Effect of dietary probiotics on clownfish: a molecular approach to define how lactic acid bacteria modulate development in a marine fish

Hematological changes in Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) supplemented with β-glucan and Pediococcus acidilactici synbiotic

Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) are a species of growing interest for commercial aquaculture. Effective health monitoring is crucial to the successful growout of the species, and prophylactic and therapeutic use of chemicals and antibiotics has been the traditional strategy for promoting stock health. However, concerns about antimicrobial resistance, chemical residues in seafood products and the environment, and resultant immunosuppression have prompted the industry to identify alternative management strategies, including supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and combinations of both (synbiotics). The objectives of this study are to determine and compare hematological, plasma biochemical, and plasma protein electrophoresis data of synbiotic-supplemented (β-glucan and Pediococcus acidilactici) and non-supplemented Florida pompano. Reference intervals for blood analytes are provided for both groups and for subgroups (females, males, large, and small fish) where statistically significant results exist. There are no differences between the hematological and plasma biochemistry analytes between the supplemented and control groups, except for blood urea nitrogen and carbon dioxide, indicating a possible effect of synbiotic supplementation on gill function and osmoregulation. Sex-related and size-related differences are observed within each of the control and supplemented groups; however, biometric measurements do not strongly correlate with blood analytes. These data represent baseline hematological and plasma biochemical data in the Florida pompano and indicate the safety of synbiotic supplementation in this commercially important species. This study serves to further the commercialization of Florida pompano by providing blood analyte reference intervals for health monitoring in the aquaculture setting.

In vitro study of potential prebiotic properties of monovarietal extra virgin olive oils

Olive oil, essential ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, is attracting a growing interest due to increasing evidence on its beneficial effects on human health. This study investigated whether extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) possess prebiotic properties. Twenty different monovarietal EVOO samples from 5 Marche region cultivars (Italy) were studied. The prebiotic activity of EVOOs was assessed monitoring the selective stimulation of gut bacterial species and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, using an in vitro fermentation system. All EVOOs selectively stimulated Lactobacillus spp., with a stronger activity than that observed in the inulin fermentation (positive control). Also, the bifidobacteria population increased; this bifidogenic stimulation was of EVOOs from Raggia cultivar. SCFAs appeared significantly higher after 24 h in all EVOO fermentations than in the control. Acetic and propionic acids production was particularly stimulated. Overall, most of the investigated EVOOs had a potential prebiotic activity, similar or stronger than inulin.

In Vitro Assessment of Postbiotic and Probiotic Commercial Dietary Supplements Recommended for Counteracting Intestinal Dysbiosis in Dogs

Many environmental aspects influence the preservation of a beneficial microbiome in dogs, and gut dysbiosis occurs when imbalances in the intestinal ecosystem cause functional changes in the microbial populations. The authors evaluated the effects of two specific commercial dietary supplements: a combination of a postbiotic and prebiotics (Microbiotal cane®) and a probiotic product (NBF 1®) recommended for counteracting intestinal dysbiosis in dogs, on the gut canine microbiota composition and its metabolic activities (production of short-chain fatty acids). The investigation was performed using an in vitro fermentation system inoculated with dog fecal samples. Microbiotal cane® promoted a more immediate increase in Lactobacillus spp. after the first 6 h of fermentation, whereas NBF 1® promoted the increase at the end of the process only. The two supplements supported an increase in the Bifidobacterium spp. counts only after 24 h. The in vitro abilities of Microbiotal cane® and NBF 1® to increase selectively beneficial bacterial groups producing acetic, propionic, and butyric acids suggest a possible positive effect on the canine gut microbiota, even if further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects on the intestinal health.

The Probiotic Phaeobacter inhibens Provokes Hypertrophic Growth via Activation of the IGF-1/Akt Pathway during the Process of Metamorphosis of Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810)

Metamorphosis entails hormonally regulated morphological and physiological changes requiring high energy levels. Probiotics as feed supplements generate ameliorative effects on host nutrient digestion and absorption. Thereby, the aim of the present research was to investigate the impact of the probiotic Phaeobacter inhibens as a water additive on cellular signaling pathways in the metamorphosis of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Activation of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R), protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), induction of heat shock proteins (Hsps), and programmed cell death were assessed through SDS-Page/immunoblot analysis, while energy metabolism was determined through enzymatic activities. According to the results, greater amberjack reared in P. inhibens-enriched water entered the metamorphic phase with greater body length, while protein synthesis was triggered to facilitate the hypertrophic growth as indicated by IGF-1/Akt activation and AMPK inhibition. Contrarily, MAPKs levels were reduced, whereas variations in Hsps response were evident in the probiotic treatment. Apoptosis and autophagy were mobilized potentially for the structural remodeling processes. Furthermore, the elevated enzymatic activities of intermediary metabolism highlighted the excess energy demands of metamorphosis. Collectively, the present findings demonstrate that P. inhibens may reinforce nutrient utilization, thus leading greater amberjack to an advanced growth and developmental state.

Sustainable Ornamental Fish Aquaculture: The Implication of Microbial Feed Additives

Ornamental fish trade represents an important economic sector with an export turnover that reached approximately 5 billion US dollars in 2018. Despite its high economic importance, this sector does not receive much attention. Ornamental fish husbandry still faces many challenges and losses caused by transport stress and handling and outbreak of diseases are still to be improved. This review will provide insights on ornamental fish diseases along with the measures used to avoid or limit their onset. Moreover, this review will discuss the role of different natural and sustainable microbial feed additives, particularly probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on the health, reduction in transport stress, growth, and reproduction of farmed ornamental fish. Most importantly, this review aims to fill the informational gaps existing in advanced and sustainable practices in the ornamental fish production.

Protective effect of protexin concentrate in reducing the toxicity of chlorpyrifos in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of protexin supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in Cyprinus carpio. After 21 days, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), and total antioxidant levels significantly decreased in hepatocytes of fish exposed to chlorpyrifos, while malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Treatment with protexin was able to reverse the decrease in SOD and GR and significantly reduce MDA levels. Exposure to chlorpyrifos also induced alterations in blood biochemical parameters and caused immunosuppression. Dietary protexin return some parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyltransferase activities, and glucose, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, and complement C4 levels) to values similar to those of the control group. Based on the results, it can be concluded that protexin exerted protective effects against chlorpyrifos exposure in C. carpio reducing oxidative damage, and ameriorating blood biochemical alterations and the immunosuppression.

Effects of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMC 510 supplementation on metabolic factors in otherwise healthy overweight and obese individuals

AIMS

Probiotic supplementation approach offers the possibility to shape the gut microbiota (GM), enabling the development of innovative formulations able to improve intestinal wellbeing and consequently the related body weight modulation and energy metabolism. In the present clinical study, a new potential probiotic supplement based on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMC 510 was studied for weight management.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Quantitative characterization by qPCR of representative bacterial groups of GM was used to determine the microbiota modulation at different supplementation periods. Furthermore, measurement of the endpoints linked to weight control (Body Mass Index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference) was assessed. Specific questionnaires to evaluate the impact on psychological and physiological point of view were performed. Results showed that after 90 days - Lact. plantarum IMC 510 supplementation brought an improvement of endpoints linked to weight control and healthy status, although no significant changes in the microbiota composition were reported for analysed bacterial groups, except for Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that Lact. plantarum IMC 510 supplementation could be an interesting tool for weight management. More studies are needed to understand the impact on GM, for example evaluating the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), since their important role in dietary metabolism. Further research is necessary to better elucidate the relationship between GM and overweight and the mechanism of action by which Lact. plantarum IMC 510 modifies body weight.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

However, these promising outcomes represent a clear advantage of probiotic supplementation and identify a new potential probiotic as a novel and safe therapeutic approach in the obesity prevention and management.

Metabolomic profiles in zebrafish larvae following probiotic and perfluorobutanesulfonate coexposure

Probiotic supplements are able to attenuate the developmental toxicity of perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) pollutant. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. To this end, the present study acutely exposed zebrafish larvae for 4 days to 0 and 10 mg/L of PFBS, with or without the addition of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the rearing water. The metabolomics approach was used to reveal the combined effects of PFBS and probiotics on metabolic dynamics, based on which gene transcriptions, enzymatic activities, and behavioral endpoints were further examined. The results showed that probiotic supplements were the major driver of the metabolomic fingerprints in coexposed zebrafish larvae. The addition of probiotic bacteria significantly decreased the methylation potential whilst up-regulating the demethylation process of genomic DNA, which may globally stimulate the gene expression to improve somatic growth. Acute exposure to PFBS significantly increased the cortisol concentration in zebrafish larvae, subsequently inducing stress response and hyperactive behavior. In contrast, probiotic supplementation promoted the degradation of cortisol, thus alleviating the stressful state. Antagonistic action of probiotics against PFBS developmental toxicity was also noted regarding the locomotor behavior. In addition, gut microbiota-mediated production of secondary bile acids was remarkably enhanced by probiotic supplements regardless of PFBS exposure. Overall, the present study underlines the efficacy of probiotic bacteria to protect zebrafish larvae from the metabolic disturbances of PFBS, thereby providing more evidence to support the application of probiotics in aquaculture and fishery as an environmentally-friendly choice.

Probiotic supplementation mitigates the developmental toxicity of perfluorobutanesulfonate in zebrafish larvae

Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) is an emerging pollutant of international concern, which is found to impair the early embryonic development of fishes. In the context of ubiquitous and persistent pollution, it is necessary to explore mitigatory strategies against the developmental toxicity of PFBS. In this study, zebrafish larvae were acutely exposed to 0, 1, 3.3 and 10 mg/L of PFBS till 168 h post-fertilization (hpf), during which probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus bacteria were administered via the exposure media. After the singular or combined exposure, interaction between PFBS and probiotics on the growth of zebrafish larvae was measured. PFBS exposure significantly decreased the larval body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate, while probiotic supplementation efficiently inhibited the growth retardation caused by PFBS. Furthermore, PFBS and probiotic combinations remarkably activated the antioxidant capacity to timely scavenge the reactive oxidative species and protect the larvae from lipid peroxidation. Biochemical assay and fluorescent staining verified that PFBS exposure significantly promoted the production of bile acids, which were further enhanced by the probiotics. In coexposed zebrafish larvae, up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARb) would enhance the β-oxidation of fatty acids to meet the energy demand from larval growth, subsequently decreasing fatty acid concentrations. In addition, probiotic supplements masked the dysbiosis of PFBS and potently shaped the gut microbiota, which closely modulated the production of bile acids. Overall, the present findings underline the beneficial effects of probiotics to protect the developing larvae from the aquatic toxicities of PFBS, thus highlighting the potential application values of probiotic recipe in aquaculture and ecological reservation.

Probiotics inhibit the stunted growth defect of perfluorobutanesulfonate via stress and thyroid axes in zebrafish larvae

Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) is an emerging pollutant in aquatic environments and potently disrupts the early developmental trajectory of teleosts. Considering the persistent and toxic nature of PFBS, it is necessary to develop in situ protective measures to ameliorate the toxic damage of PFBS. Probiotic supplements are able to mitigate the growth retardation defects of PFBS. However, the interactive mechanisms remain elusive. To this end, this study acutely exposed zebrafish larvae to a concentration gradient of PFBS (0, 1, 3.3 and 10 mg/L) for 4 days, during which probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus were added in the rearing water. After exposure, alterations in gene transcriptions and key hormones along the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI), growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes were examined. The results showed that PFBS single exposure significantly increased the cortisol concentrations, suggesting the induction of stress response, while probiotic supplementation effectively decreased the cortisol levels in coexposed larvae in an attempt to relieve the stress of PFBS toxicant. It was unexpected that probiotic additive significantly decreased the larval GH concentrations independent of PFBS, thereby eliminating the contribution of GH/IGF axis to the growth improvement of probiotics. In contrast, probiotic bacteria remarkably increased the concentration of thyroid hormones, particularly the thyroxine (T4), in zebrafish larvae. The pronounced down-regulation of uridinediphosphate glucoronosyltransferases (UDPGT) gene pointed to the blocked elimination process of T4 by probiotics. Furthermore, proteomic fingerprinting found that probiotics were potent to shape the protein expression pattern in PFBS-exposed zebrafish larvae and modulated multiple biological processes that are essential for the growth. In summary, the present findings suggest that HPI and HPT axes may cooperate to enhance the growth of fish larvae under PFBS and probiotic coexposures.

Probiotic intervention mitigates the metabolic disturbances of perfluorobutanesulfonate along the gut-liver axis of zebrafish

Probiotic supplementation is effective to modulate the metabolic disorders caused by perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To this end, the present study exposed adult zebrafish to PFBS (0 and 10 μg/L), probiotics, or their binary combinations for 40 days. After the exposure, the nutritional stores, intestinal organization, and metabolic activities along the gut-liver axis were investigated. The results showed that PFBS exposure decreased the nutrient reserves significantly, especially the lipid content, which was alleviated by the probiotic administration. Intestinal mucus secretion was promoted remarkably in the presence of the probiotic, which enhanced epithelial protection against PFBS damage. Metagenomic analysis showed that PFBS alone induced gut microbial dysbiosis, which was efficiently antagonized by the probiotic bacteria. Intestinal metabolomic profiling revealed that ferroptosis occurred because of the unrestricted lipid peroxidation following PFBS exposure. However, probiotic administration prevented the ferroptotic symptoms induced by PFBS, further highlighting the beneficial effects of the probiotic on the host. In PFBS-exposed livers, high levels of bile acid metabolites (e.g., taurochenodeoxycholic acid) accumulated, implying the induction of cholestasis. Notably, probiotic addition recovered the metabolomic homeostasis under PFBS stress, probably resulting from the activation of detoxification pathways based on the pentose and glucuronate interconversion. Overall, the present study provides systematic evidence of the antagonistic interaction between PFBS and the probiotic regarding the metabolic activities along the microbe, gut and liver axis, highlighting the application values of probiotic recipe in aquaculture industry and ecological reservation.

Antagonistic interaction between perfluorobutanesulfonate and probiotic on lipid and glucose metabolisms in the liver of zebrafish

Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) and probiotic bacteria can interact to induce hepatic hypertrophy. However, the molecular events occurring in the hypertrophic liver are still unknown. Therefore, we performed this follow-up study using adult zebrafish that were exposed for 40 days to 0 and 10 μg/L PFBS, with or without dietary supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. After PFBS or/and probiotic exposures, proteome perturbation, histological pathogenesis and glucose metabolism were investigated in the livers. Proteomic analysis showed potent intervention of PFBS or/and probiotic with hepatic functions. PFBS single exposure caused marked disturbances in lipid metabolisms, which may underlie the severe vacuolization in male liver. The addition of probiotic alleviated the lipid metabolic disorders of PFBS. Furthermore, probiotic supplementation enhanced ATP energy production using glucose in mitochondrial respiratory chain of male fish. However, PFBS alone caused remarkable increase in blood glucose level (by 2.5-fold relative to the control), underlining the onset of hyperglycemia symptom. In contrast, the liver of male fish from the coexposure group functioned appropriately, which immediately increased insulin levels by 2.2-fold to reduce the glucose accumulation in blood. In female liver, PFBS alone significantly decreased the blood glucagon concentration by 2.9-fold. The deficiency of glucagon hormone consequently contributed to the accumulation of glycogen (3.2-fold) therein. Vigorous antagonistic interaction between PFBS and probiotic was noted with respect to glucose metabolism, which restored ATP, glucose, glycogen and glucagon to the control levels. Overall, the present study finds that probiotic L. rhamnosus is efficient to mitigate the metabolic disorders of PFBS on lipid and glucose, highlighting the potential values of probiotic bacteria to protect the aquatic ecosystem.

Administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501 as a strategy for the control of Vibrio bacteria in the brine shrimp Artemia

The present study aimed to address the capability of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501^® to survive in seawater and the ability of Artemia metanauplii to incorporate it, as well as to analyse the potential effect of the probiotic as a control agent for potentially pathogenic Vibrionaceae bacteria in Artemia. The results demonstrate the ability of L. rhamnosus IMC 501^® to survive in seawater for up to 30 h. They also advocate their capability to be efficiently incorporated into Artemia metanauplii at concentrations of 10⁴  CFU per Artemia after 30 min of suspension in probiotic solution, thereby promoting a 1-log reduction in Vibrionaceae levels after 3 h. These low levels of Vibrio bacteria were maintained for about 30 min after transfer into clear seawater, a sufficient time for Artemia to be ingested by aquatic organisms. These results contribute to broaden the knowledge on the suitability of probiotics as sustainable alternatives for the prevention/reduction of diseases in aquaculture facilities.

Interaction between probiotic additive and perfluorobutanesulfonate pollutant on offspring growth and health after parental exposure using zebrafish

Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) pollutant and probiotic bacteria can interact to affect the reproductive outcomes of zebrafish. However, it is still unexplored how the growth and health of offspring are modulated by the combination of PFBS and probiotic. In the present study, adult zebrafish were exposed to 0 and 10 μg/L PFBS for 40 days, with or without dietary supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. After parental exposure, the development, growth and viability of offspring larvae were examined, with the integration of molecular clues across proteome fingerprint, growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis, calcium homeostasis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and nutrient metabolism. Parental probiotic supplementation significantly increased the body weight and body length of offspring larvae. Despite the spiking of PFBS, larvae from the combined exposure group still had longer body length. RNA processing and ribosomal assembly pathways may underlie the enhancement of offspring growth by probiotic bacteria. However, the presence of PFBS remarkably increased the concentrations of cortisol hormone in offspring larvae as means to cope with the xenobiotic stress, which required more energy production. As evidenced by the proteomic analysis, the addition of probiotic bacteria likely alleviated the energy metabolism disorders of PFBS, thus allocating more energy for the larval offspring growth from the combined group. It was noteworthy that multiple molecular disturbances caused by PFBS were antagonized by probiotic additive. Overall, the present study elucidated the intergenerational interaction between PFBS and probiotic on offspring growth and health after parental exposure.

Probiotic Modulation of Lipid Metabolism Disorders Caused by Perfluorobutanesulfonate Pollution in Zebrafish

To determine whether and how probiotic supplement can alter gut microbiota dysbiosis and lipid metabolism disorders caused by perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), the present study exposed adult zebrafish to 0, 10, and 100 μg/L PFBS for 28 days, with or without dietary administration of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Regarding intestinal health and gut microbiota, probiotic supplement altered the innate toxicities of PFBS, depending on exposure concentration and the sex of the fish. Lactobacillus genus correlated positively (P < 0.001; r > 0.5) with other beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota, thereby indirectly regulating host metabolic activities. In female fish, the PFBS and probiotic combination enhanced fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation, but mitigated the accumulation of cholesterol in the blood compared with PFBS single exposure, highlighting the benefits of the probiotic to host health. In male zebrafish, probiotic administration antagonized the PFBS-induced disturbances of bile acid metabolism, presumably via farnesoid X receptor signaling. However, coexposure to PFBS and probiotic caused significant accumulation of triglyceride in male livers (2.6-fold relative to the control), implying the induction of hepatic steatosis. Overall, the present study underlined the potential of probiotics to modulate gut microbial dysbiosis and lipid metabolism disorders caused by PFBS exposure, which could provide implications to the application of probiotics in aquaculture.

Environmental conditions and neutral processes shape the skin microbiome of European catfish (Silurus glanis) populations of Southwestern France

Teleost fishes interact with diverse microbial communities, playing crucial functions for host fitness. While gut microbiome has been extensively studied, skin microbiome has been overlooked. Specifically, there is no assessment of the relative impact of host and environmental factors on microbiome variability as well as neutral processes shaping fish skin microbiome. Here, we assessed the skin microbiome of a Siluriforme, the European catfish (Silurus glanis) sampled in four sites located in Southwestern France. We assessed the relative roles of individual features (body size and genetic background), local environment and neutral processes in shaping skin microbiome. Catfish skin microbiome composition was distinct to that of other freshwater fish species previously studied with high abundances of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. We found no effect of catfish individual genotype and body size on the structure of its associated skin microbiome. Geographical location was the best catfish skin microbiome structure predictor, together with neutral models of microbiome assembly.

Benefits of a Bacillus probiotic to larval fish survival and transport stress resistance

The need for sustainable bacterial management approaches in aquaculture is crucial for advancement of the industry. Probiotics are a promising strategy as evidenced by benefits demonstrated in intensive larviculture of various marine fish species. In this study we investigate the effects of a mixed Bacillus species (B. licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens) probiotic on rearing of larval common snook (Centropomus undecimalis). Experimental treatments included (1) probiotics supplemented to the water and live feed, (2) probiotics supplemented to the water only, and (3) no probiotic controls. Data from two separate trials indicated up to 2.5 times higher survival with probiotic addition, as well as 20% higher survival 7 days following a transport event. These benefits were not explained by faster growth, measured water quality parameters, or innate immune enzyme activities. Microbiota analysis indicated the importance of system stabilization prior to larval stocking to improve rearing success and probiotic performance. ied Potential probiotic benefits include accelerated gastrointestinal tract development, enhanced immunity, inhibition of opportunistic bacteria, and improvements to water quality parameters. Results suggest this probiotic should be tested in other marine fish species in order to reduce larval rearing bottlenecks.

Effects of a commercial probiotic BS containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis on growth, immune response and disease resistance in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The present study evaluated a commercial probiotic designated as BS (a mix of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis) to ascertain its efficacy and the dose necessary to improve growth, immune response, and disease resistance in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish (53.01 ± 1.0 g) were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 0 g kg−1 (CT), 3 g kg−1(BS3), 5 g kg−1 (BS5), 7 g kg−1 (BS7), and 10 g kg−1 (BS10) [corrected] of the probiotic BS for 4 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ration were enhanced in all probiotic BS enriched groups but with better (P < 0.05) improvement in the BS10 group. The lysozyme, protease, anti-protease, superoxide dismutase activities, and immunoglobulin M level were significantly (P < 0.05) highest in the BS10 group in both serum and skin mucus. Enhanced (P > 0.05) catalse activity in all treated groups in the serum and myeloperoxidase activity in the B10 group in both serum and skin mucus were observed. The expression of C-lysozyme, heat shock protein 70, β-defensin, transforming growth factor beta, and small body size decapentaplegic homolog 3, genes in the mid-intestines and the head-kidney were up-regulated in all treated groups with the BS10 group provoking the highest up-regulation (P < 0.05). After challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae, cumulative mortality was 80 %, 47.5 %, 42.8 %, 30 %, and 20 % [corrected] for fish fed with CT, BS3, BS5, BS7, BS10 groups respectively. In conclusion, probiotic BS application at 10 g kg−1(BS10) [corrected] can be considered to improve growth and immunological status in tilapia farming.

Endocrine disruptor responses in African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate

In the present study, we have investigated the endocrine disruptive effects of waterborne di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP: 0 (control), 10, 100, 200 and 400 μg/L) on juvenile Clarias gariepinus by analyzing transcript patterns for hepatic vitellogenin (vtg), estrogen receptor-α (er-α), aromatase (cyp19a1b) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (ppar-α) using quantitative real-time PCR after 3, 7 and 14 days exposure period. In addition, we analyzed CYP19 and PPAR protein levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while cellular testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels were measured using enzyme immune assay (EIA). Tissue burden of DEHP was measured in the liver using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). We observed apparent concentration- and time-dependent increases of vtg, er-α, cyp19a1b transcripts, E2 and T levels after exposure to DEHP. A biphasic pattern of effect was observed for ppar-α, showing a concentration-dependent increase that peaked at 100 μg/L and thereafter, an apparent concentration-dependent decrease at 200 and 400 μg/L at all exposure days. Given that the post-differentiation changes of gonads in C. gariepinus corresponded with the 14-day sampling period, we separated the analyzed data into sexes after histological examination of the gonads, showing that females responded stronger, compared to males, to DEHP exposure at all exposure concentrations. Oocyte atresia, intersex (ovotestis) and karyoplasmic clumping were observed in females while male fish showed distortion and degeneration of seminiferous tubules and condensation of tubular cells in the 400 μg/L exposure group after 14 days. Corresponding canonical analysis (CCA) of all analyzed variables revealed a positive relationship between analyzed biological variables with increasing DEHP concentrations. Overall, molecular, biochemical and physiological responses presented in the present study indicate that exposure of C. gariepinus to waterborne DEHP produced endocrine disruptive responses with potential consequences for overt reproduction, development, physiology and general health of fish populations inhabiting phthalate contaminated aquatic environments. These responses represent valuable and effective biomarkers of exposure and effects, that can be adopted for screening the presence of EDCs in Nigeria and other developing countries.

Impact of Lactobacillus casei BL23 on the Host Transcriptome, Growth and Disease Resistance in Larval Zebrafish

In this study, zebrafish were treated with Lactobacillus strains as probiotics from hatching to puberty, and the effect of treatment with L. casei BL23 on the development and immunity response of the host was investigated. Genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) in the overall body and intestine were detected at 14 days post fertilization (dpf) and 35 dpf, respectively, using whole transcriptome sequencing (mRNAseq). We showed that zebrafish raised by continuous immersion with L. casei BL23 showed a higher final body weight at 14 dpf (P < 0.05), and 35 dpf (P < 0.01). DEGs between L. casei BL23 treatment and control group at 14 dpf were involved in myogenesis, cell adhesion, transcription regulation and DNA-binding and activator. At 35 dpf, 369 genes were DEGs in the intestine after treatment with L. casei BL23, which were involved in such categories as signaling, secretion, motor proteins, oxidoreductase and iron, tight junctions, lipid metabolism, growth regulation, proteases, and humoral and cellular effectors. KEGG analysis showed DEGs to be involved in such pathways as those associated with tight junctions and the PPAR signal pathway. RT-qPCR analysis showed that expression of insulin-like growth factors-I (igf1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-α (ppar-α) and -β (ppar-β), Vitamin D receptor-α (vdr-α), and retinoic acid receptor-γ (rar-γ) was up-regulated in fish treated with L. casei BL23 at 35 dpf. After 35 days of treatment, the mortality rate in L. casei BL23 treated group was lower than the control after challenge with A. hydrophila (P < 0.05), and the pro-inflammatory cytokine il-1β, anti-inflammatory cytokine il-10 and complement component 3a (c3a) showed more expression in L. casei BL23 group at 8h after challenge, 24 h after challenge, or both.. Together, these data suggest that specific Lactobacillus probiotic strains can accelerate the development profile and enhance immunity in zebrafish, which supports the rationale of early administration of probiotics in aquaculture.

Mixed Bacillus Species Enhance the Innate Immune Response and Stress Tolerance in Yellow Perch Subjected to Hypoxia and Air-Exposure Stress

Stress enhances the disease susceptibility in fish by altering the innate immune responses, which are essential defense mechanisms. The use of probiotics is increasingly popular in the aquaculture industry. Yellow perch is a promising candidate for aquaculture. We investigated the efficiency of a mixed Bacillus species in minimizing the potential problems resulting from husbandry practices such as hypoxia and exposure to air in yellow perch. We showed that hypoxia and air exposure conditions induced a significant reduction in the early innate immune response (lysozyme activity, interferon-induced-GTP-binding protein-Mx1 [mx], interleukin-1β [il1β], serum amyloid-A [saa]), and a substantial increase in cortisol, heat shock protein (Hsp70), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (Sod1) that associated with a decline in insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1). Mixed Bacillus species administration improved the early innate responses, reduced cortisol, Hsp70, Gpx and Sod1, and elevated Igf1 levels. Bacillus species treated group showed faster recovery to reach the baseline levels during 24 h compared to untreated group. Therefore, mixed Bacillus species may enhance yellow perch welfare by improving the stress tolerance and early innate immune response to counterbalance the various husbandry stressors. Further studies are warranted to investigate the correlations between the aquaculture practices and disease resistance in yellow perch.

Effects of dietary hawthorn extract on growth performance, immune responses, growth- and immune-related genes expression of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) and its susceptibility to Vibrio harveyi infection

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary hawthorn extract (HTE) supplementation on growth performance, immune responses, hepatic antioxidant abilities, growth- and immune-related and heat shock protein genes expression and resistance to the pathogen Vibrio harveyi in Trachinotus ovatus. A basal diet supplemented with HTE at 0 (Diet 1), 0.50 (Diet 2), 1.00 (Diet 3), 2.00 (Diet 4), 4.00 (Diet 5) and 10.00 (Diet 6) g kg^-1 were fed to golden pompano for 8 weeks. The highest final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency rate were observed in fish fed Diet 2 (P < 0.05). Dietary HTE significantly increased plasma complement 3, complement 4 and immunoglobulin M content (P < 0.05). Hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, T-AOC, CAT, GPx, GR) significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas MDA content decreased first and then increased in fish fed HTE supplement. After challenge with Vibrio harveyi, significant higher post-challenge survival was observed in fish fed Diet 2 and Diet 3 than the control group (P < 0.05). Transcription levels of growth-related genes (IGF-I and IGF-II) were significantly up-regulated in fish fed HTE supplement (P < 0.05), whereas HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). With respect to immune-related genes, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and inhibitor protein κBα (IκB-α), upregulation was observed in the liver of fish fed with the diet supplemented with HTE. In contrast, the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes (CAT, GPx, MnSOD and Keap1) and cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1 and TOR) was downregulated. These results indicated that golden pompano fed a diet supplemented with 0.50 g kg^-1 HTE could significantly promote growth performance and growth-related genes expression, strengthen immunity, and improve hepatic antioxidative abilities and resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection.

Evaluation of marine psychrophile, Psychrobacter namhaensis SO89, as a probiotic in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets

Marine environment represents a promising source of new, unconventional bioactive compounds with health-promoting abilities, which can be used as food supplements. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of marine Psychrobacter namhaensis SO89 on growth performance and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). P. namhaensis were isolated from marine environments and phylogenetically identified by 16S rRNA gene sequences. The bacterial isolate was incorporated in Nile tilapia diets (30% crude protein) at three concentrations (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0%; w/w) (designated as T₀, T_0.5 and T₁, respectively), which were equivalent to 0.0, 2.8 × 10⁷ and 5.6 × 10⁷ CFU g^-1 diet, respectively. The diets were fed to Nile tilapia fingerlings (4.58 ± 0.14 g average weight) at a daily rate of 3% of their live body weights (BW), 3 times a day for 50 days. The best growth rates and feed utilization efficiency were obtained at 0.5% P. namhaensis SO89 concentration. Hematocrit (Ht%), hemoglobin (Hb%), erythrocytes (RBC) and total leukocyte (WBCs) values were significantly higher in P. namhaensis SO89- fed groups than in the control group. Similarly, immunoglobulin M (IgM), alternative complement hemolysis (ACH50), phagocytic and lysozyme activities significantly increased following dietary P. namhaensis SO89 supplementation at 0.5% concentration compared to the control group. The expression of IL-4 and IL-12 genes was also significantly up-regulated in P. namhaensis SO89-treated groups up to 0.5% concentration. Increasing bacterial concentration to 1% resulted in a significant decrease in fish performance and immune response. The present results suggest that marine psychrotolerant (Psychrobacter namhaensis) can be considered as a novel feed additive in Nile tilapia feeds.

Modulation of antioxidant defense and immune response in zebra fish (Danio rerio) using dietary sodium propionate

The present study explores the effect of dietary sodium propionate on mucosal immune response and expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in zebra fish (Danio rerio). Six hundred healthy zebra fish (0.42 ± 0.06 g) supplied, randomly stocked in 12 aquariums and fed on basal diets supplemented with different levels of sodium propionate [0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 g kg^-1] for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, mucosal immune parameters (TNF-α, IL-1β, Lyz), antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT) as well as heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression were measured. The results revealed feeding on sodium propionate significantly up-regulated inflammatory response genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, Lyz) in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). However, antioxidant enzyme genes significantly down-regulated in the treated group compared with control (P < 0.05). Also, HSP70 gene expression was higher in the liver of fish fed the basal diet and deceased with elevation of sodium propionate levels in the diet. These results showed beneficial effects of dietary sodium propionate on mucosal immune response as well as the antioxidant defense of zebra fish.

Probiotic modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and behaviour in zebrafish

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the bi-directional gut–brain axis, a communication that integrates the gut and central nervous system (CNS) activities. Animal studies reveal that gut bacteria influence behaviour, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels and serotonin metabolism. In the present study, we report for the first time an analysis of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 28 days of dietary administration with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501, we found differences in shoaling behaviour, brain expression levels of bdnf and of genes involved in serotonin signalling/metabolism between control and treated zebrafish group. In addition, in microbiota we found a significant increase of Firmicutes and a trending reduction of Proteobacteria. This study demonstrates that selected microbes can be used to modulate endogenous neuroactive molecules in zebrafish.

Impact of Probiotic SYNBIO(®) Administered by Vaginal Suppositories in Promoting Vaginal Health of Apparently Healthy Women

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether vaginal administration of probiotic Lactobacillus results in their colonization and persistence in the vagina and whether it promotes normalization and maintenance of pH and Nugent score. A single-arm, open-label controlled towards the baseline (pre-post) study including 35 apparently healthy women was conducted. Each woman was examined three times during the study. Women were instructed to receive daily for 7 days, the probiotic suppositories SYNBIO(®) gin (Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501(®) and Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502(®)). Vaginal swabs were collected during visit 1, 2, and 3 to determine the total lactobacilli count, the presence of the two administered bacteria, the measure of the pH, and the estimation of Nugent score. Evaluation of treatment tolerability was based on analysis of the type and occurrence of adverse events. The probiotic vaginal suppository was well tolerated and no side effects were reported. Intermediate Nugent score was registered in 40 % of women at visit 1 and these intermediate scores reverted to normal at day 7 (end of treatment) in 20 % of subjects. Administration of SYNBIO(®) gin contributed to a significant increase in the lactobacilli level at visit 2. Molecular typing revealed the presence of the two strains originating from SYNBIO(®) gin in 100 % of women at visit 2 and 34 % at visit 3. No significant changes were registered for pH between visits. The SYNBIO(®) gin product is safe for daily use in healthy women and it could be useful to restore and maintain a normal vaginal microbiota.

Changes on fecal microbiota in rats exposed to permethrin during postnatal development

Alteration of the gut microbiota through diet and environmental contaminants may disturb the mammalian digestive system, leading to various diseases. Because most exposure to environmentally pyrethroid pesticides such as permethrin (PERM) occurs through the diet, the commensal gut microbiota is likely to be exposed to PERM. The study aimed at evaluating the effect of low-dose exposure to PERM in early life on the composition of fecal microbiota in rats. Over a 4-month follow-up period, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids were measured in order to identify possible differences between PERM-treated rats and controls. Further in vitro antimicrobial experiments were conducted to establish the antibacterial activity of PERM against different strains to obtain Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations. The main finding focused on the reduced abundance of Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas species, increased Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus in PERM-treated rats compared to controls. Changes of acetic and propionic acid levels were registered in PERM-treated group. From in vitro studies, PERM showed higher antibacterial activity against beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus paracasei, while to inhibit potential pathogens as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli PERM concentration needed to be increased. In summary, exposure to PERM could affect the fecal microbiota and could be a crucial factor contributing to the development of diseases.

A Comparison of the Beneficial Effects of Live and Heat-Inactivated Baker's Yeast on Nile Tilapia: Suggestions on the Role and Function of the Secretory Metabolites Released from the Yeast

Yeast is frequently used as a probiotic in aquaculture with the potential to substitute for antibiotics. In this study, the involvement and extent to which the viability of yeast cells and thus the secretory metabolites released from the yeast contribute to effects of baker's yeast was investigated in Nile tilapia. No yeast, live yeast or heat-inactivated baker's yeast were added to basal diets high in fishmeal and low in soybean (diet A) or low in fishmeal and high in soybean (diet B), which were fed to fish for 8 weeks. Growth, feed utilization, gut microvilli morphology, and expressions of hsp70 and inflammation-related cytokines in the intestine and head kidney were assessed. Intestinal microbiota was investigated using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Gut alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity was measured after challenging the fish with Aeromonas hydrophila. Results showed that live yeast significantly improved FBW and WG (P < 0.05), and tended to improve FCR (P = 0.06) of fish compared to the control (no yeast). No significant differences were observed between inactivated yeast and control. Live yeast improved gut microvilli length (P < 0.001) and density (P < 0.05) while inactivated yeast did not. The hsp70 expression level in both the intestine and head kidney of fish was significantly reduced by live yeast (P < 0.05) but not inactivated yeast. Live yeast but not inactivated yeast reduced intestinal expression of tnfα (P < 0.05), tgfβ (P < 0.05 under diet A) and il1β (P = 0.08). Intestinal Lactococcus spp. numbers were enriched by both live and inactivated yeast. Lastly, both live and inactivated yeast reduced the gut AKP activity compared to the control (P < 0.001), indicating protection of the host against infection by A. hydrophila. In conclusion, secretory metabolites did not play major roles in the growth promotion and disease protection effects of yeast. Nevertheless, secretory metabolites were the major contributing factor towards improved gut microvilli morphology, relieved stress status, and reduced intestinal inflammation of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with baker's yeast.

Evolution of probiotics in aquatic world: Potential effects, the current status in Egypt and recent prospectives

The increase in the human population in addition to the massive demand for protein of animal origin forced the authorities to seek for additional sources of feed supplies. Aquaculture is the world worth coming expansion to compensate the shortage in animal protein. Feed in aquaculture plays an important role in the production cycle and exert threshold on both practical and economic aspects. Feed additive sectors are expanding day after day to achieve better growth and health for fish and shrimp and to meet the potential requirements of the culturists. Probiotic proved its successes in human and animal feeding practices and recently gained attention in aquaculture; it has beneficial effects in diseases control and competes with various environmental stressors as well as to promote the growth of the cultured organisms. Probiotics have the privilege to manipulate the non-specific innate immunity among fishes, hence help them into resist many pathogenic agents and are actively used worldwide. The present review is an informative compilation of the probiotics, their mode of action and their useful effects on fishes. The review also highlights the status of probiotics in aquaculture of Egypt, probiotic recent prospective for the possible role of probiotics in fish external and internal environment.

Effect of stocking density and different diets on growth of Percula Clownfish, Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of stocking density (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 fishL⁻¹) and commercial marine fish diets (diet A, B, C and D) over four months on specific growth rate, condition factor, percentage without anomalous pigmentation (partial or total lack of white bands -miss-band) and survival of juvenile Amphiprion percula.

Results showed that at 0.5 fishL⁻¹ densities induced the best survival (100%) and also the maximum percentage of fish without miss-band (58.33 +/−4.417%). The maximum SGR was obtained for the 0.5 fishL⁻¹ (0.459 ± 0.023% cm/day). However, the best condition factor (2.53 +/− 0.27) was achieved for 2 fishL⁻¹ densities. There were no significant differences in survival (68.9 to 84.5%), fish without miss-bands (18.03 to 26.92%) and condition factor (1.92 to 2.1) among diets during the experimental period. On the other hand, diet C (with 41% crude protein) supported the best SGR (0.485 ± 0.001% cmday⁻¹).

The results suggested that stocking density are critical and more relevant when compared with the different diet tested, namely on specific growth rate, condition factor, the miss-band and survival of juvenile percula clownfish.

This study has particular significance with regards to anemonefishes husbandry in terms of survival and production efficiency.

The effects of Ficus carica polysaccharide on immune response and expression of some immune-related genes in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella

The present study investigated the effect of Ficus carica polysaccharide (FCP), isolated from the fruit of F. carica L., at 0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% doses supplementation with feed on genes Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression in blood, humoral innate immune parameters and resistant to Flavobacterium columnare of grass carp at weeks 1, 2 and 3. The results revealed that administration of FCP significantly (P<0.05) up regulated IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression. HSP70 gene expression was significantly (P<0.05) lower in FCP-fed fish at the end of trial. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin did not significantly increased in any diet on the first week whereas it was significantly enhanced in 0.5% and 1.0% supplementation diets on weeks 2 and 3 when compared to control. The serum complement C3 was significantly (P<0.05) increased on weeks 1 and 2 when compared to control, however, no significant difference was found in this activity after 3 weeks of treatment. All diets significantly enhanced the serum lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity from weeks 1-2 as compared to control. Grass carp fed with FCP showed remarkably higher resistance against F. columnare (60% survival) compared to the control group (30% survival). These results confirm that FCP can up regulate immune related genes expression, stimulates immune response that per se enhances disease resistance in grass carp.

Dietary fermentable fiber upregulated immune related genes expression, increased innate immune response and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Aeromonas hydrophila

This trial was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary administration of Vitacel(®), a commercial fermentable fiber, on immune related genes (Lysozyme, TNFα and HSP70) expression, innate immune response and resistance of rainbow trout against Aeromonas hydrophila. 120 healthy rainbow trout (81.65 ± 1.49 g) were distributed in six fiberglass tanks assigned to two treatments. The treatments were feeding rainbow trout with diets supplemented with 0 (control) or 10 g kg(-1) Vitacel(®) for 45 days. The results revealed that administration of fermentable fiber significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated lysozyme and TNFα gene expression. HSP70 gene expression was significantly lower in Vitacel(®) fed fish at the end of trial (P < 0.05). Furthermore dietary administrations of Vitacel(®) remarkably elevated rainbow trout innate immune parameters include serum lysozyme, ACH50, bactericidal activity and agglutination antibody titer (P < 0.05). Administration of 10 g kg(-1) Vitacel(®) significantly increased rainbow trout resistance against A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). The results of present study revealed that dietary Vitacel(®) can upregulates immune related genes expression and elevates innate immune response and disease resistance of rainbow trout.

The effects of dietary Immunogen on innate immune response, immune related genes expression and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study investigates the effects of prebiotic Immunogen on lysozyme, TNFα and HSP70 gene expression in head kidney, humoral innate immune parameters and resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila of rainbow trout. 120 healthy rainbow trout (81.65 ± 1.49 g) were distributed in six fiberglass tanks assigned to two groups fed control or diet supplemented with 2 g kg(-1) Immunogen for 45 days. The results revealed that administration of Immunogen significantly (P < 0.05) up regulated lysozyme and TNFα gene expression. HSP70 gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in Immunogen fed fish at the end of trial. Humoral innate immune parameters (lysozyme activity, ACH50 and bactericidal activity) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased whether 15 or 45 days after feeding on Immunogen supplemented diet. However, significant (P < 0.05) increase in agglutination antibody titer observed just after 45 days feeding on Immunogen. Rainbow trout fed with 2 g kg(-1) Immunogen showed remarkably higher resistance against A. hydrophila (64.44% survival) compared to the control group (24.44% survival). These results confirm that Immunogen can up regulates immune related genes expression, stimulates immune response that per se enhances disease resistance in rainbow trout.

Probiotic supplementation promotes calcification in Danio rerio larvae: a molecular study

A growing number of studies have been showing that dietary probiotics can exert beneficial health effects in both humans and animals. We previously demonstrated that dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus - a component of the human gut microflora - enhances reproduction, larval development, and the biomineralization process in Danio rerio (zebrafish). The aim of this study was to identify the pathways affected by L. rhamnosus during zebrafish larval development. Our morphological and histochemical findings show that L. rhamnosus accelerates bone deposition through stimulation of the expression of key genes involved in ossification, e.g. runt-related transcription factor 2 (runx2), Sp7 transcription factor (sp7), matrix Gla protein (mgp), and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein (bglap) as well as through inhibition of sclerostin (sost), a bone formation inhibitor. Western blot analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and 3-(Mapk1 and Mapk3), which are involved in osteoblast and osteocyte differentiation, documented an increase in Mapk1 16 days post fertilization (dpf) and of Mapk3 23 dpf in individuals receiving L. rhamnosus supplementation. Interestingly, a reduction of sost detected in the same individuals suggests that the probiotic may help treat bone disorders.

Comparison of adhesive gut bacteria composition, immunity, and disease resistance in juvenile hybrid tilapia fed two different Lactobacillus strains

This study compares the effects of two Lactobacillus strains, highly adhesive Lactobacillus brevis JCM 1170 (HALB) and less-adhesive Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132 (LALB), on the survival and growth, adhesive gut bacterial communities, immunity, and protection against pathogenic bacterial infection in juvenile hybrid tilapia. During a 5-week feeding trial the fish were fed a diet containing 0 to 10(9) cells/g feed of the two Lactobacillus strains. Samples of intestine, kidney, and spleen were taken at the start and at 10, 20, and 35 days for analysis of stress tolerance and cytokine gene mRNA levels and to assess the diversity of adhesive gut bacterial communities. A 14-day immersion challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-1 was also performed following the feeding trial. The results showed no significant differences in survival rate, weight gain, or feed conversion in the different dietary treatments. The adhesive gut bacterial communities were strikingly altered in the fish fed either the HALB or the LALB, but the response was more rapid and substantial with the adhesive strain. The two strains induced similar changes in the patterns (upregulation or downregulation) of intestinal, splenic or kidney cytokine expression, but they differed in the degree of response for these genes. Changes in intestinal HSP70 expression levels coincided with changes in the similarity coefficient of the adhesive gut bacterial communities between the probiotic treatments. The highest dose of the HALB appeared to protect against the toxic effects of immersion in A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the degree to which Lactobacillus strains adhere to the gut may be a favorable criterion in selecting probiotic strain for aquaculture.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus accelerates zebrafish backbone calcification and gonadal differentiation through effects on the GnRH and IGF systems

Endogenous microbiota play essential roles in the host’s immune system, physiology, reproduction and nutrient metabolism. We hypothesized that a continuous administration of an exogenous probiotic might also influence the host’s development. Thus, we treated zebrafish from birth to sexual maturation (2-months treatment) with Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a probiotic species intended for human use. We monitored for the presence of L. rhamnosus during the entire treatment. Zebrafish at 6 days post fertilization (dpf) exhibited elevated gene expression levels for Insulin-like growth factors -I and -II, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors -α and -β, VDR-α and RAR-γ when compared to untreated-10 days old zebrafish. Using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone 3 GFP transgenic zebrafish (GnRH3-GFP), higher GnRH3 expression was found at 6, 8 and 10 dpf upon L. rhamnosus treatment. The same larvae exhibited earlier backbone calcification and gonad maturation. Noteworthy in the gonad development was the presence of first testes differentiation at 3 weeks post fertilization in the treated zebrafish population -which normally occurs at 8 weeks- and a dramatic sex ratio modulation (93% females, 7% males in control vs. 55% females, 45% males in the treated group). We infer that administration of L. rhamnosus stimulated the IGF system, leading to a faster backbone calcification. Moreover we hypothesize a role for administration of L. rhamnosus on GnRH3 modulation during early larval development, which in turn affects gonadal development and sex differentiation. These findings suggest a significant role of the microbiota composition on the host organism development profile and open new perspectives in the study of probiotics usage and application.

Lactobacillus casei Shirota protects from fructose-induced liver steatosis: a mouse model

To test the hypothesis that Lactobacillus casei Shirota (Lcs) protects against the onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a mouse model of fructose-induced steatosis, C57BL/6J mice were either fed tap water or 30% fructose solution +/- Lcs for 8 weeks. Chronic consumption of 30% fructose solution led to a significant increase in hepatic steatosis as well as plasma alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) levels, which was attenuated by treatment with Lcs. Protein levels of the tight junction protein occludin were found to be markedly lower in both fructose treated groups in the duodenum, whereas microbiota composition in this part of the intestine was not affected. Lcs treatment markedly attenuated the activation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signalling cascade found in the livers of mice only treated with fructose. Moreover, in livers of fructose fed mice treated with Lcs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ activity was markedly higher than in mice only fed fructose. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that the dietary intake of Lcs protects against the onset of fructose-induced NAFLD through mechanisms involving an attenuation of the TLR-4-signalling cascade in the liver.

Aquaculture and stress management: a review of probiotic intervention

To meet the ever-increasing demand for animal protein, aquaculture continuously requires new techniques to increase the production yield. However, with every step towards intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in stress level on the animal as well as on the environment. Feeding practices in aqua farming usually plays an important role, and the addition of various additives to a balanced feed formula to achieve better growth is a common practice among the fish and shrimp culturists. Probiotics, also known as 'bio-friendly agents', such as LAB (Lactobacillus), yeasts and Bacillus sp., can be introduced into the culture environment to control and compete with pathogenic bacteria as well as to promote the growth of the cultured organisms. In addition, probiotics are non-pathogenic and non-toxic micro-organisms, having no undesirable side effects when administered to aquatic organisms. Probiotics are also known to play an important role in developing innate immunity among the fishes, and hence help them to fight against any pathogenic bacterias as well as against environmental stressors. The present review is a brief but informative compilation of the different essential and desirable traits of probiotics, their mode of action and their useful effects on fishes. The review also highlights the role of probiotics in helping the fishes to combat against the different physical, chemical and biological stress.

Effects of a probiotic, protexin, on the growth performance and hematological parameters in the Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) fingerlings

This study examined the effects of a probiotic, protexin, on the growth performance and hematological parameters in an ornamental fish, the Oscar Astronotus ocellatus fingerlings. A completely randomized experimental design was applied with three experimental diets each with three replicates. A commercial food, BioMar, was supplemented with protexin at levels of 0.15, 0.5, and 1.0 g kg(-1) dry food and fed three times a day for 60 days. The control diet was prepared with no protexin supplementation. The experimental fish were biometried every 15 days to compare their growth rates at each treatment. For hematological assays, blood samples were prepared every 30 days to measure such parameters as red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and percentages of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophiles, basophiles, and eosinophiles. Based on the results, the fingerlings fed a 0.15 g kg(-1) supplemented food were significantly different from the fish in the other treatments and in the control, with the highest mean of both final weight (35.07 ± 1.19) and body weight gain (30.17 ± 1.08). Significant differences in both hemoglobin concentration and mean red and white blood cells were found between the experimental groups and the control within 2 months. The highest hemoglobin concentration and also red and white blood cells was observed in the fish-fed 0.15 dietary protexin in both months. The results of this study show that the probiotic, protexin, at a level of 0.15 g kg(-1) dry food could have measurable effects on the growth and hematological parameters in the Oscar A. ocellatus fingerlings.

Modulation of cortisol levels, endocannabinoid receptor 1A, proopiomelanocortin and thyroid hormone receptor alpha mRNA expressions by probiotics during sole (Solea solea) larval development

In the present study, we investigated whether the use of Enterococcus faecium IMC 511 as a probiotic can modulate neuroendocrine system responses during the larval rearing of Solea solea; to this end, the gene expression patterns of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), endocannabinoid receptor 1A (CB1A), and thyroid receptor alpha (TRα) were quantified, and whole-body cortisol levels were measured. Probiotic treatment up-regulated transcription of all selected genes and cortisol concentrations on day 10 post hatch (ph), while on day 30 ph experimental groups showed significantly lower levels of both POMC and CB1A compared to those of the control group. These changes were no longer evident on day 60 ph, when POMC, CB1A, TRα gene expression and cortisol titers were found to be similar in all experimental groups. Our results suggest that metabolic responses to probiotic treatment can be modulated through the activation of genes selected for functional interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the melanocortin and the endocannabinoid systems. Furthermore, the observed (30 ph) down-regulation of both POMC and CB1A gene expression coupled with up-regulation of TRα mRΝΑ levels suggest the activation of a compensatory mechanism that promotes growth and development and perhaps modulates food intake.

Live prey enrichment, with particular emphasis on HUFAs, as limiting factor in false percula clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris, Pomacentridae) larval development and metamorphosis: molecular and biochemical implications

In fast growing organisms, like fish larvae, fatty acids provided through live prey are essential to satisfy high energy demand and are required to promote growth. Therefore, in recent decades, a great amount of research has been directed towards the development of lipid enrichment in order to improve larval fish survival and growth. However, in fish, the biochemical and molecular processes related to highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) administration are still poorly understood. In the current study, the false percula clownfish, a short larval phase marine species, was used as an experimental model and the effects of a standard and a HUFAs-enriched diet were tested through a molecular, biochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric approach. Our results support the hypothesis that HUFA administration may improve larval development through the presence of better structured mitochondria, a higher synthesis of energy compounds and coenzymes with a central position in the metabolism, with respect to controls. This higher energy status was confirmed by better growth performance and a shorter larval phase in larvae fed with an enriched diet with respect to the control. This strategy of rapid growth and early energy storage may be considered positively adaptive and beneficial to the survival of this species.