Effects of four different single exercise sessions on lipids, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein lipase

Aerobic exercise elevates perceived appetite but does not modify energy intake over a 3-day postexercise period: A pilot study

While a low degree of energy compensation is typically reported over the 24 h following a session of exercise, the prolonged impact of a bout of exercise on energy intake remains unclear. To overcome the challenge associated with accurately measuring energy intake in a free-living environment, this study employed the use of a meal replacement beverage to assess the 3 day impact of an exercise session on energy intake. In a randomized, crossover study, 14 participants (8 male, 6 female) completed two trials: (1) EX: 75 min exercise on a motorized treadmill (75% VO2peak); and (2) SED: 75 min sedentary control session. Each condition was followed by 3 days of exclusive ad libitum consumption of a meal replacement beverage. Appetite-regulating hormones, subjective appetite, energy intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. Exercise transiently suppressed the orexigenic hormone acyl-ghrelin (p < 0.05) and elevated the appetite-supressing hepatokine GDF-15 (p < 0.05). Despite these acute changes, overall perceived appetite was elevated over the 3 day assessment period with exercise (p < 0.05). No increase in energy intake or change in postexercise physical activity patterns were observed. One acute session of moderate to vigorous exercise is unlikely to affect short-term, three-day energy balance in healthy individuals.

Phase separation, aggregation, and complexation of triton-X100 and bovine serum albumin mixture: A combined cloud point and UV-visible spectroscopic approaches

Phase separation and aggregation behaviour of triton X-100 (TX-100) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixture were investigated using cloud point and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques. The effects of various hydrotropes (HYTs) - namely, sodium salicylate (SS), sodium benzoate (SB), glycerol (Glyc), and 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) - on the cloud point (CP) of TX-100 + BSA were determined. The obtained CP values for the mixed system in the presence of HYTs followed the order: The measured critical micellization concentration (CMC) values of the TX-100 + BSA mixture were found to be significantly altered with varying amounts of BSA. The calculated free energy of clouding and micellization indicated the non-spontaneous nature of the phase transition and the spontaneous association of the TX-100 + BSA mixture. The non-spontaneity of phase separation decreased with increasing concentrations of HYTs. The enumerated values of ∆Hco and ∆Sco were consistently recorded as negative and positive magnitudes, respectively, in all aqueous HYTs media. The clouding process occurred due to a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The binding constant of the mixed system was determined employing the UV-vis spectroscopic method using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation.

Effects of exercise training on ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 and their associations with cardiometabolic traits

Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) complexes 3/8 and 4/8 are established inhibitors of LPL and novel therapeutic targets for dyslipidemia. However, the effects of regular exercise on ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 are unknown. We characterized ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 and their relationship with in vivo measurements of lipase activities and cardiometabolic traits before and after a 5-month endurance exercise training intervention in 642 adults from the HERITAGE (HEalth, RIsk factors, exercise Training And GEnetics) Family Study. At baseline, higher levels of both ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 were associated with a worse lipid, lipoprotein, and cardiometabolic profile, with only ANGPTL3/8 associated with postheparin LPL and HL activities. ANGPTL3/8 significantly decreased with exercise training, which corresponded with increases in LPL activity and decreases in HL activity, plasma triglycerides, apoB, visceral fat, and fasting insulin (all P < 5.1 × 10-4). Exercise-induced changes in ANGPTL4/8 were directly correlated to concomitant changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, apoB, and HDL-triglycerides and inversely related to change in insulin sensitivity index (all P < 7.0 × 10-4). In conclusion, exercise-induced decreases in ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 were related to concomitant improvements in lipase activity, lipid profile, and cardiometabolic risk factors. These findings reveal the ANGPTL3-4-8 model as a potential molecular mechanism contributing to adaptations in lipid metabolism in response to exercise training.

Efficacy of Intensive Lifestyle Education and Forest-Based Exercise for the Primary Prevention of the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease

Introduction

Despite its efficacy, conventional center-based cardiac rehabilitation has several limitations which have led to the emergence of home-based programs and intensive cardiac rehabilitation as alternative methods for overcoming these limitations. Alternative methods for primary prevention have been recommended for similar reasons. Lifestyle modification is considered key to success in both primary and secondary prevention. Therefore, this primary prevention study aimed to investigate the efficiency of intensive lifestyle education and home-based programs involving unstructured exercise in urban forests to prevent coronary artery disease (CAD). The availability of urban forests as preventive exercise environments was also examined.

Methods

Patients with risk factors for CAD participated in primary prevention using either FBEG (forest-based exercise group (FBEG, n = 11) or CBEG (center-based exercise group (CBEG, n = 17) for 12 weeks. The FBEG was provided with intensive residential lifestyle education and followed a home program that included performing exercise in an urban forest. The CBEG followed a conventional supervised exercise program at a fitness facility. Changes in body composition, cardiometabolic variables, and functional capacity were tested using a 2-way repeated ANOVA measurement. An independent t-test was used to examine the differences in weekly energy expenditure between the two groups.

Results

Significant within-group differences were identified in body composition, cardiometabolic variables, and the 10-yr probability of CAD in both groups. However, the functional capacity, weekly energy expenditure, and attendance rate showed between-group differences, with superiority in the FBEG.

Conclusion

Intensive lifestyle education and subsequent home-based programs with unstructured exercise in the forest were as effective as a conventional center-based program, with superiority in terms of the change of some variables. Intensive education on experiencing and habituating a healthy lifestyle seemed to play an important role in improving motivation.

Spatiotemporal and kinematic adjustments in master runners may be associated with the relative physiological effort during running

Master runners maintain a similar running economy to young runners, despite displaying biomechanical characteristics that are associated with a worse running economy. This apparent paradox may be explained by a greater physiological effort-i.e., percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2-max)-that master runners perform at a given speed. Moreover, age-related responses to non-exhaustive sustained running are yet underexplored. The aims of this study were, therefore, to examine if biomechanical adjustments in master runners are physiological-effort dependent, and to explore the age-related biomechanical changes during a non-exhaustive sustained run. Young (23.9 ± 6; n = 12) and master (47.3 ± 6.9; n = 12) runners performed a sustained 30-minute treadmill run matched for relative physiological effort (70% VO2-max), while spatiotemporal and lower-limb kinematic characteristics were collected during the 1st and 30th minute. Group differences were observed in step/stride length, knee touch-down angle, and knee stiffness. However, both groups of runners had a similar step frequency, vertical center of mass oscillation, and knee range of motion. Age-related adjustment in these latter characteristics may thus not be an inevitable result of the aging process but rather a strategy to maintain running economy. The relative physiological effort of runners should, therefore, be considered when examining age-related adjustments in running biomechanics.

Effects of exercise timing on metabolic health

The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome is associated with major health and socioeconomic consequences. Currently, physical exercise, together with dietary interventions, is the mainstay of the treatment of obesity and related metabolic complications. Although exercise training includes different modalities, with variable intensity, duration, volume, or frequency, which may have a distinct impact on several characteristics related to metabolic syndrome, the potential effects of exercise timing on metabolic health are yet to be fully elucidated. Remarkably, promising results with regard to this topic have been reported in the last few years. Similar to other time-based interventions, including nutritional therapy or drug administration, time-of-day-based exercise may become a useful approach for the management of metabolic disorders. In this article, we review the role of exercise timing in metabolic health and discuss the potential mechanisms that could drive the metabolic-related benefits of physical exercise performed in a time-dependent manner.

Aerobic Exercise Training Effects on Omentin-1, Insulin Resistance, and Lipid Profile Among Male Smokers

Background: Omentin-1 is a circulating adipokine that can serve as a biomarker for assessment of metabolic risk factors. We investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on serum omentin-1, insulin resistance and lipid profile in nonsmokers and smokers. Methods: Nineteen male nonsmokers (aged 27.88 ± 2.47 years, and with BMI of 22.69 ± 1.77 kg.m-2) and twenty male smokers (aged 30.11 ± 1.96 years, and with BMI of 23.12 ± 1.91 kg.m-2) were randomly assigned into nonsmokers control group (C), nonsmokers exercise group (E), control smoker group (CS), and exercise smoker group (ES). Exercise groups participated in an eight-week aerobic exercise training program (three times a week, 20-35 min per session at 55%-70% of maximum heart rate). Serum omentin-1 and insulin values were determined by ELISA. The Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose level and lipid profile were measured before and after the intervention. Pearson correlation test, Eta test, paired samples t-test, one and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey test were applied for data analysis (p < .05). Results: Aerobic exercise improved both serum omentin-1 and high lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the exercise groups (P < .05). Also, exercise training reduced insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (p < .05). Omentin-1 was significantly correlated with glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C in both nonsmokers and smokers. Conclusions: The findings suggest that aerobic exercise-induced changes in omentin-1 in the exercise-trained groups may be associated with the beneficial effects of exercise on reduced insulin resistance and lipid profile.

Effects of different exercise modalities on lipid profile in the elderly population: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), has long been recognized as a major risk factor for age-related diseases. Recent studies have shown that exercise can be effective in mitigating dyslipidemia in older adults. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the effects of different exercise modalities (aerobic exercise [AE], resistance exercise [RE], aerobic+resistance exercise [AE+RE], and high-intensity interval training) on lipid profile in the elderly population, in order to identify the most effective exercise modality for maintaining lipid profile health in older adults.

METHODS

A comprehensive database search of PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database. Eligible studies were individually assessed according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool version 2, and the data were analyzed and processed using RevMan 5.4.1 analysis software.

RESULTS

This study identified 20 randomized controlled trials with a total of 988 subjects, of which 541 were in the exercise group and 447 in the control group. Our analysis showed that AE significantly reduced TC (P < .05), triglycerides (P < .01), and LDL-C (P < .01), while increasing HDL-C (P < .01) in the elderly population. RE significantly reduced the elevation of TC (P < .01) and LDL-C (P < .05) indices in the elderly population, while AE+RE had a significant effect on decreasing TC (P < .01) and LDL-C (P < .01) indices.

CONCLUSION

Our analysis indicates that AE is the most effective exercise modality for reducing dyslipidemia in older adults, compared to RE, AE+RE, and high-intensity interval training. These findings suggest that AE should be promoted as an important lifestyle intervention to improve lipid profile health in the elderly population. However, further research is needed to investigate the optimal duration, frequency, and intensity of AE required to achieve the most beneficial effects on lipid profile health in older adults.

The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on HDL Quantity and Quality: A Narrative Review

High-density lipoproteins comprise roughly 25-30% of the circulating proteins involved in the transport of lipids in circulation. These particles differ in size and lipid composition. Recent evidence suggests that the quality of HDL particles (which depends on shape, size and the composition of proteins and lipids determining HDL functionality) may be more important than their quantity. The functionality of HDL is mirrored by its cholesterol efflux activity, as well as its antioxidant (including the protection of LDL against oxidation), anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties. The results of many studies and meta-analyses imply the beneficial impact of aerobic exercise on HDL-C levels. Physical activity was found to be usually associated with an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decrease in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Exercise, apart from inducing quantitative alterations in serum lipids, exerts a beneficial impact on HDL particle maturation, composition and functionality. The Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report underlined the importance of establishing a program recommending exercises that enable attainment of maximal advantage at the lowest level of risk. The aim of this manuscript is to review the impact of different types of aerobic exercise (various intensities and durations) on the level and quality of HDL.

Influence of acute and chronic intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure prior to aerobic exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in geriatric patients-a randomized controlled trial

Background: Intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) and aerobic training have been proposed as non-pharmacological interventions to reduce age-related risk factors. However, no study has yet examined the effects of IHHE before aerobic exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of IHHE prior to aerobic cycling exercise on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations as well as blood pressure in geriatric patients. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, and single-blinded trial, thirty geriatric patients (72-94 years) were assigned to two groups: intervention (IG; n = 16) and sham control group (CG; n = 14). Both groups completed 6 weeks of aerobic cycling training, 3 times a week for 20 min per day. The IG and CG were additionally exposed to IHHE or sham IHHE (i.e., normoxia) for 30 min prior to aerobic cycling. Blood samples were taken on three occasions: immediately before the first, ∼10 min after the first, and immediately before the last session. Blood samples were analyzed for total (tCh), high-density (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (Tgl) serum concentration. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was assessed within 1 week before, during (i.e., at week two and four), and after the interventions. Results: The baseline-adjusted ANCOVA revealed a higher LDL-C concentration in the IG compared to the CG after the first intervention session (ηp 2 = 0.12). For tCh, HDL-C, Tgl, and tCh/HDL-C ratio there were no differences in acute changes between the IG and the CG (ηp 2 ≤ 0.01). With regard to the chronic effects on lipids and lipoproteins, data analysis indicated no differences between groups (ηp 2 ≤ 0.03). The repeated measures ANOVA revealed an interaction effect for SBP (ηp 2 = 0.06) but not for DBP (ηp 2 ≤ 0.01). Within-group post-hoc analysis for the IG indicated a reduction in SBP at post-test (d = 0.05). Conclusion: Applying IHHE prior to aerobic cycling seems to be effective to reduce SBP in geriatric patients after 6 weeks of training. The present study suggests that IHHE prior to aerobic cycling can influence the acute exercise-related responses in LDL-C concentration but did not induce chronic changes in basal lipid or lipoprotein concentrations.

Cancer therapy's impact on lipid metabolism: Mechanisms and future avenues

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a growing threat among cancer patients. Not surprisingly, cancer-targeting therapies have been linked to metabolic dysregulation including changes in local and systemic lipid metabolism. Thus, tumor development and cancer therapeutics are intimately linked to cholesterol metabolism and may be a driver of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this population. Chemotherapeutic agents affect lipid metabolism through diverse mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the mechanistic and clinical evidence linking commonly used cytotoxic therapies with cholesterol metabolism and potential opportunities to limit atherosclerotic risk in this patient population. Better understanding of the link between atherosclerosis, cancer therapy, and cholesterol metabolism may inform optimal lipid therapy for cancer patients and mitigate cardiovascular disease burden.

Brisk walking and lipid profile in obese subjects

The worldwide prevalence of obesity adults has increased dramatically in the past four decades. Obesity is also recognized as a risk factor for many other non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, various types of cancer, gallbladder diseases, respiratory problems and musculoskeletal disorders also induces type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed and developing countries. The objectives of the study include a) To estimate the lipid profile in obese subjects, b) To compare lipid profile parameters before and after brisk walking in obese subjects. At baseline, pre-designed questionnaire was used to note down the demographic characteristics age, gender, residential address, telephone number and time spent in physical activity in hours. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, height and BMI is calculated. Fasting blood sample was collected in all the subjects to estimate the levels of Triglycerides and LDL and compared the levels TG and LDL in pre-post intervention in brisk walking group. We found significant reduction in TG an LDL levels in Brisk walking group before and after intervention. 

The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Paraoxonase-1 (PON1): A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

Purpose: To determine the acute and chronic effects of exercise on Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) concentration and activity. Methods: A literature search was performed using 16 electronic databases. Effect sizes (ES) were computed and two-tailed α values < .05 and non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity, inconsistency (I²), and small-study effects using the LFK index were examined. Results: Eighteen studies (n = 377 participants) met the criteria for inclusion. The acute effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were trivial and non-significant (ES = -.03, 95%CI = -.39 to .34, p > .05), heterogeneous (p = .05), moderately inconsistent (I² = 48%), with minor asymmetry (LFK index = 1.34). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 concentration were also trivial and non-significant (ES = -.04, 95%CI = -.53 to.45, p > .05), homogenous (p = .65), displayed low inconsistency (I² = 0%), and minor asymmetry (LFK index = -1.14). The acute effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .11, 95%CI = -.02 to.24, p > .05), homogenous (p = .85), showed low inconsistency (I² = 0%), and no asymmetry (LFK index = .82). The chronic effects of exercise on PON1 activity were trivial and non-significant (ES = .31, 95%CI = -.03 to.65, p > .05), homogenous (p = .17), moderately inconsistent (I² = 36%), with no asymmetry (LFK index = .60). Conclusion: Acute and chronic exercise training, overall, exerted a trivial effect on PON1 concentration and activity.

The effects of high-intensity functional training on cardiometabolic risk factors and exercise enjoyment in men and women with metabolic syndrome: study protocol for a randomized, 12-week, dose-response trial

Background

Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at a greater risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than those without MetS, due to underlying endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Exercise is an effective primary and secondary prevention strategy for MetS; however, less than 25% of adults meet the minimum stated public recommendations. Barriers often identified are lack of enjoyment and lack of time. High-intensity functional training (HIFT), a time-efficient modality of exercise, has shown some potential to elicit positive affectivity and elicit increased fitness and improved glucose metabolism. However, the effects of HIFT on dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction have not been explored nor have the effects been explored in a population with MetS. Additionally, no studies have investigated the minimal dose of HIFT per week to see clinically meaningful changes in cardiometabolic health. The purpose of this study is to (1) determine the dose-response effect of HIFT on blood lipids, insulin resistance, and endothelial function and (2) determine the dose-response effect of HIFT on body composition, fitness, and perceived enjoyment and intention to continue the exercise.

Methods/design

In this randomized, dose-response trial, participants will undergo a 12-week HIFT intervention of either 1 day/week, 2 days/week, or 3 days/week of supervised, progressive exercise. Outcomes assessed at baseline and post-intervention will be multiple cardiometabolic markers, and fitness. Additionally, the participant’s affective response will be measured after the intervention.

Discussion

The findings of this research will provide evidence on the minimal dose of HIFT per week to see clinically meaningful improvements in the risk factors of MetS, as well as whether this modality is likely to mitigate the barriers to exercise. If an effective dose of HIFT per week is determined and if this modality is perceived positively, it may provide exercise specialists and health care providers a tool to prevent and treat MetS.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05001126. August 11, 2021.

Leisure but Not Occupational Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Associated With Better Health

OBJECTIVE

This study explores relations between occupational and leisure-time physical activity (OPA, LTPA) and sedentary behavior (OSB, LTSB) and several health outcomes.

METHODS

A total 114 full-time workers had their body composition, waist circumference, height, weight, resting heart rate, and resting blood pressure measured. ActivPal monitor measured physical activity behaviors. Stress, mood, and pain were measured with ecological momentary assessment. General linear models were used to examine the relationship between high and low OPA, LTPA, OSB, and LTSB with each health outcome while controlling for covariates.

RESULTS

The high LTPA group had lower body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.04) and better mood (P = 0.007) than the low LTPA group. The high LTSB group had higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0.001), higher diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.01), higher BMI (P = 0.027), higher body fat percentage (P = 0.003), higher waist circumference (P = 0.01), and worse mood (P = 0.032) than the low LTSB group. No differences were found between OPA and OSB groups.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest there may be differential relations between PA and SB accumulated during leisure versus occupational time.

Effects of chilling duration on USDA Quality Grade of beef carcasses

Two hundred and nine beef carcasses (BW of 361 ± 53 kg) from crossbred, grain-finished cattle were harvested in a commercial abattoir and subjected to a 96-h spray chilling treatment, conducted at 0 to 3°C in a commercial hot box with a wind speed of 3.1 m/s and 153-lux of fluorescent light. At the 24, 48, 72, and 96 h points of the treatment, the carcasses were analyzed for fatty acid composition, marbling score, core temperature (n = 1), pH, shrinkage, color, and aerobic plate count (n = 50). Carcasses reached 3ºC after 12 to 16 h of chilling. There were minimal changes in shrinkage among time point (-0.4 to 1.2%; P ≤ 0.002), pH (5.56 to 5.69; P ≤ 0.001), and aerobic plate count (APC) (0.1 to 0.7 log; P ˂ 0.001). Initial 24-h grading revealed a grade composition of 21.1% Slight (SL, n = 44), 34.0% Small (SM, n = 71), 17.2% Modest (MT, n = 37), 17.7% Moderate (MD, n = 36), and 10.1% Slightly Abundant (SA, n = 21). With marbling score in numeric values between 200 (Practically Devoid00) and 1100 (Abundant00), carcasses that had SM or greater marbling score at 24 h experienced a deduction of 34 to 60 points by the 96th hour of spray chilling (P ≤ 0.042). Comparatively, the marbling scores of the SL carcasses increased from 442 points at 24 h to 469 points at 96 h. Moreover, SL carcasses had a greater percentage of polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) (P &lt; 0.001). Results indicate that spray chilling for 96 h may slightly increase the marbling score of USDA Select, but has minimal impacts on marbling score of greater USDA quality grades.

The Effects of Exercise on Lipid Biomarkers

The World Health Organization has declared obesity to be a global epidemic that increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. The increasing ratio of time spent in sedentary activities to that spent performing physically demanding tasks increases the trends to obesity and susceptibility to these risk factors. Dyslipidemia is the foundation of atherosclerotic buildup and lipoproteins serve as cofactors to the inflammatory processes that destabilize plaques. Increasing cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength helps attenuate concentrations of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), such as LDL cholesterol, and increase levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as reduce proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 expression. Effects of physical activity on the inflammatory pathways of atherosclerosis, specifically C-reactive protein, are more closely related to reducing the levels of adiposity in tandem with increasing fitness, than with exercise training alone. The purpose of this review is to describe the physiology of dyslipidemia and relate it to CVD and exercise therapies.

Association between chronic kidney disease and new-onset dyslipidemia: The Japan Specific Health Checkups (J-SHC) study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Dyslipidemias are common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the association between early-stage CKD and new-onset dyslipidemia for each lipid profile.

METHODS

This nationwide longitudinal study included data from the Japan Specific Health Checkups (J-SHC) Study. New-onset dyslipidemia was indicated by hypertriglyceridemia (High-TG; ≥150 mg/dL), hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (High-LDL-C; ≥140 mg/dL), or hypo-HDL chelesterolemia (Low-HDL-C; <40 mg/dL) levels according to the guideline of Japan Atherosclerosis Society, or High-TG/HDL-C ratio (≥3.5) which was a good predictor of atherosclerosis. The incidence of new-onset dyslipidemia was compared between participants with and without CKD. Survival curves were used to analyze the incidence of each dyslipidemia.

RESULTS

Of 289,462 participants with a median follow-up period of 3 years, the incidence of High-TG, High-LDL-C, Low-HDL-C, and High-TG/HDL-C ratios were 64.4/1000 person-years, 83.1/1000 person-years, 14.5/1000 person-years, and 39.6/1000 person-years, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for High-TG, High-LDL-C, Low-HDL-C, and High-TG/HDL-C ratio were 1.09 (1.05-1.13), 0.99 (0.95-1.04), 1.12 (1.05-1.18), and 1.14 (1.09-1.18), respectively, in CKD participants as compared to non-CKD participants. Decreased eGFR and presence of proteinuria were independently associated with higher risks for new-onset of High-TG, Low-HDL-C, and High-TG/HDL-C ratios.

CONCLUSIONS

CKD was associated with a higher risk of new-onset High-TG, Low-HDL-C, and High-TG/HDL-C ratios, but not High-LDL-C, in the general population. These CKD-specific lipid abnormalities may explain the residual risk for CKD-related cardiovascular disease.

The effects of long-term moderate exercise and Western-type diet on oxidative/nitrosative stress, serum lipids and cytokines in female Sprague Dawley rats

Purpose

Regular exercise reduces obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, health-promoting benefits of physical activity are commonly associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Here, we tested whether constant moderate exercise is able to prevent or attenuate the oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and serum lipids in lean and obese rats.

Methods

Four-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats received standard or a high-fat diet. Animals were subjected to a physical activity protocol, consisting of 30 min forced treadmill exercise for 5 consecutive days per week during 10 months. Baseline and sedentary (non-exercised) rats were used as controls. Lipids, oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, nitric oxide metabolites, and pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were measured in blood collected upon euthanasia.

Results

At variance to young baseline control rats, 14-month-old animals fed normal diet had increased plasma lipid levels, including total cholesterol and triglycerides, which were further elevated in rats that consumed a high-fat diet. While treadmill exercise did not lower the amount of serum lipids in standard diet group, forced physical activity reduced non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in response to high-fat diet feeding. Exercised rats fed standard diet or high-fat diet had lower abundancy of nitric oxide metabolites, which coincided with increased levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Accordingly, the amount of nitric oxide metabolites correlated inversely with oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and homo-arginine. Exercise significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines in high-fat diet fed rats only.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that regular exercise alters the equilibrium between oxidative and anti-oxidative compounds and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Resistance Band Exercise Training Prevents the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Postmenopausal Women

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is classified as a combination of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and postmenopausal women are specifically at an increased risk for MetS, in part due to the hormonal and metabolic changes that occur at the menopause transition. It is crucial to combat the components of MetS with appropriate lifestyle interventions in this population, such as exercise. This study aimed to examine the effects of a resistance band exercise training program in obese postmenopausal women with MetS. A total 35 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to either a control group (CON, n = 17) or a resistance band exercise training group (EX, n = 18). Participants in the EX group trained 3days/week. Levels of blood glucose, insulin, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood lipid profile, anthropometrics, and blood pressure (BP) were measured at baseline and after the exercise intervention. There were significant group by time interactions (p < 0.05) for blood glucose (Δ-4.5 mg/dl), insulin (Δ -1.3 μU/ml), HOMA-IR (Δ -0.6), triglycerides (Δ -9.4 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(Δ -10.8 mg/dl), systolic BP(Δ -3.4 mmHg), body fat percentage (Δ -3.0 %), and waist circumference (Δ -3.4 cm), which significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and lean body mass (Δ 0.7 kg) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ 5.1 mg/dl), which significantly increased (p < 0.05) after EX compared to no change in CON. The present study indicates that resistance band exercise training may be an effective therapeutic intervention to combat the components of MetS in this population, potentially reducing the risk for the development of CVD.

Network of biomarkers and their mediation effects on the associations between regular exercise and the incidence of cardiovascular & metabolic diseases

This study aimed to understand the biological process related to the prevention of cardiovascular & metabolic diseases (CMD), including diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia via regular exercise. This study included 17,053 subjects aged 40–69 years in the Health Examinees Study from 2004 to 2012. Participation in regular exercise was investigated by questionnaires. Data on 42 biomarkers were collected from anthropometric measures and laboratory tests. We examined the associations between regular exercise and biomarkers using general linear models, between biomarkers and the risk of CMD using cox proportional hazard models, and the mediation effect of biomarkers using mediation analyses. Biomarker networks were constructed based on the significant differential correlations (p < 0.05) between the exercise and non-exercise groups in men and women, respectively. We observed significant mediators in 14 and 16 of the biomarkers in men and women, respectively. Triglyceride level was a noteworthy mediator in decreasing the risk of CMD with exercise, explaining 23.79% in men and 58.20% in women. The biomarker network showed comprehensive relationships and associations among exercise, biomarkers, and CMD. Body composition-related biomarkers were likely to play major roles in men, while obesity-related biomarkers seemed to be key factors in women.

Relationship between physical activity/exercise habits and the frequency of new onset of lifestyle-related diseases after the Great East Japan Earthquake among residents in Fukushima: the Fukushima Health Management Survey

The effect of exercise habits on the increased incidence of lifestyle-related diseases among residents of the evacuation area in Fukushima Prefecture after the Great East Japan Earthquake is not well characterized. This study examined the influence of exercise habits on the frequency of new onset of lifestyle-related diseases in the aftermath of the earthquake using data from the Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS). Of the 32 289 individuals (14 004 men and 18 285 women) aged 40-90 years who underwent one or more health examinations in both 2011-12 and 2014-15, those who knew whether they had any lifestyle diseases and who responded to a questionnaire about their exercise and physical activity habits were included (dyslipidemia, 8017; hypertension, 7173; and diabetes mellitus, 13140 individuals). The association between the frequency of new onset of lifestyle-related diseases in 2014-15 and the presence or absence of persistent exercise and physical activity habits (active lifestyle) was examined using the FHMS data. The frequency of new onset of dyslipidemia was significantly lower in the active lifestyle group than in the sedentary lifestyle group (P = 0.008). On univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, the presence of active lifestyle, obesity and the experience of evacuation showed a significant association with new onset of dyslipidemia, independent of age, sex or follow-up period. Thus maintaining physical activity and exercise habits may help prevent the new onset of dyslipidemia among residents of the evacuation area in the Fukushima Prefecture after the earthquake.

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of the Quadriceps Changes during an Extreme Mountain Ultramarathon

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE

Extreme ultra-endurance races are growing in popularity, but their effects on skeletal muscles remain mostly unexplored. This longitudinal study explores physiological changes in mountain ultramarathon athletes' quadriceps using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with serological biomarkers. The study aimed to monitor the longitudinal effect of the race and recovery and to identify local inflammatory and metabolic muscle responses by codetection of biological markers.

METHODS

An automatic image processing framework was designed to extract imaging-based biomarkers from quantitative MRI acquisitions of the upper legs of 20 finishers at three time points. The longitudinal effect of the race was demonstrated by analyzing the image markers with dedicated biostatistical analysis.

RESULTS

Our framework allows for a reliable calculation of statistical data not only inside the whole quadriceps volume but also within each individual muscle head. Local changes in MRI parameters extracted from quantitative maps were described and found to be significantly correlated with principal serological biomarkers of interest. A decrease in the PDFF after the race and a stable paramagnetic susceptibility value were found. Pairwise post hoc tests suggested that the recovery process differs among the muscle heads.

CONCLUSIONS

This longitudinal study conducted during a prolonged and extreme mechanical stress showed that quantitative MRI-based markers of inflammation and metabolic response can detect local changes related to the prolonged exercise, with differentiated involvement of each head of the quadriceps muscle as expected in such eccentric load. Consistent and efficient extraction of the local biomarkers enables to highlight the interplay/interactions between blood and MRI biomarkers. This work indeed proposes an automatized analytic framework to tackle the time-consuming and mentally exhausting segmentation task of muscle heads in large multi-time-point cohorts.

Impact of salts on the phase separation and thermodynamic properties of mixed nonionic surfactants in absence/attendance of polyvinyl alcohol

Mixed surfactant systems are used in different applied fields like pharmaceutical formulation rather than single surfactant. Therefore, the determination of the clouding nature of the triton X-100 (TX-100) + Tween 80 (TW-80) mixture was carried out in H2O and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In the occurrence of PVA, the cloud point (CP) values of TX-100 initially enhance with enhancing the concentration of PVA and tend to decrease after a certain concentration. For different ratios of TX-100 and TW-80 mixture having the same concentration of both solutions, CP values increase through the decreasing ratios of TX-100 with/without PVA. In the presence of polymer, at higher ratios of TX-100 than TW-80, the CP values are higher in magnitudes in comparison to the aqueous medium but at lower ratios of TX-100, the value of CP are lower in magnitudes in comparison to the aqueous system. The CP values of the TX-100 + TW-80 mixture in the salt system are lower in magnitudes than the aqueous medium in both the absence/presence of PVA. However, a reduction of CP values was obtained to a large extent for Na2SO4 over NaCl in the case of lower volume ratios of TX-100. Various thermodynamic variables (standard free energy ( Δ G c o ${\Delta}{G}_{c}^{o}$ ), standard enthalpy ( Δ H c o ${\Delta}{H}_{c}^{o}$ ), standard entropy ( Δ S c o ${\Delta}{S}_{c}^{o}$ ) change, thermodynamic parameters of transfer (free energy of transfer ( Δ G c , t o ${\Delta}{G}_{c,t}^{o}$ ), and transfer of enthalpies ( Δ H c , t o ${\Delta}{H}_{c,t}^{o}$ )) of phase transition) were also determined.

Impact of Work and Recreational Physical Activity on Prediabetes Condition among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2015-2016

More minutes of physical activity (PA) accumulated during a day are associated with a lower risk of diabetes mellitus type 2. However, it is less known if distinct dimensions of PA can produce a different protective effect in the prevention of prediabetes. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of work and recreational PA on prediabetes among U.S. adults during the period 2015–2016 using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Individuals (n = 4481) with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test values of 5.7% to 6.4% were included. A logistic regression multivariate-adjusted analysis was conducted to estimate the association between the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of prediabetes, with work and recreational PA. The prevalence of prediabetes among U.S. adults was lower in physically active individuals both at work (~24%) and recreational (~21%) physical activities compared to individuals who were not physically active (27 to 30%). Individuals lacking practice of recreational PA had a high risk of prediabetes (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.080 to 1.466). PA may be a protective factor for prediabetes conditions depending on gender, age, ethnic group, waist circumference, and thyroid disease.

Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science

The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or 'exerkines'). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or 'mediators' of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.

Fasted exercise does not improve postprandial lipemia responses to different meals in lean and obese subjects: A crossover, randomized clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Persistent episodes of postprandial hyperlipemia (PPL) and hyperglycemia (PPG) are considered risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and premature death; whereas physical exercise improves lipid profile and glucose tolerance thus decreasing cardiovascular risks.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise on the magnitude of the PPL and PPG responses to meals with different energy content, in normal and obese subjects.

METHODS

The study used a randomized crossover design. Twenty-one male (Lean: n = 9, BMI: 24.3 ± 2.2; and obese: n = 12, BMI 32.31 ± 2.1) volunteers aged 20-30 years, performed three interventions, separated by 7 days each: (i) 45 min at rest and isocaloric high-fat meal (60% lipids, 30% carbohydrates and 10% protein); (ii) fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise (50% VO_2max) for 45 min followed by an isocaloric or (iii) calorie deficit high-fat meal. Subjects were serially assessed for blood triglycerides, and glucose levels.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise had no acute effect on PPL in lean and obese subjects. Glucose concentrations were reduced only in lean subjects. There is a significant difference in PPL values when comparing lean to obese subjects, implying that the nutritional status influences lipid and carbohydrate after fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT00929890.

HDL-apoA-I kinetics in response to 16 wk of exercise training in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by low-circulating concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and raised triacylglycerol (TAG). Exercise reduces hepatic fat content, improves insulin resistance and increases clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein-1 (VLDL₁). However, the effect of exercise on TAG and HDL-C metabolism is unknown. We randomized male participants to 16 wk of supervised, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (n = 15), or conventional lifestyle advice (n = 12). Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and VLDL-TAG and apolipoprotein B (apoB) kinetics were investigated using stable isotopes (1-[¹³C]-leucine and 1,1,2,3,3-²H₅ glycerol) pre- and postintervention. Participants underwent MRI/spectroscopy to assess changes in visceral fat. Results are means ± SD. At baseline, there were no differences between exercise and control groups for age (52.4 ± 7.5 vs. 52.8 ± 10.3 yr), body mass index (BMI: 31.6 ± 3.2 vs. 31.7 ± 3.6 kg/m²), and waist circumference (109.3 ± 7.5 vs. 110.0 ± 13.6 cm). Percentage of liver fat was 23.8 (interquartile range 9.8-32.5%). Exercise reduced body weight (101.3 ± 10.2 to 97.9 ± 12.2 kg; P < 0.001) and hepatic fat content [from 19.6%, interquartile range (IQR) 14.6-36.1% to 8.9% (4.4-17.8%); P = 0.001] and increased the fraction HDL-C concentration (measured following ultracentrifugation) and apoA-I pool size with no change in the control group. However, plasma and VLDL₁-TAG concentrations and HDL-apoA-I fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and production rate (PR) did not change significantly with exercise. Both at baseline (all participants) and after exercise there was an inverse correlation between apoA-I pool size and VLDL-TAG and -apoB pool size. The modest effect of exercise on HDL metabolism may be explained by the lack of effect on plasma and VLDL₁-TAG.

The beneficial effects of a water-based aerobic exercise session on the blood lipids of women with dyslipidemia are independent of their training status

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the acute effects of a session of water-based aerobic exercise on the blood lipid levels of women with dyslipidemia and to compare these results according to their training status.

METHOD

Fourteen premenopausal women with dyslipidemia, aged 40-50 years, participated in two water-based aerobic exercise sessions, the first when they were generally sedentary and the second after they were trained with a water-based aerobic training program for 12 weeks. Both experimental sessions were performed using the same protocol, lasted 45 min, and incorporated an interval method, alternating 3 min at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 13 and 2 min at an RPE of 9. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) were obtained through venous blood collection before and immediately after each session. A generalized estimating equation method and Bonferroni tests were conducted (with time and training status as factors) for statistical analyses.

RESULTS

At enrollment, the mean age of the participants was 46.57 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.81-48.34). The statistical analyses showed a significant time effect for all variables (TC: p=0.008; TG: p=0.012; HDL: p<0.001; LPL: p<0.001) except for LDL (p=0.307). However, the training status effect was not significant for any variable (TC: p=0.527; TG: p=0.899; HDL: p=0.938; LDL: p=0.522; LPL: p=0.737). These results indicate that the TC and TG levels reduced and the HDL and LPL concentrations increased from pre- to post-session in similar magnitudes in both sedentary and trained women.

CONCLUSIONS

A single water-based aerobic exercise session is sufficient and effective to beneficially modify the lipid profile of women with dyslipidemia, regardless of their training status.

Exercise Training Induced Changes In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Measured Lipid Particles In Mild Cognitively Impaired Elderly African American Volunteers: A Pilot Study

Purpose

Poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is linked to cognitive deterioration, but its effects on lipid heterogeneity and functional properties in older African American (AA) subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) need elucidation. This study determined whether exercise training-induced changes in blood lipid particle sizes (LPS) were associated with CRF determined by VO₂Max in elderly AAs with MCI. Given the pivotal role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on glucose metabolism, and therefore, “diabetic dyslipidemia”, we also determined whether changes in LPS were associated with the levels of serum BDNF.

Methods

This analysis included 17 of the 29 randomized elderly AAs with MCI who had NMR data at baseline and after a 6-month training. We used Generalized Linear Regression (GLM) models to examine cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂Max) effects on training-induced change in LPS in the stretch and aerobic groups. Additionally, we determined whether the level of BDNF influenced change in LPS.

Results

Collectively, mean VO₂Max (23.81±6.17) did not differ significantly between aerobic and stretch groups (difference=3.17±3.56, P=0.495). Training-related changes in very low-density lipoprotein, chylomicrons, and total low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle sizes correlated significantly with VO₂Max, but not after adjustment for age and gender. However, increased VO₂Max significantly associated with reduced total LDL particle size after similar adjustments (P = 0.046). While stretch exercise associated with increased protective large high-density lipoprotein particle size, the overall effect was not sustained following adjustments for gender and age. However, changes in serum BDNF were associated with changes in triglyceride and cholesterol transport particle sizes (P < 0.051).

Conclusion

Promotion of stretch and aerobic exercise to increase CRF in elderly AA volunteers with MCI may also promote beneficial changes in lipoprotein particle profile. Because high BDNF concentration may reduce CVD risk, training-related improvements in BDNF levels are likely advantageous. Large randomized studies are needed to confirm our observations and to further elucidate the role for exercise therapy in reducing CVD risk in elderly AAs with MCI.

High-intensity interval training has a greater effect on reverse cholesterol transport elements compared with moderate-intensity continuous training in obese male rats

OBJECTIVES

The present study compares the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 18 min) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MIT; 1 h) on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) elements in obese subjects.

METHODS

Thirty adult male rats were induced high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. After four weeks, the rats were randomly divided into three groups while simultaneously continuing the HFD for the remaining eight weeks. Group specificities were HFD-control, HFD-MIT and HFD-HIIT. The rats were sacrificed 48 h after the last training session and the samples were collected. Analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation test were used for the statistical analyses (significance level: p ≤ 0.05).

RESULTS

The results showed that both HIIT and MIT improved heart ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG4, ABCG5, ABCG8, LXR-α and PPARγ gene expression as well as plasma Apo A1, LCAT, lipids and lipoproteins (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, higher cardiac ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG4, ABCG5, ABCG8 and PPARγ expression and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p ≤ 0.05) concentrations were found in the HFD-HIIT group compared with the HFD-MIT group.

CONCLUSION

HIIT may have more cardioprotective effects than MIT against atherosclerosis, along with saving time, as supported by the changes observed in the main factors involved in the RCT process.

Impact of 5-week high-intensity interval training on indices of cardio metabolic health in men

PURPOSE

To compare the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on indices of cardio-metabolic health: (HDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, heart ratio, and phase angle/PhA) in physically active men.

METHODS

Twenty active men were randomly allocated to HIIT (n = 10), or MICT (n = 10) for 5 weeks, three times per week. HIIT consisted of running 5 km with 1-min at 100% of maximal aerobic speed interspersed by 1-min passive recovery while subjects in MICT group ran continuously the same 5 km at 70% of maximal aerobic speed. Blood samples were collected at different moments during the first and last exercise session. Before and after 5 weeks of both exercise training protocols, heart ratio (during exercise session) and PhA were measured pre and post-exercise training.

RESULTS

Fasting HDL-c levels did not change after 5 weeks of HIIT or MICT. Perceptual variation of HDL pre and post training (fed state) tended to differ between HIIT and MICT (p = 0.09). All lipoproteins parameters (HDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides and non-HDL) were increased in post-acute exercise session compared to pre-exercise during the first and last training session, these being observed after both training protocols. PhA and heart rate measured at different times during the first and last training session were not affected in both training protocols.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that HIIT and MICT modify the post-exercise lipoprotein profile acutely. On the other hand, only HIIT tended to increase HDL-c levels chronically.

Separate and combined associations of physical activity and obesity with lipid-related indices in non-diabetic and diabetic patients

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the separate and combined associations of physical activity and obesity with blood lipids in Chinese adults with and without diabetes.

METHODS

Data of 17,535 participants aged 18 to 78 years old were collected. Physical activity was categorized as inactive (low) or active (moderate or high) according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations of physical activity and obesity with lipid-related indices.

RESULTS

Compared with physically active participants, inactive participants had higher triglyceride (TG) level, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, and higher odds ratios for abnormal TG and HDL-C. Compared with non-obese participants, obese participants had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), lower HDL-C level, and higher odds ratios for the four abnormal lipid indices. Inactive obese participants had highest levels of TC, TG and LDL-C, lowest HDL-C level, and highest odds ratios compared to the other groups. No significant associations were found between obesity and TC, LDL-C in patients with diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Irrespective of diabetes, physical inactivity and obesity were associated with the presences of abnormal TG and HDL-C. Moreover, there were additive effects on blood lipids when physical inactivity and obesity co-occur.

Association of objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity with cardiometabolic risk markers in older adults

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between sedentary behavior and different intensities of physical activity with cardiometabolic risk, and to analyze the simultaneous effect of excess sedentary behavior and recommended levels of physical activity on cardiometabolic risk markers in older adults.

Methods

We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study on a sample of older adults (60+) living in Florianopolis, Brazil. The objectively measured predictors were sedentary time, light physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity, and the outcomes were markers of cardiometabolic risk. Data were considered valid when the participant had used the accelerometer for at least four days per week.

Results

The sample included 425 older adults (59.8% women), with a mean age of 73.9 years (95%CI: 73.5–74.4). Sedentary behavior was associated with lower systolic blood pressure levels (β = -0.03; 95%CI: -0.05; -0.01) and lower HDL cholesterol (β = -0.02; 95%CI: -0.02; -0.01). Light physical activity was not associated with any cardiovascular risk markers after adjustment. Each minute spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity was associated with lower waist circumference (β = -0.15; 95%CI: -0.24; -0.05), systolic blood pressure (β = -0.18; 95%CI: -0.32; -0.04) and plasma glucose (β = -0.18; 95%CI: -0.33;-0.02), and with higher HDL cholesterol (β = 0.10; 95%CI: 0.01; 0.18). Moreover, physically inactive and sedentary individuals had a greater mean waist circumference and lower HDL cholesterol than physically active and non-sedentary subjects.

Conclusion

The results suggest that moderate to vigorous physical activity have a positive impact on cardiometabolic risk markers in older adults. Light physical activity does not appear to have a beneficial effect on the cardiometabolic markers, and despite the benefits provided by the different intensities of physical activity, the simultaneous presence of sedentary behavior and low physical activity level was associated with poor cardiometabolic risk markers.

Induction of fat apoptosis by a non-thermal device: Mechanism of action of non-invasive high-intensity electromagnetic technology in a porcine model

Objectives

While controlled thermal changes in subcutaneous tissue have been used to trigger apoptosis of fat cells and have been proven clinically efficacious, another mechanism of electromagnetic stress suggests that fat apoptosis could be achieved by a non‐thermal manner as well. This animal model study investigates the use of a non‐invasive high‐intensity magnetic field device to induce apoptosis in fat cells.

Methods

Yorkshire pigs (N = 2) received one treatment (30 minutes) in the abdominal area using a High‐Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) device. Punch biopsy samples of fat tissue and blood samples were collected at the baseline, 1 and 8 hours after the treatment. Biopsy samples were sectioned and evaluated for the levels of an apoptotic index (AI) by the TUNEL method. Statistical significance was examined using the rANOVA and Tukey's test (α 5%). Biopsy samples were also assessed for molecular biomarkers. Blood samples were evaluated to determine changes related to fat and muscle metabolism. Free fatty acids (FFA), triacylglycerol (TG), glycerol and glucose (Glu) were used as the main biomarkers of fat metabolism. Creatinine, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin 6 (IL6) served as the main biomarkers to evaluate muscle metabolism.

Results

In treated pigs, a statistically significant increase in the apoptotic index (AI) (P = 1.17E‐4) was observed. A significant difference was found between AI at baseline (AI = 18.75%) and 8‐hours post‐treatment (AI = 35.95%). Serum levels of fat and muscle metabolism indicated trends (FFA −0.32 mmol · l⁻¹, −28.1%; TG −0.24 mmol · l⁻¹, −51.8%; Glycerol −5.68 mg · l⁻¹, −54.8%; CK +67.58 μkat · l⁻¹, +227.8%; LDH +4.9 μkat · l⁻¹,+35.4%) suggesting that both adipose and muscle tissue were affected by HIFEM treatment. No adverse events were noted to skin and surrounding tissue.

Conclusions

Application of a high‐intensity electromagnetic field in a porcine model results in adipocyte apoptosis. The analysis of serum levels suggests that HIFEM treatment influences fat and muscle metabolism. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:47–53, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lipoprotein Subclass Profile after Progressive Energy Deficits Induced by Calorie Restriction or Exercise

Weight loss, induced by chronic energy deficit, improves the blood lipid profile. However, the effects of an acute negative energy balance and the comparative efficacy of diet and exercise are not well-established. We determined the effects of progressive, acute energy deficits (20% or 40% of daily energy requirements) induced by a single day of calorie restriction (n = 19) or aerobic exercise (n = 13) in healthy subjects (age: 26 ± 9 years; body mass index (BMI): 21.8 ± 2.9 kg/m²). Fasting plasma concentrations of very low-, intermediate-, low-, and high-density lipoprotein (VLDL, LDL, IDL, and HDL, respectively) particles and their subclasses were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance. Total plasma triglyceride and VLDL-triglyceride concentrations decreased after calorie restriction and exercise (all p ≤ 0.025); the pattern of change was linear with an increasing energy deficit (all p < 0.03), with no evidence of plateauing. The number of circulating large and medium VLDL particles decreased after diet and exercise (all p < 0.015), with no change in small VLDL particles. The concentrations of IDL, LDL, and HDL particles, their relative distributions, and the particle sizes were not altered. Our data indicate that an acute negative energy balance induced by calorie restriction and aerobic exercise reduces triglyceride concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, by decreasing circulating large and medium VLDL particles.

Metabolic Reponses to a physical exercise session in women with excess body mass: randomized clinical trial

Background

There are various factors that influence the effect of physical exercise on the lipid profile, among them the body mass index and calorie expenditure of the exercise are some of the main factors. To test the hypothesis that a physical exercise session based on caloric expenditure may acutely modify the glycemia and lipid values of women with excess body mass.

Methods

The study included 66 women, randomly divided into two groups, control and experimental, with BMI of 29 ± 4.4 kg/m² vs 29 ± 4.3 kg/m² (p = 0.45) sedentary and aged 23 ± 3.8 vs 24 ± 3.5 years, respectively (p = 0.25). After 12 h fasting, the volunteers underwent the first blood collection. The experimental group was submitted to a physical exercise session corresponding to energy expenditure of 250Kcal, of light intensity based the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), 12 h after the first blood collection. The control and experimental group volunteers underwent a second blood collection 24 h after the first. Glycemia, insulin status and lipid profile were measured and Homa IR and Homa-beta were calculated. The t-test for independent and dependent samples was used, and a level of significance of 5% was adopted.

Results

Physical exercise changed the glycemic response in both the intragroup analysis (before = 96 ± 6.6 mg/dL vs after = 92 ± 6.6 mg/dL), (p = 0.01), and in the intergroup analysis (control = Δ 0.9 ± 6.1 vs experimental = Δ -4.1 ± 6.3) (p = 0.02). No changes were shown for the Homa IR, Homa Beta and Insulin indexes. When the lipid profiles were evaluated, differences in HDL were shown in the intragroup analysis (before = 89 ± 10.5 mg/dL vs. after = 91 ± 10.3 mg/dL) (p = 0.04). For the other parameters (LDL, TG, Total Cholesterol, TG/HDL), no changes were shown.

Conclusion

In women with excess body weight, a low intensity exercise session diminished the glycemia, but did not change the lipid response.

Trial registration

NCT03170973. Retrospectively registered.

Relationships between different types of physical activity and metabolic syndrome among Taiwanese workers

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between different types of physical activity (PA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this cross-sectional study, 3,296 Taiwanese workers were enrolled. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess nutritional health behavior and PA levels related to occupation, leisure time, and commuting. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure and biochemical determinations of the blood were also obtained. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of MetS and its components associated with different types of PA. The prevalence of MetS was 16.6% in workers. Compared with a low level of leisure-time PA, a high level of leisure-time PA showed a significantly lower risk of high triglycerides (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61-0.87) and MetS (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.95). Compared with a low level of occupational PA, a high level of occupational PA represented a significantly lower risk of both abdominal adiposity (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49-0.84) and high triglycerides (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55-0.90). However, commuting PA levels were not significantly associated with MetS and its components. In conclusion, occupational PA as well as leisure-time PA could be important for the prevention of MetS.

Benefits of different intensity of aerobic exercise in modulating body composition among obese young adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The aim of present study was to compare the effects of different aerobic exercise intensities and energy expenditures on the body composition of sedentary obese college students in Taiwan.

METHODS

Forty-eight obese participants [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27 kg/m², age 18-26 years] were randomized into four equal groups (n = 12): light-intensity training group (LITG), 40%-50% heart rate reserve (HRR); middle-intensity training group (MITG), 50%-70% HRR; high-intensity training group (HITG), 70%-80% HRR; and control group (CG). The aerobic exercise training program was conducted for 60 min per day on a treadmill 3 days per week for 12 weeks. All participant anthropometric data, blood biochemical parameters, and health-related physical fitness components were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks.

RESULTS

At baseline, the anthropometric indices did not differ significantly among the four groups (p > 0.05). After 12-week exercise intervention, the HITG and MITG had significantly more changes in body weight, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) than the LITG. The changes in BMI and body fat percentage differed among all four groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

A 12-week high-intensity exercise intervention with high energy expenditure can considerably reduce body weight, body fat, WC, WHR, and WHtR, whereas a light-intensity exercise intervention can significantly reduce body weight and body fat.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Current Controlled Trials TPECTR09831410900 , registered on 24^th Dec 2009.

High-density lipoprotein particle pattern and overall lipid responses to a short-term moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with abnormal lipid profiles and altered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size patterns. Lower levels of the larger, cardioprotective HDL particles found in CKD may play a role in the increased risk for cardiovascular disease in these patients. The current study was designed to assess the effects of short-term moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training on the HDL particle pattern and overall lipid profiles in stage 3 CKD patients.

METHODS

Forty-six men and women with stage 3 CKD were randomized to either exercise (EX, n = 25) or control (CON, n = 21). Those in the EX group completed 16 weeks of supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise three times per week. Serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL particle size, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body composition and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were assessed at baseline and week 16.

RESULTS

The rate of compliance in the EX group was 97 ± 7.2%. No change was observed in eGFR over time in either group. There was an 8.2% improvement in VO2peak in the EX group (P = 0.05), while VO2peak decreased in the CON group. HDL-C, TGs, HDL particle size and body composition remained unchanged in both groups. A trend was found for lower total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.051) and LDL-C (P = 0.07) in the CON group.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that a short-term aerobic exercise training intervention in stage 3 CKD patients does not induce changes in HDL particle size or favorable lipid profile modifications.

Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins

Dyslipidemia is the risk of cardiovascular disease, and their relationship is clear. Lowering serum cholesterol can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. At present, the main treatment is taking medicine, however, drug treatment has its limitations. Exercise not only has a positive effect on individuals with dyslipidemia, but can also help improve lipids profile. This review is intending to provide information on the effects of exercise training on both tranditional lipids, for example, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and new lipids and lipoproteins such as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and postprandial lipoprotein. The mechanisms of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins are also briefly described.

Endurance training selectively increases high-density lipoprotein-bound sphingosine-1-phosphate in the plasma

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysosphingolipid that is found in relatively high concentration in human plasma. Erythrocytes, endothelial cells, and activated platelets are the main sources of circulating S1P. The majority of plasma S1P is transported bound to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin. In recent years, HDL-bound S1P attracted much attention due to its cardioprotective and anti-atherogenic properties. We have previously found that endurance-trained athletes are characterized by higher plasma S1P concentration compared to untrained individuals. This finding prompted us to examine the effect of endurance training on S1P metabolism in blood. Thirteen healthy, untrained, male subjects completed an 8-week training program on a rowing ergometer. Three days before the first, and 3 days after the last training session, blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein. We found that total plasma S1P concentration was increased after the training. Further analysis of different plasma fractions showed that the training selectively elevated HDL-bound S1P. This effect was associated with activation of sphingosine kinase in erythrocytes and platelets and enhanced S1P release from red blood cells. We postulate that increase in HDL-bound S1P level is one of the mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of regular physical activity on cardiovascular diseases.