+EXERC (received nandrolone decanoate 10 mg/kg, twice/week, i.m, associated with RT). The BJR was analysed by measuring bradycardic and hypotensive responses elicited by serotonin administration. Myocyte hypertrophy and matrix collagen deposition were determined by morphometric analysis of H&E and picrosirius red-stained samples, respectively. TNF-α and ACEA were also studied. RT promoted physiological myocyte hyrpertrophy but did not cause changes in the other parameters. The association of ND with RT increased myocyte hypertrophy, deposition of matrix type I collagen, TNF-α and ACEA; decreased IL-10, and impairment in the BJR were observed in ND+EXERC compared with CONT and EXERC. ND is associated with alterations in cardiac structure and function as a result of the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy (cardiac cytokine imbalance, elevation of ACEA) and cardiac injury, even when combined with resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrews Marques Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29042-755, Brazil
| | - Girlandia Alexandre Brasil
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29042-755, Brazil
| | | | - Dominik Lenz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29042-755, Brazil
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Bayat G, Javan M, Safari F, Khalili A, Shokri S, Goudarzvand M, Salimi M, Hajizadeh S. Nandrolone decanoate negatively reverses the beneficial effects of exercise on cardiac muscle via sarcolemmal, but not mitochondrial K(ATP) channel. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:324-31. [PMID: 26909616 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels are supposed to have a substantial role in improvement of cardiac performance. This study was performed to evaluate whether nandrolone decanoate (ND) and (or) exercise training could affect the expression of cardiac K(ATP) channel subunits. Thirty-five male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sedentary control (SC), sedentary vehicle (SV), sedentary ND (SND), exercise control (EC), and exercise and ND (E+ND). Exercise training was performed on a treadmill 5 times per week. ND was injected (10 mg/kg/week, i.m.) to the rats in the SND and E+ND groups. Following cardiac isolation, the expression of both sarcolemmal and mitochondrial subunits of K(ATP) channel was measured using Western blot method. The expression of sarcolemmal, but not mitochondrial, subunits of K(ATP) channel (Kir6.2 and SUR2) of EC group was significantly higher compared with SC group while ND administration (SND group) did not show any change in their expression. In the E+ND group, ND administration led to decrease of the over-expression of sarcolemmal Kir6.2 and SUR2 which was previously induced by exercise. There was no significant association between the mitochondrial expression of either Kir6.2 or SUR2 proteins and administration of ND or exercise. Supra-physiological dosage of ND negatively reverses the effects of exercise on the cardiac muscle expression of sarcolemmal, but not mitochondrial, K(ATP) channel subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bayat
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- c Deptartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Khalili
- d Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Shokri
- e Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Goudarzvand
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salimi
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sohrab Hajizadeh
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Marqueti RDC, Hashimoto NY, Durigan JLQ, Batista e Silva LL, Almeida JAD, Silva MDGD, Oliveira EMD, Araújo HSSD. Nandrolone increases angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity in rats tendons. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220152103143667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been associated with several biological processes of the human body, regulating, among others blood pressure and water and electrolytes balance. Moreover, RAS also regulates connective tissue growth. Recently, studies have shown that the use of nandrolone modifies the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) activity and increases collagen deposition in the heart. OBJECTIVE: The aim of study was to evaluate the Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the superficial flexor tendon (SFT) and in serum after load exercise in combination with anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) administration after training session and six weeks of detraining. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were used into two groups (G1 and G2) subdivided into four subgroups: Sedentary (S); trained (T); AAS-treated (Deca-Durabolin(r), 5mg/kg, twice a week) sedentary rats (AAS) and AAS-treated and trained animals (AAST). Trained groups performed jumps in water: four series of 10 jumps each, followed by a 30 sec interval between the series, for seven weeks. RESULTS: Training increased ACE activity in the SFT compared to the control group (p <0.05). Both AAS and AAST groups presented higher ACE activity levels (p < 0.05). The AAST increased the ACE activity only compared to the trained animals. Only the AAST group presented significant higher levels of ACE in the serum. In the G2 group, all experimental groups presented decreased ACE activity in the serum and in the tendon, as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that AAS administration and its combination with exercise increased ACE activity of tendons. AAS abuse could compromise tendon adaptation causing maladaptive remodeling.
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Ghorbani Baravati H, Joukar S, Fathpour H, Kordestani Z. Nandrolone Plus Moderate Exercise Increases the Susceptibility to Lethal Arrhythmias. Res Cardiovasc Med 2015; 4:e26233. [PMID: 26396972 PMCID: PMC4576214 DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.26233v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Until now, no experimental study has directly assessed the arrhythmogenesis of chronic consumption of anabolic androgenic steroids along with moderate-intensity endurance exercise. Objectives: We evaluated the influence of integration of anabolic androgenic steroids along with moderate-intensity endurance exercise on susceptibility to lethal ventricular arrhythmias in rat. Materials and Methods: The animal groups were as follows: control group (CTL); exercise group (EX) which were under 6 weeks of treadmill exercise; nandrolone group (Nan) which received 5 mg/kg of nandrolone decanoate twice a week; vehicle group (Arach) which received Arachis oil (solvent of nandrolone); trained vehicle group (Arach + Ex); and trained nandrolone group (Nan + Ex). One day after ending of the intervention period, arrhythmia was inducted by intravenous infusion of aconitine and ventricular arrhythmias were recorded. Then malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of heart tissue were measured. Results: Nandrolone, exercise, and their combination were associated with heart hypertrophy. Exercise could prevent the incremental effect of nandrolone on MDA/GPX ratio. Chronic administration of nandrolone with moderate-intensity endurance exercise had no significant effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and basal electrocardiographic parameters. Combination of nandrolone and exercise significantly increased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and reduced the VF latency (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest that chronic coadministration of nandrolone with moderate-intensity endurance exercise facilitates the VF occurrence in rat. Complementary studies are needed to elucidate the involved mechanisms of this abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Ghorbani Baravati
- Deptarment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Siyavash Joukar, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 76169-14115, Kerman, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-3433220081, E-mail: ,
| | - Hossein Fathpour
- Deptarment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Zeinab Kordestani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
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do Nascimento AM, de Lima EM, Boëchat GAP, Meyrelles SDS, Bissoli NS, Lenz D, Endringer DC, de Andrade TU. Testosterone induces apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by increasing proapoptotic signaling involving tumor necrosis factor-α and renin angiotensin system. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:1139-47. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115571766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids lead to cardiac complications and have been shown to exhibit proapoptotic effects in cardiac cells; however, the mechanism involved in those effects is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess whether apoptosis and the activation of caspase-3 (Casp-3) induced by testosterone in high concentrations involves increments in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in cardiomyocytes (H9c2) cell cultures. Cardiomyocytes were treated with testosterone (5 × 10−6 mol/L), doxorubicin (9.2 × 10−6 mol/L), testosterone + etanercept (Eta; 6.67 × 10−5 mol/L), testosterone + losartan (Los; 10−7 mol/L), and testosterone + AC-DEVD-CHO (10−5 mol/L; Casp-3 inhibitor). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and by the proteolytic activity of Casp-3. We demonstrated that incubation of H9c2 cells for 48 h with testosterone causes the apoptotic death of 60–70% of the cells and co-treatments with Eta, Los, or AC-DEVD-CHO reduced this effect. Testosterone also induces apoptosis (concentration dependent) and increases the proteolytic activity of Casp-3, which were reduced by co-treatments. TNF-α and ACE activities were elevated by testosterone treatment, while co-treatment with Los and Eta reduced these effects. We concluded that an interaction between testosterone, angiotensin II, and TNF-α induced apoptosis and Casp-3 activity in cultured cardiomyocytes, which contributed to the reduced viability of these cells induced by testosterone in toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM do Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - EM de Lima
- Department of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - GAP Boëchat
- Department of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - SDS Meyrelles
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - NS Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - D Lenz
- Department of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - DC Endringer
- Department of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - TU de Andrade
- Department of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Frati P, Busardò FP, Cipolloni L, Dominicis ED, Fineschi V. Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) related deaths: autoptic, histopathological and toxicological findings. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:146-59. [PMID: 26074749 PMCID: PMC4462039 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210225414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) represent a large group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone, produced to maximize anabolic effects and minimize the androgenic ones. AAS can be administered orally, parenterally by intramuscular injection and transdermally. Androgens act by binding to the nuclear androgen receptor (AR) in the cytoplasm and then translocate into the nucleus. This binding results in sequential conformational changes of the receptor affecting the interaction between receptor and protein, and receptor and DNA. Skeletal muscle can be considered as the main target tissue for the anabolic effects of AAS, which are mediated by ARs which after exposure to AASs are up-regulated and their number increases with body building. Therefore, AASs determine an increase in muscle size as a consequence of a dose-dependent hypertrophy resulting in an increase of the cross-sectional areas of both type I and type II muscle fibers and myonuclear domains. Moreover, it has been reported that AASs can increase tolerance to exercise by making the muscles more capable to overload therefore shielding them from muscle fiber damage and improving the level of protein synthesis during recovery. Despite some therapeutic use of AASs, there is also wide abuse among athletes especially bodybuilders in order to improve their performances and to increase muscle growth and lean body mass, taking into account the significant anabolic effects of these drugs. The prolonged misuse and abuse of AASs can determine several adverse effects, some of which may be even fatal especially on the cardiovascular system because they may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), myocardial infarction, altered serum lipoproteins, and cardiac hypertrophy. The aim of this review is to focus on deaths related to AAS abuse, trying to evaluate the autoptic, histopathological and toxicological findings in order to investigate the pathophysiological mechanism that underlines this type of death, which is still obscure in several aspects. The review of the literature allowed us to identify 19 fatal cases between 1990 and 2012, in which the autopsy excluded in all cases, extracardiac causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Neuromed, Istituto Mediterraneo Neurologico (IRCCS), Via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, 86077 Isernia, Italy
| | - Francesco P. Busardò
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Ayaz O, Howlett SE. Testosterone modulates cardiac contraction and calcium homeostasis: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:9. [PMID: 25922656 PMCID: PMC4411792 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular disease rises dramatically with age in both men and women. Because a woman's risk of cardiovascular disease rises markedly after the onset of menopause, there has been growing interest in the effect of estrogen on the heart and its role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Much less attention has been paid to the impact of testosterone on the heart, even though the levels of testosterone also decline with age and low-testosterone levels are linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The knowledge that receptors for all major sex steroid hormones, including testosterone, are present on individual cardiomyocytes suggests that these hormones may influence the heart at the cellular level. Indeed, it is well established that there are male-female differences in intracellular Ca(2+) release and contraction in isolated ventricular myocytes. Growing evidence suggests that these differences arise from effects of sex steroid hormones on processes involved in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. This review considers how myocardial contractile function is modified by testosterone, with a focus on the impact of testosterone on processes that regulate Ca(2+) handling at the level of the ventricular myocyte. The idea that testosterone regulates Ca(2+) handling in the heart is important, as Ca(2+) dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a variety of different cardiovascular diseases. A better understanding of sex hormone regulation of myocardial Ca(2+) homeostasis may reveal new targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in all older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Susan Ellen Howlett
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
- Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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Santos MAPD, Oliveira CVCD, Silva AS. Adverse cardiovascular effects from the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids as ergogenic resources. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1132-7. [PMID: 24832723 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.903751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates the documented cardiovascular functioning among anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. AAS users manifest a reduction in HDL cholesterol, increased inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. Strong evidence associating AAS use with blood pressure at hypertensive levels, as well as hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction has also been reported. Both epidemiological and autopsy studies attest the relationship between AAS use and early mortality. The review's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antonio Pereira dos Santos
- 1Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí , Teresina-PI , Brasil
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Marques-Neto SR, Ferraz EB, Rodrigues DC, Njaine B, Rondinelli E, Campos de Carvalho AC, Nascimento JHM. AT1 and aldosterone receptors blockade prevents the chronic effect of nandrolone on the exercise-induced cardioprotection in perfused rat heart subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 28:125-35. [PMID: 24258356 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial tolerance to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is improved by exercise training, but this cardioprotection is impaired by the chronic use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The present study evaluated whether blockade of angiotensin II receptor (AT1-R) with losartan and aldosterone receptor (mineralocorticoid receptor, MR) with spironolactone could prevent the deleterious effect of AAS on the exercise-induced cardioprotection. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were exercised and treated with either vehicle, nandrolone decanoate (10 mg/kg/week i.m.) or the same dose of nandrolone plus losartan or spironolactone (20 mg/kg/day orally) for 8 weeks. Langendorff-perfused hearts were subjected to I/R and evaluated for the postischaemic recovery of left ventricle (LV) function and infarct size. mRNA and protein expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and KATP channels were determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Postischaemic recovery of LV function was better and infarct size was smaller in the exercised rat hearts than in the sedentary rat hearts. Nandrolone impaired the exercise-induced cardioprotection, but this effect was prevented by losartan (AT1-R antagonist) and spironolactone (MR antagonist) treatments. Myocardial AT1-R and MR expression levels were increased, and the expression of the KATP channel subunits SUR2a and Kir6.1 was decreased and Kir6.2 increased in the nandrolone-treated rat hearts. The nandrolone-induced changes of AT1-R, MR, and KATP subunits expression was normalized by the losartan and spironolactone treatments. CONCLUSION The chronic nandrolone treatment impairs the exercise-induced cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury by activating the cardiac renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and downregulating KATP channel expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Rodrigues Marques-Neto
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca Antonio Paes de Carvalho, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco G, 21.941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Androgens affect muscle, motor neuron, and survival in a mouse model of SOD1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1929-38. [PMID: 24630363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons and skeletal muscle atrophy. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggest the involvement of androgens in ALS pathogenesis, but the mechanism through which androgens modify the ALS phenotype is unknown. Here, we show that androgen ablation by surgical castration extends survival and disease duration of a transgenic mouse model of ALS expressing mutant human SOD1 (hSOD1-G93A). Furthermore, long-term treatment of orchiectomized hSOD1-G93A mice with nandrolone decanoate (ND), an anabolic androgenic steroid, worsened disease manifestations. ND treatment induced muscle fiber hypertrophy but caused motor neuron death. ND negatively affected survival, thereby dissociating skeletal muscle pathology from life span in this ALS mouse model. Interestingly, orchiectomy decreased androgen receptor levels in the spinal cord and muscle, whereas ND treatment had the opposite effect. Notably, stimulation with ND promoted the recruitment of endogenous androgen receptor into biochemical complexes that were insoluble in sodium dodecyl sulfate, a finding consistent with protein aggregation. Overall, our results shed light on the role of androgens as modifiers of ALS pathogenesis via dysregulation of androgen receptor homeostasis.
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Gorman JL, Liu STK, Slopack D, Shariati K, Hasanee A, Olenich S, Olfert IM, Haas TL. Angiotensin II evokes angiogenic signals within skeletal muscle through co-ordinated effects on skeletal myocytes and endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85537. [PMID: 24416421 PMCID: PMC3887063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle overload induces the expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, leading to new capillary growth. We found that the overload-induced increase in angiogenesis, as well as increases in VEGF, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP transcripts were abrogated in muscle VEGF KO mice, highlighting the critical role of myocyte-derived VEGF in controlling this process. The upstream mediators that contribute to overload-induced expression of VEGF have yet to be ascertained. We found that muscle overload increased angiotensinogen expression, a precursor of angiotensin (Ang) II, and that Ang II signaling played an important role in basal VEGF production in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, matrix-bound VEGF released from myoblasts induced the activation of endothelial cells, as evidenced by elevated endothelial cell phospho-p38 levels. We also found that exogenous Ang II elevates VEGF expression, as well as MMP-2 transcript levels in C2C12 myotubes. Interestingly, these responses also were observed in skeletal muscle endothelial cells in response to Ang II treatment, indicating that these cells also can respond directly to the stimulus. The involvement of Ang II in muscle overload-induced angiogenesis was assessed. We found that blockade of AT1R-dependent Ang II signaling using losartan did not attenuate capillary growth. Surprisingly, increased levels of VEGF protein were detected in overloaded muscle from losartan-treated rats. Similarly, we observed elevated VEGF production in cultured endothelial cells treated with losartan alone or in combination with Ang II. These studies conclusively establish the requirement for muscle derived VEGF in overload-induced angiogenesis and highlight a role for Ang II in basal VEGF production in skeletal muscle. However, while Ang II signaling is activated following overload and plays a role in muscle VEGF production, inhibition of this pathway is not sufficient to halt overload-induced angiogenesis, indicating that AT1-independent signals maintain VEGF production in losartan-treated muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensinogen/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microvessels/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Gorman
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sammy T. K. Liu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dara Slopack
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khashayar Shariati
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Hasanee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Olenich
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Division of Exercise Physiology, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Division of Exercise Physiology, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tara L. Haas
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Angiogenesis Research Group and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hassan AF, Kamal MM. Effect of exercise training and anabolic androgenic steroids on hemodynamics, glycogen content, angiogenesis and apoptosis of cardiac muscle in adult male rats. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2013; 7:47-60. [PMID: 23559905 DOI: 10.12816/0006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of exercise training and anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on hemodynamics, glycogen content, angiogenesis, apoptosis and histology of cardiac muscle. METHODS Forty rats were divided into 4 groups; control, steroid, exercise-trained and exercise-trained plus steroid groups. The exercise-trained and trained plus steroid groups, after one week of water adaptation, were exercised by jumping into water for 5 weeks. The steroid and trained plus steroid groups received nandrolone decanoate, for 5 weeks. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were monitored weekly. Heart weight/body weight ratio (HW/BW ratio) were determined. Serum testosterone, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cardiac caspase-3 activity and glycogen content were measured. RESULTS Compared with control, the steroid group had significantly higher blood pressure, HR, sympathetic nerve activity, testosterone level, HW/BW and cardiac caspase-3 activity. Histological examination revealed apoptotic changes and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. In exercise-trained group, cardiac glycogen, VEGF and testosterone levels were significantly higher while HR was significantly lower than control. HW/BW was more than control confirmed by hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes with angiogenesis on histological examination. Trained plus steroid group, had no change in HR, with higher blood pressure and HW/BW than control, cardiac glycogen and serum VEGF were higher than control but lower than exercise-trained group. Histological examination showed hypertrophy of cardiomyoctes with mild angiogenesis rather than apoptosis. CONCLUSION When exercise is augmented with AAS, exercise-associated cardiac benefits may not be fully gained with potential cardiac risk from AAS if used alone or combined with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa F Hassan
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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