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Storoschuk KL, Lesiuk D, Nuttall J, LeBouedec M, Khansari A, Islam H, Gurd BJ. Impact of fasting on the AMPK and PGC-1α axis in rodent and human skeletal muscle: A systematic review. Metabolism 2024; 152:155768. [PMID: 38154612 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Based primarily on evidence from rodent models fasting is currently believed to improve metabolic health via activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in skeletal muscle. However, it is unclear whether the skeletal muscle AMPK-PGC-1α axis is activated by fasting in humans. The current systematic review examined the fasting response in skeletal muscle from 34 selected studies (7 human, 21 mouse, and 6 rat). From these studies, we gathered 38 unique data points related to AMPK and 47 related to PGC-1α. In human studies, fasting mediated activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis is largely absent. Although evidence does support fasting-induced activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in rodent skeletal muscle, the evidence is less robust than anticipated. Our findings question the ability of fasting to activate the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in human skeletal muscle and suggest that the metabolic benefits of fasting in humans are associated with caloric restriction rather than the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. Registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KWNQY.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Storoschuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Lesiuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Nuttall
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - M LeBouedec
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Khansari
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - B J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Dawson MA, Cheung SN, La Frano MR, Nagpal R, Berryman CE. Early time-restricted eating improves markers of cardiometabolic health but has no impact on intestinal nutrient absorption in healthy adults. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101363. [PMID: 38232698 PMCID: PMC10829793 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Early time-restricted eating (eTRE) improves aspects of cardiometabolic health. Although the circadian system appears to regulate nutrient absorption, little is known about the effects of eTRE on intestinal absorption. In this randomized crossover trial, 16 healthy adults follow a controlled, weight maintenance diet for 9 days, consuming all calories between 0800 and 1400 (eTRE schedule) or 0800 and 2000 (control schedule). We measure the energy content of the diet, stool, and urine with bomb calorimetry and calculate intestinal energy absorption. The eTRE schedule is more effective than the control eating schedule for improving markers of cardiometabolic health, including 24-h mean glucose concentrations and glycemic variability, assessed as the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions. However, eTRE has no effect on intestinal energy and macronutrient absorption, gastrointestinal transit time, colonic hydrogen gas production, or stool microbial composition, suggesting eTRE does not impact gastrointestinal function. This trial is registered (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04877262).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alan Dawson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Susan N Cheung
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD 21017, USA
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; Carver Metabolomics Core, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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3
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Andriessen C, Doligkeit D, Moonen-Kornips E, Mensink M, Hesselink MKC, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P. The impact of prolonged fasting on 24h energy metabolism and its 24h rhythmicity in healthy, lean males: A randomized cross-over trial. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:2353-2362. [PMID: 37862821 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human energy expenditure and substrate oxidation are under circadian control and food intake is a time cue for the human biological clock, leading to 24h feeding-fasting cycles in energy and substrate metabolism. In recent years, (intermittent) fasting protocols have also become popular to improve metabolic health. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of food intake on the 24h patterns of energy metabolism as well as to provide data on the timeline of changes in energy metabolism that occur upon an extended period of fasting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a randomized, cross-over design, twelve healthy males underwent a 60h fast which was compared to a 60h fed condition. In the fed condition meals were provided at energy balance throughout the study. Conditions were separated by a two week period of habitual diet. Volunteers resided in a respiration chamber for the entire 60h to measure energy expenditure and substrate oxidation hour by hour. Volunteers performed a standardized activity protocol while in the chamber. Blood samples were drawn after 12, 36 and 60h. RESULTS Immediately following the breakfast meal (in the fed condition), fat oxidation became higher in the fasted condition compared to the fed condition and remained elevated throughout the study period. The initial rapid increase in fat oxidation corresponded with a decline in the hepatokine activin A (r = -0.86, p = 0.001). The contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure gradually increased with extended abstinence from food, peaking after 51h of fasting at 160 mg/min. Carbohydrate oxidation stabilized at a low level during the second day of fasting and averaged around 60 mg/min with only modest elevations in response to physical activity. Although 24h energy expenditure was significantly lower with prolonged fasting (11.0 ± 0.4 vs 9.8 ± 0.2 and 10.9 ± 0.3 vs 10.3 ± 0.3 MJ in fed vs fasting, day 2 and 3 respectively, p < 0.01), the 24h fluctuations in energy expenditure were comparable between the fasted and fed condition. The fluctuations in substrate oxidation were, however, significantly (p < 0.001 for both carbohydrate and fat oxidation) altered in the fasted state, favouring fat oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Energy expenditure displays a day-night rhythm, which is independent of food intake. In contrast, the day-night rhythm of both carbohydrate and fat oxidation is mainly driven by food intake. Upon extended fasting, the absolute rate of fat oxidation rapidly increases and keeps increasing during a 60h fast, whereas carbohydrate oxidation becomes progressively diminished. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.trialregister.nl NTR 2042.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andriessen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Daniel Doligkeit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Chairgroup Nutritional Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Huo J, Prasad V, Grimes KM, Vanhoutte D, Blair NS, Lin SC, Bround MJ, Bers DM, Molkentin JD. MCUb is an inducible regulator of calcium-dependent mitochondrial metabolism and substrate utilization in muscle. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113465. [PMID: 37976157 PMCID: PMC10842842 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria use the electron transport chain to generate high-energy phosphate from oxidative phosphorylation, a process also regulated by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and Ca2+ levels. Here, we show that MCUb, an inhibitor of MCU-mediated Ca2+ influx, is induced by caloric restriction, where it increases mitochondrial fatty acid utilization. To mimic the fasted state with reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, we generated genetically altered mice with skeletal muscle-specific MCUb expression that showed greater fatty acid usage, less fat accumulation, and lower body weight. In contrast, mice lacking Mcub in skeletal muscle showed increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, increased muscle malonyl coenzyme A (CoA), reduced fatty acid utilization, glucose intolerance, and increased adiposity. Mechanistically, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) overexpression in muscle of Mcub-deleted mice abolished altered substrate preference. Thus, MCUb is an inducible control point in regulating skeletal muscle mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and substrate utilization that impacts total metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuzhou Huo
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kelly M Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Davy Vanhoutte
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - N Scott Blair
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Suh-Chin Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael J Bround
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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5
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Sui X, Wang H, Wu F, Yang C, Zhang H, Xu Z, Guo Y, Guo Z, Xin B, Ma T, Li Y, Dai Z. Hepatic metabolite responses to 4-day complete fasting and subsequent refeeding in rats. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14009. [PMID: 36157064 PMCID: PMC9504452 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fasting has been widely used to improve various metabolic diseases in humans. Adaptive fasting is necessary for metabolic adaptation during prolonged fasting, which could overcome the great advantages of short-term fasting. The liver is the main organ responsible for energy metabolism and metabolic homeostasis. To date, we lack literature that describes the physiologically relevant adaptations of the liver during prolonged fasting and refeeding. For that reason, this study aims to evaluate the response of the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to prolonged fasting and refeeding. Methods Sixty-six male SD rats were divided into the fasting groups, which were fasted for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, or 96 h, and the refeeding groups, which were refed for 1, 3, or 6 days after 96 h of fasting. Serum glucose, TG, FFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, glucagon, leptin, adiponectin and FGF21 levels were assessed. The glucose content, PEPCK activity, TG concentration and FFA content were measured in liver tissue, and the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis (PEPCK and G6Pase), ketogenesis (PPARα, CPT-1a and HMGCS2) and the protein expression of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK, mTOR and SIRT1) were determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. Results Fasting significantly decreased the body weight, which was totally recovered to baseline after 3 days of refeeding. A 4-day fast triggered an energy metabolic substrate shift from glucose to ketones and caused serum hormone changes and changes in the protein expression levels of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules. Glycogenolysis served as the primary fuel source during the first 24 h of fasting, while gluconeogenesis supplied the most glucose thereafter. Serum FFA concentrations increased significantly with 48 h of fasting. Serum FFAs partly caused high serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels, which became an important energy source with the prolongation of the fasting duration. One day of refeeding quickly reversed the energy substrate switch. Nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK and SIRT1 but not mTOR signaling) were highly expressed at the beginning of fasting (in the first 4 h). Serum insulin and leptin decreased with fasting initiation, and serum glucagon increased, but adiponectin and FGF21 showed no significant changes. Herein, we depicted in detail the timing of the metabolic response and adaptation of the liver to a 4-day water-only fast and subsequent refeeding in rats, which provides helpful support for the design of safe prolonged and intermittent fasting regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Sui
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China,Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - ZhiFeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingmu Xin
- Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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6
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Paszkiewicz RL, Burch MA, Asare Bediako I, Mkrtchyan H, Piccinini F, Ader M, Bresee C, Bergman RN. Measures of glucose homeostasis during and after duodenal exclusion using a duodenal-jejunal bypass liner in a normoglycemic, nonobese canine model. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2022; 18:694-702. [PMID: 35361540 PMCID: PMC10013877 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovering the role duodenal exclusion plays in weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D) may help refine the surgical and nonsurgical treatment of obesity and T2D. OBJECTIVES To assess changes in glucose homeostasis due to duodenal exclusion using a duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) in a nonobese canine model. SETTING Academic laboratory setting. METHODS An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) at baseline, 1, and 6 weeks post DJBL implantation (I1 and I6, respectively), and 1 and 6 weeks post DJBL removal (R1 and R6, respectively) were done in canines (n = 7) fed a normal chow diet. RESULTS Placement of the DJBL induced weight loss that was maintained until 4 weeks post removal (R4), despite normal food intake. Total bile acids (TBA) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) during the MMTT were significantly increased at I1 and were associated with increased lactate and free fatty acids. Hypoglycemia counter-regulation was blunted during the IVGTT at I1 and I6, returning to baseline at R1. While there were no changes to insulin sensitivity during the experiment, glucose tolerance was significantly increased following the removal of the DJBL at R1. CONCLUSION These data show that in a normoglycemic, nonobese canine model, duodenal exclusion induces energy intake-independent weight loss and negative metabolic effects that are reversed following re-exposure of the small intestine to nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Paszkiewicz
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Miguel A Burch
- Minimally Invasive and GI Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Isaac Asare Bediako
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hasmik Mkrtchyan
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Francesca Piccinini
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marilyn Ader
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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7
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Chellappa SL, Qian J, Vujovic N, Morris CJ, Nedeltcheva A, Nguyen H, Rahman N, Heng SW, Kelly L, Kerlin-Monteiro K, Srivastav S, Wang W, Aeschbach D, Czeisler CA, Shea SA, Adler GK, Garaulet M, Scheer FAJL. Daytime eating prevents internal circadian misalignment and glucose intolerance in night work. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg9910. [PMID: 34860550 PMCID: PMC8641939 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Night work increases diabetes risk. Misalignment between the central circadian “clock” and daily behaviors, typical in night workers, impairs glucose tolerance, likely due to internal misalignment between central and peripheral circadian rhythms. Whether appropriate circadian alignment of eating can prevent internal circadian misalignment and glucose intolerance is unknown. In a 14-day circadian paradigm, we assessed glycemic control during simulated night work with either nighttime or daytime eating. Assessment of central (body temperature) and peripheral (glucose and insulin) endogenous circadian rhythms happened during constant routine protocols before and after simulated night work. Nighttime eating led to misalignment between central and peripheral (glucose) endogenous circadian rhythms and impaired glucose tolerance, whereas restricting meals to daytime prevented it. These findings offer a behavioral approach to preventing glucose intolerance in shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Chellappa
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina Vujovic
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Morris
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arlet Nedeltcheva
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hoa Nguyen
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nishath Rahman
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Su Wei Heng
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren Kelly
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayla Kerlin-Monteiro
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suhina Srivastav
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Aeschbach
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A. Shea
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gail K. Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank A. J. L. Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Frandsen J, Poggi AI, Ritz C, Larsen S, Dela F, Helge JW. Peak Fat Oxidation Rate Is Closely Associated With Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentrations in Women; Similar to Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:696261. [PMID: 34408659 PMCID: PMC8364948 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.696261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In men, whole body peak fat oxidation (PFO) determined by a graded exercise test is closely tied to plasma free fatty acid (FFA) availability. Men and women exhibit divergent metabolic responses to fasting and exercise, and it remains unknown how the combined fasting and exercise affect substrate utilization in women. We aimed to investigate this, hypothesizing that increased plasma FFA concentrations in women caused by fasting and repeated exercise will increase PFO during exercise. Then, that PFO would be higher in women compared with men (data from a previous study). Methods: On two separate days, 11 young endurance-trained women were investigated, either after an overnight fast (Fast) or 3.5 h after a standardized meal (Fed). On each day, a validated graded exercise protocol (GXT), used to establish PFO by indirect calorimetry, was performed four times separated by 3.5 h of bed rest both in the fasted (Fast) or fed (Fed) state. Results: Peak fat oxidation increased in the fasted state from 11 ± 3 (after an overnight fast, Fast 1) to 16 ± 3 (mean ± SD) mg/min/kg lean body mass (LBM) (after ~22 h fast, Fast 4), and this was highly associated with plasma FFA concentrations, which increased from 404 ± 203 (Fast 1) to 865 ± 210 μmol/L (Fast 4). No increase in PFO was found during the fed condition with repeated exercise. Compared with trained men from a former identical study, we found no sex differences in relative PFO (mg/min/kg LBM) between men and women, in spite of significant differences in plasma FFA concentrations during exercise after fasting. Conclusion: Peak fat oxidation increased with fasting and repeated exercise in trained women, but the relative PFO was similar in young trained men and women, despite major differences in plasma lipid concentrations during graded exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Frandsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel Illeris Poggi
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Extending the Overnight Fast: Sex Differences in Acute Metabolic Responses to Breakfast. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082173. [PMID: 32707917 PMCID: PMC7469038 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting for over 24 h is associated with worsening glucose tolerance, but the effect of extending the overnight fast period (a form of time-restricted feeding) on acute metabolic responses and insulin sensitivity is unclear. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the acute impact of an increased fasting period on postprandial glycaemia, insulinemia, and acute insulin sensitivity responses to a standard meal. Twenty-four lean, young, healthy adults (12 males, 12 females) consumed a standard breakfast after an overnight fast of 12, 14, and 16 h. Each fast duration was repeated on three separate occasions (3 × 3) in random order. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were measured at regular intervals over 2 h and quantified as incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Insulin sensitivity was determined by homeostatic modelling assessment (HOMA). After 2 h, ad libitum food intake at a buffet meal was recorded. In females, but not males, insulin sensitivity improved (HOMA%S +35%, p = 0.016, marginally significant) with longer fast duration (16 h vs. 12 h), but paradoxically, postprandial glycaemia was higher (glucose iAUC +37%, p = 0.002). Overall, males showed no differences in glucose or insulin homeostasis. Both sexes consumed more energy (+28%) at the subsequent meal (16 h vs. 12 h). Delaying the first meal of the day by 4 h by extending the fasting period may have adverse metabolic effects in young, healthy, adult females, but not males.
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10
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Culturally based pre-Ramadan education increased benefits and reduced hazards of Ramadan fasting for type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:179-186. [PMID: 32550167 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In the current study, we aimed at evaluating the effect of a culturally-based pre-Ramadan education program (PREP) on glycemic control, weight, adherence to post-sunset physical activity, perception of hypoglycemia, and anti-diabetic medication dose adjustment during Ramadan fasting in type 2 diabetics. Study design A total of 1008 type 2 Diabetes patients were offered a culturally-based PREP in addition to the standard of care, two months before Ramadan. A retrospective interview one month after Ramadan compared the fasting experience of PREP attendees (470 patients) with those who merely received standard of care (538 patients) (Non-PREP). Results Ramadan fasting improved glycemic control with a correlation between HbA1c percent reduction and the number of fasting days (r = -0.290, p = 0.007). More HbA1c and weight percent reduction were observed in PREP attendees compared to the Non-PREP group (-14.8% ± 9.3 vs. -5.4% ± 5.4; p < 0.001; and - 1.96% ± 5.4 vs. -0.39% ± 2.8; p < 0.001, respectively). More commitment to night prayers in the PREP attendees compared to the Non-PREP group, (85.5% prayed >20 nights vs 28.4%; p < 0.001) with more HbA1c and weight percent reduction in the those who performed the prayers more than 20 nights compared to those who performed no prayers (-11.69% ± 8.8 vs -6.28% ± 6.4, p < 0.001; and - 2.76% ±5.1 vs 1.35% ±1.8, p < 0.001, respectively). More perception of true hypoglycemia was associated with PREP attendance (p0.046), insulin treatment (p0.000), and reduction of antidiabetic medication dosage (p0.004). Repeated lowering of antidiabetic medications doses with sequential downsizing of meals' portions, and appetite was reported. Conclusion Ramadan fasting was beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes with reduction of HbA1c in correlation with the number of fasting days. Contrasting PREP with Non-PREP participants discovered better HbA1c and weight reduction in the former group even with equal number of fasting days. PREP participants performed more Taraweeh night prayers. The more the prayer nights the more decline of HbA1c and weight was observed. PREP improved perception and response to hypoglycemia with low-dosing of antidiabetic medications, especially insulin.
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11
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Valsdottir TD, Henriksen C, Odden N, Nellemann B, Jeppesen PB, Hisdal J, Westerberg AC, Jensen J. Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet and a Single Bout of Exercise on Glucose Tolerance, Lipid Profile and Endothelial Function in Normal Weight Young Healthy Females. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1499. [PMID: 31920704 PMCID: PMC6931312 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate-high-fat (LCHF) diets are efficient for weight loss, and are also used by healthy people to maintain bodyweight. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-week energy-balanced LCHF-diet, with >75 percentage energy (E%) from fat, on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in normal weight, young, healthy women. The second aim of the study was to investigate if a bout of exercise would prevent any negative effect of LCHF-diet on glucose tolerance. Seventeen females participated, age 23.5 ± 0.5 years; body mass index 21.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2, with a mean dietary intake of 78 ± 1 E% fat, 19 ± 1 E% protein and 3 ± 0 E% carbohydrates. Measurements were performed at baseline and post-intervention. Fasting glucose decreased from 4.7 ± 0.1 to 4.4 mmol/L (p < 0.001) during the dietary intervention whereas fasting insulin was unaffected. Glucose area under the curve (AUC) and insulin AUC did not change during an OGTT after the intervention. Before the intervention, a bout of aerobic exercise reduced fasting glucose (4.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and glucose AUC (739 ± 41 to 661 ± 25, p = 0.008) during OGTT the following morning. After the intervention, exercise did not reduce fasting glucose the following morning, and glucose AUC during an OGTT increased compared to the day before (789 ± 43 to 889 ± 40 mmol/L∙120min–1, p = 0.001). AUC for insulin was unaffected. The dietary intervention increased total cholesterol (p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (p ≤ 0.001), high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.011), triglycerides (p = 0.035), and free fatty acids (p = 0.021). In conclusion, 3-week LCHF-diet reduced fasting glucose, while glucose tolerance was unaffected. A bout of exercise post-intervention did not decrease AUC glucose as it did at baseline. Total cholesterol increased, mainly due to increments in low-density lipoprotein. LCHF-diets should be further evaluated and carefully considered for healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorhildur Ditta Valsdottir
- Department of Medicine, Atlantis Medical University College, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Henriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nancy Odden
- Department of Nutrition, Atlantis Medical University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per B Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Oslo Vascular Center, Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane C Westerberg
- Department of Nutrition, Atlantis Medical University College, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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12
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van Nierop FS, Meessen ECE, Nelissen KGM, Achterbergh R, Lammers LA, Vaz FM, Mathôt RAA, Klümpen HJ, Olde Damink SW, Schaap FG, Romijn JA, Kemper EM, Soeters MR. Differential effects of a 40-hour fast and bile acid supplementation on human GLP-1 and FGF19 responses. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E494-E502. [PMID: 31237451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00534.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) play an important role in postprandial metabolism. In this study, we investigated the postprandial bile acid response in plasma and its relation to insulin, GLP-1, and FGF19. First, we investigated the postprandial response to 40-h fast. Then we administered glycine-conjugated deoxycholic acid (gDCA) with the meal. We performed two separate observational randomized crossover studies on healthy, lean men. In experiment 1: we tested 4-h mixed meal after an overnight fast and a 40-h fast. In experiment 2, we tested a 4-h mixed meal test with and without gDCA supplementation. Both studies measured postprandial glucose, insulin, bile acids, GLP-1, and FGF19. In experiment 1, 40 h of fasting induced insulin resistance and increased postprandial GLP-1 and FGF19 concentrations. After an overnight fast, we observed strong correlations between postprandial insulin and gDCA levels at specific time points. In experiment 2, administration of gDCA increased GLP-1 levels and lowered late postprandial glucose without effect on FGF19. Energy expenditure was not affected by gDCA administration. Unexpectedly, 40 h of fasting increased both GLP-1 and FGF19, where the former appeared bile acid independent and the latter bile acid dependent. Second, a single dose of gDCA increased postprandial GLP-1. Therefore, our data add complexity to the physiological regulation of the enterokines GLP-1 and FGF19 by bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Samuel van Nierop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Emma C E Meessen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Kyra G M Nelissen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Roos Achterbergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Laureen A Lammers
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Heinz-Josef Klümpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - E Marleen Kemper
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
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13
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Frandsen J, Vest SD, Ritz C, Larsen S, Dela F, Helge JW. Plasma free fatty acid concentration is closely tied to whole body peak fat oxidation rate during repeated exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1563-1571. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00995.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma free fatty acids (FFA) are a major contributor to whole body fat oxidation during exercise. However, the extent to which manipulating plasma FFA concentrations will influence whole body peak fat oxidation rate (PFO) during exercise remains elusive. In this study we aimed to increase plasma FFA concentrations through a combination of fasting and repeated exercise bouts. We hypothesized that an increase in plasma FFA concentration would increase PFO in a dose-dependent manner. Ten healthy young (31 ± 6 yr) (mean ± SD) well-trained (maximal oxygen uptake 65.9 ± 6.1 ml·min−1·kg−1) men performed four graded exercise tests (GXTs) on 1 day. The GXTs were interspersed by 4 h of bed rest. This was conducted either in a fasted state or with the consumption of a standardized carbohydrate-rich meal 3.5 h before each GXT. Fasting and previous GXTs resulted in a gradual increase in PFO from 0.63 ± 0.18 g/min after an overnight fast (10 h) to 0.93 ± 0.17 g/min after ∼22 h of fasting and three previous GXTs. This increase in PFO coincided with an increase in plasma FFA concentrations ( r2 = 0.73, P < 0.0001). Ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich meal 3.5 h before each GXT resulted in unaltered PFO. This was also reflected in unchanged plasma FFA, glucose, and insulin concentrations. In this study we show that plasma FFA availability is closely tied to whole body PFO and that the length of fasting combined with previous exercise are robust stimuli toward increasing plasma FFA concentration, highlighting the importance for preexercise standardization when conducting GXTs measuring substrate oxidation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that peak fat oxidation is increased in close relationship with plasma free fatty acid availability after combined fasting and repeated incremental exercise tests in healthy highly trained men. Therefore it may be argued that whole body fat oxidation rate measured in most cases after an overnight fast indeed does not represent whole body maximal fat oxidation rate but a whole body peak fat oxidation rate within the context of the preexercise standardization obtained in the study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Frandsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Dahl Vest
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Maniyadath B, Chattopadhyay T, Verma S, Kumari S, Kulkarni P, Banerjee K, Lazarus A, Kokane SS, Shetty T, Anamika K, Kolthur-Seetharam U. Loss of Hepatic Oscillatory Fed microRNAs Abrogates Refed Transition and Causes Liver Dysfunctions. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2212-2226.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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15
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Antoine-Jonville S, El Khoury D, Faure C, Charlot K, Hue O, Hardy-Dessources MD. Metabolic response to oral glucose tolerance test performed in neutral and warm environmental temperature. Int J Hyperthermia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1623423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Antoine-Jonville
- Laboratoire ACTES (Adaptation Climat Tropical Exercice Santé, EA3596), Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Dalia El Khoury
- College of Social and Applied Human Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Cécile Faure
- Laboratoire ACTES (Adaptation Climat Tropical Exercice Santé, EA3596), Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Laboratoire ACTES (Adaptation Climat Tropical Exercice Santé, EA3596), Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
| | - Olivier Hue
- Laboratoire ACTES (Adaptation Climat Tropical Exercice Santé, EA3596), Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Hardy-Dessources
- UMR - INSERM 1134, Université des Antilles, Guadeloupe, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex (The red cell: from genesis to death), PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Gydesen S, Hjuler ST, Freving Z, Andreassen KV, Sonne N, Hellgren LI, Karsdal MA, Henriksen K. A novel dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist, KBP-089, induces weight loss through a reduction in fat, but not lean mass, while improving food preference. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:591-602. [PMID: 28109166 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Obesity and associated co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are major health challenges. Hence, there is an important need to develop weight loss therapies with the ability to reduce the co-morbidities. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of the dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA), KBP-089, on body weight, glucose homeostasis and fatty acid accumulation in liver and muscle tissue and on food preference was investigated. Furthermore, we elucidated weight-independent effects of KBP-089 using a weight-matched group. KEY RESULTS Rats fed a high-fat diet were treated, s.c., with KBP-089 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 μg·kg-1 or vehicle. KB-089 induced in a dose-dependent and sustained weight loss (~17% by 2.5 μg·kg-1 ). Moreover, KBP-089 reduced fat depot size and reduced lipid accumulation in muscle and liver. In Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats, KBP-089 improved glucose homeostasis through improved insulin action. To obtain a weight-matched group, significantly less food was offered (9% less than in the KBP-089 group). Weight matching led to improved glucose homeostasis by reducing plasma insulin; however, these effect were inferior compared to those of KBP-089. In the food preference test, rats fed a normal diet obtained 74% of their calories from chocolate. KBP-089 reduced total caloric intake and induced a relative increase in chow consumption while drastically reducing chocolate consumption compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The novel DACRA, KBP-089, induces a sustained weight loss, leading to improved metabolic parameters including food preference, and these are beyond those observed simply by diet-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Gydesen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars I Hellgren
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Clayton DJ, Burrell K, Mynott G, Creese M, Skidmore N, Stensel DJ, James LJ. Effect of 24-h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in lean men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1545-1553. [PMID: 27806971 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent severe energy restriction (SER) can induce substantial weight loss, but the appetite regulatory responses to SER are unknown and may dictate long-term dietary adherence. OBJECTIVE We determined the effect of 24-h SER on appetite regulation, metabolism, and energy intake. DESIGN Eighteen lean men and women completed two 3-d trials in randomized, counterbalanced order. On day 1 subjects consumed standardized diets containing 100% (mean ± SD: 9.3 ± 1.3 MJ; energy balance) or 25% [2.3 ± 0.3 MJ; energy restriction (ER)] of energy requirements. On day 2, a standardized breakfast was consumed, with plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids determined for 4 h. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at lunch and dinner with subjective appetite and resting metabolism assessed throughout. On day 3, ad libitum energy intake was assessed at breakfast and by weighed food records. RESULTS Energy intake was 7% greater on day 2 (P < 0.05) during ER but not significantly different on day 3 (P = 0.557). Subjective appetite was greater during ER on the morning of day 2 (P < 0.05) but was not significantly different thereafter (P > 0.145). During ER, postprandial concentrations of acylated ghrelin were lower (P < 0.05), whereas glucose (P < 0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (P < 0.0001) were higher. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 17-36 (P = 0.784) and insulin (P = 0.06) concentrations were not significantly different between trials. Energy expenditure was lower during ER in the morning (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In lean young adults, 24-h SER transiently elevated subjective appetite and marginally increased energy intake, but hormonal appetite markers did not respond in a manner indicative of hyperphagia. These results suggest that intermittent SER might be useful to attenuate energy intake and control body weight in this population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov.uk as NCT02696772.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Clayton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Burrell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Mynott
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Creese
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Skidmore
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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18
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Clayton DJ, Creese M, Skidmore N, Stensel DJ, James LJ. No effect of 24 h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in overweight and obese males. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1662-1670. [PMID: 27339607 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Long-term success of weight loss diets might depend on how the appetite regulatory system responds to energy restriction (ER). This study determined the effect of 24 h severe ER on subjective and hormonal appetite regulation, subsequent ad libitum energy intake and metabolism. SUBJECTS/METHODS In randomised order, eight overweight or obese males consumed a 24 h diet containing either 100% (12105 (1174 kJ; energy balance; EB) or 25% (3039 (295) kJ; ER) of estimated daily energy requirements (EER). An individualised standard breakfast containing 25% of EER (3216 (341) kJ) was consumed the following morning and resting energy expenditure, substrate utilisation and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-17-36), glucose-dependant insulinotropic peptide (GIP1-42), glucose, insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were determined for 4 h after breakfast. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed in the laboratory on day 2 and via food records on day 3. Subjective appetite was assessed throughout. RESULTS Energy intake was not different between trials for day 2 (EB: 14946 (1272) kJ; ER: 15251 (2114) kJ; P=0.623), day 3 (EB: 10580 (2457) kJ; 10812 (4357) kJ; P=0.832) or day 2 and 3 combined (P=0.693). Subjective appetite was increased during ER on day 1 (P<0.01), but was not different between trials on day 2 (P>0.381). Acylated ghrelin, GLP-17-36 and insulin were not different between trials (P>0.104). Post-breakfast area under the curve (AUC) for NEFA (P<0.05) and GIP1-42 (P<0.01) were greater during ER compared with EB. Fat oxidation was greater (P<0.01) and carbohydrate oxidation was lower (P<0.01) during ER, but energy expenditure was not different between trials (P=0.158). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 24 h severe ER does not affect appetite regulation or energy intake in the subsequent 48 h. This style of dieting may be conducive to maintenance of a negative EB by limiting compensatory eating behaviour, and therefore may assist with weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Clayton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - M Creese
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - N Skidmore
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - D J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - L J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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19
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O'Connor KL, Scisco JL, Smith TJ, Young AJ, Montain SJ, Price LL, Lieberman HR, Karl JP. Altered Appetite-Mediating Hormone Concentrations Precede Compensatory Overeating After Severe, Short-Term Energy Deprivation in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:209-17. [PMID: 26740683 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive responses of appetite-mediating hormones to negative energy balance are thought to contribute to a counterregulatory response that drives weight regain, but they have not been studied while controlling for reduced diet volume. OBJECTIVE In this secondary analysis, we aimed to determine the effects of short-term, severe energy deprivation (ED) on appetite and appetite-mediating hormone concentrations. METHODS Twenty-one adults with a mean ± SD age of 21 ± 3 y and body mass index of 25 ± 3 kg/m(2) consumed isovolumetric diets provided over separate 48-h periods while increasing habitual energy expenditure by 1683 ± 329 kcal/d through light- and moderate-intensity exercise. Energy intake was matched to energy expenditure to maintain energy balance (EB) (-44 ± 92 kcal/d) or was <10% of energy expenditure to generate a -3696 ± 742-kcal/d energy deficit. Postprandial appetite, glucose, insulin, acyl ghrelin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses and ad libitum energy intake were measured as secondary outcomes after both experimental periods. RESULTS Fasting insulin (-56% ± 42%) and acyl ghrelin (-60% ± 17%) concentrations decreased during ED but not during EB (condition-by-time interaction; P-interaction ≤ 0.01), whereas fasting leptin concentrations decreased more during ED compared with during EB (-47% ± 27% compared with -20% ± 27%; P-interaction = 0.05). Postprandial insulin (57% ± 63%; P < 0.001), GLP-1 (14% ± 28%; P = 0.04), and PP (54% ± 52%; P < 0.001) areas under the curve (AUCs) were higher, whereas the acyl ghrelin AUC was lower (-56% ± 13%; P < 0.001) after ED compared with after EB. After ED, self-rated appetite was greater, and ad libitum energy intake was 811 kcal/36 h (95% CI: 184, 1439 kcal/36 h) higher relative to after EB (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Short-term, severe ED suppressed acyl ghrelin concentrations and increased postprandial anorexigenic hormone concentrations. These effects preceded compensatory overeating, suggesting that in adults without obesity, altered sensitivity to appetite-mediating hormones may contribute to an adaptive counterregulatory response during the initial stages of negative EB. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01603550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L O'Connor
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Jenna L Scisco
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Tracey J Smith
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Andrew J Young
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Scott J Montain
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - Lori Lyn Price
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
| | - J Philip Karl
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA; and
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Investigation into the acute effects of total and partial energy restriction on postprandial metabolism among overweight/obese participants. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:951-9. [PMID: 26819200 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515005346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The intermittent energy restriction (IER) approach to weight loss involves short periods of substantial (75-100 %) energy restriction (ER) interspersed with normal eating. This study aimed to characterise the early metabolic response to these varying degrees of ER, which occurs acutely and prior to weight loss. Ten (three female) healthy, overweight/obese participants (36 (SEM 5) years; 29·0 (sem 1·1) kg/m2) took part in this acute three-way cross-over study. Participants completed three 1-d dietary interventions in a randomised order with a 1-week washout period: isoenergetic intake, partial 75 % ER and total 100 % ER. Fasting and postprandial (6-h) metabolic responses to a liquid test meal were assessed the following morning via serial blood sampling and indirect calorimetry. Food intake was also recorded for two subsequent days of ad libitum intake. Relative to the isoenergetic control, postprandial glucose responses were increased following total ER (+142 %; P=0·015) and to a lesser extent after partial ER (+76 %; P=0·051). There was also a delay in the glucose time to peak after total ER only (P=0·024). Both total and partial ER interventions produced comparable reductions in postprandial TAG responses (-75 and -59 %, respectively; both P<0·05) and 3-d energy intake deficits of approximately 30 % (both P=0·015). Resting and meal-induced thermogenesis were not significantly affected by either ER intervention. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the ability of substantial ER to acutely alter postprandial glucose-lipid metabolism (with partial ER producing the more favourable overall response), as well as incomplete energy-intake compensation amongst overweight/obese participants. Further investigations are required to establish how metabolism adapts over time to the repeated perturbations experienced during IER, as well as the implications for long-term health.
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Soeters MR, Soeters PB, Schooneman MG, Houten SM, Romijn JA. Adaptive reciprocity of lipid and glucose metabolism in human short-term starvation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1397-407. [PMID: 23074240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00397.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human organism has tools to cope with metabolic challenges like starvation that are crucial for survival. Lipolysis, lipid oxidation, ketone body synthesis, tailored endogenous glucose production and uptake, and decreased glucose oxidation serve to protect against excessive erosion of protein mass, which is the predominant supplier of carbon chains for synthesis of newly formed glucose. The starvation response shows that the adaptation to energy deficit is very effective and coordinated with different adaptations in different organs. From an evolutionary perspective, this lipid-induced effect on glucose oxidation and uptake is very strong and may therefore help to understand why insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is difficult to treat. The importance of reciprocity in lipid and glucose metabolism during human starvation should be taken into account when studying lipid and glucose metabolism in general and in pathophysiological conditions in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Rindler PM, Plafker SM, Szweda LI, Kinter M. High dietary fat selectively increases catalase expression within cardiac mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23204527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a predictor of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. One consequence of obesity is dyslipidemia characterized by high blood triglycerides. It has been proposed that oxidative stress, driven by utilization of lipids for energy, contributes to these diseases. The effects of oxidative stress are mitigated by an endogenous antioxidant enzyme network, but little is known about its response to high fat utilization. Our experiments used a multiplexed quantitative proteomics method to measure antioxidant enzyme expression in heart tissue in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. This experiment showed a rapid and specific up-regulation of catalase protein, with subsequent assays showing increases in activity and mRNA. Catalase, traditionally considered a peroxisomal protein, was found to be present in cardiac mitochondria and significantly increased in content and activity during high fat feeding. These data, coupled with the fact that fatty acid oxidation enhances mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production, suggest that a localized catalase increase is needed to consume excessive mitochondrial H(2)O(2) produced by increased fat metabolism. To determine whether the catalase-specific response is a common feature of physiological conditions that increase blood triglycerides and fatty acid oxidation, we measured changes in antioxidant expression in fasted versus fed mice. Indeed, a similar specific catalase increase was observed in mice fasted for 24 h. Our findings suggest a fundamental metabolic process in which catalase expression is regulated to prevent damage while preserving an H(2)O(2)-mediated sensing of diet composition that appropriately adjusts insulin sensitivity in the short term as needed to prioritize lipid metabolism for complete utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Rindler
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Isacco L, Duché P, Boisseau N. Influence of hormonal status on substrate utilization at rest and during exercise in the female population. Sports Med 2012; 42:327-42. [PMID: 22380007 DOI: 10.2165/11598900-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During exercise, substrate utilization plays a major role in performance and disease prevention. The contribution of fat and carbohydrates to energy expenditure during exercise is modulated by several factors, including intensity and duration of exercise, age, training and diet, but also gender. Because sex hormone levels change throughout a woman's lifetime (in connection with puberty, the menstrual cycle, use of oral contraceptives and menopause), the female population has to be considered specifically in terms of substrate utilization, and metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise. Before puberty, there is no difference between males and females when it comes to substrate oxidation during exercise. This is not the case during adulthood, since women are known to rely more on fat than men for the same relative intensity of exercise. Among adult women, the menstrual cycle and use of oral contraceptives may influence substrate oxidation. While some authors have noted that the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is connected with greater lipid oxidation, compared with the follicular stage, other authors have found no difference. Among oral contraceptive users, fat oxidation is sometimes increased during prolonged exercise with a concomitant rise in lipolytic hormones, as well as growth hormone. If this result is not always observed, the type of oral contraceptive (monophasic vs triphasic) and hormone doses may be implicated. Menopause represents a hormonal transition in a woman's life, leading to a decline in ovarian hormone production. A decrease in fat oxidation is consequently observed, and some studies have demonstrated a similar respiratory exchange ratio during prolonged exercise in postmenopausal women and in men. As is the case during puberty, no sex difference should thus appear after menopause in the absence of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). Results concerning women who take HRT remain conflicting. HRT may act on fat loss by increasing lipid metabolism, but this depends on how the treatment is administered (orally vs transdermally). To better understand the role of ovarian hormones in substrate oxidation, studies have made use of animal protocols to investigate cellular mechanisms. Estradiol and progesterone seem to have opposite effects, with greater lipid oxidation when estradiol is used alone. However, the concentrations used (physiological levels or pharmacological doses) may considerably modify fuel selection. In cases where conflicting data are observed in studies of substrate utilization and prolonged exercise in women, methodological reasons must be called into question. Too many parameters, which oftentimes are not specified, may modulate substrate utilization and metabolic and hormonal responses to prolonged exercise. Although information is generally provided about the type of exercise, its duration and the subjects' training level, detailed information is not always given about the subjects' nutritional state and, more specifically, the hormonal status of female subjects. The primary purpose of this review was to identify the impact of hormonal status on substrate oxidation among female subjects at rest and during exercise. A second aim was to describe gender differences in substrate utilization during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions, Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, France
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Astbury NM, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Breakfast consumption affects appetite, energy intake, and the metabolic and endocrine responses to foods consumed later in the day in male habitual breakfast eaters. J Nutr 2011; 141:1381-9. [PMID: 21562233 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.128645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of breakfast consumption on energy intake and the responses to foods consumed later in the day remain unclear. Twelve men of healthy body weight who reported regularly consuming breakfast (mean ± SD age 23.4 ± 7.3 y; BMI 23.5 ± 1.7 kg/m(2)) completed 2 trials using a randomized crossover design. Participants were provided with a 1050-kJ liquid preload 150 min after consuming a standardized breakfast (B) (10% daily energy requirement and 14, 14, and 72% energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively), or no breakfast (NB). Blood glucose and serum insulin responses to the preload (area under the curve) were higher in the NB condition (P < 0.05). Plasma FFA responses to the preload were higher in the NB condition (P < 0.01). Plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (P < 0.01) and plasma peptide Y (P < 0.05) responses were higher after the preload in the B condition. Desire to eat, fullness, and hunger ratings collected immediately prior to consuming the preload were all different from the fasting values in the NB condition (P < 0.05). Thus, immediately prior to consuming the preload, the fullness rating was lower and hunger and desire to eat ratings were higher in the NB condition (P < 0.05). Energy intake at the lunchtime test meal was ~17% lower in the B condition (P < 0.01). In conclusion, missing breakfast causes metabolic and hormonal differences in the responses to foods consumed later in the morning as well as differences in subjective appetite and a compensatory increase in energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerys M Astbury
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Ikeoka DT, Pachler C, Mader JK, Bock G, Neves AL, Svehlikova E, Feichtner F, Koehler G, Wrighton CJ, Pieber TR, Ellmerer M. Lipid-heparin infusion suppresses the IL-10 response to trauma in subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:715-21. [PMID: 21088675 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine productions in adipose tissue is thought to contribute to chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation and consequently to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), whose serum levels are elevated in such patients, have been shown to interfere with cytokine production in vitro. In order to evaluate the effects of elevated NEFA levels on cytokine production in adipose tissue in vivo we used an 18-gauge open-flow microperfusion (OFM) catheter to induce local inflammation in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of healthy volunteers and to sample interstitial fluid (IF) specifically from the inflamed tissue. In two crossover studies, nine subjects received either an intravenous lipid-heparin infusion to elevate circulating NEFA levels or saline over a period of 28 h. The former increased the circulating levels of triglycerides (TGs), NEFA, glucose, and insulin over the study period. NEFA effects on locally induced inflammation were estimated by measuring the levels of a panel adipokines in the OFM probe effluent. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels increased during the study period but were not affected by lipid-heparin infusion. In contrast, the level of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was significantly reduced during the final hour of lipid-heparin infusion (saline: 449.2 ± 105.9 vs. lipid-heparin: 65.4 ± 15.4 pg/ml; P = 0.02). These data provide the first in vivo evidence that elevated NEFA can modulate cytokine production by adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas T Ikeoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Eisert R. Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 181:1-17. [PMID: 21088842 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The domestic hypercarnivores cat and mink have a higher protein requirement than other domestic mammals. This has been attributed to adaptation to a hypercarnivorous diet and subsequent loss of the ability to downregulate amino acid catabolism. A quantitative analysis of brain glucose requirements reveals that in cats on their natural diet, a significant proportion of protein must be diverted into gluconeogenesis to supply the brain. According to the model presented here, the high protein requirement of the domestic cat is the result of routing of amino acids into gluconeogenesis to supply the needs of the brain and other glucose-requiring tissues, resulting in oxidation of amino acid in excess of the rate predicted for a non-hypercarnivorous mammal of the same size. Thus, cats and other small hypercarnivores do not have a high protein requirement per se, but a high endogenous glucose demand that is met by obligatory amino acid-based gluconeogenesis. It is predicted that for hypercarnivorous mammals with the same degree of encephalisation, endogenous nitrogen losses increase with decreasing metabolic mass as a result of the allometric relationships of brain mass and brain metabolic rate with body mass, possibly imposing a lower limit for body mass in hypercarnivorous mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Eisert
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, USA.
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27
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van der Heijden AAWA, Hu FB, Rimm EB, van Dam RM. A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among U.S. men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:2463-9. [PMID: 17925472 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the association between breakfast consumption and long-term weight gain in an adult male population. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We evaluated prospective data on 20,064 U.S men, 46 to 81 years of age, who participated in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Data on body weight, dietary factors, and lifestyle variables were obtained by validated questionnaires. We examined weight gain during 10 years of follow-up. RESULTS Overall, 5,857 men had a weight gain of 5 kg or greater during 10 years of follow-up. Breakfast consumption was inversely associated with the risk of 5-kg weight gain after adjustment for age [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.82)], and this association was independent of lifestyle and BMI at baseline [HR = 0.87 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.93)]. Fiber and nutrient intakes partially explained the association between breakfast consumption and weight gain. The inverse association between breakfast consumption and weight gain was more pronounced in men with a baseline BMI of 25 kg/m(2) or lower [multivariate HR = 0.78 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.87)] than in men who were overweight at baseline [HR = 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.00)]. Furthermore, we observed that an increasing number of eating occasions in addition to three standard meals was associated with a higher risk of 5-kg weight gain [HR = 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.25, for >or=2 vs. 0 additional eating occasions)]. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that the consumption of breakfast may modestly contribute to the prevention of weight gain as compared with skipping breakfast in middle-aged and older men.
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Kosmiski LA, Bessesen DH, Stotz SA, Koeppe JR, Horton TJ. Short-term overfeeding increases resting energy expenditure in patients with HIV lipodystrophy. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1009-15. [PMID: 17921378 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV lipodystrophy and other lipodystrophy syndromes are characterized by extensive loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Lipodystrophy syndromes are also associated with increased resting energy expenditure (REE). This hypermetabolism may be an adaptive response to an inability to store triacylglycerol fuel in a normal manner. OBJECTIVE This study was done to determine whether REE increases significantly after short-term overfeeding in patients with HIV lipodystrophy. DESIGN REE was measured in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy (n = 9) and in HIV-infected (n = 10) and healthy (n = 9) controls after 3 d on a eucaloric diet and again after 3 d on a diet of similar composition but increased in calories by 50%. RESULTS After 3 d of eucaloric feeding, REE was significantly higher in patients with HIV lipodystrophy [33.2 +/- 0.27 kcal/kg lean body mass (LBM)] than for both HIV-infected and healthy controls (29.9 +/- 0.26 and 29.6 +/- 0.27 kcal/kg LBM, respectively; P < 0.01). Furthermore, after 3 d of overfeeding, REE increased significantly in patients with HIV lipodystrophy but not in the control groups (33.2 +/- 0.27 vs 34.7 +/- 0.27 kcal/kg LBM; P < 0.01). Finally, postprandial thermogenesis did not differ among the groups after a "normal" test meal but tended to be higher in patients with HIV lipodystrophy than in healthy controls after a large test meal. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive thermogenesis in the resting component of total daily energy expenditure and in the postprandial period may be a feature of the HIV lipodystrophy syndrome and may be due to an inability to store triacylglycerol fuel in a normal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Kosmiski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Bergman BC, Cornier MA, Horton TJ, Bessesen DH. Effects of fasting on insulin action and glucose kinetics in lean and obese men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E1103-11. [PMID: 17684102 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00613.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of insulin resistance in the obese individual could impair the ability to appropriately adjust metabolism to perturbations in energy balance. We investigated a 12- vs. 48-h fast on hepatic glucose production (R(a)), peripheral glucose uptake (R(d)), and skeletal muscle insulin signaling in lean and obese subjects. Healthy lean [n = 14; age = 28.0 +/- 1.4 yr; body mass index (BMI) = 22.8 +/- 0.42] and nondiabetic obese (n = 11; age = 34.6 +/- 2.3 yr; BMI = 36.1 +/- 1.5) subjects were studied following a 12- and 48-h fast during 2 h of rest and a 3-h 40 mUxm(-2)xmin(-1) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC). Basal glucose R(a) decreased significantly from the 12- to 48-h fast (lean 1.96 +/- 0.23 to 1.63 +/- 0.15; obese 1.23 +/- 0.07 to 1.07 +/- 0.07 mgxkg(-1)xmin(-1); P = 0.004) and was equally suppressed during the HEC after both fasts. The increase in glucose R(d) during the HEC after the 12-h fast was significantly decreased in lean and obese subjects after the 48-h fast (lean 9.03 +/- 1.17 to 4.16 +/- 0.34, obese 6.10 +/- 0.77 to 3.56 +/- 0.30 mgxkg FFM(-1)xmin(-1); P < 0.001). After the 12- but not the 48-h fast, insulin-stimulated AKT Ser(473) phosphorylation was greater in lean than obese subjects. We conclude that 1) 48 h of fasting produces a marked decline in peripheral insulin action, while suppression of hepatic glucose production is maintained in lean and obese men and women; and 2) the magnitude of this decline is greater in lean vs. obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, PO Box 6511, MS 8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Kosmiski LA, Bessesen DH, Stotz SA, Koeppe JR, Horton TJ. Short-term energy restriction reduces resting energy expenditure in patients with HIV lipodystrophy and hypermetabolism. Metabolism 2007; 56:289-95. [PMID: 17224345 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that resting energy expenditure (REE) is increased in patients with HIV lipodystrophy. This hypermetabolism could be the result of an inadequate storage capacity for lipid fuel secondary to atrophy of the subcutaneous adipose tissue depot. Therefore, energy restriction may be able to alleviate this hypermetabolism. To test this hypothesis, we measured REE in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy and hypermetabolism and in HIV-infected and healthy controls. Measurements were taken during the overnight fasted state after 3 days on a eu-energetic diet and again after 3 days on a diet of similar composition but reduced in energy by 50%. After 3 days of eu-energetic feeding, REE was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy compared with healthy controls (139.5 +/- 1.3 vs 117.2 +/- 1.3 kJ/kg lean body mass, P < .001) and tended to be higher compared with HIV-infected subjects without lipodystrophy (139.5 +/- 13 vs 127.3 +/- 1.4 kJ/kg lean body mass, P = .06). Furthermore, energy restriction caused a significant decline in REE in patients with HIV lipodystrophy (P < .001). This dietary manipulation did not lead to a significant reduction in REE in either HIV-infected or healthy controls. This suggests that energy intake and REE may be uniquely coupled in patients with lipodystrophy as a means to dissipate energy that cannot be stored in a normal manner. A better understanding of this coupling would have important implications for weight regulation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Kosmiski
- Department of Medicine at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Graham TE. Exercise, postprandial triacylglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 29:781-99. [PMID: 15630150 DOI: 10.1139/h04-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An elevation of plasma triacylglycerides (TAG) is a well recognized cardiovascular risk factor. Less appreciated is that high and prolonged elevations in TAG in the postprandial (PP) phase is also a risk factor. Given that we spend approximately 18 hrs a day in the PP state, this is particularly critical. The elevation is due to both cylomicron and very low density lipoprotein TAG. It is thought that enhancing the concentrations of these lipoproprotein fractions increases the production of smaller, more dense low density lipoprotein and that this leads to increased cardiovascular disease risk. The PP TAG response is greater in men, in obese individuals, and in type 2 diabetics. It has been reported repeatedly that exercise the day before ingestion of a high fat meal is associated with a marked dampening of the PP TAG rise. The mechanisms for this are not clear and do not appear to be due to changes in the exercised muscle itself. There is some speculation that the production of plasma TAG may be decreased. The exercise benefits are lost within 3 days. The minimum exercise required has not been determined, but even 30 min of intermittent aerobic exercise or mild resistance exercise has a positive effect. This demonstrates a clear benefit from an active lifestyle and one that does not require intense exercise or months of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry E Graham
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:69-73. [PMID: 15640462 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged dietary restriction increases the life span in rodents. Some evidence suggests that alternate-day fasting may also prolong the life span. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine whether alternate-day fasting is a feasible method of dietary restriction in nonobese humans and whether it improves known biomarkers of longevity. DESIGN Nonobese subjects (8 men and 8 women) fasted every other day for 22 d. Body weight, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), temperature, fasting serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and ghrelin were assessed at baseline and after 21 d (12-h fast) and 22 d (36-h fast) of alternate-day fasting. Visual analogue scales were used to assess hunger weekly. RESULTS Subjects lost 2.5 +/- 0.5% of their initial body weight (P < 0.001) and 4 +/- 1% of their initial fat mass (P < 0.001). Hunger increased on the first day of fasting and remained elevated (P < 0.001). RMR and RQ did not change significantly from baseline to day 21, but RQ decreased on day 22 (P < 0.001), which resulted in an average daily increase in fat oxidation of > or =15 g. Glucose and ghrelin did not change significantly from baseline with alternate-day fasting, whereas fasting insulin decreased 57 +/- 4% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Alternate-day fasting was feasible in nonobese subjects, and fat oxidation increased. However, hunger on fasting days did not decrease, perhaps indicating the unlikelihood of continuing this diet for extended periods of time. Adding one small meal on a fasting day may make this approach to dietary restriction more acceptable.
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Chwalibog A, Tauson AH, Thorbek G. Energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in pigs during feeding, starvation and re-feeding. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2004; 88:101-12. [PMID: 15059233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2003.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism and substrate oxidation was measured in 12 growing pigs by means of indirect calorimetry and nutrient balances. The measurements were carried out during 5 days of feeding followed by 4 days of starvation and 5 days of re-feeding. During the feeding period, dietary carbohydrates were the main energy source, sufficient to cover energy requirements without oxidation of fat. Starvation reduced the total heat production and affected the oxidation pattern by reducing protein oxidation and shifting from carbohydrate to fat oxidation. On the second day of starvation, the main energy source was body fat and there was no oxidation of carbohydrate. On the second day of re-feeding, the heat production reached the same level as during the feeding period. Also, during the second day of re-feeding, the pattern of nutrient oxidation was similar to the feeding period with oxidation of carbohydrate providing 90% and oxidation of protein providing 10% of the total heat production. There was no fat oxidation. The results demonstrated that the growing pigs were able to re-establish oxidative patterns already 2 days after re-alimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chwalibog
- Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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