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Adepu KK, Anishkin A, Adams SH, Chintapalli SV. A versatile delivery vehicle for cellular oxygen and fuels or metabolic sensor? A review and perspective on the functions of myoglobin. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1611-1642. [PMID: 38696337 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A canonical view of the primary physiological function of myoglobin (Mb) is that it is an oxygen (O2) storage protein supporting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, especially as the tissue O2 partial pressure (Po2) drops and Mb off-loads O2. Besides O2 storage/transport, recent findings support functions for Mb in lipid trafficking and sequestration, interacting with cellular glycolytic metabolites such as lactate (LAC) and pyruvate (PYR), and "ectopic" expression in some types of cancer cells and in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Data from Mb knockout (Mb-/-) mice and biochemical models suggest additional metabolic roles for Mb, especially regulation of nitric oxide (NO) pools, modulation of BAT bioenergetics, thermogenesis, and lipid storage phenotypes. From these and other findings in the literature over many decades, Mb's function is not confined to delivering O2 in support of oxidative phosphorylation but may serve as an O2 sensor that modulates intracellular Po2- and NO-responsive molecular signaling pathways. This paradigm reflects a fundamental change in how oxidative metabolism and cell regulation are viewed in Mb-expressing cells such as skeletal muscle, heart, brown adipocytes, and select cancer cells. Here, we review historic and emerging views related to the physiological roles for Mb and present working models illustrating the possible importance of interactions between Mb, gases, and small-molecule metabolites in regulation of cell signaling and bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Adepu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Sean H Adams
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
- Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
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2
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Ye L, Chen H, Ma P, Wu D. High-intensity interval training improves hypothalamic inflammation by suppressing HIF-1α signaling in microglia of male C57BL/6J mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23770. [PMID: 38995817 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400289r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Repeated bouts of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) induce an improvement in metabolism via plasticity of melanocortin circuits and attenuated hypothalamic inflammation. HIF-1α, which plays a vital role in hypothalamus-mediated regulation of peripheral metabolism, is enhanced in the hypothalamus by HIIT. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT on hypothalamic HIF-1α expression and peripheral metabolism in obese mice and the underlying molecular mechanisms. By using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model, we determined the effect of HIIT on energy balance and the expression of the hypothalamic appetite-regulating neuropeptides, POMC and NPY. Moreover, hypothalamic HIF-1α signaling and its downstream glycolytic enzymes were explored after HIIT intervention. The state of microglia and microglial NF-κB signaling in the hypothalamus were also examined in vivo. In vitro by using an adenovirus carrying shRNA-HIF1β, we explored the impact of HIF-1 signaling on glycolysis and NF-κB inflammatory signaling in BV2 cells. Food intake was suppressed and whole-body metabolism was improved in exercised DIO mice, accompanied by changes in the expression of POMC and NPY. Moreover, total and microglial HIF-1α signaling were obviously attenuated in the hypothalamus, consistent with the decreased levels of glycolytic enzymes. Both HFD-induced microglial activation and hypothalamic NF-κB signaling were significantly suppressed following HIIT in vivo. In BV2 cells, after HIF-1 complex knockdown, glycolysis and NF-κB inflammatory signaling were significantly attenuated. The data indicate that HIIT improves peripheral metabolism probably via attenuated HFD-induced microglial activation and microglial NF-κB signaling in the hypothalamus, which could be mediated by suppressed microglial HIF-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Feng X, Chen Y, Yan T, Lu H, Wang C, Zhao L. Effects of various living-low and training-high modes with distinct training prescriptions on sea-level performance: A network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297007. [PMID: 38635743 PMCID: PMC11025749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to separately compare and rank the effect of various living-low and training-high (LLTH) modes on aerobic and anaerobic performances in athletes, focusing on training intensity, modality, and volume, through network meta-analysis. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane from their inception date to June 30, 2023. Based on the hypoxic training modality and the intensity and duration of work intervals, LLTH was divided into intermittent hypoxic exposure, continuous hypoxic training, repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH; work interval: 5-10 s and rest interval: approximately 30 s), interval sprint training in hypoxia (ISH; work interval: 15-30 s), short-duration high-intensity interval training (s-IHT; short work interval: 1-2 min), long-duration high-intensity interval training (l-IHT; long work interval: > 5 min), and continuous and interval training under hypoxia. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean differences (SMDs) among the effects of various hypoxic interventions on aerobic and anaerobic performances. From 2,072 originally identified titles, 56 studies were included in the analysis. The pooled data from 53 studies showed that only l-IHT (SMDs: 0.78 [95% credible interval; CrI, 0.52-1.05]) and RSH (SMDs: 0.30 [95% CrI, 0.10-0.50]) compared with normoxic training effectively improved athletes' aerobic performance. Furthermore, the pooled data from 29 studies revealed that active intermittent hypoxic training compared with normoxic training can effectively improve anaerobic performance, with SMDs ranging from 0.97 (95% CrI, 0.12-1.81) for l-IHT to 0.32 (95% CrI, 0.05-0.59) for RSH. When adopting a program for LLTH, sufficient duration and work intensity intervals are key to achieving optimal improvements in athletes' overall performance, regardless of the potential improvement in aerobic or anaerobic performance. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that this study incorporated merely one study on the improvement of anaerobic performance by l-IHT, undermining the credibility of the results. Accordingly, more related studies are needed in the future to provide evidence-based support. It seems difficult to achieve beneficial adaptive changes in performance with intermittent passive hypoxic exposure and continuous low-intensity hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Feng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Teishuai Yan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangang Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Linin Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
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Burtscher J, Raberin A, Brocherie F, Malatesta D, Manferdelli G, Citherlet T, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Recommendations for Women in Mountain Sports and Hypoxia Training/Conditioning. Sports Med 2024; 54:795-811. [PMID: 38082199 PMCID: PMC11052836 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The (patho-)physiological responses to hypoxia are highly heterogeneous between individuals. In this review, we focused on the roles of sex differences, which emerge as important factors in the regulation of the body's reaction to hypoxia. Several aspects should be considered for future research on hypoxia-related sex differences, particularly altitude training and clinical applications of hypoxia, as these will affect the selection of the optimal dose regarding safety and efficiency. There are several implications, but there are no practical recommendations if/how women should behave differently from men to optimise the benefits or minimise the risks of these hypoxia-related practices. Here, we evaluate the scarce scientific evidence of distinct (patho)physiological responses and adaptations to high altitude/hypoxia, biomechanical/anatomical differences in uphill/downhill locomotion, which is highly relevant for exercising in mountainous environments, and potentially differential effects of altitude training in women. Based on these factors, we derive sex-specific recommendations for mountain sports and intermittent hypoxia conditioning: (1) Although higher vulnerabilities of women to acute mountain sickness have not been unambiguously shown, sex-dependent physiological reactions to hypoxia may contribute to an increased acute mountain sickness vulnerability in some women. Adequate acclimatisation, slow ascent speed and/or preventive medication (e.g. acetazolamide) are solutions. (2) Targeted training of the respiratory musculature could be a valuable preparation for altitude training in women. (3) Sex hormones influence hypoxia responses and hormonal-cycle and/or menstrual-cycle phases therefore may be factors in acclimatisation to altitude and efficiency of altitude training. As many of the recommendations or observations of the present work remain partly speculative, we join previous calls for further quality research on female athletes in sports to be extended to the field of altitude and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Hohenauer E, Bianchi G, Wellauer V, Taube W, Clijsen R. Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:70. [PMID: 38520001 PMCID: PMC10960417 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. METHODS This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. RESULTS SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04902924, May 26th 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland.
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - G Bianchi
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - V Wellauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Clijsen
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Ping X, Li Q, Ding M, Wang X, Tang C, Yu Z, Yi Q, He Y, Zheng L. Effects of hypoxic compound exercise to promote HIF-1α expression on cardiac pumping function, sleep activity behavior, and exercise capacity in Drosophila. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23499. [PMID: 38430222 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Alteration of HIF-1α expression levels under hypoxic conditions affects the sequence of its downstream target genes thereby producing different effects. In order to investigate whether the effect of hypoxic compound exercise (HE) on HIF-1α expression alters cardiac pumping function, myocardial structure, and exercise capacity, we developed a suitable model of hypoxic exercise using Drosophila, a model organism, and additionally investigated the effect of hypoxic compound exercise on nocturnal sleep and activity behavior. The results showed that hypoxic compound exercise at 6% oxygen concentration for five consecutive days, lasting 1 h per day, significantly improved the cardiac stress resistance of Drosophila. The hypoxic complex exercise promoted the whole-body HIF-1α expression in Drosophila, and improved the jumping ability, climbing ability, moving speed, and moving distance. The expression of HIF-1α in the heart was increased after hypoxic exercise, which made a closer arrangement of myofilaments, an increase in the diameter of cardiac tubules, and an increase in the pumping function of the heart. The hypoxic compound exercise improved the sleep quality of Drosophila by increasing its nocturnal sleep time, the number of deep sleeps, and decreasing its nocturnal awakenings and activities. Therefore, we conclude that hypoxic compound exercise promoted the expression of HIF-1α to enhance the exercise capacity and heart pumping function of Drosophila, and improved the quality of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ping
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiufang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yupeng He
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Girard O, Peeling P, Racinais S, Périard JD. Combining Heat and Altitude Training to Enhance Temperate, Sea-Level Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:322-327. [PMID: 38237571 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated exposure to heat (ie, plasma volume expansion) or altitude (ie, increase in total hemoglobin mass), in conjunction with exercise, induces hematological adaptations that enhance endurance performance in each respective environment. Recently, combining heat and altitude training has become increasingly common for athletes preparing to compete in temperate, sea-level conditions. PURPOSE To review the physiological adaptations to training interventions combining thermal and hypoxic stimuli and summarize the implications for temperate, sea-level performance. Current Evidence: To date, research on combining heat and hypoxia has employed 2 main approaches: simultaneously combining the stressors during training or concurrently training in the heat and sleeping at altitude, sometimes with additional training in hypoxia. When environmental stimuli are combined in a training session, improvements in aerobic fitness and time-trial performance in temperate, sea-level conditions are generally similar in magnitude to those observed with heat, or altitude, training alone. Similarly, training in the heat and sleeping at altitude does not appear to provide any additional hematological or nonhematological benefits for temperate; sea-level performance relative to training in hot, hypoxic, or control conditions. CONCLUSIONS Current research regarding combined heat and altitude interventions does not seem to indicate that it enhances temperate, sea-level performance to a greater extent than "traditional" (heat or hypoxia alone) training approaches. A major challenge in implementing combined-stressor approaches lies in the uncertainty surrounding the prescription of dosing regimens (ie, exercise and environmental stress). The potential benefits of conducting heat and altitude exposure sequentially (ie, one after the other) warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Environmental Stress Unit, CREPS Montpellier-Font Romeu, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Urdampilleta Otegui A, Roche Collado E. Intermittent hypoxia in sport nutrition, performance, health status and body composition. NUTR HOSP 2024; 41:224-229. [PMID: 38095103 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intermittent hypoxia refers to the discontinuous use of low oxygen levels in normobaric environment. These conditions can be reproduced in hypoxic tents or chambers while the individual is training in different physical activity protocols. Intermittent hypoxia can affect several body systems, impacting nutrition, physical performance, health status and body composition. Therefore, it is necessary to assess protocols, regarding time and frequency of exposure, passive exposure or training in hypoxia, and the simulated altitude. At the molecular level, the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is the primary factor mediating induction of target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. The goal of these molecular changes is to preserve oxygen supply for cardiac and neuronal function. In addition, hypoxia produces a sympathetic adrenal activation that can increase the resting metabolic rate. Altogether, these changes are instrumental in protocols designed to improve physical performance as well as functional parameters for certain pathological disorders. In addition, nutrition must adapt to the increased energy expenditure. In this last context, performing physical activity in intermittent hypoxia improves insulin sensitivity by increasing the presence of the glucose transporter GLUT-4 in muscle membranes. These changes could also be relevant for obesity and type 2 diabetes treatment. Also, the anorectic effect of intermittent hypoxia modulates serotonin and circulating leptin levels, which may contribute to regulate food intake and favor body weight adaptation for optimal sport performance and health. All these actions suggest that intermittent hypoxia can be a very effective tool in sports training as well as in certain clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Roche Collado
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition. Institute of Bioengineering. Universidad Miguel Hernández
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Reitzner SM, Emanuelsson EB, Arif M, Kaczkowski B, Kwon AT, Mardinoglu A, Arner E, Chapman MA, Sundberg CJ. Molecular profiling of high-level athlete skeletal muscle after acute endurance or resistance exercise - A systems biology approach. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101857. [PMID: 38141850 PMCID: PMC10805945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term high-level exercise training leads to improvements in physical performance and multi-tissue adaptation following changes in molecular pathways. While skeletal muscle baseline differences between exercise-trained and untrained individuals have been previously investigated, it remains unclear how training history influences human multi-omics responses to acute exercise. METHODS We recruited and extensively characterized 24 individuals categorized as endurance athletes with >15 years of training history, strength athletes or control subjects. Timeseries skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from M. vastus lateralis at three time-points after endurance or resistance exercise was performed and multi-omics molecular analysis performed. RESULTS Our analyses revealed distinct activation differences of molecular processes such as fatty- and amino acid metabolism and transcription factors such as HIF1A and the MYF-family. We show that endurance athletes have an increased abundance of carnitine-derivates while strength athletes increase specific phospholipid metabolites compared to control subjects. Additionally, for the first time, we show the metabolite sorbitol to be substantially increased with acute exercise. On transcriptional level, we show that acute resistance exercise stimulates more gene expression than acute endurance exercise. This follows a specific pattern, with endurance athletes uniquely down-regulating pathways related to mitochondria, translation and ribosomes. Finally, both forms of exercise training specialize in diverging transcriptional directions, differentiating themselves from the transcriptome of the untrained control group. CONCLUSIONS We identify a "transcriptional specialization effect" by transcriptional narrowing and intensification, and molecular specialization effects on metabolomic level Additionally, we performed multi-omics network and cluster analysis, providing a novel resource of skeletal muscle transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling in highly trained and untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Reitzner
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bogumil Kaczkowski
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Andrew Tj Kwon
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Arner
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1 Chome-3-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Integrated Engineering, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalà Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
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10
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Chang WY, Wu KC, Yang AL, Chen YL. Simulated Altitude Training and Sport Performance: Protocols and Physiological Effects. APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 13:11381. [DOI: 10.3390/app132011381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the physiological mechanisms and effects of simulated hypoxia environment training on sports performance. Different training protocols, including hypoxia high-intensity interval training (HHIIT), incremental hypoxia training, hypoxia submaximal exercise training and combined training, and hypoxia training in the recovery and sleep states, are discussed. HHIIT combines intermittent hypoxia exposure with high-intensity interval training, and has been shown to increase the maximum oxygen intake compare to the state of normoxia, improving cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle oxygen utilization, power performance, hematological adaptations, and sports performance. Incremental hypoxia training involves the gradual decrease in oxygen concentration while maintaining exercise intensity. It has been found to improve aerobic capacity; however, fewer effects were observed in hematological variables. Hypoxia submaximal exercise training and combined training in a hypoxia environment has shown to increase VO2 and VE, and only improve hemodynamic function in combined training with hypoxia. Hypoxia during the recovery state has been associated with improvements in maximum oxygen uptake, also providing benefits to sports performance. Overall, exposure to a hypoxia environment has been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory endurance, power performance, and specific physiological adaptations in training and resting states. However, the optimal training protocols and their effects on different sports and athlete proficiency require further research to optimize training and enhance athletic performance in hypoxia environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yeh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Lun Yang
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
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11
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Yu Q, Kong Z, Zou L, Chapman R, Shi Q, Nie J. Comparative efficacy of various hypoxic training paradigms on maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:366-375. [PMID: 37854170 PMCID: PMC10580050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) induced by hypoxic training is important for both athletes and non-athletes. However, the lack of comparison of multiple paradigms and the exploration of related modulating factors leads to the inability to recommend the optimal regimen in different situations. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of seven common hypoxic training paradigms on VO2max and associated moderators. Methods Electronic (i.e., five databases) and manual searches were performed, and 42 studies involving 1246 healthy adults were included. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to compare different hypoxic training paradigms and hypoxic training and control conditions. The Bayesian network meta-analysis model was applied to calculate the standardised mean differences (SMDs) of pre-post VO2max alteration among hypoxic training paradigms in overall, athlete, and non-athlete populations, while meta-regression analyses were employed to explore the relationships between covariates and SMDs. Results All seven hypoxic training paradigms were effective to varying degrees, with SMDs ranging from 1.45 to 7.10. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT) had the highest probability of being the most efficient hypoxic training paradigm in the overall population and athlete subgroup (42%, 44%), whereas intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) was the most promising hypoxic training paradigm among non-athletes (66%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that saturation hours (coefficient, 0.004; P = 0.038; 95% CI [0.0002, 0.0085]) accounted for variations of VO2max improvement induced by IHT. Conclusion Efficient hypoxic training paradigms for VO2max gains differed between athletes and non-athletes, with IHIT ranking best for athletes and IHT for non-athletes. The practicability of saturation hours is confirmed with respect to dose-response issues in the future hypoxic training and associated scientific research. Registration This study was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022333548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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12
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Feng X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Wang Z, Lu H, Wang C. Optimal type and dose of hypoxic training for improving maximal aerobic capacity in athletes: a systematic review and Bayesian model-based network meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1223037. [PMID: 37745240 PMCID: PMC10513096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1223037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to compare and rank the effect of hypoxic practices on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in athletes and determine the hypoxic dose-response correlation using network meta-analysis. Methods: The Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, and EBSCO databases were systematically search for randomized controlled trials on the effect of hypoxc interventions on the VO2max of athletes published from inception until 21 February 2023. Studies that used live-high train-high (LHTH), live-high train-low (LHTL), live-high, train-high/low (HHL), intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), and intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) interventions were primarily included. LHTL was further defined according to the type of hypoxic environment (natural and simulated) and the altitude of the training site (low altitude and sea level). A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean difference between the effects of various hypoxic interventions on VO2max and dose-response correlation. Furthermore, the hypoxic dosage of the different interventions were coordinated using the "kilometer hour" model. Results: From 2,072 originally identified titles, 59 studies were finally included in this study. After data pooling, LHTL, LHTH, and IHT outperformed normoxic training in improving the VO2max of athletes. According to the P-scores, LHTL combined with low altitude training was the most effective intervention for improving VO2max (natural: 0.92 and simulated: 0.86) and was better than LHTL combined with sea level training (0.56). A reasonable hypoxic dose range for LHTH (470-1,130 kmh) and HL (500-1,415 kmh) was reported with an inverted U-shaped curve relationship. Conclusion: Different types of hypoxic training compared with normoxic training serve as significant approaches for improving aerobic capacity in athletes. Regardless of the type of hypoxic training and the residential condition, LHTL with low altitude training was the most effective intervention. The characteristics of the dose-effect correlation of LHTH and LHTL may be associated with the negative effects of chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Feng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zihao Wang
- Capital Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangang Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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13
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Davie A, Beavers R, Hargitaiová K, Denham J. The Emerging Role of Hypoxic Training for the Equine Athlete. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2799. [PMID: 37685063 PMCID: PMC10486977 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the physiological impacts of hypoxic training, its benefits to endurance performance, and a rationale for utilizing it to improve performance in the equine athlete. All exercise-induced training adaptations are governed by genetics. Exercise prescriptions can be tailored to elicit the desired physiological adaptations. Although the application of hypoxic stimuli on its own is not ideal to promote favorable molecular responses, exercise training under hypoxic conditions provides an optimal environment for maximizing physiological adaptations to enhance endurance performance. The combination of exercise training and hypoxia increases the activity of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway compared to training under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is known as a master regulator of the expression of genes since over 100 genes are responsive to HIF-1α. For instance, HIF-1-inducible genes include those critical to erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and glucose transport, all of which are intergral in physiological adaptations for endurance performance. Further, hypoxic training could conceivably have a role in equine rehabilitation when high-impact training is contraindicated but a quality training stimulus is desired. This is achievable through purpose-built equine motorized treadmills inside commercial hypoxic chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Davie
- Australian Equine Racing and Research Centre, Ballina, NSW 2478, Australia
| | - Rosalind Beavers
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Kristýna Hargitaiová
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4305, Australia;
- Centre for Health Research, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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14
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Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Takahashi Y, Yoshida T, Kawano A, Matsuhashi T, Miyata H, Kuwahara M, Ohmura H. Acute exercise in a hot environment increases heat shock protein 70 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α mRNA in Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1230212. [PMID: 37671280 PMCID: PMC10475567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1230212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat acclimatization or acclimation training in horses is practiced to reduce physiological strain and improve exercise performance in the heat, which can involve metabolic improvement in skeletal muscle. However, there is limited information concerning the acute signaling responses of equine skeletal muscle after exercise in a hot environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that exercise in hot conditions induces greater changes in heat shock proteins and mitochondrial-related signaling in equine skeletal muscle compared with exercise in cool conditions. Fifteen trained Thoroughbred horses [4.6 ± 0.4 (mean ± SE) years old; 503 ± 14 kg] were assigned to perform a treadmill exercise test in cool conditions [COOL; Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), 12.5°C; n = 8] or hot conditions (HOT; WBGT, 29.5°C; n = 7) consisting of walking at 1.7 m/s for 1 min, trotting at 4 m/s for 5 min, and cantering at 7 m/s for 2 min and at 90% of VO2max for 2 min, followed by walking at 1.7 m/s for 20 min. Heart rate during exercise and plasma lactate concentration immediately after exercise were measured. Biopsy samples were obtained from the middle gluteal muscle before and at 4 h after exercise, and relative quantitative analysis of mRNA expression using real-time RT-PCR was performed. Data were analyzed with using mixed models. There were no significant differences between the two groups in peak heart rate (COOL, 213 ± 3 bpm; HOT, 214 ± 4 bpm; p = 0.782) and plasma lactate concentration (COOL, 13.1 ± 1.4 mmoL/L; HOT, 17.5 ± 1.7 mmoL/L; p = 0.060), while HSP-70 (COOL, 1.9-fold, p = 0.207; HOT, 2.4-fold, p = 0.045), PGC-1α (COOL, 3.8-fold, p = 0.424; HOT, 8.4-fold, p = 0.010), HIF-1α (COOL, 1.6-fold, p = 0.315; HOT, 2.2-fold, p = 0.018) and PDK4 (COOL, 7.6-fold, p = 0.412; HOT, 14.1-fold, p = 0.047) mRNA increased significantly only in HOT at 4 h after exercise. These data indicate that acute exercise in a hot environment facilitates protective response to heat stress (HSP-70), mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α and HIF-1α) and fatty acid oxidation (PDK4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Ebisuda
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Yoshida
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Aoto Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Matsuhashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kuwahara
- Department of Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Racehorse Hospital, Miho Training Center, Inashiki, Japan
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15
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Sharma P, Mohanty S, Ahmad Y. A study of survival strategies for improving acclimatization of lowlanders at high-altitude. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14929. [PMID: 37025911 PMCID: PMC10070159 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Acclimatization and therapeutic approaches are the core components for conquering the physiological variations at high altitude (≥2500 m) exposure. The declined atmospheric pressure and reduced partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes tend to decrease the temperature by several folds. Hypobaric hypoxia is a major threat to humanity at high altitudes, and its potential effects include altitude mountain sickness. On severity, it may lead to the development of conditions like high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) or high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and cause unexpected physiological changes in the healthy population of travelers, athletes, soldiers, and low landers while sojourning at high altitude. Previous investigations have been done on long-drawn-out acclimatization strategies such as the staging method to prevent the damage caused by high-altitude hypobaric Hypoxia. Inherent Limitations of this strategy hamper the daily lifestyle and time consuming for people. It is not suitable for the rapid mobilization of people at high altitudes. There is a need to recalibrate acclimatization strategies for improving health protection and adapting to the environmental variations at high altitudes. This narrative review details the geographical changes and physiological changes at high altitudes and presents a framework of acclimatization, pre-acclimatization, and pharmacological aspects of high-altitude survival to enhance the government efficacy and capacity for the strategic planning of acclimatization, use of therapeutics, and safe de-induction from high altitude for minimizing the life loss. It's simply too ambitious for the importance of the present review to reduce life loss, and it can be proved as the most essential aspect of the preparatory phase of high-altitude acclimatization in plateau regions without hampering the daily lifestyle. The application of pre-acclimatization techniques can be a boon for people serving at high altitudes, and it can be a short bridge for the rapid translocation of people at high altitudes by minimizing the acclimatization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Swaraj Mohanty
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
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Jacobs N, Mos D, Bloemers FW, van der Laarse WJ, Jaspers RT, van der Zwaard S. Low myoglobin concentration in skeletal muscle of elite cyclists is associated with low mRNA expression levels. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05161-z. [PMID: 36877252 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin is essential for oxygen transport to the muscle fibers. However, measurements of myoglobin (Mb) protein concentrations within individual human muscle fibers are scarce. Recent observations have revealed surprisingly low Mb concentrations in elite cyclists, however it remains unclear whether this relates to Mb translation, transcription and/or myonuclear content. The aim was to compare Mb concentration, Mb messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels and myonuclear content within muscle fibers of these elite cyclists with those of physically-active controls. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis in 29 cyclists and 20 physically-active subjects. Mb concentration was determined by peroxidase staining for both type I and type II fibers, Mb mRNA expression level was determined by quantitative PCR and myonuclear domain size (MDS) was obtained by immunofluorescence staining. Average Mb concentrations (mean ± SD: 0.38 ± 0.04 mM vs. 0.48 ± 0.19 mM; P = 0.014) and Mb mRNA expression levels (0.067 ± 0.019 vs. 0.088 ± 0.027; P = 0.002) were lower in cyclists compared to controls. In contrast, MDS and total RNA per mg muscle were not different between groups. Interestingly, in cyclists compared to controls, Mb concentration was only lower for type I fibers (P < 0.001), but not for type II fibers (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the lower Mb concentration in muscle fibers of elite cyclists is partly explained by lower Mb mRNA expression levels per myonucleus and not by a lower myonuclear content. It remains to be determined whether cyclists may benefit from strategies that upregulate Mb mRNA expression levels, particularly in type I fibers, to enhance their oxygen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jacobs
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniek Mos
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank W Bloemers
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Timon R, Martinez-Guardado I, Brocherie F. Effects of Intermittent Normobaric Hypoxia on Health-Related Outcomes in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:19. [PMID: 36843041 PMCID: PMC9968673 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is a degenerative process that is associated with an increased risk of diseases. Intermittent hypoxia has been investigated in reference to performance and health-related functions enhancement. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effect of either passive or active intermittent normobaric hypoxic interventions compared with normoxia on health-related outcomes in healthy older adults. METHODS Relevant studies were searched from PubMed and Web of Science databases in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (since their inceptions up until August 9, 2022) using the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomized controlled trials, clinical trials and pilot studies; (2) Studies involving humans aged > 50 years old and without any chronic diseases diagnosed; (3) interventions based on in vivo intermittent systemic normobaric hypoxia exposure; (4) articles focusing on the analysis of health-related outcomes (body composition, metabolic, bone, cardiovascular, functional fitness or quality of life). Cochrane Collaboration recommendations were used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS From 509 articles initially found, 17 studies were included. All interventions were performed in moderate normobaric hypoxia, with three studies using passive exposure, and the others combining intermittent hypoxia with training protocols (i.e., using resistance-, whole body vibration- or aerobic-based exercise). CONCLUSIONS Computed results indicate a limited effect of passive/active intermittent hypoxia (ranging 4-24 weeks, 2-4 days/week, 16-120 min/session, 13-16% of fraction of inspired oxygen or 75-85% of peripheral oxygen saturation) compared to similar intervention in normoxia on body composition, functional fitness, cardiovascular and bone health in healthy older (50-75 years old) adults. Only in specific settings (i.e., intermediate- or long-term interventions with high intensity/volume training sessions repeated at least 3 days per week), may intermittent hypoxia elicit beneficial effects. Further research is needed to determine the dose-response of passive/active intermittent hypoxia in the elderly. TRIAL REGISTRATION SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022338648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Timon
- Sport Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Extremadura, Av/ Universidad s/n, 10004, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ismael Martinez-Guardado
- grid.464701.00000 0001 0674 2310BRABE Group. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Franck Brocherie
- grid.418501.90000 0001 2163 2398Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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18
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Adding heat stress to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia does not enhance performance improvements in canoe/kayak athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:339-349. [PMID: 36278988 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the effects of adding heat stress to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia on performance and physiological adaptations in well-trained athletes. METHODS Sixteen canoe/kayak sprinters conducted 2 weeks of repeated-sprint training consisting of three sets of 5 × 10 s sprints with 20 s active recovery periods under conditions of either normobaric hypoxia (RSH, FiO2: 14.5%, ambient temperature: 18 ℃, n = 8) or combined heat and normobaric hypoxia (RSHH, FiO2: 14.5%, ambient temperature: 38 ℃, n = 8). Before and after training, the 10 × 10 s repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and 500 m time trial were performed on a canoe/kayak ergometer. RESULTS Peak and average power outputs during the RSA test were significantly improved after training in both RSH (peak power: + 21.5 ± 4.6%, P < 0.001; average power: + 12.5 ± 1.9%, P < 0.001) and RSHH groups (peak power: + 18.8 ± 6.6%, P = 0.005; average power: + 10.9 ± 6.8%, P = 0.030). Indirect variables of skeletal muscle oxygen extraction (deoxygenated hemoglobin) and blood perfusion (total hemoglobin) during the RSA test were significantly increased after training in the RSH group (P = 0.041 and P = 0.034, respectively) but not in the RSHH group. In addition, finish time during the 500 m time trial was significantly shortened after the training only in the RSH group (RSH: - 3.9 ± 0.8%, P = 0.005; RSHH: - 3.1 ± 1.4%, P = 0.078). CONCLUSION Adding heat stress to RSH does not enhance performance improvement and may partially mask muscle tissue adaptation.
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19
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Dellavechia de Carvalho C, Marcolino Putti G, Figueiredo Foresti Y, Alves Ribeiro F, Causin Andreossi J, Ferraz de Campos G, Papoti M. Recovery in normobaric hypoxia as an additional stimulus for high-intensity intermittent training. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Yu Y, Wang R, Li D, Lu Y. Monitoring Physiological Performance over 4 Weeks Moderate Altitude Training in Elite Chinese Cross-Country Skiers: An Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:266. [PMID: 36612586 PMCID: PMC9820022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current observational study aimed to monitor the physiological performance over 4 weeks of living and training at a moderate altitude in elite Chinese cross-country skiers (8 males, mean age 20.83 ± 1.08 years). Lactate threshold, maximal oxygen uptake, blood, and body composition tests were performed at different time points to investigate the changes in physiological performance. The data were analysed by a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and a paired sample T-test between the test results. During the training camp, systematic load monitoring was carried out. Lactate threshold velocity, lactate threshold heart rate, and upper body muscle mass increased significantly (p < 0.01) after moderate altitude training. Maximum oxygen uptake was reduced compared to pre-tests (p < 0.05). Aerobic capacity parameters (maximal oxygen uptake, haemoglobin, red blood cell count) did not significantly increase after athletes returned to sea level (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that 4 weeks of moderate altitude training can significantly improve athletes’ lactate threshold and upper body muscle mass; no significant improvement in other aerobic capacity was seen. Exposure time, training load, and nutritional strategies should be thoroughly planned for optimal training of skiers at moderate altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yu
- The School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- The Graduate School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Dongye Li
- The School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- The Graduate School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- The School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Lizamore CA, Stoner L, Kathiravel Y, Elliott J, Hamlin MJ. Does intermittent hypoxic exposure enhance the cardioprotective effect of exercise in an inactive population? Front Physiol 2022; 13:1005113. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1005113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether exercise supplemented with passive intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) improved overall cardiovascular disease risk and individual risk factors. Participants were randomized to exercise-only (Ex, n = 18, 5 males, 13 females; age: 56.4 ± 6.5 years; weight: 81.2 ± 15.9; height: 167.3 ± 8.42) or exercise + IHE (IHE + Ex, n = 16; 6 males, 10 females; age: 56.7 ± 6.4 years; weight: 78.6 ± 12.4 kg; height: 168.0 ± 8.8 cm). Both groups received the same strength and aerobic exercise training (1 h, 3 days/wk, 10 weeks). IHE + Ex also received IHE (5 min hypoxia: 5 min ambient air ×6) for 2–3 days/wk. Measurements were collected before (Baseline), after (Post), and 4- and 8-week following the intervention. There were small, beneficial reductions in overall 5- year cardiovascular risk in both groups. At Post, for IHE + Ex compared to IHE there were unclear to likely improvements in high density lipoprotein (8.0% ± 8.0%), systolic blood pressure (−3.4% ± 3.4%) and VO2peak (3.1% ± 7.7%). These improvements persisted at 8-week. There was an unclear improvement in arterial wave reflection (augmentation index) at Post (−6.1% ± 18.4%, unclear), but became very likely harmful at 8-week (8-week: 24.8% ± 19.7%). The conflicting findings indicate that in inactive adults, the addition of IHE to exercise may be beneficial to systemic markers of cardiovascular health but may also increase myocardial load due to increased arterial wave reflection.
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22
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Karayigit R, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yasli BC, Gabrys T, Benesova D, Esen O. High Dose of Acute Normobaric Hypoxia Does Not Adversely Affect Sprint Interval Training, Cognitive Performance and Heart Rate Variability in Males and Females. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101463. [PMID: 36290367 PMCID: PMC9598265 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although preliminary studies suggested sex-related differences in physiological responses to hypoxia, the effects of sex on sprint interval training (SIT) performance in different degrees of hypoxia are largely lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of different doses of normobaric hypoxia on SIT performance as well as heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive performance (CP) in amateur-trained team sport players by comparing potential sex differences. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 26 (13 females) amateur team-sport (football, basketball, handball, rugby) players completed acute SIT (6 × 15 s all-out sprints, separated with 2 min active recovery, against a load equivalent to 9% of body weight) on a cycle ergometer, in one of four conditions: (I) normoxia without a mask (FiO2: 20.9%) (CON); (II) normoxia with a mask (FiO2: 20.9%) (NOR); (III) moderate hypoxia (FiO2: 15.4%) with mask (MHYP); and (IV) high hypoxia (FiO2: 13.4%) with mask (HHYP). Peak (PPO) and mean power output (MPO), HRV, heart rate (HR), CP, capillary lactate (BLa), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) pre- and post-SIT were compared between CON, NOR, MHYP and HHYP. There were no significant differences found between trials for PPO (p = 0.55), MPO (p = 0.44), RPE (p = 0.39), HR (p = 0.49), HRV (p > 0.05) and CP (response accuracy: p = 0.92; reaction time: p = 0.24). The changes in MP, PP, RPE, HR, CP and HRV were similar between men and women (all p > 0.05). While BLa was similar (p = 0.10) between MHYP and HHYP trials, it was greater compared to CON (p = 0.01) and NOR (p = 0.01), without a sex-effect. In conclusion, compared to normoxia, hypoxia, and wearing a mask, have no effect on SIT acute responses (other than lactate), including PP, MP, RPE, CP, HR, and cardiac autonomic modulation either in men or women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76000, Turkey
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Benesova
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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The Effect of Selected Polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA Genes on the Immediate Supercompensation Training Effect of Elite Slovak Endurance Runners and Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091525. [PMID: 36140693 PMCID: PMC9498790 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of selected polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes on the immediate supercompensation training effect of elite Slovak endurance runners and football players compared with a sedentary control group. Adaptation effect levels were evaluated by 10 s continuous vertical jump test parameters measured by Optojump. Genetic polymorphisms were determined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. We found significant differences in the effect of PPARA genotypes in the experimental group. C allele genotypes represented an advantage in immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05). We observed a significant combined effect of multiple genes on immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05): the RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene, the ID genotype of the ACE gene, the Pro/Pro genotype of HIF1A, and the GC and GG genotypes of PPARA genes. In the control group, we found a significant effect (p < 0.05) on immediate supercompensation of the II genotype of the ACE gene and the Pro/Ser genotype of the HIF1A gene. We found significant differences in genotype frequency of ACE (p < 0.01) and PPARA (p < 0.001) genes. We confirmed that individual genetic polymorphisms of ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes have a different effect on the level of immediate supercompensation of the lower limbs depending on the training adaptation of the probands and the combination of genotypes.
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Chen S, Su H, Liu X, Li Q, Yao Y, Cai J, Gao Y, Ma Q, Shi Y. Effects of exercise training in hypoxia versus normoxia on fat-reducing in overweight and/or obese adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Front Physiol 2022; 13:940749. [PMID: 36082216 PMCID: PMC9447682 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.940749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fat loss theory under various oxygen conditions has been disputed, and relevant systematic review studies are limited. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether hypoxic exercise training (HET) leads to superior fat-reducing compared with normoxic exercise training (NET). Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost from inception to June 2022 for articles comparing the effects of hypoxic and normoxic exercise on body composition indicators, glycometabolism, and lipometabolism indicators in obese and overweight adults. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Between-study heterogeneity was examined using the I2 test and evaluated publication bias via Egger’s regression test. The risk of bias assessment was performed for each included trial using Cochrane Evaluation Tool second generation. The meta-analysis was performed by using R 4.1.3 and RevMan 5.3 analytic tools. Results: A total of 19 RCTs with 444 subjects were analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them, there were 14 English literature and five Chinese literature. No significant difference in body composition (SMD -0.10, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.01), glycometabolism and lipid metabolism (SMD -0.01, 95% CI -0.13 to -0.10) has been observed when comparing the HET and NET groups. We only found low heterogeneity among trials assessing glycometabolism and lipometabolism (I2 = 20%, p = 0.09), and no publication bias was detected. Conclusion: The effects of HET and NET on fat loss in overweight or obese people are the same. The application and promotion of HET for fat reduction need further exploration.
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New Trend of Physical Activity and Exercise for Health Promotion and Functional Ability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137939. [PMID: 35805597 PMCID: PMC9265872 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Luo Y, Chen Q, Zou J, Fan J, Li Y, Luo Z. Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure Alternative to Exercise Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity and Fatty Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095209. [PMID: 35563600 PMCID: PMC9104027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity often concurs with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), both of which are detrimental to human health. Thus far, exercise appears to be an effective treatment approach. However, its effects cannot last long and, moreover, it is difficult to achieve for many obese people. Thus, it is necessary to look into alternative remedies. The present study explored a noninvasive, easy, tolerable physical alternative. In our experiment, C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce overweight/obesity and were exposed to 10% oxygen for one hour every day. We found that hypoxia exerted protective effects. First, it offset HFD-induced bodyweight gain and insulin resistance. Secondly, hypoxia reversed the HFD-induced enlargement of white and brown adipocytes and fatty liver, and protected liver function. Thirdly, HFD downregulated the expression of genes required for lipolysis and thermogenesis, such as UCP1, ADR3(beta3-adrenergic receptor), CPT1A, ATGL, PPARα, and PGC1α, M2 macrophage markers arginase and CD206 in the liver, and UCP1 and PPARγ in brown fat, while these molecules were upregulated by hypoxia. Furthermore, hypoxia induced the activation of AMPK, an energy sensing enzyme. Fourthly, our results showed that hypoxia increased serum levels of epinephrine. Indeed, the effects of hypoxia on bodyweight, fatty liver, and associated changes in gene expression ever tested were reproduced by injection of epinephrine and prevented by propranolol at varying degrees. Altogether, our data suggest that hypoxia triggers stress responses where epinephrine plays important roles. Therefore, our study sheds light on the hope to use hypoxia to treat the daunting disorders, obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiongfeng Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junrong Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuanjun Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.L.)
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-7917-7010
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Albertus-Cámara I, Ferrer-López V, Martínez-González-Moro I. The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia in Middle- and/or Long-Distance Runners: Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:689. [PMID: 35625417 PMCID: PMC9138601 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of normobaric hypoxia can bring benefits to sports performance because it improves haematological parameters and/or physical activity tests. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review so as to analyse the methods used in hypoxia and to detect its effects on middle- and/or long-distance runners. METHODS Research was conducted using five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Cochrane Library, Scopus and PEDro) until December 2021. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. RESULTS Having analysed 158 studies, 12 were chosen for the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. A significant improvement on time until exhaustion was detected, and oxygen saturation decreased after the intervention. There were no significant changes in the 3000-metre time trial or in the haematocrit percentage. The changes in percentage of reticulocytes, heart rate, maximal heart rate, lactate concentration and erythropoietin were heterogeneous between the different research studies. CONCLUSION short exposure (less than 3 h to normobaric hypoxia significantly increases the time to exhaustion). However, longer exposure times are necessary to increase haemoglobin. Altitude and exposure time are highly heterogeneous in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (V.F.-L.)
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Spadaccio C, Nenna A, Rose D, Piccirillo F, Nusca A, Grigioni F, Chello M, Vlahakes GJ. The Role of Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesisin Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Revascularization. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1024-1048. [PMID: 35357670 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Surgical myocardial revascularization is associated with long-term survival benefit in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. However, the exact biological mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of myocardial revascularization have not been elucidated yet. Angiogenesis and arteriogenesis biologically leading to vascular collateralization are considered one of the endogenous mechanisms to preserve myocardial viability during ischemia, and the presence of coronary collateralization has been regarded as one of the predictors of long-term survival in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Some experimental studies and indirect clinical evidence on chronic CAD confirmed an angiogenetic response induced by myocardial revascularization and suggested that revascularization procedures could constitute an angiogenetic trigger per se. In this review, the clinical and basic science evidence regarding arteriogenesis and angiogenesis in both CAD and coronary revascularization is analyzed with the aim to better elucidate their significance in the clinical arena and potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Spadaccio
- Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. .,Cardiac Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital & University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Cardiac Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - David Rose
- Cardiac Surgery, Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK
| | | | | | | | - Massimo Chello
- Cardiac Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gus J Vlahakes
- Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Pramkratok W, Songsupap T, Yimlamai T. Repeated sprint training under hypoxia improves aerobic performance and repeated sprint ability by enhancing muscle deoxygenation and markers of angiogenesis in rugby sevens. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:611-622. [PMID: 34977961 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of repeated sprint (RS) training in hypoxia on aerobic performance, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and muscle oxygenation in Rugby Sevens. METHODS Fourteen Rugby Sevens players were randomly allocated into hypoxic (RSH, FIO2 = 14.5%, n = 7) or normoxic (RSN, FIO2 = 20.9%, n = 7) groups. Both groups underwent RS training consisting of 3 sets of 6-s × 10 sprints at 140% of velocity at peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) on a motorized treadmill, 3 days/week for 6 weeks in addition to usual training. Hematological variables, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations were measured. Aerobic performance, RSA, and muscle oxygenation during the running-based anaerobic sprint (RAS) test were analyzed. RESULTS RSH caused no changes in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit but significant improvements in [Formula: see text] (7.5%, p = 0.03, ES = 1.07), time to exhaustion (17.6%, p = 0.05, ES = 0.92), and fatigue index (FI, - 12.3%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.39) during the RSA test compared to baseline but not RSN. While ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin was significantly increased both after RSH and RSN (p < 0.05), ∆tissue saturation index (- 56.1%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.35) and ∆oxygenated hemoglobin (- 54.7%, p = 0.04, ES = 0.97) were significantly decreased after RSH. These changes were concomitant with increased levels of HIF-1α and VEGF in serum after RSH with a strong negative correlation between ∆FI and ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin after RSH (r = - 0.81, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION There was minimal benefit from adding RSH to standard Rugby Sevens training, in eliciting improvements in aerobic performance and resistance to fatigue, possibly by enhanced muscle deoxygenation and increased serum HIF-1α and VEGF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadee Pramkratok
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tongthong Songsupap
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Yimlamai
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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A Comparative Study of Hematological Parameters of Endurance Runners at Guna Athletics Sport Club (3100 Meters above Sea Level) and Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy (2400 Meters above Sea Level), Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8415100. [PMID: 34869775 PMCID: PMC8635926 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8415100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Endurance running performance is dependent upon hematological, physiological, anthropometrical, diet, genetic, and training characteristics. Increased oxygen transport and efficiency of tissue in extracting oxygen are the major determinants to competitions that require endurance. Thus, altitude training is often employed to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity to improve sea-level endurance performance. This study aimed to compare hematological parameters of endurance runners’ training at different clubs with different altitudes (Guna Athletics Sport Club at Guna (3100 meter above sea level) and Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy at Addis Ababa (2400 meter above sea level)). Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at GASC and EYSA. Data were collected from a total of 102 eligible study subjects (26 runners and 25 controls at Guna and 26 runners and 25 controls at Addis Ababa) from May to October 2019. About 3 ml of the venous blood was drawn from the antecubital vein by aseptic procedure and analyzed using a hematology analyzer (DIRUI BCC-3000B, China). One-way ANOVA and independent-sample t-tests were used to compare means. Result. Male runners in Guna had significantly higher hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cell (WBC) count than male runners in Addis Ababa. Besides, female runners in Guna had significantly higher MCH and MCHC than female runners in Addis Ababa. However, there were no significant differences between Guna and Addis Ababa runners in red blood cell (RBC) count, Hct, MCV, and platelet count in both sexes, while Hgb and WBC count in females. Conclusion. Decisively, Guna Athletics Sport Club endurance runners had significantly higher hematological parameters than Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy endurance runners. This provides invaluable information for coaches and sport physicians to monitor the hematological profile and the health status of an athlete living and training at different altitudes.
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Lemieux P, Birot O. Altitude, Exercise, and Skeletal Muscle Angio-Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia: A Complex Story. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735557. [PMID: 34552509 PMCID: PMC8450406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, defined as a reduced oxygen availability, can be observed in many tissues in response to various physiological and pathological conditions. As a hallmark of the altitude environment, ambient hypoxia results from a drop in the oxygen pressure in the atmosphere with elevation. A hypoxic stress can also occur at the cellular level when the oxygen supply through the local microcirculation cannot match the cells’ metabolic needs. This has been suggested in contracting skeletal myofibers during physical exercise. Regardless of its origin, ambient or exercise-induced, muscle hypoxia triggers complex angio-adaptive responses in the skeletal muscle tissue. These can result in the expression of a plethora of angio-adaptive molecules, ultimately leading to the growth, stabilization, or regression of muscle capillaries. This remarkable plasticity of the capillary network is referred to as angio-adaptation. It can alter the capillary-to-myofiber interface, which represent an important determinant of skeletal muscle function. These angio-adaptive molecules can also be released in the circulation as myokines to act on distant tissues. This review addresses the respective and combined potency of ambient hypoxia and exercise to generate a cellular hypoxic stress in skeletal muscle. The major skeletal muscle angio-adaptive responses to hypoxia so far described in this context will be discussed, including existing controversies in the field. Finally, this review will highlight the molecular complexity of the skeletal muscle angio-adaptive response to hypoxia and identify current gaps of knowledges in this field of exercise and environmental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemieux
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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van der Zwaard S, Brocherie F, Jaspers RT. Under the Hood: Skeletal Muscle Determinants of Endurance Performance. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:719434. [PMID: 34423293 PMCID: PMC8371266 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.719434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, researchers have extensively studied (elite) athletes' physiological responses to understand how to maximize their endurance performance. In endurance sports, whole-body measurements such as the maximal oxygen consumption, lactate threshold, and efficiency/economy play a key role in performance. Although these determinants are known to interact, it has also been demonstrated that athletes rarely excel in all three. The leading question is how athletes reach exceptional values in one or all of these determinants to optimize their endurance performance, and how such performance can be explained by (combinations of) underlying physiological determinants. In this review, we advance on Joyner and Coyle's conceptual framework of endurance performance, by integrating a meta-analysis of the interrelationships, and corresponding effect sizes between endurance performance and its key physiological determinants at the macroscopic (whole-body) and the microscopic level (muscle tissue, i.e., muscle fiber oxidative capacity, oxygen supply, muscle fiber size, and fiber type). Moreover, we discuss how these physiological determinants can be improved by training and what potential physiological challenges endurance athletes may face when trying to maximize their performance. This review highlights that integrative assessment of skeletal muscle determinants points toward efficient type-I fibers with a high mitochondrial oxidative capacity and strongly encourages well-adjusted capillarization and myoglobin concentrations to accommodate the required oxygen flux during endurance performance, especially in large muscle fibers. Optimisation of endurance performance requires careful design of training interventions that fine tune modulation of exercise intensity, frequency and duration, and particularly periodisation with respect to the skeletal muscle determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Slivka D, Dumke C, Hailes W, Ruby B. Impact of Hypoxic Exercise Recovery on Skeletal Muscle Glycogen and Gene Expression. High Alt Med Biol 2021; 22:300-307. [PMID: 34142871 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slivka, Dustin, Charles Dumke, Walter Hailes, and Brent Ruby. Impact of hypoxic exercise recovery on skeletal muscle glycogen and gene expression. High Alt Med Biol. 22:300-307, 2021. Background: The impact of altitude during recovery from exercise is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute gene response and muscle glycogen re-synthesis after exercise when exposed to simulated high altitude during recovery. Materials and Methods: Twelve male participants (age, 25 ± 2 years; height, 178 ± 7 cm; weight, 78.8 ± 7.8 kg; VO2peak, 4.25 ± 0.59 l/min; Wpeak 307 ± 44 W; and body fat, 13.1% ± 1.2%) completed two trials (random order), which consisted of cycling for 90 minutes in laboratory conditions and then recovering for 6 hours in laboratory conditions (975 m; normoxia) or at a high simulated altitude (5,000 m; hypoxia). Results: Skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were obtained before exercise, after exercise, and 6 hours after exercise for the measurement of metabolic gene expression and muscle glycogen. Muscle glycogen decreased with exercise (61% ± 13%, p < 0.05) and increased with recovery (78% ± 35%, p < 0.05) with no difference between trials (p > 0.05). Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, HIF-2α, optic atrophy gene 1 (OPA-1), mitofusin 2 (MFN-2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) gene expression were suppressed after altitude exposure (p < 0.05), while mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS-1), phosphofructokinase (PFK), Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and hexokinase (HK) were unaffected by altitude exposure (p > 0.05). Conclusions: High-altitude exposure during recovery from exercise inhibits gene expression associated with mitochondrial development without affecting muscle glycogen re-synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Slivka
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Charles Dumke
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Walter Hailes
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Brent Ruby
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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Malgoyre A, Prola A, Meunier A, Chapot R, Serrurier B, Koulmann N, Bigard X, Sanchez H. Endurance Is Improved in Female Rats After Living High-Training High Despite Alterations in Skeletal Muscle. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:663857. [PMID: 34124658 PMCID: PMC8193088 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.663857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Altitude camps are used during the preparation of endurance athletes to improve performance based on the stimulation of erythropoiesis by living at high altitude. In addition to such whole-body adaptations, studies have suggested that high-altitude training increases mitochondrial mass, but this has been challenged by later studies. Here, we hypothesized that living and training at high altitude (LHTH) improves mitochondrial efficiency and/or substrate utilization. Female rats were exposed and trained in hypoxia (simulated 3,200 m) for 5 weeks (LHTH) and compared to sedentary rats living in hypoxia (LH) or normoxia (LL) or those that trained in normoxia (LLTL). Maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) improved with training, independently of hypoxia, whereas the time to exhaustion, performed at 65% of MAV, increased both with training (P = 0.009) and hypoxia (P = 0.015), with an additive effect of the two conditions. The distance run was 7.98 ± 0.57 km in LHTH vs. 6.94 ± 0.51 in LLTL (+15%, ns). The hematocrit increased >20% with hypoxia (P < 0.001). The increases in mitochondrial mass and maximal oxidative capacity with endurance training were blunted by combination with hypoxia (−30% for citrate synthase, P < 0.01, and −23% for Vmax glut−succ, P < 0.001 between LHTH and LLTL). A similar reduction between the LHTH and LLTL groups was found for maximal respiration with pyruvate (−29%, P < 0.001), for acceptor-control ratio (−36%, hypoxia effect, P < 0.001), and for creatine kinase efficiency (−48%, P < 0.01). 3-hydroxyl acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase was not altered by hypoxia, whereas maximal respiration with Palmitoyl-CoA specifically decreased. Overall, our results show that mitochondrial adaptations are not involved in the improvement of submaximal aerobic performance after LHTH, suggesting that the benefits of altitude camps in females relies essentially on other factors, such as the transitory elevation of hematocrit, and should be planned a few weeks before competition and not several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malgoyre
- Département des Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé, Université Evry, Université Paris Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Alexandre Prola
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adelie Meunier
- Département des Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Rachel Chapot
- Département des Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Bernard Serrurier
- Département des Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- Département des Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé, Université Evry, Université Paris Saclay, Evry, France.,Ecole du Val de Grâce, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Bigard
- Département des Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Ecole du Val de Grâce, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Sanchez
- Département des Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Kemp J, Brazo-Sayavera J, Timon R, Olcina G. Haematological responses to repeated sprints in hypoxia across different sporting modalities. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:529-539. [PMID: 33870812 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1917403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the effects of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia on haematocrit and haemoglobin in different sporting modalities. Seventy-two participants were randomly allocated to Active-Repeated sprint in hypoxia (A-RSH, n= 8); Active-Repeated sprint in normoxia (A-RSN, n= 8); Active-Control (A-CON, n= 8); Team Sports-RSH (T-RSH, n= 8); Team Sports-RSN (T-RSN, n= 8); Team Sports-Control (T-CON, n= 8); Endurance-RSH (E-RSH, n= 8); Endurance-RSN (E-RSN, n= 8); Endurance-Control (E-CON, n= 8). Sessions consisted of two sets of five sprints of 10 swith recovery of 20 sbetween sprints and 10 min between sets. Blood samples for haematocrit and haemoglobin concentrations were obtained before and after, and 2 weeks after cessation. Haematocrit and haemoglobin were lower for the E-RSN group following 2 weeks of cessation of protocol compared with E-RSH (p = 0.035) and E-CON (p = 0.045). Haematocrit of the A-RSH group was higher compared with baseline (p = 0.05) and Post (p = 0.05). Similarly, the T-RSH group demonstrated increases in haematocrit following 2 weeks of cessation compared with Post (p = 0.04). Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia had different haematological effects depending on sporting modality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Kemp
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Análisis del Rendimiento Humano, Centro Universitario de Rivera, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Karabiyik H, Eser MC, Guler O, Yasli BC, Ertetik G, Sisman A, Koz M, Gabrys T, Pilis K, Karayigit R. The Effects of 15 or 30 s SIT in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic, Anaerobic Performance and Critical Power. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083976. [PMID: 33918866 PMCID: PMC8069352 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) is a concept that has been shown to enhance aerobic-anaerobic training adaptations and induce larger effects in hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of SIT with 15 or 30 s in hypoxia on aerobic, anaerobic performance and critical power (CP). A total of 32 male team players were divided into four groups: SIT with 15 s at FiO2: 0.209 (15 N); FiO2: 0.135 (15 H); SIT with 30 s at FiO2: 0.209 (30 N); and FiO2: 0.135 (30 H). VO2max did not significantly increase, however time-to-exhaustion (TTE) was found to be significantly longer in the post test compared to pre test (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.86). Mean power (MPw.kg) after repeated wingate tests was significantly higher compared to pre training in all groups (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.66). Similarly, CP was increased in all groups with 4 weeks of SIT (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.82). This study showed that 4 weeks of SIT with 15 and 30 s sprint bouts in normoxia or hypoxia did not increased VO2max in trained athletes. However, anerobic performance and CP can be increased with 4 weeks of SIT both in normoxia or hypoxia with 15 or 30 s of sprint durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Karabiyik
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mustafa Can Eser
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Ozkan Guler
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76410, Turkey
| | - Goktug Ertetik
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37000, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Sisman
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey
| | - Mitat Koz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Sport Centrum Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Karol Pilis
- Faculty of Health Science, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
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ORIISHI M, HAGIWARA M, YAMANAKA R, OHYA T, OHNUMA H, KAWAHARA T, SUZUKI Y. Short-term hypoxic training improves maximal anaerobic power after a week of recovery. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mukai K, Ohmura H, Takahashi Y, Kitaoka Y, Takahashi T. Four weeks of high-intensity training in moderate, but not mild hypoxia improves performance and running economy more than normoxic training in horses. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14760. [PMID: 33611843 PMCID: PMC7897453 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether horses trained in moderate and mild hypoxia demonstrate greater improvement in performance and aerobic capacity compared to horses trained in normoxia and whether the acquired training effects are maintained after 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia. Seven untrained Thoroughbred horses completed 4 weeks (3 sessions/week) of three training protocols, consisting of 2‐min cantering at 95% maximal oxygen consumption V˙O2max under two hypoxic conditions (H16, FIO2 = 16%; H18, FIO2 = 18%) and in normoxia (N21, FIO2 = 21%), followed by 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia, using a randomized crossover study design with a 3‐month washout period. Incremental treadmill tests (IET) were conducted at week 0, 4, and 6. The effects of time and groups were analyzed using mixed models. Run time at IET increased in H16 and H18 compared to N21, while speed at V˙O2max was increased significantly only in H16. V˙O2max in all groups and cardiac output at exhaustion in H16 and H18 increased after 4 weeks of training, but were not significantly different between the three groups. In all groups, run time, V˙O2max, VV˙O2max, Q˙max, and lactate threshold did not decrease after 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia. These results suggest that 4 weeks of training in moderate (H16), but not mild (H18) hypoxia elicits greater improvements in performance and running economy than normoxic training and that these effects are maintained for 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Mukai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Hein M, Chobanyan-Jürgens K, Tegtbur U, Engeli S, Jordan J, Haufe S. Effect of normobaric hypoxic exercise on blood pressure in old individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:817-825. [PMID: 33355713 PMCID: PMC7892684 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that the combination of endurance training and hypoxia leads to greater improvements in resting and exercise blood pressure in old sedentary individuals compared to endurance training only. Methods We randomly assigned 29 old overweight participants (age: 62 ± 6 years, body mass index (BMI): 28.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2, 52% men) to single blind 8-week bicycle exercise in hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) = 0.15) or normoxia (FIO2 = 0.21). Brachial blood pressure was measured at rest, during maximal incremental exercise testing, and during a 30 min constant work rate test, at baseline and after the training period. Results Work rate, heart rate and perceived exertion during training were similar in both groups, with lower oxygen saturation for participants exercising under hypoxia (88.7 ± 1.5 vs. 96.2 ± 1.2%, t(27) = − 13.04, p < 0.001, |g|= 4.85). Office blood pressure and blood pressure during incremental exercise tests did not change significantly in either group after the training program. Systolic blood pressure during the constant work rate test was reduced after training in hypoxia (160 ± 18 vs. 151 ± 14 mmHg, t(13) = 2.44 p < 0.05, |d|= 0.55) but not normoxia (154 ± 22 vs. 150 ± 16 mmHg, t(14) = 0.75, p = 0.46, |d|= 0.18) with no difference between groups over time (F = 0.08, p = 0.77, η2 = 0.01). Conclusion In old individuals hypoxia in addition to exercise does not have superior effects on office or exercise blood pressure compared to training in normoxia. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT02196623 (registered 22 July 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hein
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristine Chobanyan-Jürgens
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Tegtbur
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Engeli
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Haufe
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Ambroży T, Maciejczyk M, Klimek AT, Wiecha S, Stanula A, Snopkowski P, Pałka T, Jaworski J, Ambroży D, Rydzik Ł, Cynarski W. The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Anaerobic and Aerobic Power in Boxers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9361. [PMID: 33327551 PMCID: PMC7765038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on anaerobic and aerobic fitness in elite, national boxers. METHODS The study was conducted over a period of 6 weeks. It comprised 30 national championship boxers, divided into 2 groups: the experimental and control. Both groups performed the same boxing training twice a day (morning and afternoon training). In the afternoon, the experimental group performed training under normobaric conditions in a hypoxic chamber (IHT), while the control group undertook exercise in standard normoxic conditions. In both groups, before and after the 6-week programme, basic anthropometric indices as well as anaerobic (Wingate Test) and aerobic (graded test) fitness were assessed. RESULTS There was a significant increase in anaerobic peak power (988.2 vs. 1011.8 W), mean anaerobic power (741.1 vs. 764.8 W), total work (22.84 vs. 22.39 kJ), and a decrease in fatigue index (20.33 vs. 18.6 W·s-1) as well as time to peak power (5.01 vs. 4.72 s). Such changes were not observed in the control group. In both groups, no significant changes in endurance performance were noted after the training session - peak oxygen uptake did not significantly vary after IHT. CONCLUSIONS Our results have practical application for coaches, as the IHT seems to be effective in improving anaerobic performance among boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (A.T.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Andrzej T. Klimek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (A.T.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, 00-809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Snopkowski
- Doctoral School, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (A.T.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Janusz Jaworski
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Dorota Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Wojciech Cynarski
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Ghaleb AM, Ramadan MZ, Badwelan A, Mansour L, Al-Tamimi J, Aljaloud KS. Determining the time needed for workers to acclimatize to hypoxia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2020; 64:1995-2005. [PMID: 32794023 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the influence of intermittent hypoxia and the days required for a worker to be acclimatized in high-altitude countries. We conducted an experimental study. Ten nonsmoking male students were randomly recruited from King Saud University. Fourteen days of exposure to intermittent normobaric hypoxia (15%) was the independent variable. Heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), tidal volume (VT), oxygen uptake (VO2),VO2/kg, VO2/HR, VE/VO2, and VE/VCO2 were the dependent variables. Our results showed that 12 days of exposure to intermittent hypoxia were sufficient for workers to acclimatize to hypoxia based on their respiratory responses (i.e., HR, RF, VE). This type of acclimatization session is very important for workers who are suddenly required to work in such an environment, because prolonged exposure to high altitude without acclimatization leads to cell death due to a lack of oxygen, and this, in turn, puts workers' lives at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef M Ghaleb
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Z Ramadan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Badwelan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Department of Zoology , College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameel Al-Tamimi
- Department of Zoology , College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Saad Aljaloud
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences & Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Verratti V, Bondi D, Mulliri G, Ghiani G, Crisafulli A, Pietrangelo T, Marinozzi ME, Cerretelli P. Muscle Oxygen Delivery in the Forearm and in the Vastus Lateralis Muscles in Response to Resistance Exercise: A Comparison Between Nepalese Porters and Italian Trekkers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:607616. [PMID: 33240112 PMCID: PMC7683416 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.607616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Altitude ascending represents an intriguing experimental model reproducing physiological and pathophysiological conditions sharing hypoxemia as the denominator. The aim of the present study was to investigate fractional oxygen extraction and blood dynamics in response to hypobaric hypoxia and to acute resistance exercises, taking into account several factors including different ethnic origin and muscle groups. As part of the “Kanchenjunga Exploration & Physiology” project, six Italian trekkers and six Nepalese porters took part in a high altitude trek in the Himalayas. The measurements were carried out at low (1,450 m) and high altitude (HA; 4,780 m). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived parameters, i.e., Tot-Hb and tissue saturation index (TSI), were gathered at rest and after bouts of 3-min resistive exercise, both in the quadriceps and in the forearm muscles. TSI decreased with altitude, particularly in forearm muscles (from 66.9 to 57.3%), whereas the decrement was less in the quadriceps (from 62.5 to 57.2%); Nepalese porters were characterized by greater values in thigh TSI than Italian trekkers. Tot-Hb was increased after exercise. At altitude, such increase appeared to be higher in the quadriceps. This effect might be a consequence of the long-term adaptive memory due to the frequent exposures to altitude. Although speculative, we suggest a long-term adaptation of the Nepalese porters due to improved oxygenation of muscles frequently undergoing hypoxic exercise. Muscle structure, individual factors, and altitude exposure time should be taken into account to move on the knowledge of oxygen delivery and utilization at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mulliri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ghiani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cerretelli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Italy
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Jung K, Kim J, Park HY, Jung WS, Lim K. Hypoxic Pilates Intervention for Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197186. [PMID: 33008106 PMCID: PMC7579144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of Pilates training under hypoxia, a novel treatment method, for obesity. Thirty-two Korean women with obesity (age: 34–60 (47.5 ± 7.5) years) were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 10), normoxic Pilates training (NPTG; n = 10), and hypoxic Pilates training groups (HPTG; n = 12). The NPTG and HPTG performed 50 min of Pilates training using a tubing band for 12 weeks (3 days/week) in their respective environmental conditions (NPTG: normoxic condition, inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) = 20.9%; HPTG: moderate hypoxic condition, FiO2 = 14.5%). The CON maintained their daily lifestyle without intervention. All subjects underwent body composition, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, vascular endothelial function, cardiometabolic biomarker, hemorheological function, and aerobic performance measurements before and after the intervention. The HPTG showed a significant improvement in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, flow-mediated dilation, and erythrocyte deformability and aggregation (all p < 0.05) compared with the CON and NPTG. However, compared with the CON and NPTG, the HPTG did not show improvement in other parameters. Hypoxic Pilates intervention is a novel and successful method for promoting endothelial and hemorheological functions in women with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghwa Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-Y.P.); (W.-S.J.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-Y.P.); (W.-S.J.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-Y.P.); (W.-S.J.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-Y.P.); (W.-S.J.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2450-3949
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Yatsutani H, Mori H, Ito H, Hayashi N, Girard O, Goto K. Endocrine and Metabolic Responses to Endurance Exercise Under Hot and Hypoxic Conditions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:932. [PMID: 32973541 PMCID: PMC7466541 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored the effect of heat stress during an acute endurance exercise session in hypoxia on endocrine and metabolic responses. Methods A total of 12 healthy males cycled at a constant workload (60% of the power output associated with their maximal oxygen uptake under each respective condition) for 60 min in three different environments: exercise under hot and hypoxia (H+H; fraction of inspiratory oxygen or FiO2: 14.5%, 32°C), exercise under hypoxia (HYP; FiO2: 14.5%, 23°C), and exercise under normoxia (NOR; FiO2: 20.9%, 23°C). After completing the exercise, participants remained in the chamber for 3 h to evaluate metabolic and endocrine responses under each environment. Changes in muscle oxygenation (only during exercise), blood variables, arterial oxygen saturation, and muscle temperature were determined up to 3 h after exercise. Results Serum erythropoietin (EPO) level was increased to similar levels in both H+H and HYP at 3 h after exercise compared with before exercise (P < 0.05), whereas no significant increase was found under NOR. No significant difference between H+H and HYP was observed in the serum EPO level, blood lactate level, or muscle oxygenation at any time (P > 0.05). Exercise-induced serum growth hormone (GH) elevation was significantly greater in H+H compared with HYP (P < 0.05) and HYP showed significantly lower value than NOR (P < 0.05). Arterial oxygen saturation during exercise was significantly lower in H+H and HYP compared with NOR (P < 0.05). Furthermore, H+H showed higher value compared with HYP (P < 0.05). Conclusion The serum EPO level increased significantly with endurance exercise in hypoxia. However, the addition of heat stress during endurance exercise in hypoxia did not augment the EPO response up to 3 h after completion of exercise. Exercise-induced GH elevation was significantly augmented when the hot exposure was combined during endurance exercise in hypoxia. Muscle oxygenation levels during endurance exercise did not differ significantly among the conditions. These findings suggest that combined hot and hypoxic stresses during endurance exercise caused some modifications of metabolic and endocrine regulations compared with the same exercise in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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45
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Margaritelis NV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Redox basis of exercise physiology. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101499. [PMID: 32192916 PMCID: PMC7284946 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions control fundamental processes of human biology. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the responses and adaptations to exercise are, at least in part, mediated by redox reactions. In this review, we are trying to show that redox reactions are the basis of exercise physiology by outlining the redox signaling pathways that regulate four characteristic acute exercise-induced responses (muscle contractile function, glucose uptake, blood flow and bioenergetics) and four chronic exercise-induced adaptations (mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis and redox homeostasis). Based on our analysis, we argue that redox regulation should be acknowledged as central to exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - V Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Li J, Li Y, Atakan MM, Kuang J, Hu Y, Bishop DJ, Yan X. The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E656. [PMID: 32722013 PMCID: PMC7464156 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise/training, especially interval exercise/training, has gained popularity in recent years. Hypoxic training was introduced to elite athletes half a century ago and has recently been adopted by the general public. In the current review, we have summarised the molecular adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to high-intensity exercise/training, focusing on mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and muscle fibre composition. The literature suggests that (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) PGC-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α) might be the main mediators of skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity exercises in hypoxia. Exercise is known to be anti-inflammatory, while the effects of hypoxia on inflammatory signalling are more complex. The anti-inflammatory effects of a single session of exercise might result from the release of anti-inflammatory myokines and other cytokines, as well as the downregulation of Toll-like receptor signalling, while training-induced anti-inflammatory effects may be due to reductions in abdominal and visceral fat (which are main sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines). Hypoxia can lead to inflammation, and inflammation can result in tissue hypoxia. However, the hypoxic factor HIF1-α is essential for preventing excessive inflammation. Disease-induced hypoxia is related to an upregulation of inflammatory signalling, but the effects of exercise-induced hypoxia on inflammation are less conclusive. The effects of high-intensity exercise under hypoxia on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations and inflammatory signalling have not been fully explored and are worth investigating in future studies. Understanding these effects will lead to a more comprehensive scientific basis for maximising the benefits of high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100192, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Muhammed M. Atakan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Yang Hu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100192, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
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Hannah SS, McFadden S, McNeilly A, McClean C. "Take My Bone Away?" Hypoxia and bone: A narrative review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:721-740. [PMID: 32643217 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To maintain normal cellular and physiological function, sufficient oxygen is required. Recently, evidence has suggested that hypoxia, either pathological or environmental, may influence bone health. It appears that bone cells are distinctly responsive to hypoxic stimuli; for better or worse, this is still yet to be elucidated. Hypoxia has been shown to offer potentially therapeutic effects for bone by inducing an osteogenic-angiogenic response, although, others have noted excessive osteoclastic bone resorption instead. Much evidence suggests that the hypoxic-inducible pathway is integral in mediating the changes in bone metabolism. Furthermore, many factors associated with hypoxia including changes in energy metabolism, acid-base balance and the increased generation of reactive oxygen species, are known to influence bone metabolism. This review aims to examine some of the putative mechanisms responsible for hypoxic-induced alterations of bone metabolism, with regard to osteoclasts and osteoblasts, both positive and negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Hannah
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
| | - Sonyia McFadden
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
| | - Andrea McNeilly
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
| | - Conor McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Antrim, UK
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Guardado IM, Ureña BS, Cardenosa AC, Cardenosa MC, Camacho GO, Andrada RT. Effects of strength training under hypoxic conditions on muscle performance, body composition and haematological variables. Biol Sport 2020; 37:121-129. [PMID: 32508379 PMCID: PMC7249800 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.93037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of a hypoxic stimulus during resistance training is suggested to increase the metabolic responses, enhancing hypertrophy and muscle strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training performed at submaximal intensities combined with normobaric hypoxia on muscular performance, body composition and haematological parameters. Thirty-two untrained subjects participated in this study (weight: 74.68±12.89 kg; height: 175±0.08 cm; BMI: 24.28±3.80 kg/m2). They were randomized to two groups: hypoxia (FiO2 = 13%) or normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%). The training programme lasted 7 weeks (3 d/w) and several muscle groups were exercised (3 sets x 65-80% 1RM to failure). Measurements were taken before, after the training and after a 3-week detraining period. Body composition and muscle mass were assessed through skinfolds and muscle girths. Muscle strength was evaluated by the 1RM estimated test. Finally, haemoglobin and haematocrit were taken from the antecubital vein. Both groups improved their strength performance and muscle perimeters, but the hypoxia group obtained a greater increase in muscle mass (hypoxia: +1.80% vs. normoxia: +0.38%; p<0.05) and decrease in fat mass (hypoxia: -6.83% vs. normoxia: +1.26%; p<0.05) compared to the normoxia group. Additionally, haematocrit values were also higher for the hypoxia group after the detraining period (hypoxia: +2.20% vs. normoxia: -2.22%; p<0.05). In conclusion, resistance training under hypoxic conditions could increase muscle mass and decrease fat mass more effectively than training performed in normoxia, but without contributing to greater muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Braulio Sánchez Ureña
- School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life, National University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Timón Andrada
- GAEDAF Research Group. Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Spain
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Wang W, Mukai K, Takahashi K, Ohmura H, Takahashi T, Hatta H, Kitaoka Y. Short-term hypoxic training increases monocarboxylate transporter 4 and phosphofructokinase activity in Thoroughbreds. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14473. [PMID: 32512646 PMCID: PMC7279979 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of short-term hypoxic training on lactate metabolism in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds. Using crossover design (3 months washout), eight Thoroughbred horses were trained for 2 weeks in normoxia (FI O2 = 21%) and hypoxia (FI O2 = 18%) each. They ran at 95% maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max ) on a treadmill inclined at 6% for 2 min (3 days/week) measured under normoxia. Before and after each training period, all horses were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) under normoxia. Following the 2-week trainings, V̇O2max in IET increased significantly under both oxygen conditions. The exercise duration in IET increased significantly only after hypoxic training. The monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 protein levels remained unchanged after training under both oxygen conditions, whereas MCT4 protein levels increased significantly after training in hypoxia but not after training in normoxia. Phosphofructokinase activity increased significantly only after hypoxic training, whereas cytochrome c oxidase activity increased significantly only after normoxic training. Our results suggest that hypoxic training efficiently enhances glycolytic capacity and levels of the lactate transporter protein MCT4, which facilitates lactate efflux from the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Equine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationTochigiJapan
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Equine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationTochigiJapan
| | | | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityKanagawaJapan
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Wiśniewska A, Płoszczyca K, Czuba M. Changes in erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor following the use of different altitude training concepts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:677-684. [PMID: 32438783 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important factors regulating erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Altitude/hypoxic training may induce elevated VEGF-A and EPO levels. However, it appears that the range of adaptive changes depends largely on the training method used. Therefore, we investigated the changes in EPO and VEGF-A levels in athletes using three different altitude/hypoxic training concepts. METHODS Thirty-four male cyclists were randomly divided into four groups: LH-TL group ("live high-train low" protocol), HiHiLo ("live high - base train high - interval train low" procedure), IHT ("intermittent hypoxic training") and control group (CN, normoxic training). The same 4-week training program was used in all groups. Blood samples were taken before and after each training week in order to evaluate serum EPO and VEGF-A levels. RESULTS In the LH-TL and HiHiLo groups, EPO increased (P<0.001) after 1st week and remained elevated until 3rd week of altitude training. In the IHT and CN groups, EPO did not change significantly. VEGF-A was higher (P<0.001) after 2nd and 3rd week of training in the IHT group. In the HiHiLo group, VEGF-A changed (P<0.05) only after 3rd week. No significant changes of VEGF-A were noted in the LH-TL and CN groups. CONCLUSIONS Altitude/hypoxic training is effective in increasing VEGF-A and EPO levels. However, a training method plays a key role in the pattern of adaptations. EPO level increase only when an adequate hypoxic dose is provided, whereas VEGF-A increases when the hypoxic exposure is combined with exercise, particularly at high intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Wiśniewska
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.,Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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