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Mucellini AB, Laureano DP, Alves MB, Dalle Molle R, Borges MB, Salvador APDA, Pokhvisneva I, Manfro GG, Silveira PP. The impact of poor fetal growth and chronic hyperpalatable diet exposure in adulthood on hippocampal function and feeding patterns in male rats. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22459. [PMID: 38372503 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Poor fetal growth affects eating behavior and the mesocorticolimbic system; however, its influence on the hippocampus has been less explored. Brain insulin sensitivity has been linked to developmental plasticity in response to fetal adversity and to cognitive performance following high-fat diet intake. We investigated whether poor fetal growth and exposure to chronic hyperpalatable food in adulthood could influence the recognition of environmental and food cues, eating behavior patterns, and hippocampal insulin signaling. At 60 days of life, we assigned male offspring from a prenatal animal model of 50% food restriction (FR) to receive either a high-fat and -sugar (HFS) diet or standard chow (CON) diet. Behavioral tests were conducted at 140 days, then tissues were collected. HFS groups showed a diminished hippocampal pAkt/Akt ratio. FR-CON and FR-HFS groups had higher levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, compared to control groups. FR groups showed increased exploration of a novel hyperpalatable food, independent of their diet, and HFS groups exhibited overall lower entropy (less random, more predictable eating behavior) when the environment changed. Poor fetal growth and chronic HFS diet in adulthood altered hippocampal insulin signaling and eating patterns, diminishing the flexibility associated with eating behavior in response to extrinsic changes in food availability in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brondani Mucellini
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pereira Laureano
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcio Bonesso Alves
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariana Balbinot Borges
- Faculty of Biomedicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Jensen DE, Ebmeier KP, Akbaraly T, Jansen MG, Singh-Manoux A, Kivimäki M, Zsoldos E, Klein-Flügge MC, Suri S. The association of longitudinal diet and waist-to-hip ratio from midlife to old age with hippocampus connectivity and memory in old age: a cohort study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.570778. [PMID: 38168259 PMCID: PMC10760001 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.570778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest lifestyle factors may reduce the risk of dementia. However, few studies have examined the association of diet and waist-to-hip ratio with hippocampus connectivity. In the Whitehall II Imaging Sub-study, we examined longitudinal changes in diet quality in 512 participants and waist-to-hip ratio in 665 participants. Diet quality was measured using the Alternative Health Eating Index-2010 assessed three times across 11 years between ages 48 and 60 years, and waist-to-hip ratio five times over 21 years between ages 48 and 68 years. Brain imaging and cognitive tests were performed at age 70±5 years. We measured white matter using diffusion tensor imaging and hippocampal functional connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. In addition to associations of diet and waist-to-hip ratio with brain imaging measures, we tested whether associations between diet, waist-to-hip ratio and cognitive performance were mediated by brain connectivity. We found better diet quality in midlife and improvements in diet over mid-to-late life were associated with higher hippocampal functional connectivity to the occipital lobe and cerebellum, and better white matter integrity as measured by higher fractional anisotropy and lower diffusivity. Higher waist-to-hip ratio in midlife was associated with higher mean and radial diffusivity and lower fractional anisotropy in several tracts including the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and cingulum. Associations between midlife waist-to-hip ratio, working memory and executive function were partially mediated by radial diffusivity. All associations were independent of age, sex, education, and physical activity. Our findings highlight the importance of maintaining a good diet and a healthy waist-to-hip ratio in midlife to maintain brain health in later life. Future interventional studies for the improvement of dietary and metabolic health should target midlife for the prevention of cognitive decline in old age.
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Valeri J, Gisabella B, Pantazopoulos H. Dynamic regulation of the extracellular matrix in reward memory processes: a question of time. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1208974. [PMID: 37396928 PMCID: PMC10311570 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1208974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a global health problem with increasing prevalence resulting in significant socioeconomic burden and increased mortality. Converging lines of evidence point to a critical role of brain extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. An increasing number of preclinical studies highlight the ECM as a promising target for development of novel cessation pharmacotherapies. The brain ECM is dynamically regulated during learning and memory processes, thus the time course of ECM alterations in substance use disorders is a critical factor that may impact interpretation of the current studies and development of pharmacological therapies. This review highlights the evidence for the involvement of ECM molecules in reward learning, including drug reward and natural reward such as food, as well as evidence regarding the pathophysiological state of the brain's ECM in substance use disorders and metabolic disorders. We focus on the information regarding time-course and substance specific changes in ECM molecules and how this information can be leveraged for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Valeri
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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Cawthon CR, Blonde GD, Nisi AV, Bloomston HM, Krubitski B, le Roux CW, Spector AC. Chronic Semaglutide Treatment in Rats Leads to Daily Excessive Concentration-Dependent Sucrose Intake. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad074. [PMID: 37388574 PMCID: PMC10306276 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Context The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist semaglutide (SEMA) produces 15% weight loss when chronically administered to humans with obesity. Methods In 2 separate experiments, rats received daily injections of either vehicle (VEH) or SEMA starting at 7 µg/kg body weight (BW) and increasing over 10 days to the maintenance dose (70 µg/kg-BW), emulating clinical dose escalation strategies. Results During dose escalation and maintenance, SEMA rats reduced chow intake and bodyweight. Experiment 2 meal pattern analysis revealed that meal size, not number, mediated these SEMA-induced changes in chow intake. This suggests SEMA affects neural processes controlling meal termination and not meal initiation. Two-bottle preference tests (vs water) began after 10 to 16 days of maintenance dosing. Rats received either an ascending sucrose concentration series (0.03-1.0 M) and 1 fat solution (Experiment 1) or a 4% and 24% sucrose solution in a crossover design (Experiment 2). At lower sucrose concentrations, SEMA-treated rats in both experiments drank sometimes >2× the volume consumed by VEH controls; at higher sucrose concentrations (and 10% fat), intake was similar between treatment groups. Energy intake of SEMA rats became similar to VEH rats. This was unexpected because GLP-1R agonism is thought to decrease the reward and/or increase the satiating potency of palatable foods. Despite sucrose-driven increases in both groups, a significant bodyweight difference between SEMA- and VEH-treated rats remained. Conclusion The basis of the SEMA-induced overconsumption of sucrose at lower concentrations relative to VEH controls remains unclear, but the effects of chronic SEMA treatment on energy intake and BW appear to depend on the caloric sources available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Cawthon
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Ginger D Blonde
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - A Valentina Nisi
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Haley M Bloomston
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Belle Krubitski
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Center, Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 C1P1, Ireland
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Dos Santos Neves L, Oliveira RKG, Dos Santos LS, Ribeiro IO, Medeiros JMB, de Matos RJB. Modulation of hypothalamic AMPK and hypothalamic neuropeptides in the control of eating behavior: A systematic review. Life Sci 2022; 309:120947. [PMID: 36096244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Eating behavior is regulated by central and peripheral signals, which interact to modulate the response to nutrient intake. Central control is mediated by the hypothalamus through neuropeptides that activate the orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways. Energy homeostasis depends on the efficiency of these regulatory mechanisms. This neuroendocrine regulation of hunger and appetite can be modulated by nutritional sensors such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Thus, this systematic review discusses the literature on correlations between AMPK and hypothalamic neuropeptides regarding control of eating behavior. Lilacs, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were searched for articles published from 2009 to 2021 containing combinations of the following descriptors: "eating behavior," "hypothalamus," "neuropeptide," and "AMPK." Of the 1330 articles found initially, 27 were selected after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the selected articles, 15 reported decreased AMPK activity, due to interventions using angiotensin II infusion, fructose, glucose, cholecystokinin, leptin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection; dietary control through a low-protein diet or a high-fat diet (60 % fat); induction of hyperthyroidism; or injection of AMPK inhibitors. Seven studies showed a decrease in neuropeptide Y (NPY) through CV4 AICAR administration; fructose, glucose, leptin, or angiotensin II injections; or infusion of LPS from Escherichia coli and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) overexpression. Eleven studies reported a decrease in food consumption due to a decrease in AMPK activity and/or hypothalamic neuropeptides such as NPY. The results indicate that there is a relationship between AMPK and the control of eating behavior: a decrease in AMPK activity due to a dietary or non-dietary stimulus is associated with a consequent decrease in food intake. Furthermore, AMPK activity can be modulated by glucose, thyroid hormones, estradiol, leptin, and ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letycia Dos Santos Neves
- Vitoria Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservoir, S/N, Bela Vista, CEP 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Renata Kelly Gomes Oliveira
- Vitoria Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservoir, S/N, Bela Vista, CEP 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Lucimeire Santana Dos Santos
- Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Rua Basilio da Gama, s/n, Campus Canela, CEP: 40.110-907 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Oliveira Ribeiro
- Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Rua Basilio da Gama, s/n, Campus Canela, CEP: 40.110-907 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jairza Maria Barreto Medeiros
- Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Rua Basilio da Gama, s/n, Campus Canela, CEP: 40.110-907 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa de Matos
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Avenida Carlos Amaral, 1015, Cajueiro, CEP 44574-490 Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brazil.
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Blonde GD, Fletcher FH, Tang T, Newsome R, Spector AC. A new apparatus to analyze meal-related ingestive behaviors in rats fed a complex multi-food diet. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113824. [PMID: 35472328 PMCID: PMC10544710 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of the size and timing of meals provides critical insight into the processes underlying food intake. While most work has been conducted with a single food or fluid, the availability of food choices can also influence eating and interact with these processes. The 5-Item Food Choice Monitor (FCM), a device that continuously measures eating and drinking behaviors of rats provided up to 5 foods and 2 fluids simultaneously, was designed to allow study of food choices simultaneously with meal patterns. To validate this device, adult male and female (n = 8 each) Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in the FCM. Food and fluid intake were measured continuously (22-h/day) while rats were presented water and powdered chow. Then a cafeteria diet of 5 foods varying in macronutrient content, texture, and flavors were offered along with water. Lastly, the 5 foods were offered along with 0.3 M sucrose and water. Analyses were conducted to find optimal criteria for parceling ingestive behavior into meals, and then meal patterns were quantified. Total intake, as assessed by FCM software, was in good concordance with that measured by an independent scale. A minimum meal size of 1 kcal and a meal termination criterion of 15-min accounted for >90% of total intake and produced meal dynamics that were in register with the literature. Use of the cafeteria diet allowed comparisons between meal patterns with a single food versus a multi-food diet, as well as analyses of macronutrient-related food choices across subsets of meals. The FCM proved to accurately measure food intake over a 22-h period and was able to detect differences and similarities in the meal patterns of rats as a function of sex and food choice availability. Combined with any number of experimental manipulations, the FCM holds great promise in the investigation of the physiological and neural controls of ingestive behavior in a dietary environment that allows food choices, more closely emulating human eating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger D Blonde
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Fred H Fletcher
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Te Tang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Ryan Newsome
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301 USA.
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Psychological distress and its association with intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, discretionary foods, and alcohol, in women during COVID-19, in Australia. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111794. [PMID: 36055124 PMCID: PMC9427120 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to explore psychological distress, lifestyle, and demographic factors, as well as their relationship to discretionary choices in women of reproductive age during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Australia. Methods Reproductive-aged women (18–50 y) in Australia participated in a national online survey. Psychological distress score (using a validated 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale questionnaire) was the primary exposure of interest, and key outcomes were frequencies of discretionary choices (sugar-sweetened beverages [SSBs], alcohol, and discretionary foods). Sociodemographic and physical activity data were also collected. Logistic regression was used to report adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval to predict SSBs (less than weekly; most days/daily), total discretionary foods (none/<2 times/d; ≥3 times/d), and alcohol use (never/less than monthly; most weeks/daily). Results A total of 1005 women were included in the study, of whom 40% had a high level of psychological distress. Women with high psychological distress (aOR: 1.96; 95% CI, 1.32–2.91) and those who gained weight during the pandemic (aOR: 1.71; 95% CI, 1.10–2.65) were more likely to consume discretionary foods ≥3 times/d. There was no association between psychological distress and SSB intake or alcohol; however, Australian, New Zealander, or Pacific Islander background (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI, 1.21–2.33) and more hours of sitting time (aOR: 1.88; 95% CI, 1.07–3.29) were associated with SSB consumption on most days/daily. Older age (aOR: 1.70; 95% CI, 1.00–2.89), higher household income (aOR: 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08–1.92), and moderate or high physical activity (aOR: 1.75; 95% CI, 1.10–2.80) were associated with alcohol intake on most weeks/daily. Conclusions Public health messaging to promote healthy eating should take into account the effect of psychological distress on health behavior. Messages aimed at maintaining a positive relationship between food intake and mental wellbeing, particularly among vulnerable groups, are warranted.
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Using structural equation modeling to understand family and psychological factors of childhood obesity: from socioeconomic disadvantage to loss of control eating. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1809-1819. [PMID: 34731454 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Current study aimed to empirically test the Hemmingsson's theoretical model of childhood obesity which emphasizing the importance of family environment and the emotional distress of parents as influential variables in the emotional distress of the child and subsequent weight gain. This study also tested the hypothesis that the emotional distress of the child triggers a weight gain-inducing behavior (loss of control eating) to suppress negative emotions. METHODS Families of 220 Spanish children participated in the study (28.2% normal, 35.1% overweight and 32.2% obesity), aged between 8 and 12. The evaluation included a clinical interview and a battery of questionnaires. RESULTS Structural equation models were computed according to the steps proposed by theoretical model. Fit indices were acceptable suggesting that the data adequately fit the hypothesized model. Path coefficients in the final model were statistically significant showing a relationship between socioeconomic status, the emotional distress of parents, family environment, the emotional distress of children, loss of control eating and child's BMI Z-score. CONCLUSION Considering this relation between emotional distress and child weight status, childhood obesity intervention programs may benefit from targeting family environment and the potential role that food is playing in the regulation of children's distress. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: Cohort analytic study.
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Sinzato YK, Paula VG, Gallego FQ, Moraes-Souza RQ, Corrente JE, Volpato GT, Damasceno DC. Maternal Diabetes and Postnatal High-Fat Diet on Pregnant Offspring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818621. [PMID: 35706903 PMCID: PMC9189289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes-induced fetal programming predisposes offspring to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity in adulthood. However, lifelong health and disease trajectories depend on several factors and nutrition is one of the main ones. We intend to understand the role of maternal diabetes-induced fetal programming and its association with a high-fat diet during lifelong in the female F1 generation focusing on reproductive outcomes and the possible changes in physiological systems during pregnancy as well as the repercussions on the F2 generation at birth. For this, we composed four groups: F1 female pups from control (OC) or from diabetic dams (OD) and fed with standard (SD) or high-fat diet from weaning to full-term pregnancy. During pregnancy, glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity were evaluated. In a full-term pregnancy, the maternal blood and liver were collected to evaluate redox status markers. The maternal blood, placental tissue, and fetal blood (pool) were collected to evaluate adiponectin and leptin levels. Maternal reproductive parameters were evaluated as well. Maternal diabetes and high-fat diet consumption, in isolation, were both responsible for increased infertility rates and fasting glucose levels in the F1 generation and fetal growth restriction in the F2 generation. The association of both conditions showed, in addition to those, increased lipoperoxidation in maternal erythrocytes, regardless of the increased endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, glucose intolerance, decreased number of implantation sites and live fetuses, decreased litter, fetal and placental weight, increased preimplantation losses, and increased fetal leptin serum levels. Thus, our findings show that fetal programming caused by maternal diabetes or lifelong high-fat diet consumption leads to similar repercussions in pregnant rats. In addition, the association of both conditions was responsible for glucose intolerance and oxidative stress in the first generation and increased fetal leptin levels in the second generation. Thus, our findings show both the F1 and F2 generations harmed health after maternal hyperglycemic intrauterine environment and exposure to a high-fat diet from weaning until the end of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Karen Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Verônyca Gonçalves Paula
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Franciane Quintanilha Gallego
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rafaianne Q. Moraes-Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Corrente
- Research Support Office, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Débora Cristina Damasceno,
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10
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Mucellini AB, Miguel PM, Dalle Molle R, Rodrigues DM, Machado TD, Reis RS, Toazza R, Salum GA, Bortoluzzi A, Franco AR, Buchweitz A, Barth B, Agranonik M, Nassim M, Meaney MJ, Manfro GG, Silveira PP. Diminished insulin sensitivity is associated with altered brain activation to food cues and with risk for obesity - Implications for individuals born small for gestational age. Appetite 2021; 169:105799. [PMID: 34767841 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While classically linked to memory, the hippocampus is also a feeding behavior modulator due to its multiple interconnected pathways with other brain regions and expression of receptors for metabolic hormones. Here we tested whether variations in insulin sensitivity would be correlated with differential brain activation following exposure to palatable food cues, as well as with variations in implicit food memory in a cohort of healthy adolescents, some of whom were born small for gestational age (SGA). Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was positively correlated with activation in the cuneus, and negatively correlated with activation in the middle frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus and precuneus when presented with palatable food images versus non-food images in healthy adolescents. Additionally, HOMA-IR and insulinemia were higher in participants with impaired food memory. SGA individuals had higher snack caloric density and greater chance for impaired food memory. There was also an interaction between the HOMA-IR and birth weight ratio influencing external eating behavior. We suggest that diminished insulin sensitivity correlates with activation in visual attention areas and inactivation in inhibitory control areas in healthy adolescents. Insulin resistance also associated with less consistency in implicit memory for a consumed meal, which may suggest lower ability to establish a dietary pattern, and can contribute to obesity. Differences in feeding behavior in SGA individuals were associated with insulin sensitivity and hippocampal alterations, suggesting that cognition and hormonal regulation are important components involved in their food intake modifications throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Mucellini
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Miguel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danitsa M Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tania D Machado
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta S Reis
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudinéia Toazza
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bortoluzzi
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Franco
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Buchweitz
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Barbara Barth
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neurosciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marilyn Agranonik
- Fundação de Economia e Estatística Siegfried Emanuel Heuser, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marouane Nassim
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Translational Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gisele G Manfro
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Silveira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Abstract
There are currently a number of theories of rodent hippocampal function. They fall into two major groups that differ in the role they impute to space in hippocampal information processing. On one hand, the cognitive map theory sees space as crucial and central, with other types of nonspatial information embedded in a primary spatial framework. On the other hand, most other theories see the function of the hippocampal formation as broader, treating all types of information as equivalent and concentrating on the processes carried out irrespective of the specific material being represented, stored, and manipulated. One crucial difference, therefore, is the extent to which theories see hippocampal pyramidal cells as representing nonspatial information independently of a spatial framework. Studies have reported the existence of single hippocampal unit responses to nonspatial stimuli, both to simple sensory inputs as well as to more complex stimuli such as objects, conspecifics, rewards, and time, and these findings been interpreted as evidence in favor of a broader hippocampal function. Alternatively, these nonspatial responses might actually be feature-in-place signals where the spatial nature of the response has been masked by the fact that the objects or features were only presented in one location or one spatial context. In this article, we argue that when tested in multiple locations, the hippocampal response to nonspatial stimuli is almost invariably dependent on the animal's location. Looked at collectively, the data provide strong support for the cognitive map theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O'Keefe
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julija Krupic
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
In recent years, plenty of researches have reported in obese individuals with abnormal brain processes implicated in homeostatic regulation, reward, emotion, memory, attention, and executive function in eating behaviors. Thus, treating obesity cannot remain "brainless." Behavioral and psychological interventions activate the food reward, attention, and motivation system, leading to minimal weight loss and high relapse rates. Pharmacotherapy is an effective weight loss method and regulate brain activity but with concerns about its brain function safety problems. Obesity surgery, the most effective therapy currently available for obesity, shows pronounced effects on brain activity, such as deactivation of reward and attention system, and activation of inhibition control toward food cues. In this review, we present an overview of alterations in the brain after the three common weight loss methods.
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13
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Zhang P, Liu Y, Yu FX, Wu GW, Li MY, Wang Z, Ding HY, Wang LX, Zhao KX, Zhang ZY, Zhao PF, Li J, Yang ZH, Lv H, Zhang ZT, Wang ZC. Hierarchical integrated processing of reward-related regions in obese males: A graph-theoretical-based study. Appetite 2020; 159:105055. [PMID: 33248191 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal activities in reward-related regions are associated with overeating or obesity. Preliminary studies have shown that changes in neural activity in obesity include not only regional reward regions abnormalities but also impairments in the communication between reward-related regions and multiple functional areas. A recent study has shown that the transitions between different neural networks are nonrandom and hierarchical, and that activation of particular brain networks is more likely to occur after other brain networks. The aims of this study were to investigate the key nodes of reward-related regions in obese males and explore the hierarchical integrated processing of key nodes. Twenty-four obese males and 24 normal-weight male controls of similar ages were recruited. The fMRI data were acquired using 3.0 T MRI. The fMRI data preprocessing was performed in DPABI and SPM 12. Degree centrality analyses were conducted using GRETNA toolkit, and Granger causality analyses were calculated using DynamicBC toolbox. Decreased degree centrality was observed in left ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and right parahippocampal/hippocampal gyrus in group with obesity. The group with obesity demonstrated increased effective connectivity between left vmPFC and several regions (left inferior temporal gyrus, left supplementary motor area, right insular cortex, right postcentral gyrus, right paracentral lobule and bilateral fusiform gyrus). Increased effective connectivity was observed between right parahippocampal/hippocampal gyrus and left precentral/postcentral gyrus. Decreased effective connectivity was found between right parahippocampal/hippocampal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule. This study identified the features of hierarchical interactions between the key reward nodes and multiple function networks. These findings may provide more evidence for the existing view of hierarchical organization in reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Feng-Xia Yu
- Medical Imaging Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guo-Wei Wu
- School of Language Science and Art, Jiang Su Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Meng-Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - He-Yu Ding
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Xue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kai-Xin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng-Han Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Han Lv
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhong-Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhen-Chang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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14
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López-Taboada I, González-Pardo H, Conejo NM. Western Diet: Implications for Brain Function and Behavior. Front Psychol 2020; 11:564413. [PMID: 33329193 PMCID: PMC7719696 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western diet (WD) pattern characterized by high daily intake of saturated fats and refined carbohydrates often leads to obesity and overweight, and it has been linked to cognitive impairment and emotional disorders in both animal models and humans. This dietary pattern alters the composition of gut microbiota, influencing brain function by different mechanisms involving the gut-brain axis. In addition, long-term exposure to highly palatable foods typical of WD could induce addictive-like eating behaviors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation associated with chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. In turn, chronic stress modulates eating behavior, and it could have detrimental effects on different brain regions such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and several cortical regions. Moreover, obesity and overweight induce neuroinflammation, causing neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current scientific evidence about the mechanisms and factors relating WD consumption with altered brain function and behavior. Possible therapeutic interventions and limitations are also discussed, aiming to tackle and prevent this current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nélida María Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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15
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Palazzo RP, Torres ILS, Grefenhagen ÁI, da Silva BB, de Meireles LCF, de Vargas KC, Alves Z, Pereira Silva LO, Siqueira IR. Early life exposure to hypercaloric diet impairs eating behavior during weaning: The role of BDNF signaling and astrocyte marks. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:667-678. [PMID: 32926590 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature shows that gestational and/or lactational exposure to hypercaloric diets induces long term effects on eating behavior and the involvement of neurochemical mechanisms. We hypothesized that the effects of hypercaloric diets in early development phases can precede an overweight or an obesity status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of gestational and lactational exposure to cafeteria diet on eating behavior and neurochemical parameters, BDNF signaling, epigenetic and astrocyte marks in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb during the weaning phase. Pregnant female rats were randomized between standard and cafeteria diet, the respective diet was maintained through the lactational period. The framework of feeding pattern, meal, and its microstructure, was observed in postnatal day 20. Exposure to cafeteria diet increased the number of meals, associated with a lower first inter-meal interval and higher consumption in both genders, without any changes in body weight. Diet exposure also reduced the number of grooming, a behavior typically found at the end of meals. Hypercaloric diet exposure reduced BDNF levels in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus from rats of both sexes and increased the content of the TrkB receptor in hippocampi. It was observed an increase in HDAC5 levels, an epigenetic mark. Still, early exposure to the hypercaloric diet reduced hippocampal GFAP and PPARγ levels, without any effect on NeuN content, indicating that alterations in astrocytes can precede those neuronal outcomes. Our results showed that changes in interrelated neurochemical signaling, BDNF, and astrocyte marks, induced by hypercaloric diet in early stages of development may be related to impairment in the temporal distribution of eating pattern and consequent amounts of consumed food during the weaning phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Passos Palazzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Unidade de Experimentação Animal e Grupo de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ágnis Iohana Grefenhagen
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Batista da Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Kethleen Costa de Vargas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Zingara Alves
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ionara Rodrigues Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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16
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Suarez AN, Liu CM, Cortella AM, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Ghrelin and Orexin Interact to Increase Meal Size Through a Descending Hippocampus to Hindbrain Signaling Pathway. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:1001-1011. [PMID: 31836175 PMCID: PMC7188579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory and cognitive processes influence the amount of food consumed during a meal, yet the neurobiological mechanisms mediating these effects are poorly understood. The hippocampus (HPC) has recently emerged as a brain region that integrates feeding-relevant biological signals with learning and memory processes to regulate feeding. We investigated whether the gut-derived hormone ghrelin acts in the ventral HPC (vHPC) to increase meal size through interactions with gut-derived satiation signaling. METHODS Interactions between vHPC ghrelin signaling, gut-derived satiation signaling, feeding, and interoceptive discrimination learning were assessed via rodent behavioral neuropharmacological approaches. Downstream neural pathways were identified using transsynaptic virus-based tracing strategies. RESULTS vHPC ghrelin signaling counteracted the food intake-reducing effects produced by various peripheral biological satiation signals, including cholecystokinin, exendin-4 (a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist), amylin, and mechanical distension of the stomach. Furthermore, vHPC ghrelin signaling produced interoceptive cues that generalized to a perceived state of energy deficit, thereby providing a potential mechanism for the attenuation of satiation processing. Neuroanatomical tracing identified a multiorder connection from vHPC neurons to lateral hypothalamic area orexin (hypocretin)-producing neurons that project to the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the hindbrain. Lastly, vHPC ghrelin signaling increased spontaneous meal size via downstream orexin receptor signaling in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. CONCLUSIONS vHPC ghrelin signaling increases meal size by counteracting the efficacy of various gut-derived satiation signals. These effects occur via downstream orexin signaling to the hindbrain laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, thereby highlighting a novel hippocampus-hypothalamus-hindbrain pathway regulating meal size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Clarissa M. Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Cortella
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily E. Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Correspondence: Dr. Scott E. Kanoski, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3560 Watt Way, PED 107, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0652, USA, Tel: +1 213 821 5762, Fax: +1 213 740 6159.
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17
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Beta and gamma synchronous oscillations in neural network activity in mice-induced by food deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134398. [PMID: 31344399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food deprivation is known to trigger hunger sensation and motivation to eat for energy replenishing. However, brain mechanisms associated with hunger and neural circuitries that mediate hunger driven responses remained to be investigated. To understand neural signaling of hunger, local field potentials (LFPs) in the lateral hypothalamus (LHa), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal hippocampus (HP) and olfactory bulb (OB) and their interconnectivities were studied in freely moving adult male Albino mice during 18-20 h food deprivation and fed periods. Raw LFP signals were recorded and analyzed for mean values of spectral frequency power and coherence values. One-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant increases in spectral powers of beta and gamma frequency ranges induced by food deprivation in the LHa, HP, NAc but not OB. No change of spectral power in these brain regions was induced by food feeding. The analyses of coherent activity between brain regions also deliniated some distributed neural network activities correlated with hunger. In particular, coherent function indicated the increased beta and gamma phase synchrony between the pairs of LHa-HP and NAc-OB regions, and decreased gamma synchrony between the pairs of LHa-NAc and NAc-HP induced by food deprivation. It was found that plasma glucose level, locomotor count, travelled distance and time spent on moving were not altered by food deprivation. These results suggest that changes in LFP hallmarks in these brain regions were associated with hunger driven by negative energy balance.
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18
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Suarez AN, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Regulation of Memory Function by Feeding-Relevant Biological Systems: Following the Breadcrumbs to the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:101. [PMID: 31057368 PMCID: PMC6482164 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) controls fundamental learning and memory processes, including memory for visuospatial navigation (spatial memory) and flexible memory for facts and autobiographical events (declarative memory). Emerging evidence reveals that hippocampal-dependent memory function is regulated by various peripheral biological systems that are traditionally known for their roles in appetite and body weight regulation. Here, we argue that these effects are consistent with a framework that it is evolutionarily advantageous to encode and recall critical features surrounding feeding behavior, including the spatial location of a food source, social factors, post-absorptive processing, and other episodic elements of a meal. We review evidence that gut-to-brain communication from the vagus nerve and from feeding-relevant endocrine systems, including ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), promote hippocampal-dependent spatial and declarative memory via neurotrophic and neurogenic mechanisms. The collective literature reviewed herein supports a model in which various stages of feeding behavior and hippocampal-dependent memory function are closely linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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19
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Bastos AEP, Costa PF, Varderidou-Minasian S, Altelaar M, Lima PA. Feeding cycle alters the biophysics and molecular expression of voltage-gated Na + currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurones. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:1418-1435. [PMID: 30588669 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The function of hippocampus as a hub for energy balance is a subject of broad and current interest. This study aims at providing more evidence on this regard by addressing the effects of feeding cycle on the voltage-gated sodium (Na+ ) currents of acutely isolated Wistar rat hippocampal CA1 neurones. Specifically, by applying patch clamp techniques (whole cell voltage clamp and single channel in inside-out patches) we assessed the influence of feeding and fasting conditions on the intrinsic biophysical properties of Na+ currents. Additionally, mass spectrometry and western blotting experiments were used to address the effect of feeding cycle over the Na+ channel population of the rat hippocampus. Na+ currents were recorded in neurones obtained from fed and fasted animals (here termed "fed neurones" and "fasted neurones", respectively). Whole cell Na+ currents of fed neurones, as compared to fasted neurones, showed increased mean maximum current density and a higher "window current" amplitude. We demonstrate that these results are supported by an increased single channel Na+ conductance in fed neurones and, also, by a greater Nav1.2 channel density in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of fed samples (but not in whole hippocampus preparations). These results imply fast variations on the biophysics and molecular expression of Na+ currents of rat hippocampal CA1 neurones, throughout the feeding cycle. Thus, one may expect a differentiated regulation of the intrinsic neuronal excitability, which may account for the role of the hippocampus as a processor of satiety information.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E P Bastos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Physiology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisbon, Portugal.,Sea4Us, Biotechnology and Marine Resources, Lda., Sagres, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Costa
- Department of Physiology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro A Lima
- Department of Physiology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisbon, Portugal.,Sea4Us, Biotechnology and Marine Resources, Lda., Sagres, Portugal
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20
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Choi JS. Effects of Maternal and Post-Weaning High-Fat Diet on Leptin Resistance and Hypothalamic Appetite Genes in Sprague Dawley Rat Offspring. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:276-290. [PMID: 30406057 PMCID: PMC6209730 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The defective satiation signaling may contribute to the etiology of obesity. We investigated how dietary modification during maternal (pregnancy and lactation) and post-weaning affects obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and hypothalamic appetite responses in offspring in adulthood. Pregnant female SD rats were randomly allocated to either maternal high-fat diet (43% energy from fat) or control diet (12% energy from fat) until the end of suckling. After weaning for additional 4 weeks, half of the offsprings were continuously fed the same diet as the dam (C-C and H-H groups); the remainder received the counterpart diet (C-H and H-C groups). The long-term high-fat diet during maternal and post-weaning period (H-H group) led to susceptibility to obesity and IR through the significant increases of hypothalamic orexigenic genes compared to the maternal and post-weaning control diet group (C-C group). In contrast, the hypothalamic expression levels of anorexigenic genes, apolipoprotein E, leptin receptor, and activated signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 were significantly lower in H-H group with elevations in circulating insulin and leptin and body fat mass. However, dietary changes after weaning (H-C and C-H groups) partially modified these conditions. These results suggest that maternal and post-weaning diet conditions can potentially disrupt hypothalamic neuronal signal irrelevantly, which is essential for leptin's regulation of energy homeostasis and induce the risk of offspring to future metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Sun Choi
- Department of Home Economics, College of Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea
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21
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A hippocampus to prefrontal cortex neural pathway inhibits food motivation through glucagon-like peptide-1 signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1555-1565. [PMID: 28461695 PMCID: PMC5668211 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are traditionally associated with regulating memory and executive function, respectively. The contribution of these brain regions to food intake control, however, is poorly understood. The present study identifies a novel neural pathway through which monosynaptic glutamatergic ventral hippocampal field CA1 (vCA1) to mPFC connectivity inhibits food-motivated behaviors through vCA1 glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Results demonstrate that vCA1-targeted RNA interference-mediated GLP-1R knockdown increases motivated operant responding for palatable food. Chemogenetic disconnection of monosynaptic glutamatergic vCA1 to mPFC projections using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs)-mediated synaptic silencing ablates the food intake and body weight reduction following vCA1 GLP-1R activation. Neuropharmacological experiments further reveal that vCA1 GLP-1R activation reduces food intake and inhibits impulsive operant responding for palatable food via downstream communication to mPFC NMDA receptors. Overall these findings identify a novel neural pathway regulating higher-order cognitive aspects of feeding behavior.
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22
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Liu CM, Kanoski SE. Homeostatic and non-homeostatic controls of feeding behavior: Distinct vs. common neural systems. Physiol Behav 2018; 193:223-231. [PMID: 29421588 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological controls of feeding behavior is critical in light of the growing obesity pandemic, a phenomenon largely based on excessive caloric consumption. Feeding behavior and its underlying biological substrates are frequently divided in the literature into two separate categories: [1] homeostatic processes involving energy intake based on caloric and other metabolic deficits, and [2] non-homeostatic processes that involve feeding driven by environmental and cognitive factors. The present review summarizes both historic and recent research examining the homeostatic regulation of feeding with specific emphasis on hypothalamic and hindbrain circuitry that monitor and regulate various metabolic signals. Regarding non-homeostatic controls, we highlight higher-order brain structures that integrate feeding-relevant external, interoceptive, and cognitive factors, including sensory cortical processing, learned associations in the hippocampus, and reward-based processing in the nucleus accumbens and interconnected mesolimbic circuitry. Finally, the current review focuses on recent evidence that challenges the traditional view that distinct neural systems regulate homeostatic vs. non-homeostatic controls of feeding behavior. Specifically, we highlight several feeding-related endocrine systems that act on both lower- and higher-order substrates, present evidence for the modulation of learned and cognitive feeding-relevant behaviors by lower-order brain regions, and highlight data showing that apparent homeostatic-based feeding behavior is modulated by higher-order brain regions. Our concluding perspective is that the classic dissociation between homeostatic and non-homeostatic constructs in relation to feeding behavior is limited with regards to understanding the complex integrated neurobiological systems that control energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Liu
- University of Southern California, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Los Angeles, CA, United States; University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- University of Southern California, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Los Angeles, CA, United States; University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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23
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Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease with many causal factors, associated with multiple comorbidities that contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. It is a highly prevalent disease that poses an enormous health and economic burden to society. This article reviews the mechanisms of obesity and its related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Upadhyay
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Boston VA Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Olivia Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wael Ghaly
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Boston VA Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Hsu TM, Noble EE, Reiner DJ, Liu CM, Suarez AN, Konanur VR, Hayes MR, Kanoski SE. Hippocampus ghrelin receptor signaling promotes socially-mediated learned food preference. Neuropharmacology 2017; 131:487-496. [PMID: 29191751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Social cues are potent regulators of feeding behavior, yet the neurobiological mechanisms through which social cues influence food intake are poorly understood. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the appetite-promoting gut-derived hormone, ghrelin, signals in the hippocampus to promote learned social aspects of feeding behavior. We utilized a procedure known as 'social transmission of food preference' (STFP) in which rats ('Observers') experience a social interaction with another rat ('Demonstrators') that recently consumed flavored/scented chow. STFP learning in Observer rats is indicated by a significant preference for the Demonstrator paired flavor of chow vs. a novel unpaired flavor of chow in a subsequent consumption choice test. Our results show that relative to vehicle treatment, ghrelin targeted to the ventral CA1 subregion of the hippocampus (vHP) enhanced STFP learning in rats. Additionally, STFP was impaired following peripheral injections of l-cysteine that reduce circulating ghrelin levels, suggesting that vHP ghrelin-mediated effects on STFP require peripheral ghrelin release. Finally, the endogenous relevance of vHP ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1A) signaling in STFP is supported by our data showing that STFP learning was eliminated following targeted viral vector RNA interference-mediated knockdown of vHP GHSR-1A mRNA. Control experiments indicate that vHP ghrelin-mediated STFP effects are not secondary to altered social exploration and food intake, nor to altered food preference learning based on nonsocial olfactory cues. Overall these data reveal a novel neurobiological system that promotes conditioned, social aspects of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Hsu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David J Reiner
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clarissa M Liu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaibhav R Konanur
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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25
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An Inhibitory Septum to Lateral Hypothalamus Circuit That Suppresses Feeding. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11185-11195. [PMID: 27807162 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2042-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior is orchestrated by neural circuits primarily residing in the hypothalamus and hindbrain. However, the relative influence of cognitive and emotional brain circuits to the feeding circuitry in the hypothalamus and hindbrain remains unclear. Here, using the cell-type selectivity of genetic methods, circuit mapping, and behavior assays, we sought to decipher neural circuits emanating from the septal nucleus to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) that contribute to neural regulation of food intake in mice. We found that chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of septal vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT)-containing neurons or their projections in the LH reduced food intake in mice. Consistently, chemogenetic inhibition of septal vGAT neurons increased food intake. Furthermore, we investigated a previously unknown neural circuit originating from septal vGAT neurons to a subset of vGAT neurons in the LH, an area involved in homeostatic and hedonic control of energy states. Collectively, our data reveal an inhibitory septohypothalamic feeding circuit that might serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our results demonstrate that top-down projections from the septum to the hypothalamus control food intake negatively. Given the known role for both of these brain regions in the control of feeding and emotion-related behaviors, these findings reveal previously unknown neural circuitry that is likely implicated in emotional aspects of food intake and provide new insights into the development of therapeutic targets for the treatment of eating disorders.
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26
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Hippocampal insulin resistance and altered food decision-making as players on obesity risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:165-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sweeney P, Yang Y. Neural Circuit Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Regulation of Homeostatic Feeding. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:437-448. [PMID: 28279562 PMCID: PMC5438765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neural circuits controlling feeding and emotional behaviors are intricately and reciprocally connected. Recent technological developments, including cell type-specific optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches, allow functional characterization of genetically defined cell populations and neural circuits in feeding and emotional processes. Here we review recent studies that have utilized circuit-based manipulations to decipher the functional interactions between neural circuits controlling feeding and those controlling emotional processes. Specifically, we highlight newly described neural circuit interactions between classical emotion-related brain regions, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, and homeostatic feeding circuitry in the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamus (LH). Together these circuits will provide a template for future studies to examine functional interactions between feeding and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sweeney
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yunlei Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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28
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Adverse effects of consuming high fat–sugar diets on cognition: implications for understanding obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:455-465. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for important roles of key cognitive processes, including attention, memory and learning, in the short-term decision making about eating. There is parallel evidence that people who are overweight or obese tend to perform worse on a variety of cognitive tasks. In this review, the evidence for these two ideas is summarised and then the idea that overconsumption of Western-style high-fat (HF)–high-sugar diets may underlie the association between obesity and poorer cognitive performance is explored. In particular, evidence in animals and human subjects that repeated consumption of HF or HF and sugar (HFS) diets leads to specific impairments in the functioning of the hippocampus, which underpin the consequent changes in cognition is summarised. These findings lead into the vicious cycle model (VCM), which suggests that these cognitive changes have knock-on negative effects for future appetite control, and evidence that altered hippocampal function is also associated with impaired appetite control is explored. The review concludes that there is consistent evidence in the animal literature and emerging evidence from human studies that supports this VCM. It is also noted, however, that to date studies lack the nutritional specificity needed to be able to translate these basic research findings into clear nutritional effects, and concludes that there is an urgent need for additional research to clarify the precise nature of the apparent effects of consuming HFS diets on cognition.
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29
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Martin AA, Davidson TL, McCrory MA. Deficits in episodic memory are related to uncontrolled eating in a sample of healthy adults. Appetite 2017; 124:33-42. [PMID: 28479407 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a substantial amount of animal data linking deficits in memory inhibition to the development of overeating and obesity, few studies have investigated the relevance of memory inhibition to uncontrolled eating in humans. Further, although memory for recent eating has been implicated as an important contributor to satiety and energy intake, the possibility that variations in episodic memory relate to individual differences in food intake control has been largely neglected. To examine these relationships, we recruited ninety-three adult subjects to attend a single lab session where we assessed body composition, dietary intake, memory performance, and eating behaviors (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire). Episodic recall and memory inhibition were assessed using a well-established measure of memory interference (Retrieval Practice Paradigm). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that memory inhibition was largely unrelated to participants' eating behaviors; however, episodic recall was reliably predicted by restrained vs. uncontrolled eating: recall was positively associated with strategic dieting (β = 2.45, p = 0.02), avoidance of fatty foods (β = 3.41, p = 0.004), and cognitive restraint (β = 1.55, p = 0.04). In contrast, recall was negatively associated with uncontrolled eating (β = -1.15, p = 0.03) and emotional eating (β = -2.46, p = 0.04). These findings suggest that episodic memory processing is related to uncontrolled eating in humans. The possibility that deficits in episodic memory may contribute to uncontrolled eating by disrupting memory for recent eating is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Martin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - T L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - M A McCrory
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Boston, MA, United States
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30
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Attuquayefio T, Stevenson RJ, Oaten MJ, Francis HM. A four-day Western-style dietary intervention causes reductions in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and interoceptive sensitivity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172645. [PMID: 28231304 PMCID: PMC5322971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, a Western style diet-high in saturated fat and added sugar-causes impairments in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (HDLM) and perception of internal bodily state (interoception). In humans, while there is correlational support for a link between Western-style diet, HDLM, and interoception, there is as yet no causal data. Here, healthy individuals were randomly assigned to consume either a breakfast high in saturated fat and added sugar (Experimental condition) or a healthier breakfast (Control condition), over four consecutive days. Tests of HDLM, interoception and biological measures were administered before and after breakfast on the days one and four, and participants completed food diaries before and during the study. At the end of the study, the Experimental condition showed significant reductions in HDLM and reduced interoceptive sensitivity to hunger and fullness, relative to the Control condition. The Experimental condition also showed a markedly different blood glucose and triglyceride responses to their breakfast, relative to Controls, with larger changes in blood glucose across breakfast being associated with greater reductions in HDLM. The Experimental condition compensated for their energy-dense breakfast by reducing carbohydrate intake, while saturated fat intake remained consistently higher than Controls. This is the first experimental study in humans to demonstrate that a Western-style diet impacts HDLM following a relatively short exposure-just as in animals. The link between diet-induced HDLM changes and blood glucose suggests one pathway by which diet impacts HDLM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuki Attuquayefio
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Megan J. Oaten
- School of Applied Psychology, Gold Coast, Griffiths University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather M. Francis
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Henderson YO, Nalloor R, Vazdarjanova A, Murphy AZ, Parent MB. Sex-dependent effects of early life inflammatory pain on sucrose intake and sucrose-associated hippocampal Arc expression in adult rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:1-8. [PMID: 28108332 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that dorsal hippocampal (dHC) neurons, which are critical for episodic memory, form a memory of a meal and inhibit the initiation of the next meal and the amount ingested during that meal. In support, we showed previously that (1) consuming a sucrose meal induces expression of the synaptic plasticity marker activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) in dHC neurons and (2) reversible inactivation of these neurons immediately following a sucrose meal accelerates the onset of the next meal and increases the size of that meal. These data suggest that hippocampal-dependent memory inhibits intake; therefore, the following experiments were conducted to determine whether hippocampal-dependent memory impairments are associated with increased intake. We reported recently that one episode of early life inflammatory pain impairs dHC-dependent memory in adult rats. The present study determined whether neonatal inflammatory pain also increases sucrose intake and attenuates sucrose-associated Arc expression. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intraplantar injection of the inflammatory agent carrageenan (1%) on the day of birth and sucrose intake and sucrose-associated dHC Arc expression were measured in adulthood. Neonatal inflammatory pain increased sucrose intake in adult female and male rats, decreased sucrose-associated dHC Arc expression in female rats, and tended to have a similar effect on Arc expression in male rats. Neonatal inflammatory pain significantly decreased the interval between two sucrose meals in female but not in male rats. Morphine administration at the time of insult attenuated the effects of injury on sucrose intake. Collectively, these findings indicate that one brief episode of inflammatory pain on the day of birth has a long long-lasting, sex-dependent impact on intake of a palatable food in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko O Henderson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - Rebecca Nalloor
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 950 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30901, United States.
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 3526, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; VA Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 950 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30901, United States.
| | - Anne Z Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
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32
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Astiz M, Pernía O, Barrios V, Garcia-Segura LM, Diz-Chaves Y. Short-Term High-Fat Diet Feeding Provides Hypothalamic but Not Hippocampal Protection against Acute Infection in Male Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:40-50. [PMID: 26862917 DOI: 10.1159/000444527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased fever and sickness behavior in response to infection. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the reaction to immune stimuli. Bacterial infection, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induces the expression of peripheral cytokines that stimulate the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and activate the HPA axis. In this study, we explored whether the hypothalamic and hippocampal responses to infection are altered during the development of diet-induced obesity. Male mice were exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) for 15 days. They were then administered a single intraperitoneal injection of bacterial LPS or vehicle and sacrificed 24 h later. LPS increased circulating levels of insulin and leptin, but only in LFD animals. LPS induced a significant decrease in hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels in LFD animals but exerted the opposite effect in HFD-fed mice. LPS increased the hypothalamic expression of molecules involved in the leptin signaling pathway (SOCS3 and STAT3), nuclear factor-κB pathway members, inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) and glial proliferation markers (Emr1 and CD68) in LFD animals. These effects were dampened in HFD-fed mice. In contrast, the hippocampal responses to LPS were largely insensitive to HFD. These results suggest that HFD feeding reduced the inflammatory response induced by LPS in the hypothalamus but not in the hippocampus.
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33
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Murphy CF, le Roux CW. The Neurobiological Impact of Ghrelin Suppression after Oesophagectomy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010035. [PMID: 28035969 PMCID: PMC5297670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, discovered in 1999, is a 28-amino-acid hormone, best recognized as a stimulator of growth hormone secretion, but with pleiotropic functions in the area of energy homeostasis, such as appetite stimulation and energy expenditure regulation. As the intrinsic ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), ghrelin appears to have a broad array of effects, but its primary role is still an area of debate. Produced mainly from oxyntic glands in the stomach, but with a multitude of extra-metabolic roles, ghrelin is implicated in complex neurobiological processes. Comprehensive studies within the areas of obesity and metabolic surgery have clarified the mechanism of these operations. As a stimulator of growth hormone (GH), and an apparent inducer of positive energy balance, other areas of interest include its impact on carcinogenesis and tumour proliferation and its role in the cancer cachexia syndrome. This has led several authors to study the hormone in the cancer setting. Ghrelin levels are acutely reduced following an oesophagectomy, a primary treatment modality for oesophageal cancer. We sought to investigate the nature of this postoperative ghrelin suppression, and its neurobiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor F Murphy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Potter GDM, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ. Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:584-608. [PMID: 27763782 PMCID: PMC5142605 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian (∼24-hour) timing systems pervade all kingdoms of life and temporally optimize behavior and physiology in humans. Relatively recent changes to our environments, such as the introduction of artificial lighting, can disorganize the circadian system, from the level of the molecular clocks that regulate the timing of cellular activities to the level of synchronization between our daily cycles of behavior and the solar day. Sleep/wake cycles are intertwined with the circadian system, and global trends indicate that these, too, are increasingly subject to disruption. A large proportion of the world's population is at increased risk of environmentally driven circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, and a minority of individuals are also genetically predisposed to circadian misalignment and sleep disorders. The consequences of disruption to the circadian system and sleep are profound and include myriad metabolic ramifications, some of which may be compounded by adverse effects on dietary choices. If not addressed, the deleterious effects of such disruption will continue to cause widespread health problems; therefore, implementation of the numerous behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions that can help restore circadian system alignment and enhance sleep will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D M Potter
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Arendt
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E Cade
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Grant
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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35
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Parent MB. Dorsal Hippocampal–Dependent Episodic Memory Inhibits Eating. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721416665103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research regarding how the brain regulates eating behavior has focused largely on homeostatic (i.e., need-based) and hedonic (i.e., pleasure-based) controls. By contrast, there is a large gap in our understanding of how brain areas involved in cognitive processes, such as memory, impact energy intake. Moreover, compared to meal size and satiety, little is known about how the brain controls meal timing and frequency. My research team and I hypothesize that dorsal hippocampal neurons, which are critical for episodic memory of personal experiences, form a memory of a meal, inhibit meal initiation during the period following that meal, and limit the amount ingested at the next meal. I review evidence supporting this hypothesis and raise the possibility that impaired dorsal hippocampal function contributes to diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B. Parent
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Georgia State University
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36
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Coppin G. The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:60-70. [PMID: 27591841 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The anterior medial temporal lobes are one of the most studied parts of the brain. Classically, their two main structures - the amygdalae and the hippocampi - have been linked to key cognitive and affective functions, related in particular to learning and memory. Based on abundant evidence, we will argue for an alternative but complementary point of view: they may also play a major role in food intake and body weight regulation. First, an overview is given of early clinical evidence in this line of thought. Subsequently, empirical evidence is presented on how food intake, including in the extreme case of obesity, may relate to amygdalian and hippocampal functioning. The focus is on the amygdala's role in processing the relevance of food stimuli, cue-induced feeding, and stress-induced eating and on the hippocampus' involvement in the use of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety, as well as memory and inhibitory processes related to food intake. Additionally, an elaboration takes place on possible reciprocal links between food intake, body weight, and amygdala and hippocampus functioning. Finally, issues that seemed particularly critical for future research in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Coppin
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, School of Medicine, Yale University, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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37
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Hargrave SL, Jones S, Davidson TL. The Outward Spiral: A vicious cycle model of obesity and cognitive dysfunction. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 9:40-46. [PMID: 26998507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic failure to suppress intake during states of positive energy balance leads to weight gain and obesity. The ability to use context - including interoceptive satiety states - to inhibit responding to previously rewarded cues appears to depend on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. Recent evidence implicates energy dense Western diets in several types of hippocampal dysfunction, including reduced expression of neurotrophins and nutrient transporters, increased inflammation, microglial activation, and blood brain barrier permeability. The functional consequences of such insults include impairments in an animal's ability to modulate responding to a previously reinforced cues. We propose that such deficits promote overeating, which can further exacerbate hippocampal dysfunction and thus initiate a vicious cycle of both obesity and progressive cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Hargrave
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Early life exposure to obesogenic diets and learning and memory dysfunction. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 9:7-14. [PMID: 26858972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesogenic dietary factors, such as simple sugars and saturated fatty acids, have been linked to memory impairments and hippocampal dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that the brain may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of obesogenic diets during early life periods of rapid growth, maturation, and brain development. Investigations utilizing rodent models indicate that early life exposure to "high fat diets" (40-65% kcal derived from fat) or simple sugars (sucrose or high fructose corn syrup) can impair hippocampus-dependent learning and memory processes. In some cases, these deficits occur independent of obesity and metabolic derangement and can persist into adulthood despite dietary intervention. Various neurobiological mechanisms have been identified that may link early life consumption of obesogenic dietary factors with hippocampal dysfunction, including increased neuroinflammation and reduced neurotrophin mediated regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Age, duration of exposure, and dietary composition are key variables contributing to the interaction between early life diet and cognitive dysfunction, however, more research is needed to unravel the precise critical windows of development and causal dietary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Noble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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39
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Farr OM, Li CSR, Mantzoros CS. Central nervous system regulation of eating: Insights from human brain imaging. Metabolism 2016; 65:699-713. [PMID: 27085777 PMCID: PMC4834455 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Appetite and body weight regulation are controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) in a rather complicated manner. The human brain plays a central role in integrating internal and external inputs to modulate energy homeostasis. Although homeostatic control by the hypothalamus is currently considered to be primarily responsible for controlling appetite, most of the available evidence derives from experiments in rodents, and the role of this system in regulating appetite in states of hunger/starvation and in the pathogenesis of overeating/obesity remains to be fully elucidated in humans. Further, cognitive and affective processes have been implicated in the dysregulation of eating behavior in humans, but their exact relative contributions as well as the respective underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We briefly review each of these systems here and present the current state of research in an attempt to update clinicians and clinical researchers alike on the status and future directions of obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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40
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Kanoski SE, Hayes MR, Skibicka KP. GLP-1 and weight loss: unraveling the diverse neural circuitry. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R885-95. [PMID: 27030669 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00520.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is currently one of the most promising biological systems for the development of effective obesity pharmacotherapies. Long-acting GLP-1 analogs potently reduce food intake and body weight, and recent discoveries reveal that peripheral administration of these drugs reduces food intake largely through humoral pathways involving direct action on brain GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R). Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the neural systems through which GLP-1 and long-acting GLP-1 analogs reduce food intake and body weight. In this review, we discuss several neural, physiological, cellular and molecular, as well as behavioral mechanisms through which peripheral and central GLP-1R signaling reduces feeding. Particular attention is devoted to discussion regarding the numerous neural substrates through which GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs act to reduce food intake and body weight, including various hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area), hindbrain nuclei (parabrachial nucleus, medial nucleus tractus solitarius), hippocampus (ventral subregion; vHP), and nuclei embedded within the mesolimbic reward circuitry [ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)]. In some of these nuclei [VTA, NAc, and vHP], GLP-1R activation reduces food intake and body weight without concomitant nausea responses, suggesting that targeting these specific pathways may be of particular interest for future obesity pharmacotherapy. The widely distributed neural systems through which GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs act to reduce body weight highlight the complexity of the neural systems regulating energy balance, as well as the challenges for developing effective obesity pharmacotherapies that reduce feeding without producing parallel negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania; and
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hsu TM, Hahn JD, Konanur VR, Noble EE, Suarez AN, Thai J, Nakamoto EM, Kanoski SE. Hippocampus ghrelin signaling mediates appetite through lateral hypothalamic orexin pathways. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26745307 PMCID: PMC4695382 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior rarely occurs in direct response to metabolic deficit, yet the overwhelming majority of research on the biology of food intake control has focused on basic metabolic and homeostatic neurobiological substrates. Most animals, including humans, have habitual feeding patterns in which meals are consumed based on learned and/or environmental factors. Here we illuminate a novel neural system regulating higher-order aspects of feeding through which the gut-derived hormone ghrelin communicates with ventral hippocampus (vHP) neurons to stimulate meal-entrained conditioned appetite. Additional results show that the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) is a critical downstream substrate for vHP ghrelin-mediated hyperphagia and that vHP ghrelin activated neurons communicate directly with neurons in the LHA that express the neuropeptide, orexin. Furthermore, activation of downstream orexin-1 receptors is required for vHP ghrelin-mediated hyperphagia. These findings reveal novel neurobiological circuitry regulating appetite through which ghrelin signaling in hippocampal neurons engages LHA orexin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Hsu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joel D Hahn
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Vaibhav R Konanur
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jessica Thai
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Emily M Nakamoto
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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The effect of metformin on neuronal activity in the appetite-regulating brain regions of mice fed a high-fat diet during an anorectic period. Physiol Behav 2015; 154:184-90. [PMID: 26631545 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin reduces body weight by decreasing food intake in humans and animals. However, the brain regions involved in metformin-induced anorexia remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated c-Fos expression (FOS), a marker of neuronal activity, in the appetite-regulating brain regions after oral administration of metformin (PO, 300mg/kg daily for 1 or 3days) or vehicle. The body weight and food intake decreased in mice treated with metformin for 3days (RM group) and mice that had the same amount of food as the RM group (Pair-fed group; PF) compared to the control group. FOS expression levels increased in the paraventricular nucleus, area postrema, and central amygdala of mice administered an acute single dose of metformin (SM group) compared to the control mice. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, the FOS expression levels increased in both the SM and RM groups compared to the control group. The FOS expression levels also increased in the nucleus accumbens of the RM group compared to other groups. The FOS expression levels decreased in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the PF group, but not the RM group, compared to the control group, suggesting a potential hypothalamic area involvement for metformin-induced anorexia. These results suggest that both the hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic regions are associated with metformin-induced anorexia, which is dependent on metformin treatment duration.
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Henderson YO, Nalloor R, Vazdarjanova A, Parent MB. Sweet orosensation induces Arc expression in dorsal hippocampal CA1 neurons in an experience-dependent manner. Hippocampus 2015; 26:405-13. [PMID: 26386270 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge regarding how the brain controls the timing of meals. Similarly, there is a large gap in our understanding of how top-down cognitive processes, such as memory influence energy intake. We hypothesize that dorsal hippocampal (dHC) neurons, which are critical for episodic memory, form a memory of a meal and inhibit meal onset during the postprandial period. In support, we showed previously that reversible inactivation of these neurons during the period following a sucrose meal accelerates the onset of the next meal. If dHC neurons form a memory of a meal, then consumption should induce synaptic plasticity in dHC neurons. To test this, we determined (1) whether a sucrose meal increases the expression of the synaptic plasticity marker activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) in dHC CA1 neurons, (2) whether previous experience with sucrose influences sucrose-induced Arc expression, and (3) whether the orosensory stimulation produced by the noncaloric sweetener saccharin is sufficient to induce Arc expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to consume a sweetened solution at a scheduled time daily. On the experimental day, they were given a solution for 7 min, euthanized, and then fluorescence in situ hybridization procedures were used to measure meal-induced Arc mRNA. Compared to caged control rats, Arc expression was significantly higher in rats that consumed sucrose or saccharin. Interestingly, rats given additional experience with sucrose had less Arc expression than rats with less sucrose experience, even though both groups consumed similar amounts on the experimental day. Thus, this study is the first to suggest that orosensory stimulation produced by consuming a sweetened solution and possibly the hedonic value of that sweet stimulation induces synaptic plasticity in dHC CA1 neurons in an experience-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings are consistent with our hypothesis that dHC neurons form a memory of a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko O Henderson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca Nalloor
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States.,VA Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Tran DMD, Westbrook RF. Rats Fed a Diet Rich in Fats and Sugars Are Impaired in the Use of Spatial Geometry. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:1947-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797615608240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet rich in fats and sugars is associated with cognitive deficits in people, and rodent models have shown that such a diet produces deficits on tasks assessing spatial learning and memory. Spatial navigation is guided by two distinct types of information: geometrical, such as distance and direction, and featural, such as luminance and pattern. To clarify the nature of diet-induced spatial impairments, we provided rats with standard chow supplemented with sugar water and a range of energy-rich foods eaten by people, and then we assessed their place- and object-recognition memory. Rats exposed to this diet performed comparably with control rats fed only chow on object recognition but worse on place recognition. This impairment on the place-recognition task was present after only a few days on the diet and persisted across tests. Critically, this spatial impairment was specific to the processing of distance and direction.
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Hippocampal GLP-1 receptors influence food intake, meal size, and effort-based responding for food through volume transmission. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:327-37. [PMID: 25035078 PMCID: PMC4443945 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in the small intestines and in nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons. Activation of central GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) reduces feeding and body weight. The neural circuits mediating these effects are only partially understood. Here we investigate the inhibition of food intake and motivated responding for food in rats following GLP-1R activation in the ventral hippocampal formation (HPFv), a region only recently highlighted in food intake control. Increased HPFv GLP-1R activity following exendin-4 administration potently reduced food intake (both chow and Western diet) and body weight, whereas HPFv GLP-1R blockade increased food intake. These hypophagic effects were based on reduced meal size, and likely do not involve nausea as HPFv exendin-4 did not induce a conditioned flavor avoidance. HPFv GLP-1R activation also reduced effort-based responding for food under an operant progressive ratio reinforcement schedule, but did not affect food conditioned place preference expression. To investigate possible routes of HPFv GLP-1 signaling, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the absence of GLP-1 axon terminals in the HPFv, suggesting volume transmission as a mechanism of action. Consistent with this, the presence of active GLP-1 was detected in both the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the HPFv. The source of CSF GLP-1 may be NTS GLP-1-producing neurons, as, (1) ∼30% of NTS GLP-1 neurons colocalized with the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) following lateral ventricle FG injection, and (2) GLP-1-immunoreactive axon terminals were observed adjacent to the ventricular ependymal layer. Collectively these findings illuminate novel neuronal and behavioral mechanisms mediating food intake reduction by GLP-1.
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46
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Davidson TL. Do impaired memory and body weight regulation originate in childhood with diet-induced hippocampal dysfunction? Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:971-2. [PMID: 24670945 PMCID: PMC3985223 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.086462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC
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