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Ye J, Duan C, Han J, Chen J, Sun N, Li Y, Yuan T, Peng D. Peripheral mitochondrial DNA as a neuroinflammatory biomarker for major depressive disorder. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1541-1554. [PMID: 38934398 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder, chronic stress-related neuroinflammation hinders favorable prognosis and antidepressant response. Mitochondrial DNA may be an inflammatory trigger, after its release from stress-induced dysfunctional central nervous system mitochondria into peripheral circulation. This evidence supports the potential use of peripheral mitochondrial DNA as a neuroinflammatory biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder. Herein, we critically review the neuroinflammation theory in major depressive disorder, providing compelling evidence that mitochondrial DNA release acts as a critical biological substrate, and that it constitutes the neuroinflammatory disease pathway. After its release, mitochondrial DNA can be carried in the exosomes and transported to extracellular spaces in the central nervous system and peripheral circulation. Detectable exosomes render encaged mitochondrial DNA relatively stable. This mitochondrial DNA in peripheral circulation can thus be directly detected in clinical practice. These characteristics illustrate the potential for mitochondrial DNA to serve as an innovative clinical biomarker and molecular treatment target for major depressive disorder. This review also highlights the future potential value of clinical applications combining mitochondrial DNA with a panel of other biomarkers, to improve diagnostic precision in major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Ye
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Duan
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Han
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jinrong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daihui Peng
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Sinha JK, Jorwal K, Singh KK, Han SS, Bhaskar R, Ghosh S. The Potential of Mitochondrial Therapeutics in the Treatment of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04474-0. [PMID: 39230868 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central to cellular energy production, and their dysfunction is a major contributor to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, pivotal factors in aging, and related diseases. With aging, mitochondrial efficiency declines, leading to an increase in ROS and persistent inflammatory responses. Therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial health show promise in mitigating these detrimental effects. Antioxidants such as MitoQ and MitoVitE, and supplements like coenzyme Q10 and NAD + precursors, have demonstrated potential in reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, gene therapy aimed at enhancing mitochondrial function, alongside lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and caloric restriction can ameliorate age-related mitochondrial decline. Exercise not only boosts mitochondrial biogenesis but also improves mitophagy. Enhancing mitophagy is a key strategy to prevent the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, which is crucial for cellular homeostasis and longevity. Pharmacological agents like sulforaphane, SS-31, and resveratrol indirectly promote mitochondrial biogenesis and improve cellular resistance to oxidative damage. The exploration of mitochondrial therapeutics, including emerging techniques like mitochondrial transplantation, offers significant avenues for extending health span and combating age-related diseases. However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires overcoming challenges in precisely targeting dysfunctional mitochondria and optimizing delivery mechanisms for therapeutic agents. Continued research is essential to refine these approaches and fully understand the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khanak Jorwal
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Singh
- Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, 411057, India
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, 38541, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, 38541, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India.
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Faulkner ME, Gong Z, Bilgel M, Laporte JP, Guo A, Bae J, Palchamy E, Kaileh M, Bergeron CM, Bergeron J, Church S, D’Agostino J, Ferrucci L, Bouhrara M. Evidence of association between higher cardiorespiratory fitness and higher cerebral myelination in aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402813121. [PMID: 39159379 PMCID: PMC11363304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402813121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that altered myelination is an important pathophysiologic correlate of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Thus, improving myelin integrity may be an effective intervention to prevent and treat age-associated neurodegenerative pathologies. It has been suggested that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) may preserve and enhance cerebral myelination throughout the adult lifespan, but this hypothesis has not been fully tested. Among cognitively normal participants from two well-characterized studies spanning a wide age range, we assessed CRF operationalized as the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) and myelin content defined by myelin water fraction (MWF) estimated through our advanced multicomponent relaxometry MRI method. We found significant positive correlations between VO2max and MWF across several white matter regions. Interestingly, the effect size of this association was higher in brain regions susceptible to early degeneration, including the frontal lobes and major white matter fiber tracts. Further, the interaction between age and VO2max exhibited i) a steeper positive slope in the older age group, suggesting that the association of VO2max with MWF is stronger at middle and older ages and ii) a steeper negative slope in the lower VO2max group, indicating that lower VO2max levels are associated with lower myelination with increasing age. Finally, the nonlinear pattern of myelin maturation and decline is VO2max-dependent with the higher VO2max group reaching the MWF peak at later ages. This study provides evidence of an interconnection between CRF and cerebral myelination and suggests therapeutic strategies for promoting brain health and attenuating white matter degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Faulkner
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Zhaoyuan Gong
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - John P. Laporte
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Alex Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Jonghyun Bae
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Elango Palchamy
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Mary Kaileh
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | | | - Jan Bergeron
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Sarah Church
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Jarod D’Agostino
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Mustapha Bouhrara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD21224
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Stringhetta-Villar BP, Douradinho LG, Esperança TD, de Freitas RN, Cavalcante DP, Chaves-Neto AH, Dornelles RCM. The impact of resistance training on memory, gait and oxidative stress during periestropause in rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115124. [PMID: 38925510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Aging, especially in female, is complex, involving various factors such as reproductive sensitivity, cognitive and functional decline, and an imbalance in the redox system. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of long-term resistance training as a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the impairment of recognition memory, hippocampal redox state, and ambulation in aging female Wistar rats during the periestropause period. Thirty Wistar rats aged 17 months, in periestropause, were distributed into non-trained (NT) and resistance training (RT; stair climbing 3 times per week for 4 months) groups. Before (17 months) and after (21 months) of the RT period, the rats underwent tests for ambulation, elevated plus maze (EPM), open field, and object recognition. Biochemical and histological analyses were conducted on the hippocampus of these animals. Analysis of the results revealed that at 21 months, females in the NT group (21Mo/NT) exhibited a decreased in length (p=0.0458) and an increased in past width (p<0.0479) compared to their measurements at 17 months. However, after 4 months of RT, the female rats aged 21 months (21Mo/RT group) experienced changes in gait components, showing an increase in length (p<0.0008) and a decrease in stride width. Regarding memory, the object recognition test indicated potential cognitive improvement in 21Mo/RT animals, with significant interaction between intervention and age across all three stages of the test (total exploration time, p=0.0001; Test 1, p=0.0003; Test 2, p=0.0014). This response was notable compared to animals in the 21Mo/NT group, which showed a decline in memory capacity (p<0.01). The data showed a significant difference in relation to the age of the animals (p<0.01). The hippocampal redox state markers showed reduced lipid oxidative (p=0.028), catalase (p=0.022), and superoxide dismutase (p=0.0067) in the RT group compared to the NT group. Hippocampal cells from the 21Mo/RT group showed increased citrate synthase enzyme activity (p<0.05) and Nissl body staining (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that RT performed during the periestropause phase leads to significant improvements in functional abilities, cognitive performance, and neuroplasticity in aging female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Galante Douradinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaina Daguane Esperança
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Odontológica, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Prazias Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Odontológica, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Lee MJC, Saner NJ, Ferri A, García-Domínguez E, Broatch JR, Bishop DJ. Delineating the contribution of ageing and physical activity to changes in mitochondrial characteristics across the lifespan. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101272. [PMID: 38626488 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with widespread physiological changes prominent within all tissues, including skeletal muscle and the brain, which lead to a decline in physical function. To tackle the growing health and economic burdens associated with an ageing population, the concept of healthy ageing has become a major research priority. Changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial characteristics have been suggested to make an important contribution to the reductions in skeletal muscle function with age, and age-related changes in mitochondrial content, respiratory function, morphology, and mitochondrial DNA have previously been reported. However, not all studies report changes in mitochondrial characteristics with ageing, and there is increasing evidence to suggest that physical activity (or inactivity) throughout life is a confounding factor when interpreting age-associated changes. Given that physical activity is a potent stimulus for inducing beneficial adaptations to mitochondrial characteristics, delineating the influence of physical activity on the changes in skeletal muscle that occur with age is complicated. This review aims to summarise our current understanding and knowledge gaps regarding age-related changes to mitochondrial characteristics within skeletal muscle, as well as to provide some novel insights into brain mitochondria, and to propose avenues of future research and targeted interventions. Furthermore, where possible, we incorporate discussions of the modifying effects of physical activity, exercise, and training status, to purported age-related changes in mitochondrial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J-C Lee
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alessandra Ferri
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Esther García-Domínguez
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - James R Broatch
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Cai M, Wan J, Cai K, Li S, Du X, Song H, Sun W, Hu J. The mitochondrial quality control system: a new target for exercise therapeutic intervention in the treatment of brain insulin resistance-induced neurodegeneration in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:749-763. [PMID: 38379083 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health concern because of its strong association with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetes, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, brain insulin resistance in obesity is likely to lead to neuroplasticity deficits. Since the evidence shows that insulin resistance in brain regions abundant in insulin receptors significantly alters mitochondrial efficiency and function, strategies targeting the mitochondrial quality control system may be of therapeutic and practical value in obesity-induced cognitive decline. Exercise is considered as a powerful stimulant of mitochondria that improves insulin sensitivity and enhances neuroplasticity. It has great potential as a non-pharmacological intervention against the onset and progression of obesity associated neurodegeneration. Here, we integrate the current knowledge of the mechanisms of neurodegenration in obesity and focus on brain insulin resistance to explain the relationship between the impairment of neuronal plasticity and mitochondrial dysfunction. This knowledge was synthesised to explore the exercise paradigm as a feasible intervention for obese neurodegenration in terms of improving brain insulin signals and regulating the mitochondrial quality control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Jinshan District Central Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Keren Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xinlin Du
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Wanju Sun
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
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7
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Su H, Luo H, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Pan L, Liu Y, Yang C, Yin Y, Tan B. Myelin repair of spinal cord injury in adult mice induced by treadmill training upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha. Glia 2024; 72:607-624. [PMID: 38031815 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has proven the efficacy of physical exercise in remyelination and motor function performance after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the molecular mechanisms of treadmill training on myelin repair and functional recovery after SCI have not yet been fully studied. Here, we explored the effect of treadmill training on upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α)-mediated myelin repair and functional recovery in a mouse model of thoracic T10 contusion injury. A 4-week treadmill training scheme was conducted on mice with SCI. The expression levels of oligodendrogenesis-related protein and PGC1α were detected by immunofluorescence, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe myelin structure. The Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and CatWalk automated gait analysis system were used for motor function recovery evaluation. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were also identified. In addition, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated PGC1α knockdown in OLs was used to further unravel the role of PGC1α in exercise-induced remyelination. We found that treadmill training boosts oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) proliferation, potentiates oligodendrocytes (OLs) maturation, and increases myelin-related protein and myelin sheath thickness, thus impelling myelin repair and hindlimb functional performance as well as the speed and amplitude of nerve conduction after SCI. Additionally, downregulating PGC1α through AAV attenuated these positive effects of treadmill training. Collectively, our results suggest that treadmill training enhances remyelination and functional recovery by upregulating PGC1α, which should provide a step forward in the understanding of the effects of physical exercise on myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haodong Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Department of Special Environment War Wound Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Department of Special Environment War Wound Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Department of Special Environment War Wound Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Ciubuc-Batcu MT, Stapelberg NJC, Headrick JP, Renshaw GMC. A mitochondrial nexus in major depressive disorder: Integration with the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166920. [PMID: 37913835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system processes, including cognition and affective state, fundamentally rely on mitochondria. Impaired mitochondrial function is evident in major depressive disorder (MDD), reflecting cumulative detrimental influences of both extrinsic and intrinsic stressors, genetic predisposition, and mutation. Glucocorticoid 'stress' pathways converge on mitochondria; oxidative and nitrosative stresses in MDD are largely mitochondrial in origin; both initiate cascades promoting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage with disruptions to mitochondrial biogenesis and tryptophan catabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction facilitates proinflammatory dysbiosis while directly triggering immuno-inflammatory activation via released mtDNA, mitochondrial lipids and mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs), further disrupting mitochondrial function and mitochondrial quality control, promoting the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria (confirmed in autopsy studies). Established and putative mechanisms highlight a mitochondrial nexus within the psycho-immune neuroendocrine (PINE) network implicated in MDD. Whether lowering neuronal resilience and thresholds for disease, or linking mechanistic nodes within the MDD pathogenic network, impaired mitochondrial function emerges as an important risk, a functional biomarker, providing a therapeutic target in MDD. Several treatment modalities have been demonstrated to reset mitochondrial function, which could benefit those with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ciubuc-Batcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine and Dentistry, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - N J C Stapelberg
- Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - J P Headrick
- Griffith University School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Australia
| | - G M C Renshaw
- Hypoxia and Ischemia Research Unit, Griffith University, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Australia.
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10
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Inyushkin AN, Poletaev VS, Inyushkina EM, Kalberdin IS, Inyushkin AA. Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review. J Biomed Res 2023; 38:1-16. [PMID: 38164079 PMCID: PMC10818175 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20230133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the timing of physiological, biochemical and behavioral processes over a 24-h period is controlled by circadian rhythms. To entrain the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to a precise 24-h rhythm, environmental zeitgebers are used by the circadian system. This is done primarily by signals from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract, but other cues like exercise, feeding, temperature, anxiety, and social events have also been shown to act as non-photic zeitgebers. The recently identified myokine irisin is proposed to serve as an entraining non-photic signal of exercise. Irisin is a product of cleavage and modification from its precursor membrane fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in response to exercise. Apart from well-known peripheral effects, such as inducing the "browning" of white adipocytes, irisin can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and display the effects on the brain. Experimental data suggest that FNDC5/irisin mediates the positive effects of physical activity on brain functions. In several brain areas, irisin induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In the master clock, a significant role in gating photic stimuli in the retinohypothalamic synapse for BDNF is suggested. However, the brain receptor for irisin remains unknown. In the current review, the interactions of physical activity and the irisin/BDNF axis with the circadian system are reconceptualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey N. Inyushkin
- Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Samara National Research University, Samara 443011, Russia
| | - Vitalii S. Poletaev
- Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Samara National Research University, Samara 443011, Russia
| | - Elena M. Inyushkina
- Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Samara National Research University, Samara 443011, Russia
| | - Igor S. Kalberdin
- Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Samara National Research University, Samara 443011, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Inyushkin
- Department of Human & Animal Physiology, Samara National Research University, Samara 443011, Russia
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11
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Viguier C, Bullich S, Botella M, Fasseu L, Alfonso A, Rekik K, Gauzin S, Guiard BP, Davezac N. Impact of physical activity on brain oxidative metabolism and intrinsic capacities in young swiss mice fed a high fat diet. Neuropharmacology 2023; 241:109730. [PMID: 37758019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity characterized by hallmarks of insulin resistance along with an imbalance in brain oxidative metabolism would impair intrinsic capacities (ICs), a new concept for assessing mental and physical functioning. Here, we explored the impact of physical activity on antioxidant responses and oxidative metabolism in discrete brain areas of HFD or standard diet (STD) fed mice but also its consequences on specific domains of ICs. 6-week-old Swiss male mice were exposed to a STD or a HFD for 16 weeks and half of the mice in each group had access to an activity wheel and the other half did not. As expected HFD mice displayed peripheral insulin resistance but also a persistent inhibition of aconitase activity in cortices revealing an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Animals with access to the running wheel displayed an improvement of insulin sensitivity regardless of the diet factor whereas ROS production remained impaired. Moreover, although the access of the running wheel did not influence mitochondrial biomass, in the oxidative metabolism area, it produced a slight decrease in brain SOD1 and catalase expression notably in HFD fed mice. At the behavioural level, physical exercise produced anxiolytic/antidepressant-like responses and improved motor coordination in both STD and HFD fed mice. However, this non-pharmacological intervention failed to enhance cognitive performance. These findings paint a contrasting landscape about physical exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention for positively orienting the aging trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Viguier
- Remember Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Bullich
- Remember Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlene Botella
- Minding Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France; INSPIRE Consortium, France
| | - Laure Fasseu
- Minding Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France; INSPIRE Consortium, France
| | - Amélie Alfonso
- Remember Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France; INSPIRE Consortium, France
| | - Khaoula Rekik
- Remember Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Gauzin
- Remember Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France; INSPIRE Consortium, France
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Remember Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France; INSPIRE Consortium, France.
| | - Noélie Davezac
- Minding Team, Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), CNRS - University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31 067, Toulouse, France; INSPIRE Consortium, France.
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12
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Jia D, Tian Z, Wang R. Exercise mitigates age-related metabolic diseases by improving mitochondrial dysfunction. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102087. [PMID: 37832607 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of regular physical activity are related to delaying and reversing the onset of ageing and age-related disorders, including cardiomyopathy, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of the benefits of exercise or physical activity on ageing and age-related disorders remain poorly understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of ageing and age-related metabolic diseases. Mitochondrial health is an important mediator of cellular function. Therefore, exercise alleviates metabolic diseases in individuals with advancing ageing and age-related diseases by the remarkable promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Exerkines are identified as signaling moieties released in response to exercise. Exerkines released by exercise have potential roles in improving mitochondrial dysfunction in response to age-related disorders. This review comprehensive summarizes the benefits of exercise in metabolic diseases, linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the onset of age-related diseases. Using relevant examples utilizing this approach, the possibility of designing therapeutic interventions based on these molecular mechanisms is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jia
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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13
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Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M, Fields JA, Schlachetzki JCM. Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:668-687. [PMID: 37816937 PMCID: PMC11052664 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV are affected by the chronic consequences of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite antiretroviral therapies that suppress viral replication, improve health and extend life. Furthermore, viral suppression does not eliminate the virus, and remaining infected cells may continue to produce viral proteins that trigger neurodegeneration. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus are likely to contribute substantially to CNS injury in people living with HIV, and some components of antiretroviral therapy exert undesirable side effects on the nervous system. No treatment for HIV-associated NCI has been approved by the European Medicines Agency or the US Food and Drug Administration. Historically, roadblocks to developing effective treatments have included a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI and heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. This heterogeneity might reflect multiple underlying causes that differ among individuals, rather than a single unifying neuropathogenesis. Despite these complexities, accelerating discoveries in HIV neuropathogenesis are yielding potentially druggable targets, including excessive immune activation, metabolic alterations culminating in mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis and lysosomal function, and microbiome alterations. In addition to drug treatments, we also highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions. By revisiting mechanisms implicated in NCI and potential interventions addressing these mechanisms, we hope to supply reasons for optimism in people living with HIV affected by NCI and their care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Shah A, Mir PA, Adnan M, Patel M, Maqbool M, Mir RH, Masoodi MH. Synthetic and Natural Bioactive Molecules in Balancing the Crosstalk among Common Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Neurotoxic Mechanisms for Therapeutic Intervention. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39964-39983. [PMID: 37929080 PMCID: PMC10620788 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of the brain greatly rely on different signaling pathways. The wide variety of biological processes, including neurogenesis, axonal remodeling, the development and maintenance of pre- and postsynaptic terminals, and excitatory synaptic transmission, depends on combined actions of these molecular pathways. From that point of view, it is important to investigate signaling pathways and their crosstalk in order to better understand the formation of toxic proteins during neurodegeneration. With recent discoveries, it is established that the modulation of several pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling, 5'-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, silent mating-type information regulator 2 homologue 1) are central to the key findings. These include decreased amyloid formation and inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics control, and enhanced neural stability. This review intends to emphasize the importance of these signaling pathways, which collectively determine the fate of neurons in AD in several ways. This review will also focus on the role of novel synthetic and natural bioactive molecules in balancing the intricate crosstalk among different pathways in order to prolong the longevity of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul
Jalil Shah
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Khalsa
College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar 143002, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Research
and Development Cell, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute
of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Mudasir Maqbool
- Pharmacy
Practice Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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15
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White BA, Ivey JT, Velazquez-Cruz R, Oliverio R, Whitehead B, Pinti M, Hollander J, Ma L, Hu G, Weil ZM, Karelina K. Exercise intensity and sex alter neurometabolic, transcriptional, and functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2023; 368:114483. [PMID: 37479019 PMCID: PMC10529465 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise represents a potentially inexpensive, accessible, and optimizable rehabilitation approach to traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery. However, little is known about the impact of post-injury exercise on the neurometabolic, transcriptional, and cognitive outcomes following a TBI. In the current study, we examined TBI outcomes in adolescent male and female mice following a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Mice underwent a 10-day regimen of sedentary, low-, moderate-, or high-intensity treadmill exercise and were assessed for cognitive function, histopathology, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. Among male mice, low-moderate exercise improved cognitive recovery, and reduced cortical lesion volume and oxidative stress, whereas high-intensity exercise impaired both cognitive recovery and mitochondrial function. On the other hand, among female mice, exercise had an intermediate effect on cognitive recovery but significantly improved brain mitochondrial function. Moreover, single nuclei RNA sequencing of perilesional brain tissue revealed neuronal plasticity-related differential gene expression that was largely limited to the low-intensity exercise injured males. Taken together, these data build on previous reports of the neuroprotective capacity of exercise in a TBI model, and reveal that this rehabilitation strategy impacts neurometabolic, functional, and transcriptional outcome measures in an intensity- and sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brishti A White
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Julia T Ivey
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ruth Velazquez-Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Robin Oliverio
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Bailey Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mark Pinti
- Department of Human Performance and Mitochondria, Metabolism, & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - John Hollander
- Department of Human Performance and Mitochondria, Metabolism, & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Gangquin Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Zachary M Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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16
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Caddye E, Pineau J, Reyniers J, Ronen I, Colasanti A. Lactate: A Theranostic Biomarker for Metabolic Psychiatry? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1656. [PMID: 37759960 PMCID: PMC10526106 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in neurometabolism and mitochondria are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders and schizophrenia. Thus, developing objective biomarkers related to brain mitochondrial function is crucial for the development of interventions, such as central nervous system penetrating agents that target brain health. Lactate, a major circulatory fuel source that can be produced and utilized by the brain and body, is presented as a theranostic biomarker for neurometabolic dysfunction in psychiatric conditions. This concept is based on three key properties of lactate that make it an intriguing metabolic intermediate with implications for this field: Firstly, the lactate response to various stimuli, including physiological or psychological stress, represents a quantifiable and dynamic marker that reflects metabolic and mitochondrial health. Second, lactate concentration in the brain is tightly regulated according to the sleep-wake cycle, the dysregulation of which is implicated in both metabolic and mood disorders. Third, lactate universally integrates arousal behaviours, pH, cellular metabolism, redox states, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and can signal and encode this information via intra- and extracellular pathways in the brain. In this review, we expand on the above properties of lactate and discuss the methodological developments and rationale for the use of functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in vivo monitoring of brain lactate. We conclude that accurate and dynamic assessment of brain lactate responses might contribute to the development of novel and personalized therapies that improve mitochondrial health in psychiatric disorders and other conditions associated with neurometabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Caddye
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Julien Pineau
- Independent Researcher, Florianópolis 88062-300, Brazil
| | - Joshua Reyniers
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RR, UK
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17
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Tian Q, Lee PR, Walker KA, Ferrucci L. Energizing Mitochondria to Prevent Mobility Loss in Aging: Rationale and Hypotheses. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:96-102. [PMID: 37057904 PMCID: PMC10258139 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on recent studies from our group and others, we hypothesize that mitochondrial dysfunction during aging may be the root cause of mobility decline through deficits in the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. Mitochondrial dysfunction could be a therapeutic target to prevent mobility decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Tian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Philip R. Lee
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Keenan A. Walker
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
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18
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Gaspar-Silva F, Trigo D, Magalhaes J. Ageing in the brain: mechanisms and rejuvenating strategies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:190. [PMID: 37354261 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by the progressive loss of cellular homeostasis, leading to an overall decline of the organism's fitness. In the brain, ageing is highly associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. With the rise in life expectancy, characterizing the brain ageing process becomes fundamental for developing therapeutic interventions against the increased incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and to aim for an increase in human life span and, more importantly, health span. In this review, we start by introducing the molecular/cellular hallmarks associated with brain ageing and their impact on brain cell populations. Subsequently, we assess emerging evidence on how systemic ageing translates into brain ageing. Finally, we revisit the mainstream and the novel rejuvenating strategies, discussing the most successful ones in delaying brain ageing and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Gaspar-Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Trigo
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Magalhaes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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19
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Ragni M, Fenaroli F, Ruocco C, Segala A, D’Antona G, Nisoli E, Valerio A. A balanced formula of essential amino acids promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis and protects neurons from ischemic insult. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1197208. [PMID: 37397466 PMCID: PMC10308218 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1197208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the aging process, and aging is a strong risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury characterized by impairment of mitochondrial function. Among these, ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. Pharmacological approaches for its prevention and therapy are limited. Although non-pharmacological interventions such as physical exercise, which promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis, have been shown to exert preventive effects against ischemic stroke, regular feasibility is complex in older people, and nutraceutical strategies could be valuable alternatives. We show here that dietary supplementation with a balanced essential amino acid mixture (BCAAem) increased mitochondrial biogenesis and the endogenous antioxidant response in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice to an extent comparable to those elicited by treadmill exercise training, suggesting BCAAem as an effective exercise mimetic on brain mitochondrial health and disease prevention. In vitro BCAAem treatment directly exerted mitochondrial biogenic effects and induced antioxidant enzyme expression in primary mouse cortical neurons. Further, exposure to BCAAem protected cortical neurons from the ischemic damage induced by an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD). BCAAem-mediated protection against OGD was abolished in the presence of rapamycin, Torin-1, or L-NAME, indicating the requirement of both mTOR and eNOS signaling pathways in the BCAAem effects. We propose BCAAem supplementation as an alternative to physical exercise to prevent brain mitochondrial derangements leading to neurodegeneration and as a nutraceutical intervention aiding recovery after cerebral ischemia in conjunction with conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fenaroli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Segala
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
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20
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Alehossein P, Taheri M, Tayefeh Ghahremani P, Dakhlallah D, Brown CM, Ishrat T, Nasoohi S. Transplantation of Exercise-Induced Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Therapeutic Approach in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:211-237. [PMID: 35596116 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence affirms physical exercise is effective in preventive and rehabilitation approaches for ischemic stroke. This sustainable efficacy is independent of cardiovascular risk factors and associates substantial reprogramming in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs). The intricate journey of pluripotent exercise-induced EVs from parental cells to the whole-body and infiltration to cerebrovascular entity offers several mechanisms to reduce stroke incidence and injury or accelerate the subsequent recovery. This review delineates the potential roles of EVs as prospective effectors of exercise. The candidate miRNA and peptide cargo of exercise-induced EVs with both atheroprotective and neuroprotective characteristics are discussed, along with their presumed targets and pathway interactions. The existing literature provides solid ground to hypothesize that the rich vesicles link exercise to stroke prevention and rehabilitation. However, there are several open questions about the exercise stressors which may optimally regulate EVs kinetic and boost brain mitochondrial adaptations. This review represents a novel perspective on achieving brain fitness against stroke through transplantation of multi-potential EVs generated by multi-parental cells, which is exceptionally reachable in an exercising body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Alehossein
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Taheri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Tayefeh Ghahremani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University of Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Candice M Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sanaz Nasoohi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Physical activity for cognitive health promotion: An overview of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101868. [PMID: 36736379 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is one of the modifiable factors of cognitive decline and dementia with the strongest evidence. Although many influential reviews have illustrated the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity, none of them have linked the neurobiological mechanisms to normal exercise physiology to help the readers gain a more advanced, comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In this review, we address this issue and provide a synthesis of the literature by focusing on five most studied neurobiological mechanisms. We show that the body's adaptations to enhance exercise performance also benefit the brain and contribute to improved cognition. Specifically, these adaptations include, 1), the release of growth factors that are essential for the development and growth of neurons and for neurogenesis and angiogenesis, 2), the production of lactate that provides energy to the brain and is involved in the synthesis of glutamate and the maintenance of long-term potentiation, 3), the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines that reduce neuroinflammation, 4), the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme activity that reduce oxidative stress, and 5), the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and 5-HT that regulate neurogenesis and modulate cognition. We also discussed several issues relevant for prescribing physical activity, including what intensity and mode of physical activity brings the most cognitive benefits, based on their influence on the above five neurobiological mechanisms. We hope this review helps readers gain a general understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity and guide them in designing new studies to further advance the field.
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22
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San-Millán I. The Key Role of Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040782. [PMID: 37107158 PMCID: PMC10135185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondrial function in health and disease has become increasingly recognized, particularly in the last two decades. Mitochondrial dysfunction as well as disruptions of cellular bioenergetics have been shown to be ubiquitous in some of the most prevalent diseases in our society, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple diseases have yet to be elucidated, making it one of the most significant medical challenges in our history. However, the rapid advances in our knowledge of cellular metabolism coupled with the novel understanding at the molecular and genetic levels show tremendous promise to one day elucidate the mysteries of this ancient organelle in order to treat it therapeutically when needed. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, infections, aging, and a lack of physical activity have been identified to be major players in mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple diseases. This review examines the complexities of mitochondrial function, whose ancient incorporation into eukaryotic cells for energy purposes was key for the survival and creation of new species. Among these complexities, the tightly intertwined bioenergetics derived from the combustion of alimentary substrates and oxygen are necessary for cellular homeostasis, including the production of reactive oxygen species. This review discusses different etiological mechanisms by which mitochondria could become dysregulated, determining the fate of multiple tissues and organs and being a protagonist in the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. Finally, physical activity is a canonical evolutionary characteristic of humans that remains embedded in our genes. The normalization of a lack of physical activity in our modern society has led to the perception that exercise is an "intervention". However, physical activity remains the modus vivendi engrained in our genes and being sedentary has been the real intervention and collateral effect of modern societies. It is well known that a lack of physical activity leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and, hence, it probably becomes a major etiological factor of many non-communicable diseases affecting modern societies. Since physical activity remains the only stimulus we know that can improve and maintain mitochondrial function, a significant emphasis on exercise promotion should be imperative in order to prevent multiple diseases. Finally, in populations with chronic diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is involved, an individualized exercise prescription should be crucial for the "metabolic rehabilitation" of many patients. From lessons learned from elite athletes (the perfect human machines), it is possible to translate and apply multiple concepts to the betterment of populations with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo San-Millán
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80198, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Torres AK, Jara C, Llanquinao J, Lira M, Cortés-Díaz D, Tapia-Rojas C. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Redox Balance, and Calcium Homeostasis Dysfunction with Defective Ultrastructure and Quality Control in the Hippocampus of Aged Female C57BL/6J Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065476. [PMID: 36982549 PMCID: PMC10056753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process that generates progressive decline in many cellular functions. There are many theories of aging, and one of great importance in recent years is the mitochondrial theory of aging, in which mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs at advanced age could be responsible for the aged phenotype. In this context, there is diverse information about mitochondrial dysfunction in aging, in different models and different organs. Specifically, in the brain, different studies have shown mitochondrial dysfunction mainly in the cortex; however, until now, no study has shown all the defects in hippocampal mitochondria in aged female C57BL/6J mice. We performed a complete analysis of mitochondrial function in 3-month-old and 20-month-old (mo) female C57BL/6J mice, specifically in the hippocampus of these animals. We observed an impairment in bioenergetic function, indicated by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, O2 consumption, and mitochondrial ATP production. Additionally, there was an increase in ROS production in the aged hippocampus, leading to the activation of antioxidant signaling, specifically the Nrf2 pathway. It was also observed that aged animals had deregulation of calcium homeostasis, with more sensitive mitochondria to calcium overload and deregulation of proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics and quality control processes. Finally, we observed a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis with a decrease in mitochondrial mass and deregulation of mitophagy. These results show that during the aging process, damaged mitochondria accumulate, which could contribute to or be responsible for the aging phenotype and age-related disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie K. Torres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510156, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510156, Chile
| | - Jesús Llanquinao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510156, Chile
| | - Matías Lira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510156, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Avda. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Daniela Cortés-Díaz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510156, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510156, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Avda. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Jain R, Begum N, Tryphena KP, Singh SB, Srivastava S, Rai SN, Vamanu E, Khatri DK. Inter and intracellular mitochondrial transfer: Future of mitochondrial transplant therapy in Parkinson's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114268. [PMID: 36682243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by the gradual degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the intracellular build-up of Lewy bodies rich in α-synuclein protein. This impairs various aspects of the mitochondria including the generation of ROS, biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy etc. Mitochondrial dynamics are regulated through the inter and intracellular movement which impairs mitochondrial trafficking within and between cells. This inter and intracellular mitochondrial movement plays a significant role in maintaining neuronal dynamics in terms of energy and growth. Kinesin, dynein, myosin, Mitochondrial rho GTPase (Miro), and TRAK facilitate the retrograde and anterograde movement of mitochondria. Enzymes such as Kinases along with Calcium (Ca2+), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the genes PINK1 and Parkin are also involved. Extracellular vesicles, gap junctions, and tunneling nanotubes control intercellular movement. The knowledge and understanding of these proteins, enzymes, molecules, and movements have led to the development of mitochondrial transplant as a therapeutic approach for various disorders involving mitochondrial dysfunction such as stroke, ischemia and PD. A better understanding of these pathways plays a crucial role in establishing extracellular mitochondrial transplant therapy for reverting the pathology of PD. Currently, techniques such as mitochondrial coculture, mitopunch and mitoception are being utilized in the pre-clinical stages and should be further explored for translational value. This review highlights how intercellular and intracellular mitochondrial dynamics are affected during mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. The field of mitochondrial transplant therapy in PD is underlined in particular due to recent developments and the potential that it holds in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Jain
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Nusrat Begum
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India.
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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25
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Mishra E, Thakur MK. Mitophagy: A promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection during ageing and age-related diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1542-1561. [PMID: 36792062 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and mitochondria-mediated signalling pathways are known to control synaptic signalling, as well as long-lasting changes in neuronal structure and function. Mitochondrial impairment is linked to synaptic dysfunction in normal ageing and age-associated neurodegenerative ailments, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both proteolysis and mitophagy perform a major role in neuroprotection, by maintaining a healthy mitochondrial population during ageing. Mitophagy, a highly evolutionarily conserved cellular process, helps in the clearance of damaged mitochondria and thereby maintains the mitochondrial and metabolic balance, energy supply, neuronal survival and neuronal health. Besides the maintenance of brain homeostasis, hippocampal mitophagy also helps in synapse formation, axonal development, dopamine release and long-term depression. In contrast, defective mitophagy contributes to ageing and age-related neurodegeneration by promoting the accumulation of damaged mitochondria leading to cellular dysfunction. Exercise, stress management, maintaining healthy mitochondrial dynamics and administering natural or synthetic pharmacological compounds are some of the strategies used for neuroprotection during ageing and age-related neurological diseases. The current review discusses the impact of defective mitophagy in ageing and age-associated neurodegenerative conditions, the underlying molecular pathways and potential therapies based on recently elucidated mitophagy-inducing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Mulgrave VE, Alsayegh AA, Jaldi A, Omire-Mayor DT, James N, Ntekim O, Walters E, Akala EO, Allard JS. Exercise modulates APOE expression in brain cortex of female APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement mice. Neuropeptides 2023; 97:102307. [PMID: 36434832 PMCID: PMC9839612 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the main cholesterol carrier of the brain and the ε4 gene variant (APOE4) is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold. Several studies indicate that APOE4 modulates critical factors for neuronal function, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). Both proteins show exercise-induced upregulation, which is presumed to mediate many of the beneficial effects of physical activity including improved cognition; however, there is variability in results between individuals potentially in-part due to genetic variations including APOE isoform. This study aimed to determine if the two most prevalent human APOE isoforms influence adaptive responses to exercise-training. Targeted replacement mice, homozygous for either APOE3 or APOE4 were randomized into exercised and sedentary groups. Baseline locomotor function and voluntary wheel-running behavior was reduced in APOE4 mice. Exercised groups were subjected to daily treadmill running for 8 weeks. ApoE protein in brain cortex was significantly increased by exercise in both genotypes. PGC-1α mRNA levels in brain cortex were significantly lower in APOE4 mice, and only tended to increase with exercise in both genotypes. Hippocampal BDNF protein were similar between genotypes and was not significantly modulated by treadmill running. Behavioral and biochemical variations between APOE3 and APOE4 mice likely contribute to the differential risk for neurological and vascular diseases and the exercise-induced increase in ApoE levels suggests an added feature of the potential efficacy of physical activity as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for neurogenerative processes in both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verona E Mulgrave
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abdulrahman A Alsayegh
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aida Jaldi
- Dept of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Niaya James
- Dept of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Oyonumo Ntekim
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric Walters
- Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emanuel O Akala
- Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joanne S Allard
- Dept of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
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O’Reilly CL, Miller BF, Lewis TL. Exercise and mitochondrial remodeling to prevent age-related neurodegeneration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:181-189. [PMID: 36519568 PMCID: PMC9829476 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy brain activity requires precise ion and energy management creating a strong reliance on mitochondrial function. Age-related neurodegeneration leads to a decline in mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress, with associated declines in mitochondrial mass, respiration capacity, and respiration efficiency. The interdependent processes of mitochondrial protein turnover and mitochondrial dynamics, known together as mitochondrial remodeling, play essential roles in mitochondrial health and therefore brain function. This mini-review describes the role of mitochondria in neurodegeneration and brain health, current practices for assessing both aspects of mitochondrial remodeling, and how exercise mitigates the adverse effects of aging in the brain. Exercise training elicits functional adaptations to improve brain health, and current literature strongly suggests that mitochondrial remodeling plays a vital role in these positive adaptations. Despite substantial implications that the two aspects of mitochondrial remodeling are interdependent, very few investigations have simultaneously measured mitochondrial dynamics and protein synthesis. An improved understanding of the partnership between mitochondrial protein turnover and mitochondrial dynamics will provide a better understanding of their role in both brain health and disease, as well as how they induce protection following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L. O’Reilly
- 1Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- 1Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,2Oklahoma City Veterans Association, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Tommy L. Lewis
- 1Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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28
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Barnes JN, Burns JM, Bamman MM, Billinger SA, Bodine SC, Booth FW, Brassard P, Clemons TA, Fadel PJ, Geiger PC, Gujral S, Haus JM, Kanoski SE, Miller BF, Morris JK, O’Connell KM, Poole DC, Sandoval DA, Smith JC, Swerdlow RH, Whitehead SN, Vidoni ED, van Praag H. Proceedings from the Albert Charitable Trust Inaugural Workshop on 'Understanding the Acute Effects of Exercise on the Brain'. Brain Plast 2022; 8:153-168. [PMID: 36721393 PMCID: PMC9837736 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An inaugural workshop supported by "The Leo and Anne Albert Charitable Trust," was held October 4-7, 2019 in Scottsdale, Arizona, to focus on the effects of exercise on the brain and to discuss how physical activity may prevent or delay the onset of aging-related neurodegenerative conditions. The Scientific Program Committee (led by Dr. Jeff Burns) assembled translational, clinical, and basic scientists who research various aspects of the effects of exercise on the body and brain, with the overall goal of gaining a better understanding as to how to delay or prevent neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, research topics included the links between cardiorespiratory fitness, the cerebrovasculature, energy metabolism, peripheral organs, and cognitive function, which are all highly relevant to understanding the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the brain. The Albert Trust workshop participants addressed these and related topics, as well as how other lifestyle interventions, such as diet, affect age-related cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. This report provides a synopsis of the presentations and discussions by the participants, and a delineation of the next steps towards advancing our understanding of the effects of exercise on the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill N. Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Sue C. Bodine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Frank W. Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, and Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, QC, Canada
| | - Tameka A. Clemons
- Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paul J. Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Paige C. Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Swathi Gujral
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsrife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jill K. Morris
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | | | - David C. Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - J. Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Shawn N. Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL, USA
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de Sousa Fernandes MS, Aidar FJ, da Silva Pedroza AA, de Andrade Silva SC, Santos GCJ, dos Santos Henrique R, Clemente FM, Silva AF, de Souza RF, Ferreira DJ, Badicu G, Lagranha C, Nobari H. Effects of aerobic exercise training in oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis markers on prefrontal cortex in obese mice. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:213. [PMID: 36527152 PMCID: PMC9758933 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of Aerobic Physical Training (AET) on the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative balance in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) of leptin deficiency-induced obese mice (ob/ob mice). METHODS Then, the mice were submitted to an 8-week protocol of aerobic physical training (AET) at moderate intensity (60% of the maximum running speed). In the oxidative stress, we analyzed Malonaldehyde (MDA) and Carbonyls, the enzymatic activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST), non-enzymatic antioxidant system: reduced glutathione (GSH), and Total thiols. Additionally, we evaluated the gene expression of PGC-1α SIRT-1, and ATP5A related to mitochondrial biogenesis and function. RESULTS In our study, we did not observe a significant difference in MDA (p = 0.2855), Carbonyl's (p = 0.2246), SOD (p = 0.1595), and CAT (p = 0.6882) activity. However, the activity of GST (p = 0.04), the levels of GSH (p = 0.001), and Thiols (p = 0.02) were increased after 8 weeks of AET. Additionally, there were high levels of PGC-1α (p = 0.01), SIRT-1 (p = 0.009), and ATP5A (p = 0.01) gene expression after AET in comparison with the sedentary group. CONCLUSIONS AET for eight weeks can improve antioxidant defense and increase the expression of PGC-1α, SIRT-1, and ATP5A in PFC of ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe Brazil
| | - Anderson Apolônio da Silva Pedroza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE Brazil
| | - Severina Cássia de Andrade Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE Brazil
| | | | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | | | - Diorginis José Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Claudia Lagranha
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE Brazil
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367 Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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30
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH. Nutraceutical activation of Sirt1: a review. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2022-002171. [PMID: 36522127 PMCID: PMC9756291 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The deacetylase sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), activated by calorie restriction and fasting, exerts several complementary effects on cellular function that are favourable to healthspan; it is often thought of as an 'anti-aging' enzyme. Practical measures which might boost Sirt1 activity are therefore of considerable interest. A number of nutraceuticals have potential in this regard. Nutraceuticals reported to enhance Sirt1 synthesis or protein expression include ferulic acid, tetrahydrocurcumin, urolithin A, melatonin, astaxanthin, carnosic acid and neochlorogenic acid. The half-life of Sirt1 protein can be enhanced with the natural nicotinamide catabolite N1-methylnicotinamide. The availability of Sirt1's obligate substrate NAD+ can be increased in several ways: nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide can function as substrates for NAD+ synthesis; activators of AMP-activated kinase-such as berberine-can increase expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, which is rate limiting for NAD+ synthesis; and nutraceutical quinones such as thymoquinone and pyrroloquinoline quinone can boost NAD+ by promoting oxidation of NADH. Induced ketosis-as via ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides-can increase NAD+ in the brain by lessening the reduction of NAD+ mediated by glycolysis. Post-translational modifications of Sirt1 by O-GlcNAcylation or sulfonation can increase its activity, suggesting that administration of glucosamine or of agents promoting hydrogen sulfide synthesis may aid Sirt1 activity. Although resveratrol has poor pharmacokinetics, it can bind to Sirt1 and activate it allosterically-as can so-called sirtuin-activating compound drugs. Since oxidative stress can reduce Sirt1 activity in multiple ways, effective antioxidant supplementation that blunts such stress may also help preserve Sirt1 activity in some circumstances. Combination nutraceutical regimens providing physiologically meaningful doses of several of these agents, capable of activating Sirt1 in complementary ways, may have considerable potential for health promotion. Such measures may also amplify the benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in non-diabetic disorders, as these benefits appear to reflect upregulation of Sirt1 and AMP-activated protein kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, Encinitas, California, USA
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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31
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Silva MG, Nunes P, Oliveira P, Ferreira R, Fardilha M, Moreira-Gonçalves D, Duarte JA, Oliveira MM, Peixoto F. Long-Term Aerobic Training Improves Mitochondrial and Antioxidant Function in the Liver of Wistar Rats Preventing Hepatic Age-Related Function Decline. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1750. [PMID: 36552260 PMCID: PMC9774900 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on the effects of physical exercise have focused on its influence on muscle tissue, forgetting its interference in liver function. Ageing leads to the progressive impairment of hepatic functions. Several biochemical and bioenergetics parameters were determined to test the impact of a lifelong aerobic training program in the hepatic age-related and the development of an adaptative response. Liver samples were collected from 28 male Wistar rats (4-week-old, 159.4 ± 11.9 g at the beginning of the protocol), randomly distributed into two groups: non-exercised or exercised and submitted to a treadmill exercise program (60 min/day, 5 days/week, at 70% of maximal running speed), for 24 (n = 9) or 54 weeks (n = 10). A maximal running speed test was performed to determine the training speed. Antioxidant enzyme activity, cellular redox status, oxidative stress, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and respiratory activity were performed in liver samples. Lifelong exercise decreased the age-associated decline in mitochondrial dysfunction, increasing the respiratory rate in state 2 (mitochondrial respiration stimulated by the substrate in the absence of added ADP) (p = 0.03) and citrate synthase enzymatic activity (p = 0.007). Complex II (p < 0.0001) and IV (p < 0.001) showed a decrease in enzymatic activity. Ageing-related oxidative stress was also attenuated by physical exercise, as showed by the increase in first-line defense antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (p = 0.07) and catalase (p = 0.03)), decreased lipid peroxidation levels (p = 0.864 for total fraction, p = 0,27 for mitochondrial fraction) and higher glutathione reduced/oxidized ratio (p = 0.02). According to our results, the regular practice of exercise can prevent the liver’s mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of antioxidant system efficacy that may arise from ageing, highlighting the benefit of lifelong aerobic exercise in preventing age-related hepatic impairment and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Garcia Silva
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paulo Nunes
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula Oliveira
- Instituto de Inovação, Capacitação e Sustentabilidade da Produção Agro-Alimentar (INOV4AGRO), Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Labratório Associado para a Química Verde-Rede de Química e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniel Moreira-Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação de Atividade Física, Saúde e Lazer (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- Centro de Investigação de Atividade Física, Saúde e Lazer (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuel Oliveira
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Francisco Peixoto
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Biology and Environment Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Rai M, Demontis F. Muscle-to-Brain Signaling Via Myokines and Myometabolites. Brain Plast 2022; 8:43-63. [PMID: 36448045 PMCID: PMC9661353 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle health and function are important determinants of systemic metabolic homeostasis and organism-wide responses, including disease outcome. While it is well known that exercise protects the central nervous system (CNS) from aging and disease, only recently this has been found to depend on the endocrine capacity of skeletal muscle. Here, we review muscle-secreted growth factors and cytokines (myokines), metabolites (myometabolites), and other unconventional signals (e.g. bioactive lipid species, enzymes, and exosomes) that mediate muscle-brain and muscle-retina communication and neuroprotection in response to exercise and associated processes, such as the muscle unfolded protein response and metabolic stress. In addition to impacting proteostasis, neurogenesis, and cognitive functions, muscle-brain signaling influences complex brain-dependent behaviors, such as depression, sleeping patterns, and biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. Moreover, myokine signaling adapts feeding behavior to meet the energy demands of skeletal muscle. Contrary to protective myokines induced by exercise and associated signaling pathways, inactivity and muscle wasting may derange myokine expression and secretion and in turn compromise CNS function. We propose that tailoring muscle-to-CNS signaling by modulating myokines and myometabolites may combat age-related neurodegeneration and brain diseases that are influenced by systemic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Rai
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Hautekiet P, Saenen ND, Aerts R, Martens DS, Roels HA, Bijnens EM, Nawrot TS. Higher buccal mtDNA content is associated with residential surrounding green in a panel study of primary school children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113551. [PMID: 35654156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are known to respond to environmental stressors but whether green space is associated with mitochondrial abundance is unexplored. Furthermore, as exposures may affect health from early life onwards, we here evaluate if residential green space is associated with mitochondria DNA content (mtDNAc) in children. METHODS In primary schoolchildren (COGNAC study), between 2012 and 2014, buccal mtDNAc was repeatedly (three times) assessed using qPCR. Surrounding low (<3m), high (≥3m) and total (sum of low and high) green space within different radii (100m-1000m) from the residence and distance to the nearest large green space (>0.5ha) were estimated using a remote sensing derived map. Given the repeated measures design, we applied a mixed-effects model with school and subject as random effect while adjusting for a priori chosen fixed covariates. RESULTS mtDNAc was assessed in 246 children with a total of 436 measurements (mean age 10.3 years). Within a 1000m radius around the residential address, an IQR increment in low (11.0%), high (9.5%), and total (13.9%) green space was associated with a respectively 15.2% (95% CI: 7.2%-23.7%), 10.8% (95% CI: 4.5%-17.5%), and 13.4% (95% CI: 7.4%-19.7%) higher mtDNAc. Conversely, an IQR increment (11.6%) in agricultural area in the same radius was associated with a -3.4% (95% CI: 6.7% to -0.1%) lower mtDNAc. Finally, a doubling in distance to large green space was associated with a -5.2% (95% CI: 7.9 to -2.4%) lower mtDNAc. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating associations between residential surrounding green space and mtDNAc in children. Our results showed that green space was associated with a higher mtDNAc in children, which indicates the importance of the early life environment. To what extent these findings contribute to later life health effects should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hautekiet
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE-3590, Hasselt, Belgium; Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nelly D Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE-3590, Hasselt, Belgium; Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raf Aerts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE-3590, Hasselt, Belgium; Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31-2435, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE-3590, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Harry A Roels
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE-3590, Hasselt, Belgium; Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. Hippocrate 57, BE-1200, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Esmée M Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE-3590, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, BE-3590, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), O&N I Herestraat 49 - Bus 706, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cho SY, Chung YS, Yoon HK, Roh HT. Impact of Exercise Intensity on Systemic Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Responses, and Sirtuin Levels in Healthy Male Volunteers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191811292. [PMID: 36141561 PMCID: PMC9516970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can induce anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, for which regulation of sirtuins (SIRTs) may be a major consideration for exercise prescription. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise, in particular its intensity, on systemic oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and SIRT levels. Twenty healthy, untrained males were recruited and randomly assigned to moderate-intensity (MI, 65% VO2max, n = 10) and high-intensity (HI, 85% VO2max, n = 10) exercise. Blood samples were obtained pre-, immediately post-, and 1 h post-exercise for measurements of malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dis-mutase (SOD), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, SIRT-1, SIRT-2, and SIRT-3. Overall, MDA, SOD, IL-6, SIRT-1, and SIRT-3 levels were significantly increased at post-exercise compared with pre-exercise regardless of exercise intensity (p < 0.05). The HI group had significantly higher MDA, SOD, and IL-6 levels than the MI group at post-exercise (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in the IL-1β, TNF-α, and SIRT-2 levels (p > 0.05). Altogether, these findings suggest that exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses may be dependent on exercise intensity. Moreover, activation of inflammatory cytokines and SIRT family members may be dependent on the intensity of the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Youn Cho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Chung
- Department of Sports and Leisure Studies, School of Arts and Health, Myongji College, Seoul 03656, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ki Yoon
- School of Sports, College of Humanities, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Roh
- Department of Sports Science, College of Health Science, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221 beongil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-530-2293
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Janicijevic D, Miras-Moreno S, Pérez Castilla A, Vera J, Redondo B, Jiménez R, García-Ramos A. Association of military-specific reaction time performance with physical fitness and visual skills. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14007. [PMID: 36068867 PMCID: PMC9441139 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to explore whether military-specific reaction time (RT) test performance is affected by individuals' physical and visual skills. Method In a single testing session, the military-specific Simple and Go, No-Go RT, aerobic power (20-m Multistage Shuttle Run test), maximal upper- and lower-body mechanical capacities (bench press and squat against different loads), and visual skills (multiple object tracking and dynamic visual acuity) of 30 young men (15 active-duty military personnel and 15 sport science students) were evaluated. Results The main findings revealed that the Simple RT and Go, No-Go RT presented (1) with aerobic power non-significant small correlations in military personnel (r = -0.39 and -0.35, respectively) and non-significant negligible correlations in sport science students (r = -0.10 and 0.06, respectively), (2) inconsistent and generally non-significant correlations with the maximal mechanical capacities of the upper- and lower-body muscles (r range = -0.10, 0.67 and -0.27, 0.48, respectively), (3) non-significant correlations with visual skills (r magnitude ≥ 0.58) with the only exception of the Go, No-Go RT that was significantly correlated to all visual variables in the group of students (i.e., students who achieved better results during visual tests had shorter RT; r magnitude ≥ 0.58), and (4) none of the physical and visual variables significantly predicted the Simple RT or Go, No-Go RT. Conclusion Altogether, these results indicate that military-specific RT performance is generally independent of physical and visual skills in both military personnel and active university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Centre, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesus Vera
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Benarroch E. What Muscle Signals Mediate the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Cognition? Neurology 2022; 99:298-304. [PMID: 35970575 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common major neurocognitive disorder of ageing. Although largely ignored until about a decade ago, accumulating evidence suggests that deteriorating brain energy metabolism plays a key role in the development and/or progression of AD-associated cognitive decline. Brain glucose hypometabolism is a well-established biomarker in AD but was mostly assumed to be a consequence of neuronal dysfunction and death. However, its presence in cognitively asymptomatic populations at higher risk of AD strongly suggests that it is actually a pre-symptomatic component in the development of AD. The question then arises as to whether progressive AD-related cognitive decline could be prevented or slowed down by correcting or bypassing this progressive ‘brain energy gap’. In this review, we provide an overview of research on brain glucose and ketone metabolism in AD and its prodromal condition – mild cognitive impairment (MCI) – to provide a clearer basis for proposing keto-therapeutics as a strategy for brain energy rescue in AD. We also discuss studies using ketogenic interventions and their impact on plasma ketone levels, brain energetics and cognitive performance in MCI and AD. Given that exercise has several overlapping metabolic effects with ketones, we propose that in combination these two approaches might be synergistic for brain health during ageing. As cause-and-effect relationships between the different hallmarks of AD are emerging, further research efforts should focus on optimising the efficacy, acceptability and accessibility of keto-therapeutics in AD and populations at risk of AD.
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Alley JR, Valentine RJ, Kohut ML. Mitochondrial Mass of Naïve T Cells Is Associated with Aerobic Fitness and Energy Expenditure of Active and Inactive Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1288-1299. [PMID: 35389948 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic exercise training is known to induce metabolic changes, but whether these adaptations extend to lymphocytes and how this may affect immune function remains largely unknown. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which mitochondrial characteristics of naïve T cells differ according to fitness status and to further examine the energy production pathways of cells from aerobically trained and inactive participants. METHODS Blood was collected from 30 aerobically active (>6 h·wk -1 ) or inactive (<90 min·wk -1 ) men and women. Naïve T cell mitochondrial mass, membrane potential, and biogenesis were assessed with flow cytometry. Participants completed a treadmill maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O 2peak ) test and wore a physical activity monitor for 1 wk. In a subset of participants, naïve CD8 + T cell activation-induced glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production was measured. RESULTS Active participants exhibited 16.7% more naïve CD8 + T cell mitochondrial mass ( P = 0.046), 34% greater daily energy expenditure ( P < 0.001), and 39.6% higher relative V̇O 2peak ( P < 0.001), along with 33.9% lower relative body fatness ( P < 0.001). Among all participants, naïve CD8 + T cell mitochondrial mass was correlated with estimated energy expenditure ( r = 0.36, P = 0.048) and V̇O 2peak ( r = 0.47, P = 0.009). There were no significant differences in ATP production, mitochondrial biogenesis, or mitochondrial membrane potential between active and inactive groups. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine the effects of aerobic exercise training status on metabolic parameters within human naïve T cells. Findings suggest that mitochondrial adaptations in certain immune cell types are positively associated with aerobic fitness and energy expenditure. This study provides a foundation for future development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions targeting specific immune cell subsets to improve the immune response and overall health.
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Hong SY, Kim JH. The Role of Contact Care by Adult Children in Relieving Depression in Older Adult Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137981. [PMID: 35805636 PMCID: PMC9266146 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate how contact care by adult children influences the effect of caring for grandchildren on depression in older adult individuals. Studies have shown that caring for grandchildren either increases or decreases the symptoms of depression in older adult individuals, while other studies have shown no effect. The reason for these inconsistent results is that the key control variable, contact care by adult children, has been omitted from these previous studies. An analysis of panel data consisting of observations from 162 older adult respondents in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging over the 2008-2016 period confirms that the positive effect of caring for grandchildren on depression in older adults increased as the number of adult children who visited their older adult parents after entrusting their children to them increased. As more of their adult children visited the older adult individuals, the latter were more likely to feel that caring for their grandchildren was healing rather than stressful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Youn Hong
- Department of Sport, Leisure, & Recreation, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Pi-Touch Institute, Seoul 04511, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Four weeks of light-intensity exercise enhances empathic behavior in mice: The possible involvement of BDNF. Brain Res 2022; 1787:147920. [PMID: 35452659 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Empathy is one of the essential functions of mammals for maintaining relationships with others. Physical activity contributes to enhancing empathic attitude and behavior; however, it is remained to cover the effective intensity of exercise on mammal empathy. Here, we tested the effects of light-intensity exercise, which has beneficial effects on expressing neurotrophic factors in the brain, on empathic behavior. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to forced wheel running at light-intensity (7.0 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week) for 4 weeks. Then, all mice were subjected to helping behavior to evaluate their empathic behavior. The insular cortex was collected for analyzing the expressions of mRNA and miRNA. Four weeks of light-intensity exercise enhanced helping behavior. Exercised mice exhibited higher Bdnf gene expressions in the insular cortex than sedentary mice. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between mRNA levels of Fndc5 and Bdnf in the insular cortex. Based on miRNA sequencing, 26 out of 51 miRNAs were significantly upregulated, and 25 out of 51 miRNAs were significantly downregulated in the insular cortex of mice with exercise. There were significant correlations between 11 out of 51 miRNAs and helping behavior; miR-486a-3p, which relates to FNDC5 expression, was contained. These results imply that miR-486a-3p/Fndc5/Bdnf pathway in the insular cortex would be a possible target for treating empathy.
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Mitochondrial Proteins Unveil the Mechanism by Which Physical Exercise Ameliorates Memory, Learning and Motor Activity in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084235. [PMID: 35457053 PMCID: PMC9024620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical exercise has been shown to improve cognitive and motor functions, promoting neurogenesis and demonstrating therapeutic benefits in neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, it is crucial to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which this occurs. The study aimed to investigate and evaluate the effect of swimming exercise on the changes of mitochondrial proteins in the brains of rats with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods: the vertical pole and Morris water maze tests were used to assess the animals’ motor and cognitive functions, and western blot and immunofluorescence of brain tissue were used to assess the biomarkers of mitochondrial apoptosis and cristae stability in response to exercise training. Four groups of rats were used: (1) sham sedentary group (SHAM, NT), (2) sham exercise training group (SHAM, T) (3) hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy sedentary group (HIE, NT), and (4) hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy exercise training group (HIE, T). Results: animals with HIE showed motor and cognitive deficits, as well as increased apoptotic protein expression. Exercise, on the other hand, improved motor and cognitive functions while also suppressing the expression of apoptotic proteins. Conclusions: By stabilizing the mitochondrial cristae and suppressing the apoptotic cascade, physical exercise provided neuroprotection in hypoxic ischemia-induced brain injury.
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Del Moro L, Rota E, Pirovano E, Rainero I. Migraine, Brain Glucose Metabolism and the "Neuroenergetic" Hypothesis: A Scoping Review. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:1294-1317. [PMID: 35296423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that migraine may be the result of an impaired brain glucose metabolism. Several studies have reported brain mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired brain glucose metabolism and gray matter volume reduction in specific brain areas of migraineurs. Furthermore, peripheral insulin resistance, a condition demonstrated in several studies, may extend to the brain, leading to brain insulin resistance. This condition has been proven to downregulate insulin receptors, both in astrocytes and neurons, triggering a reduction in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, mainly during high metabolic demand. This scoping review examines the clinical, epidemiologic and pathophysiologic data supporting the hypothesis that abnormalities in brain glucose metabolism may generate a mismatch between the brain's energy reserve and metabolic expenditure, triggering migraine attacks. Moreover, alteration in glucose homeostasis could generate a chronic brain energy deficit promoting migraine chronification. Lastly, insulin resistance may link migraine with its comorbidities, like obesity, depression, cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular diseases. PERSPECTIVE: Although additional experimental studies are needed to support this novel "neuroenergetic" hypothesis, brain insulin resistance in migraineurs may unravel the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, explaining the migraine chronification and connecting migraine with comorbidities. Therefore, this hypothesis could elucidate novel potential approaches for migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Del Moro
- Foundation Allineare Sanità and Salute, Scientific Committee, Milan, Italy; LUMEN APS, European Salus Network, Scientific Committee, San Pietro in Cerro (PC), Italy.
| | - Eugenia Rota
- Neurology Unit, ASL AL, San Giacomo Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy
| | - Elenamaria Pirovano
- Foundation Allineare Sanità and Salute, Scientific Committee, Milan, Italy; LUMEN APS, European Salus Network, Scientific Committee, San Pietro in Cerro (PC), Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
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Huuha AM, Norevik CS, Moreira JBN, Kobro-Flatmoen A, Scrimgeour N, Kivipelto M, Van Praag H, Ziaei M, Sando SB, Wisløff U, Tari AR. Can exercise training teach us how to treat Alzheimer's disease? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101559. [PMID: 34999248 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and there is currently no cure. Novel approaches to treat AD and curb the rapidly increasing worldwide prevalence and costs of dementia are needed. Physical inactivity is a significant modifiable risk factor for AD, estimated to contribute to 12.7% of AD cases worldwide. Exercise interventions in humans and animals have shown beneficial effects of exercise on brain plasticity and cognitive functions. In animal studies, exercise also improved AD pathology. The mechanisms underlying these effects of exercise seem to be associated mainly with exercise performance or cardiorespiratory fitness. In addition, exercise-induced molecules of peripheral origin seem to play an important role. Since exercise affects the whole body, there likely is no single therapeutic target that could mimic all the benefits of exercise. However, systemic strategies may be a viable means to convey broad therapeutic effects in AD patients. Here, we review the potential of physical activity and exercise training in AD prevention and treatment, shining light on recently discovered underlying mechanisms and concluding with a view on future development of exercise-free treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi M Huuha
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cecilie S Norevik
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - José Bianco N Moreira
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathan Scrimgeour
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging and Inflammation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henriette Van Praag
- Brain Institute and Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Maryam Ziaei
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sigrid Botne Sando
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Atefe R Tari
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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45
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Husak JF, Lailvaux SP. Conserved and convergent mechanisms underlying performance-life-history trade-offs. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274252. [PMID: 35119073 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic trade-offs are inevitable in nature, but the mechanisms driving them are poorly understood. Movement and oxygen are essential to all animals, and as such, the common ancestor to all living animals passed on mechanisms to acquire oxygen and contract muscle, sometimes at the expense of other activities or expression of traits. Nevertheless, convergent pathways have also evolved to deal with critical trade-offs that are necessary to survive ubiquitous environmental challenges. We discuss how whole-animal performance traits, such as locomotion, are important to fitness, yet costly, resulting in trade-offs with other aspects of the phenotype via specific conserved and convergent mechanistic pathways across all animals. Specifically, we discuss conserved pathways involved in muscle structure and signaling, insulin/insulin-like signaling, sirtuins, mitochondria and hypoxia-inducible factors, as well as convergent pathways involved in energy regulation, development, reproductive investment and energy storage. The details of these mechanisms are only known from a few model systems, and more comparative studies are needed. We make two main recommendations as a framework for future studies of animal form and function. First, studies of performance should consider the broader life-history context of the organism, and vice versa, as performance expression can require a large portion of acquired resources. Second, studies of life histories or mechanistic pathways that measure performance should do so in meaningful and standardized ways. Understanding proximate mechanisms of phenotypic trade-offs will not only better explain the phenotypes of the organisms we study, but also allow predictions about phenotypic variation at the evolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry F Husak
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Simon P Lailvaux
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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46
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Babaei P, Azari HB. Exercise Training Improves Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:771553. [PMID: 35153701 PMCID: PMC8829997 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.771553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, cognitive decline and memory impairment threaten independence and quality of life. Therefore, finding prevention and treatment strategies for memory impairment is an important health concern. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved underlying memory preservation will enable the development of appropriate pharmaceuticals drugs for those who are activity limited. Exercise training as a non-pharmacological tool, has been known to increase the mean lifespan by maintaining general body health and improving the cardiovascular and nervous systems function. Among different exercise training protocols, aerobic exercise has been reported to prevent the progression of memory decline, provided adequate exertion level, duration, and frequency. Mechanisms underlying exercise training effects on memory performance have not been understood yet. Convergent evidence suggest several direct and indirect mechanisms at molecular and supramolecular levels. The supramolecular level includes improvement in blood circulation, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis which are under controls of complex molecular signaling of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, exerkines, and epigenetics factors. Among these various factors, irisin/BDNF signaling seems to be one of the important mediators of crosstalk between contracted skeletal muscles and the brain during exercise training. This review provides an affordable and effective method to improve cognitive function in old ages, particularly those who are most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Helya Bolouki Azari
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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47
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Lee Y, Ahn Y, Cucullo L. Impact of Physical Activity and Medication Adherence on the Seizure Frequency and Quality of Life of Epileptic Patients: A Population Study in West Texas. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4193664. [PMID: 35087908 PMCID: PMC8789420 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4193664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease that affects 1-3% of the population. People with epilepsy (PWE) have poor physical and psychological health and a lower quality of life (QOL) than people without epilepsy. Moreover, PWE has more comorbid conditions (obesity, depression) than general populations. Physical activity (PA) has been reported to have various positive physical and psychological effects in PWE. Meanwhile, poor medication adherence is one of the main precipitating factors for seizure triggers. This study assessed the impact of PA and medication adherence on the seizure frequency and QOL for PWE at the Epilepsy Foundation, West Texas (EFWT). Our results indicate that PA is positively associated with the quality of life and negatively associated with the seizure frequency for PWE at EFWT, which suggests that physically active PWE tend to have fewer seizures and better QOL. Medication adherence did not affect the seizure frequency or QOL in our study. Yet, it is still crucial to encourage medication adherence for PWE since nonadherence is a known seizure promoter. Findings from this study highlight the continuous need to utilize available resources and implement programs to promote physical activity and medication adherence for better seizure control and QOL in PWE at EFWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoonJung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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48
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Dominiak K, Galganski L, Budzinska A, Woyda-Ploszczyca A, Zoladz JA, Jarmuszkiewicz W. Effects of Endurance Training on the Coenzyme Q Redox State in Rat Heart, Liver, and Brain at the Tissue and Mitochondrial Levels: Implications for Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Respiratory Chain Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020896. [PMID: 35055078 PMCID: PMC8778810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen adult, 4-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the training group (n = 8) or the control group (n = 8). We elucidated the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training on coenzyme Q (Q) content and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tissue level and in isolated mitochondria of the rat heart, liver and brain. We demonstrated that endurance training enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in all tested organs, while a significant increase in the Q redox state was observed in the heart and brain, indicating an elevated level of QH2 as an antioxidant. Moreover, endurance training increased the mQH2 antioxidant pool in the mitochondria of the heart and liver, but not in the brain. At the tissue and isolated mitochondria level, an increase in ROS formation was only observed in the heart. ROS formation observed in the mitochondria of individual rat tissues after training may be associated with changes in the activity/amount of individual components of the oxidative phosphorylation system and its molecular organization, as well as with the size of the oxidized pool of mitochondrial Q acting as an electron carrier in the respiratory chain. Our results indicate that tissue-dependent changes induced by endurance training in the cellular and mitochondrial QH2 pool acting as an antioxidant and in the mitochondrial Q pool serving the respiratory chain may serve important roles in energy metabolism, redox homeostasis and the level of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dominiak
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
| | - Lukasz Galganski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.J.)
| | - Adrianna Budzinska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
| | - Andrzej Woyda-Ploszczyca
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.); (A.W.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.J.)
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49
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Massett MP, Matejka C, Kim H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endurance Exercise Training Protocols for Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:782695. [PMID: 34950054 PMCID: PMC8691460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.782695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbred and genetically modified mice are frequently used to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial adaptations to exercise training. However, published paradigms for exercise training in mice are variable, making comparisons across studies for training efficacy difficult. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to characterize the diversity across published treadmill-based endurance exercise training protocols for mice and to identify training protocol parameters that moderate the adaptations to endurance exercise training in mice. Published studies were retrieved from PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed for the following inclusion criteria: inbred mice; inclusion of a sedentary group; and exercise training using a motorized treadmill. Fifty-eight articles met those inclusion criteria and also included a "classical" marker of training efficacy. Outcome measures included changes in exercise performance, V ˙ O2max, skeletal muscle oxidative enzyme activity, blood lactate levels, or exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The majority of studies were conducted using male mice. Approximately 48% of studies included all information regarding exercise training protocol parameters. Meta-analysis was performed using 105 distinct training groups (i.e., EX-SED pairs). Exercise training had a significant effect on training outcomes, but with high heterogeneity (Hedges' g=1.70, 95% CI=1.47-1.94, Tau2=1.14, I2 =80.4%, prediction interval=-0.43-3.84). Heterogeneity was partially explained by subgroup differences in treadmill incline, training duration, exercise performance test type, and outcome variable. Subsequent analyses were performed on subsets of studies based on training outcome, exercise performance, or biochemical markers. Exercise training significantly improved performance outcomes (Hedges' g=1.85, 95% CI=1.55-2.15). Subgroup differences were observed for treadmill incline, training duration, and exercise performance test protocol on improvements in performance. Biochemical markers also changed significantly with training (Hedges' g=1.62, 95% CI=1.14-2.11). Subgroup differences were observed for strain, sex, exercise session time, and training duration. These results demonstrate there is a high degree of heterogeneity across exercise training studies in mice. Training duration had the most significant impact on training outcome. However, the magnitude of the effect of exercise training varies based on the marker used to assess training efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Massett
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Caitlyn Matejka
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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50
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Kluever V, Fornasiero EF. Principles of brain aging: Status and challenges of modeling human molecular changes in mice. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101465. [PMID: 34555542 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extension of human life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive impairment is rising in the older portion of society. Developing new strategies to delay or attenuate cognitive decline is vital. For this purpose, it is imperative to understand the cellular and molecular events at the basis of brain aging. While several organs are directly accessible to molecular analysis through biopsies, the brain constitutes a notable exception. Most of the molecular studies are performed on postmortem tissues, where cell death and tissue damage have already occurred. Hence, the study of the molecular aspects of cognitive decline largely relies on animal models and in particular on small mammals such as mice. What have we learned from these models? Do these animals recapitulate the changes observed in humans? What should we expect from future mouse studies? In this review we answer these questions by summarizing the state of the research that has addressed cognitive decline in mice from several perspectives, including genetic manipulation and omics strategies. We conclude that, while extremely valuable, mouse models have limitations that can be addressed by the optimal design of future studies and by ensuring that results are cross-validated in the human context.
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