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Nomura S, Sumi D, Nagatsuka H, Suzuki T, Goto K. Effects of endurance exercise under hypoxic conditions on the gastric emptying rate and intestinal cell damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05523-1. [PMID: 39453456 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of gastric emptying rate and intestinal cell damage following a single session of endurance exercise under "hypoxic" or "normoxic" conditions at the same relative intensity. Eleven healthy males performed two trials on different days, consisting of a 60 min run on a treadmill at 70% maximal running velocity (vMax) while inspiring hypoxic (FiO2: 14.5%; HYP) or normoxic air (FiO2: 20.9%; NOR). The average running velocity was 11.4 ± 0.7 km/h in NOR and 10.8 ± 0.5 km/h in HYP, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected to evaluate plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) as an indicator of exercise-induced intestinal cell damage. The gastric emptying rate was determined by the 13C-sodium acetate breath test. Running velocities at 70% vMax and arterial oxygen saturation were significantly lower under HYP than NOR (p < 0.001). Peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion during exercise did not differ significantly between the trials. Maximum 13C excretion time (an indication of the gastric emptying rate) was significantly delayed in the HYP (NOR: 38.5 ± 5.0 min, HYP: 45.5 ± 9.6 min; p = 0.010). Furthermore, the score of nausea increased slightly, but increased significantly after exercise only in the HYP (p = 0.04). However, exercise-induced changes in plasma I-FABP, adrenaline, and noradrenaline concentrations did not differ significantly between the two trials. These results suggest that endurance exercise under hypoxic conditions impairs digestive function in the stomach compared to exercise under normoxic conditions performed at the same relative intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nomura
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Nagatsuka
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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2
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Faiss R, Raberin A, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia: A review with 10 years of perspective. J Sports Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39445500 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2416821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, numerous studies have investigated an innovative "live low-train high" approach based on the repetition of short (<30 s) "all-out" sprints with incomplete recoveries in hypoxia; the so-called Repeated-Sprint training in Hypoxia (RSH). The aims of the present review are therefore threefold. First, this study summarizes the available evidence on putative additional performance enhancement after RSH comparing to the same training in normoxia (RSN). Second, a critical analysis of underpinning mechanisms discusses how advantages can be obtained through RSH for sea-level performance enhancement. An enhanced microcirculatory vasodilation leading to improved muscle perfusion and/or oxygenation and an increase in muscular phosphocreatine content may help explain the superiority of RSH vs. RSN. Third, the present review aims to provide guidelines for coaches, athletes and scientists to apply RSH interventions with regard to the interval duration, exercise-to-rest ratio and training volume. In conclusion, this review supports repeated-sprint training in hypoxia as an efficient (but not magic) training intervention with 77% of the controlled studies reporting an additional benefit with added hypoxia, mainly for team-, combat- and racket-sports athletes but also for all other sports (e.g. endurance) that require repeated accelerations with lesser fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Faiss
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Feng X, Chen Y, Yan T, Lu H, Wang C, Zhao L. Effects of various living-low and training-high modes with distinct training prescriptions on sea-level performance: A network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297007. [PMID: 38635743 PMCID: PMC11025749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to separately compare and rank the effect of various living-low and training-high (LLTH) modes on aerobic and anaerobic performances in athletes, focusing on training intensity, modality, and volume, through network meta-analysis. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane from their inception date to June 30, 2023. Based on the hypoxic training modality and the intensity and duration of work intervals, LLTH was divided into intermittent hypoxic exposure, continuous hypoxic training, repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH; work interval: 5-10 s and rest interval: approximately 30 s), interval sprint training in hypoxia (ISH; work interval: 15-30 s), short-duration high-intensity interval training (s-IHT; short work interval: 1-2 min), long-duration high-intensity interval training (l-IHT; long work interval: > 5 min), and continuous and interval training under hypoxia. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean differences (SMDs) among the effects of various hypoxic interventions on aerobic and anaerobic performances. From 2,072 originally identified titles, 56 studies were included in the analysis. The pooled data from 53 studies showed that only l-IHT (SMDs: 0.78 [95% credible interval; CrI, 0.52-1.05]) and RSH (SMDs: 0.30 [95% CrI, 0.10-0.50]) compared with normoxic training effectively improved athletes' aerobic performance. Furthermore, the pooled data from 29 studies revealed that active intermittent hypoxic training compared with normoxic training can effectively improve anaerobic performance, with SMDs ranging from 0.97 (95% CrI, 0.12-1.81) for l-IHT to 0.32 (95% CrI, 0.05-0.59) for RSH. When adopting a program for LLTH, sufficient duration and work intensity intervals are key to achieving optimal improvements in athletes' overall performance, regardless of the potential improvement in aerobic or anaerobic performance. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that this study incorporated merely one study on the improvement of anaerobic performance by l-IHT, undermining the credibility of the results. Accordingly, more related studies are needed in the future to provide evidence-based support. It seems difficult to achieve beneficial adaptive changes in performance with intermittent passive hypoxic exposure and continuous low-intensity hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Feng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Teishuai Yan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangang Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Linin Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
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4
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Chang WY, Wu KC, Yang AL, Chen YL. Simulated Altitude Training and Sport Performance: Protocols and Physiological Effects. APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 13:11381. [DOI: 10.3390/app132011381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the physiological mechanisms and effects of simulated hypoxia environment training on sports performance. Different training protocols, including hypoxia high-intensity interval training (HHIIT), incremental hypoxia training, hypoxia submaximal exercise training and combined training, and hypoxia training in the recovery and sleep states, are discussed. HHIIT combines intermittent hypoxia exposure with high-intensity interval training, and has been shown to increase the maximum oxygen intake compare to the state of normoxia, improving cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle oxygen utilization, power performance, hematological adaptations, and sports performance. Incremental hypoxia training involves the gradual decrease in oxygen concentration while maintaining exercise intensity. It has been found to improve aerobic capacity; however, fewer effects were observed in hematological variables. Hypoxia submaximal exercise training and combined training in a hypoxia environment has shown to increase VO2 and VE, and only improve hemodynamic function in combined training with hypoxia. Hypoxia during the recovery state has been associated with improvements in maximum oxygen uptake, also providing benefits to sports performance. Overall, exposure to a hypoxia environment has been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory endurance, power performance, and specific physiological adaptations in training and resting states. However, the optimal training protocols and their effects on different sports and athlete proficiency require further research to optimize training and enhance athletic performance in hypoxia environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yeh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Lun Yang
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, Kinesiology, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
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5
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Yu Q, Kong Z, Zou L, Chapman R, Shi Q, Nie J. Comparative efficacy of various hypoxic training paradigms on maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:366-375. [PMID: 37854170 PMCID: PMC10580050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) induced by hypoxic training is important for both athletes and non-athletes. However, the lack of comparison of multiple paradigms and the exploration of related modulating factors leads to the inability to recommend the optimal regimen in different situations. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of seven common hypoxic training paradigms on VO2max and associated moderators. Methods Electronic (i.e., five databases) and manual searches were performed, and 42 studies involving 1246 healthy adults were included. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to compare different hypoxic training paradigms and hypoxic training and control conditions. The Bayesian network meta-analysis model was applied to calculate the standardised mean differences (SMDs) of pre-post VO2max alteration among hypoxic training paradigms in overall, athlete, and non-athlete populations, while meta-regression analyses were employed to explore the relationships between covariates and SMDs. Results All seven hypoxic training paradigms were effective to varying degrees, with SMDs ranging from 1.45 to 7.10. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT) had the highest probability of being the most efficient hypoxic training paradigm in the overall population and athlete subgroup (42%, 44%), whereas intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) was the most promising hypoxic training paradigm among non-athletes (66%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that saturation hours (coefficient, 0.004; P = 0.038; 95% CI [0.0002, 0.0085]) accounted for variations of VO2max improvement induced by IHT. Conclusion Efficient hypoxic training paradigms for VO2max gains differed between athletes and non-athletes, with IHIT ranking best for athletes and IHT for non-athletes. The practicability of saturation hours is confirmed with respect to dose-response issues in the future hypoxic training and associated scientific research. Registration This study was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022333548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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6
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Teległów A, Mardyła M, Myszka M, Pałka T, Maciejczyk M, Bujas P, Mucha D, Ptaszek B, Marchewka J. Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Selected Biochemical Indicators, Blood Rheological Properties, and Metabolic Activity of Erythrocytes in Rowers. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101513. [PMID: 36290417 PMCID: PMC9598061 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study assessed the effect of 3-week intermittent hypoxic training on blood biochemical indicators (blood morphology, fibrinogen), blood rheological properties (erythrocyte deformability, aggregation), erythrocyte enzymatic activity (acetylcholinesterase), and maximal oxygen uptake in competitive rowers. Fourteen male rowers were divided into two equal groups: experimental, training on ergometers under normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.0%), and control, training on ergometers under normoxia (FiO2 = 21%). Fasting blood was taken before and after training. A significant between-group difference in neutrophil levels before training was noted and a significant decrease in white blood cells in the hypoxia group. Both groups exhibited an increase in elongation index. In the normoxia group, a significant increase in erythrocyte aggregation amplitude was revealed. No significant changes occurred in the other biochemical indicators or those evaluating erythrocyte metabolic activity. Normobaric hypoxia increased erythrocyte deformability, improving blood rheological properties. Maximal oxygen uptake significantly increased only in the experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Teległów
- Department of Health Promotion, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Mardyła
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Pałka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bujas
- Department of Sports Theory and Anthropomotorics, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Ptaszek
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Marchewka
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traumatology, Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
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7
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Effects of Short- and Long-Term Detraining on Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2130993. [PMID: 36017396 PMCID: PMC9398774 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2130993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
V̇O2max, a gold standard for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness, can be enhanced by training and will gradually decrease when training stops. This study, which followed the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines, is aimed at assessing the effect of short- and long-term detraining on trained individuals’ V̇O2max through a systematic review and meta-analysis and performed a subgroup analysis to evaluate the effects of different ages, detraining formats, and training statuses on V̇O2max variation between short- and long-term training cessation. Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Scopus, four databases, were searched, from which 21 of 3315 potential studies met the inclusion criteria. Significant decreases in V̇O2max were identified after short-term training cessation (
[95% CI -0.94; -0.31],
; within-group
,
,
) and long-term training cessation (
[95% CI -1.99; -0.84],
; within-group
,
,
), which shows that the detraining effect was found to be larger on V̇O2max in long-term training cessation than in short-term training cessation (
,
). However, there was no significant difference regarding V̇O2max change between 30-90 days detraining and larger than 90 days detraining (
,
) when conducting subgroup analysis. In addition, younger (<20) individuals showed a greater reduction in V̇O2max after long-term detraining than adult individuals (
,
), and athletes with higher trained-state V̇O2max showed a significant decline in V̇O2max after long-term detraining compared with the lower trained-state group (
,
). In conclusion, both short- and long-term training cessation have a detrimental effect on V̇O2max, and a greater impact on V̇O2max was found in long-term training cessation compared to short-term training cessation; however, there was no significant change in V̇O2max when the duration of training cessation was more than 30 days. To buffer the detrimental effects of detraining, especially long-term training cessation, performing some physical exercise during training cessation can effectively weaken detraining effects. Thus, to prevent athlete’s V̇O2max from decreasing dramatically from detraining, athletes should continue performing some physical exercise during the cessation of training.
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8
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim SW, Kim J, Lim K. Effects of Interval Training Under Hypoxia on Hematological Parameters, Hemodynamic Function, and Endurance Exercise Performance in Amateur Female Runners in Korea. Front Physiol 2022; 13:919008. [PMID: 35665230 PMCID: PMC9158122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.919008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval training under hypoxia (IHT) is commonly used to enhance endurance exercise performance. However, previous studies examining hematologic changes related to the immune system that affect health and conditioning are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IHT for 6-weeks on hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance in amateur Korean female runners. Twenty healthy amateur Korean female runners (age: 24.85 ± 3.84 years) were equally assigned to normoxic training group (NTG) for interval training under normoxia (760 mmHg) and hypoxic training group (HTG) for interval training under hypobaric hypoxia (526 mmHg, 3000 m simulated altitude) according to their body composition and endurance exercise performance. All participants performed 120-min of training sessions, consisting of 20-min of warm-up, 60-min of interval training, and 20-min of cool-down. The training program was performed 3-days per week for 6-weeks. Warm-up and cool-down were performed for 20-min at 60% maximal heart rate (HRmax). The interval training sessions comprised 10 repetitions of interval exercise (5-min of exercise corresponding to 90–95% HRmax and 1-min of rest) on a treadmill. All participants underwent measurements of hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance before and after training. Both groups showed a significant increase in erythropoietin (EPO) level and a decrease in monocyte abundance, with EPO showing a greater increase in the HTG than in the NTG. B cell abundance significantly increased in the NTG; hematocrit and neutrophil counts significantly increased, and lymphocyte counts significantly decreased in the HTG. The HTG showed a significant improvement in oxygen uptake, stroke volume index, and end-diastolic volume index compared to the NTG. In addition, both groups showed significant improvements in heart rate, end-systolic volume index, and cardiac output index. The maximal oxygen uptake and 3000 m time trial record were significantly improved in both groups, and the HTG showed a tendency to improve more than the NTG. In conclusion, the IHT was effective in enhancing endurance exercise performance through improved hemodynamic function. Furthermore, hematological parameters of immune system showed a normal range before and after training and were not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kiwon Lim,
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9
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Albertus-Cámara I, Ferrer-López V, Martínez-González-Moro I. The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia in Middle- and/or Long-Distance Runners: Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:689. [PMID: 35625417 PMCID: PMC9138601 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of normobaric hypoxia can bring benefits to sports performance because it improves haematological parameters and/or physical activity tests. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review so as to analyse the methods used in hypoxia and to detect its effects on middle- and/or long-distance runners. METHODS Research was conducted using five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Cochrane Library, Scopus and PEDro) until December 2021. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. RESULTS Having analysed 158 studies, 12 were chosen for the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. A significant improvement on time until exhaustion was detected, and oxygen saturation decreased after the intervention. There were no significant changes in the 3000-metre time trial or in the haematocrit percentage. The changes in percentage of reticulocytes, heart rate, maximal heart rate, lactate concentration and erythropoietin were heterogeneous between the different research studies. CONCLUSION short exposure (less than 3 h to normobaric hypoxia significantly increases the time to exhaustion). However, longer exposure times are necessary to increase haemoglobin. Altitude and exposure time are highly heterogeneous in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (V.F.-L.)
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10
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Zhang G, Zhou Y, Cao Z, Cheng X, Yue X, Zhao T, Zhao M, Zhao Y, Fan M, Zhu L. Preliminary Intermittent Hypoxia Training Alleviates the Damage of Sustained Normobaric Hypoxia on Human Hematological Indexes and Cerebral White Matter. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:273-283. [PMID: 35486840 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zhang, Guangbo, Yanzhao Zhou, Zhengtao Cao, Xiang Cheng, Xiangpei Yue, Tong Zhao, Ming Zhao, Yongqi Zhao, Ming Fan, and Lingling Zhu. Preliminary intermittent hypoxia training alleviates the damage of sustained normobaric hypoxia on human hematological indexes and cerebral white matter. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 2022. Study Objectives: We aimed to examine the effects of preliminary intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) on human hematological indexes and cerebral white matter (WM) after exposure to a simulated altitude of 4,300 m. Methods: We recruited 20 young healthy volunteers. Participants were then randomized to either the IHT group (n = 10) or the control group (n = 10). We measured the physiological function of the control group at sea level and after exposure to a simulated altitude of 4,300 m, respectively. The IHT group performed the above tests at three time points: before and after hypoxia training, and after exposure to a simulated altitude of 4,300 m, respectively. Results: We found that mean SpO2 during day 10 of hypoxia training showed a significant increase compared with mean SpO2 on day 1 (88.3% ± 1.5% vs. 90.0% ± 1.6%, p < 0.05), and erythrocyte P50 of post-training was significantly increased compared with pretraining (37.8 ± 2.9 mmHg vs. 45.9 ± 6.4 mmHg, p < 0.05). Mean SpO2 measures after acute exposure to high altitude exhibited a significant difference, with the IHT group showing significantly greater SpO2 than the control group (73.8% ± 3.7% vs. 77.4% ± 3.2%, p < 0.05), and the Lake Louise Score was also lower than the control group (2.55 ± 2.1 vs. 6.67 ± 2.5, p < 0.05). After daily IHT, brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels of participants in the IHT group did not change but significantly increased in response to high-altitude hypoxia (103.5% ± 70.4% vs. 29.7% ± 73.2%, p < 0.05). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) plasma level did not change before and after IHT in the IHT group, whereas the IL-10 plasma level of the control group after high-altitude exposure was significantly higher. Furthermore, we found that fractional anisotropy values in the left corticospinal tract and splenium of the corpus callosum in the IHT group were significantly higher than those in the control group after high-altitude hypoxia. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that IHT alleviates the damage of sustained normobaric hypoxia on human hematological indexes and cerebral WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Kangjixintu Hospital, Renqiu, China
| | - Yanzhao Zhou
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangpei Yue
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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TANJI F, TSUJI T, SHIMAZU W, NABEKURA Y. Distance running performance and physiological variables in highly trained female distance runners. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Li J, Atakan MM, Wang Z, Hu Y, Nazif M, Zarekookandeh N, Ye HZ, Kuang J, Ferri A, Petersen A, Garnham A, Bishop DJ, Girard O, Huang Y, Yan X. Methods to match high-intensity interval exercise intensity in hypoxia and normoxia - A pilot study. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:70-76. [PMID: 35024050 PMCID: PMC8728434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions prescribed on the basis of a maximal value (peak power output, PPO) and a submaximal value (lactate threshold, LT) derived from graded exercise tests (GXTs) in normoxia and hypoxia. Methods: A total of ten males (aged 18–37) volunteered to participate in this study. The experimental protocol consisted of a familiarization procedure, two GXTs under normoxia (FiO2 = 0.209) and two GXTs under normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.140), and three HIIE sessions performed in a random order. The HIIE sessions included one at hypoxia (HY) and two at normoxia (one matched for the absolute intensity in hypoxia, designated as NA, and one matched for the relative intensity in hypoxia, designated as NR). Results: The data demonstrated that there was significant lower peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), peak heart rate (HRpeak), PPO, and LT derived from GXTs in hypoxia, with higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER), when compared to those from GXTs performed in normoxia (p < 0.001). Among the three HIIE sessions, the NA session resulted in lower percentage of HRpeak (85.0 ± 7.5% vs 94.4 ± 5.0%; p = 0.002) and V̇O2peak (74.1 ± 9.1% vs 88.7 ± 7.7%; p = 0.005), when compared to the NR session. HIIE sessions in HY and NR resulted in similar percentage of HRpeak and V̇O2peak, as well as similar rating of perceived exertion and RER. The blood lactate level increased immediately after all the three HIIE sessions (p < 0.001), while higher blood lactate concentrations were observed immediately after the HY (p = 0.0003) and NR (p = 0.014) sessions when compared with NA. Conclusion: Combining of PPO and LT derived from GXTs can be used to prescribe exercise intensity of HIIE in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia Li
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia.,College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqin, China
| | - Muhammed M Atakan
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia.,Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Zhenhuan Wang
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia
| | - Yang Hu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mostafa Nazif
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia
| | - Navabeh Zarekookandeh
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia
| | - Henry Zhihong Ye
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia.,Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne, 3021, Australia
| | - Alessandra Ferri
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia
| | - Aaron Petersen
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Yaru Huang
- Department of Physical Education and Art, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport,(iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, 3011, Australia.,Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne, 3021, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3021, Australia
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13
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Pramkratok W, Songsupap T, Yimlamai T. Repeated sprint training under hypoxia improves aerobic performance and repeated sprint ability by enhancing muscle deoxygenation and markers of angiogenesis in rugby sevens. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:611-622. [PMID: 34977961 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of repeated sprint (RS) training in hypoxia on aerobic performance, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and muscle oxygenation in Rugby Sevens. METHODS Fourteen Rugby Sevens players were randomly allocated into hypoxic (RSH, FIO2 = 14.5%, n = 7) or normoxic (RSN, FIO2 = 20.9%, n = 7) groups. Both groups underwent RS training consisting of 3 sets of 6-s × 10 sprints at 140% of velocity at peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) on a motorized treadmill, 3 days/week for 6 weeks in addition to usual training. Hematological variables, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations were measured. Aerobic performance, RSA, and muscle oxygenation during the running-based anaerobic sprint (RAS) test were analyzed. RESULTS RSH caused no changes in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit but significant improvements in [Formula: see text] (7.5%, p = 0.03, ES = 1.07), time to exhaustion (17.6%, p = 0.05, ES = 0.92), and fatigue index (FI, - 12.3%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.39) during the RSA test compared to baseline but not RSN. While ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin was significantly increased both after RSH and RSN (p < 0.05), ∆tissue saturation index (- 56.1%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.35) and ∆oxygenated hemoglobin (- 54.7%, p = 0.04, ES = 0.97) were significantly decreased after RSH. These changes were concomitant with increased levels of HIF-1α and VEGF in serum after RSH with a strong negative correlation between ∆FI and ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin after RSH (r = - 0.81, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION There was minimal benefit from adding RSH to standard Rugby Sevens training, in eliciting improvements in aerobic performance and resistance to fatigue, possibly by enhanced muscle deoxygenation and increased serum HIF-1α and VEGF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadee Pramkratok
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tongthong Songsupap
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Yimlamai
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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14
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Sumi D, Yamaguchi K, Goto K. Impact of Three Consecutive Days of Endurance Training Under Hypoxia on Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Responses. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:663095. [PMID: 33937753 PMCID: PMC8082451 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.663095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3 consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia on muscle damage, inflammation, and performance responses. Methods: Nine active healthy males completed two trials in different periods, consisting of either 3 consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2): 14.5%, HYP] or normoxia (Fio2: 20.9%, NOR). They performed daily 90-min sessions of endurance training consisting of high-intensity endurance interval pedaling [10 × 4-min pedaling at 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o2max) with 2 min of active rest at 30% of V˙o2max] followed by 30-min continuous pedaling at 60% of V˙o2max during 3 consecutive days (days 1–3). Venous blood sample, muscular performance of lower limb, and score of subjective feelings were determined every morning (days 1–4) to evaluate muscle damage and inflammation. On day 4, subjects performed an incremental exercise test (IET) to evaluate the performance response. Results: Pedaling workload during daily endurance training was significantly lower in the HYP trial (interval exercise: 166 ± 4 W) than in the NOR trial (194 ± 8 W; P < 0.0001). Serum creatine kinase (CK) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations did not significantly change during days 1–4 in either trial. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extension (P < 0.0001) and drop jump (DJ) index (P = 0.004) were significantly decreased with training in both trials, with no significant difference between trials. The muscle soreness and fatigue scores significantly increased in both trials (P < 0.0001). However, the HYP trial showed a significantly lower score of fatigue on day 4 compared with the NOR trial (P = 0.004). Maximal aerobic power output during IET on day 4 did not significantly differ between trials. Conclusion: Three consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia induced comparable levels of muscle damage, inflammation, and performance responses compared with the same training under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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15
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Karabiyik H, Eser MC, Guler O, Yasli BC, Ertetik G, Sisman A, Koz M, Gabrys T, Pilis K, Karayigit R. The Effects of 15 or 30 s SIT in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic, Anaerobic Performance and Critical Power. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083976. [PMID: 33918866 PMCID: PMC8069352 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) is a concept that has been shown to enhance aerobic-anaerobic training adaptations and induce larger effects in hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of SIT with 15 or 30 s in hypoxia on aerobic, anaerobic performance and critical power (CP). A total of 32 male team players were divided into four groups: SIT with 15 s at FiO2: 0.209 (15 N); FiO2: 0.135 (15 H); SIT with 30 s at FiO2: 0.209 (30 N); and FiO2: 0.135 (30 H). VO2max did not significantly increase, however time-to-exhaustion (TTE) was found to be significantly longer in the post test compared to pre test (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.86). Mean power (MPw.kg) after repeated wingate tests was significantly higher compared to pre training in all groups (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.66). Similarly, CP was increased in all groups with 4 weeks of SIT (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.82). This study showed that 4 weeks of SIT with 15 and 30 s sprint bouts in normoxia or hypoxia did not increased VO2max in trained athletes. However, anerobic performance and CP can be increased with 4 weeks of SIT both in normoxia or hypoxia with 15 or 30 s of sprint durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Karabiyik
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mustafa Can Eser
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Ozkan Guler
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76410, Turkey
| | - Goktug Ertetik
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37000, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Sisman
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey
| | - Mitat Koz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Sport Centrum Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Karol Pilis
- Faculty of Health Science, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (H.K.); (M.C.E.); (O.G.); (B.C.Y.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
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16
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Hepcidin response to three consecutive days of endurance training in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1197-1205. [PMID: 33547951 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 3 consecutive days of endurance training in hypoxia on hepcidin responses. METHOD Nine active healthy males completed two trials, consisting of 3 consecutive days of endurance training in either hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2): 14.5%) or normoxia (FiO2: 20.9%). On days 1-3, participants performed one 90 min session of endurance training per day, consisting of high-intensity endurance interval exercise [10 × 4 min of pedaling at 80% of maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max) with 2 min of active rest at 30% of [Formula: see text]O2max] followed by 30 min of continuous exercise at 60% of [Formula: see text]O2max. Venous blood samples were collected prior to exercise each day during the experimental period (days 1-4) to determine serum hepcidin, iron, ferritin, haptoglobin, and ketone body concentrations. RESULT Serum iron (p < 0.0001), ferritin (p = 0.005) and ketone body (p < 0.0001) concentrations increased significantly in both trials on days 2-4 compared with day 1, with no significant differences between trials. No significant changes in serum haptoglobin concentrations were observed throughout the experimental period in either trial. Serum hepcidin concentrations also increased significantly on days 2-4 compared with day 1 in both trials (p = 0.004), with no significant differences observed between trials. CONCLUSION 3 consecutive days of endurance training in hypoxia did not affect hepcidin concentrations compared with endurance training in normoxia.
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17
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Ambroży T, Maciejczyk M, Klimek AT, Wiecha S, Stanula A, Snopkowski P, Pałka T, Jaworski J, Ambroży D, Rydzik Ł, Cynarski W. The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Anaerobic and Aerobic Power in Boxers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9361. [PMID: 33327551 PMCID: PMC7765038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on anaerobic and aerobic fitness in elite, national boxers. METHODS The study was conducted over a period of 6 weeks. It comprised 30 national championship boxers, divided into 2 groups: the experimental and control. Both groups performed the same boxing training twice a day (morning and afternoon training). In the afternoon, the experimental group performed training under normobaric conditions in a hypoxic chamber (IHT), while the control group undertook exercise in standard normoxic conditions. In both groups, before and after the 6-week programme, basic anthropometric indices as well as anaerobic (Wingate Test) and aerobic (graded test) fitness were assessed. RESULTS There was a significant increase in anaerobic peak power (988.2 vs. 1011.8 W), mean anaerobic power (741.1 vs. 764.8 W), total work (22.84 vs. 22.39 kJ), and a decrease in fatigue index (20.33 vs. 18.6 W·s-1) as well as time to peak power (5.01 vs. 4.72 s). Such changes were not observed in the control group. In both groups, no significant changes in endurance performance were noted after the training session - peak oxygen uptake did not significantly vary after IHT. CONCLUSIONS Our results have practical application for coaches, as the IHT seems to be effective in improving anaerobic performance among boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (A.T.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Andrzej T. Klimek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (A.T.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, 00-809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Snopkowski
- Doctoral School, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (A.T.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Janusz Jaworski
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Dorota Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.A.); (J.J.); (D.A.)
| | - Wojciech Cynarski
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
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18
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Warnier G, Benoit N, Naslain D, Lambrecht S, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Effects of Sprint Interval Training at Different Altitudes on Cycling Performance at Sea-Level. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E148. [PMID: 33217937 PMCID: PMC7698804 DOI: 10.3390/sports8110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefits of sprint interval training performed in hypoxia (SIH) compared to normoxia (SIN) have been assessed by studies mostly conducted around 3000 m of simulated altitude. The present study aims to determine whether SIH at an altitude as high as 4000 m can elicit greater adaptations than the same training at 2000 m, 3000 m or sea-level. METHODS Thirty well-trained endurance male athletes (18-35 years old) participated in a six-week repeated sprint interval training program (30 s all-out sprint, 4 min 30 s recovery; 4-9 repetitions, 2 sessions/week) at sea-level (SL, n = 8), 2000 m (FiO2 16.7%, n = 8), 3000 m (FiO2 14.5%, n = 7) or 4000 m (FiO2 13.0%, n = 7). Aerobic and anaerobic exercise components were evaluated by an incremental exercise test, a 600 kJ time trial and a Wingate test before and after the training program. RESULTS After training, peak power output (PPO) during the incremental exercise test increased (~6%) without differences between groups. The lactate threshold assessed by Dmax increased at 2000 m (+14 ± 12 W) and 4000 m (+12 ± 11 W) but did not change at SL and 3000 m. Mean power during the Wingate test increased at SL, 2000 m and 4000 m, although peak power increased only at 4000 m (+38 ± 38 W). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that SIH using 30 s sprints is as efficient as SIN for improving aerobic and anaerobic qualities. Additional benefits such as lactate-related adaptations were found only in SIH and Wingate peak power only increased at 4000 m. This finding is of particular interest for disciplines requiring high power output, such as in very explosive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Warnier
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Sophie Lambrecht
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Saint-Luc University Hospitals, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (G.W.); (N.B.); (D.N.); (M.F.)
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19
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Yatsutani H, Mori H, Ito H, Hayashi N, Girard O, Goto K. Endocrine and Metabolic Responses to Endurance Exercise Under Hot and Hypoxic Conditions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:932. [PMID: 32973541 PMCID: PMC7466541 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored the effect of heat stress during an acute endurance exercise session in hypoxia on endocrine and metabolic responses. Methods A total of 12 healthy males cycled at a constant workload (60% of the power output associated with their maximal oxygen uptake under each respective condition) for 60 min in three different environments: exercise under hot and hypoxia (H+H; fraction of inspiratory oxygen or FiO2: 14.5%, 32°C), exercise under hypoxia (HYP; FiO2: 14.5%, 23°C), and exercise under normoxia (NOR; FiO2: 20.9%, 23°C). After completing the exercise, participants remained in the chamber for 3 h to evaluate metabolic and endocrine responses under each environment. Changes in muscle oxygenation (only during exercise), blood variables, arterial oxygen saturation, and muscle temperature were determined up to 3 h after exercise. Results Serum erythropoietin (EPO) level was increased to similar levels in both H+H and HYP at 3 h after exercise compared with before exercise (P < 0.05), whereas no significant increase was found under NOR. No significant difference between H+H and HYP was observed in the serum EPO level, blood lactate level, or muscle oxygenation at any time (P > 0.05). Exercise-induced serum growth hormone (GH) elevation was significantly greater in H+H compared with HYP (P < 0.05) and HYP showed significantly lower value than NOR (P < 0.05). Arterial oxygen saturation during exercise was significantly lower in H+H and HYP compared with NOR (P < 0.05). Furthermore, H+H showed higher value compared with HYP (P < 0.05). Conclusion The serum EPO level increased significantly with endurance exercise in hypoxia. However, the addition of heat stress during endurance exercise in hypoxia did not augment the EPO response up to 3 h after completion of exercise. Exercise-induced GH elevation was significantly augmented when the hot exposure was combined during endurance exercise in hypoxia. Muscle oxygenation levels during endurance exercise did not differ significantly among the conditions. These findings suggest that combined hot and hypoxic stresses during endurance exercise caused some modifications of metabolic and endocrine regulations compared with the same exercise in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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20
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, González-Custodio A, Zapata V, Olcina G. Effects of Swimming-Specific Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia Training in Swimmers. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:100. [PMID: 33345090 PMCID: PMC7739721 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4 weeks in-water swimming-specific repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) compared to similar training in normoxia (RSN). Following a repeated-measures, counterbalanced cross-over design, 10 swimmers were requested to perform two trials consisting of in-water repeated sprints in hypoxic (RSH, simulated 4,040 m; FiO2 = 13.7%) or normoxic (RSN, 459 m, FiO2 calibrated = 20.9%) conditions. In both conditions, 8 additional exercise including 3 sets of 5 × 15 m "all-out" sprints (corresponding to a total of 625 m), with 20 s of passive recovery between efforts and 200 m of easy swimming between sets were included at the end of their swimming program over a 4 weeks period. Hypoxic condition was generated using a simulator pumping air with lowered oxygen concentration into a facial mask. An incremental maximal test on an ergocycle, as well as 100 m and 400 m freestyle swimming performance (real competition format) were assessed before (pre), 7 days (post-1), and 2 weeks (post-2) after intervention. During training, heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored. RSH showed significantly lower SpO2 (70.1 ± 4.8% vs. 96.1 ± 2.7%, P < 0.01), concomitant with higher mean HR (159 ± 11 bmp vs. 141 ± 6 bmp, P < 0.01) than RSN. No significant changes in maximal oxygen uptake, other submaximal physiological parameters, 100 or 400 m swimming performances were found. Although providing additional physiological stress, performing in-water RSH does not provide evidence for higher benefits than RSN to improve swimmers performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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21
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Sumi D, Hayashi N, Yatsutani H, Goto K. Exogenous glucose oxidation during endurance exercise in hypoxia. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14457. [PMID: 32652803 PMCID: PMC7354086 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endurance exercise in hypoxia promotes carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism. However, detailed CHO metabolism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia on exogenous glucose oxidation at the same energy expenditure or relative exercise intensity. Methods Nine active healthy males completed three trials on different days, consisting of 30 min of running at each exercise intensity: (a) exercise at 65% of normoxic maximal oxygen uptake in normoxia [NOR, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 20.9%, 10.6 ± 0.3 km/h], (b) exercise at the same relative exercise intensity with NOR in hypoxia (HYPR, FiO2 = 14.5%, 9.4 ± 0.3 km/h), and (c) exercise at the same absolute exercise intensity with NOR in hypoxia (HYPA, FiO2 = 14.5%, 10.6 ± 0.3 km/h). The subjects consumed 113C‐labeled glucose immediately before exercise, and expired gas samples were collected during exercise to determine 13C‐excretion (calculated by 13CO2/12CO2). Results The exercise‐induced increase in blood lactate was significantly augmented in the HYPA than in the NOR and HYPR (p = .001). HYPA involved a significantly higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise compared with the other two trials (p < .0001). In contrast, exogenous glucose oxidation (13C‐excretion) during exercise was significantly lower in the HYPA than in the NOR (p = .03). No significant differences were observed in blood lactate elevation, RER, or exogenous glucose oxidation between NOR and HYPR. Conclusion Endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia caused a greater exercise‐induced blood lactate elevation and RER compared with the running exercise at same absolute exercise intensity in normoxia. However, exogenous glucose oxidation (13C‐excretion) during exercise was attenuated compared with the same exercise in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyodaku, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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22
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Eirale C, Bisciotti G, Corsini A, Baudot C, Saillant G, Chalabi H. Medical recommendations for home-confined footballers' training during the COVID-19 pandemic: from evidence to practical application. Biol Sport 2020; 37:203-207. [PMID: 32508388 PMCID: PMC7249801 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.94348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In early 2020, the world is facing a global emergency called COVID-19. Many professional footballers around the world are home confined. The maintenance of physical capacity is a fundamental requirement for the athlete, so the training sessions must be adapted to this unique situation. Specific recommendations must be followed concerning the type of training, its intensity, the precautions that have to be followed to avoid the possibility of contagion, and the restrictions in accordance with the presence of any symptoms. This article analyses the available scientific evidence in order to recommend a practical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giannicola Bisciotti
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital- Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Hakim Chalabi
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital- Doha, Qatar
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23
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Mukai K, Ohmura H, Matsui A, Aida H, Takahashi T, Jones JH. High-intensity training in normobaric hypoxia enhances exercise performance and aerobic capacity in Thoroughbred horses: A randomized crossover study. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14442. [PMID: 32441408 PMCID: PMC7243200 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of high-intensity training in normobaric hypoxia on aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses and the individual response to normoxic and hypoxic training. Eight untrained horses were studied in a randomized, crossover design after training in hypoxia (HYP; 15.0% inspired O2 ) or normoxia (NOR; 20.9% inspired O2 ) 3 days/week for 4 weeks separated by a 4-month washout period. Before and after each training period, incremental treadmill exercise tests were performed in normoxia. Each training session consisted of 1 min cantering at 7 m/s and 2 min galloping at the speed determined to elicit maximal oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2 max) in normoxia. Hypoxia increased significantly more than NOR in run time to exhaustion (HYP, +28.4%; NOR, +10.4%, p = .001), V ˙ O2 max (HYP, +12.1%; NOR, +2.6%, p = .042), cardiac output ( Q ˙ ; HYP, +11.3%; NOR, -1.7%, p = .019), and stroke volume (SV) at exhaustion (HYP, +5.4%; NOR, -5.5%, p = .035) after training. No significant correlations were observed between NOR and HYP for individual changes after training in run time (p = .21), V ˙ O2 max (p = .99), Q ˙ (p = .19), and SV (p = .46) at exhaustion. Arterial O2 saturation during exercise in HYP was positively correlated with the changes in run time (r = .85, p = .0073), Q ˙ (r = .72, p = .043) and SV (r = .77, p = .026) of HYP after training, whereas there were no correlations between these parameters in NOR. These results suggest that high-intensity training in normobaric hypoxia improved exercise performance and aerobic capacity of horses to a greater extent than the same training protocol in normoxia, and the severity of hypoxemia during hypoxic exercise might be too stressful for poor responders to hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Mukai
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - Akira Matsui
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Equine Science DivisionHidaka Training and Research CenterJapan Racing AssociationUrakawaHokkaidoJapan
| | - Hiroko Aida
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Equestrian AffairsJapan Racing AssociationTokyoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - James H. Jones
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
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24
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Meng Z, Gao B, Gao H, Ge P, Li T, Wang Y. Four weeks of hypoxia training improves cutaneous microcirculation in trained rowers. Physiol Res 2019; 68:757-766. [PMID: 31424257 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia training can improve endurance performance. However, the specific benefits mechanism of hypoxia training is controversial, and there are just a few studies on the peripheral adaptation to hypoxia training. The main objective of this study was to observe the effects of hypoxia training on cutaneous blood flow (CBF), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), nitric oxide (NO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Twenty rowers were divided into two groups for four weeks of training, either hypoxia training (Living High, Exercise High and Training Low, HHL) or normoxia training (NOM). We tested cutaneous microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmeter and blood serum parameters by ELISA. HHL group improved the VO(2peak) and power at blood lactic acid of 4 mmol/l (P(4)) significantly. The CBF and the concentration of moving blood cells (CMBC) in the forearm of individuals in the HHL group increased significantly at the first week. The HIF level of the individuals in the HHL group increased at the fourth week. The NO of HHL group increased significantly at the fourth week. In collusion, four weeks of HHL training resulted in increased forearm cutaneous blood flow and transcutaneous oxygen pressure. HHL increases rowers' NO and VEGF, which may be the mechanism of increased blood flow. The increased of CBF seems to be related with improving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Meng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China, School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Intermittent Hypoxic Training at Lactate Threshold Intensity Improves Aiming Performance in Well-Trained Biathletes with Little Change of Cardiovascular Variables. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1287506. [PMID: 31662969 PMCID: PMC6778904 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1287506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on aiming performance and aerobic capacity in biathletes. Fourteen male biathletes were randomly divided into a hypoxia group (H) (n = 7), which trained three times per week in a normobaric hypoxic environment (FiO2 = 16.5%, 2000 m a.s.l.) with lactate threshold intensity (LT) determined in hypoxia, and a control group (C) (n = 7), which exercised under normoxic conditions with LT intensity determined in normoxia. The training program included three weekly microcycles, followed by three days of recovery. The main part of the interval workout consisted of four 7 min (1st week), 8 min (2nd week), or 9 min (3rd week) running bouts at treadmill separated by 2 minutes of active recovery. After the warm-up and during the rest between the bouts, the athletes performed aiming to the target in the standing position with a sporting rifle (20 s). The results showed that the IHT caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in retention time in the target at rest (RT9rest) by 14.4% in hypoxia, whereas RT postincremental test (RT9post) increased by 27.4% in normoxia and 26.7% in hypoxia. No significant changes in this variable were found in group C. Additionally, the capillary oxygen saturation at the end of the maximal effort (SO2capillary max) in hypoxia increased significantly (p < 0.001) by ∼4% after IHT. The maximal workload during the incremental test (WRmax) in normoxia also increased significantly (p < 0.001) by 6.3% after IHT. Furthermore, in absolute and relative values of VO2max in normoxia, there was a propensity (p < 0.07) for increasing this value by 5% in group H. In conclusion, the main findings of this study showed a significant improvement in resting and postexercise aiming performance in normoxia and hypoxia. Furthermore, the results demonstrated beneficial effects of the IHT protocol on aerobic capacity of biathletes.
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26
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Sumi D, Kasai N, Ito H, Goto K. The Effects of Endurance Exercise in Hypoxia on Acid-Base Balance, Potassium Kinetics, and Exogenous Glucose Oxidation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:504. [PMID: 31156445 PMCID: PMC6531820 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the carbohydrate metabolism, acid–base balance, and potassium kinetics in response to exercise in moderate hypoxia among endurance athletes. Methods Nine trained endurance athletes [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 62.5 ± 1.2 mL/kg/min] completed two different trials on different days: either exercise in moderate hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 14.5%, HYPO] or exercise in normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%, NOR). They performed a high-intensity interval-type endurance exercise consisting of 10 × 3 min runs at 90% of VO2max with 60 s of running (active rest) at 50% of VO2max between sets in hypoxia (HYPO) or normoxia (NOR). Venous blood samples were obtained before exercise and during the post-exercise. The subjects consumed 13C-labeled glucose immediately before exercise, and we collected expired gas samples during exercise to determine the 13C-excretion (calculated as 13CO2/12CO2). Results The running velocities were significantly lower in HYPO (15.0 ± 0.2 km/h) than in NOR (16.4 ± 0.3 km/h, P < 0.0001). Despite the lower running velocity, we found a significantly greater exercise-induced blood lactate elevation in HYPO compared with in NOR (P = 0.002). The bicarbonate ion concentration (P = 0.002) and blood pH (P = 0.002) were significantly lower in HYPO than in NOR. There were no significant differences between the two trials regarding the exercise-induced blood potassium elevation (P = 0.87) or 13C-excretion (HYPO, 0.21 ± 0.02 mmol⋅39 min; NOR, 0.14 ± 0.03 mmol⋅39 min; P = 0.10). Conclusion Endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia elicited a decline in blood pH. However, it did not augment the exercise-induced blood K+ elevation or exogenous glucose oxidation (13C-excretion) compared with the equivalent exercise in normoxia among endurance athletes. The findings suggest that endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia causes greater metabolic stress and similar exercise-induced elevation of blood K+ and exogenous glucose oxidation compared with the same exercise in normoxia, despite lower mechanical stress (i.e., lower running velocity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Laury D, Tehrany A. VO 2 Max Improvement of 96% in a Non-Elite Recreational Athlete over 24 Months. Surg J (N Y) 2019; 5:e25-e27. [PMID: 31016244 PMCID: PMC6476626 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
VO
2
max is a measure of athletic performance and is generally considered an excellent health parameter for athletic performance testing. Various methods are used to generate such a result generally using a treadmill or cycle ergometer. Improvements have been shown through training. The upper limit of such improvement has been difficult to find in the literature in part because testing often starts with individuals already at a superior level of performance. As genetics may play a significant role in an individual's VO
2
max, training can only contribute a portion of the result. Humans have a range of maximal oxygen utilization with upper limits approaching 100 mL/kg. This case report demonstrates a 96% improvement over time secondary to selective intense training. The intent was to document objectively amelioration of the VO
2
max using a defined protocol on standardized testing equipment. This may lead to more efficient training of individuals desiring performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Laury
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University of Health, Pomona, California.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine Sciences, Harlem, Manhattan, New York
| | - Armin Tehrany
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Manhattan Orthopedic Care, New York, New York
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Kasai N, Mizuno S, Ishimoto S, Sakamoto E, Maruta M, Kurihara T, Kurosawa Y, Goto K. Impact of Six Consecutive Days of Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Performance in Competitive Sprint Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:36-43. [PMID: 28445224 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kasai, N, Mizuno, S, Ishimoto, S, Sakamoto, E, Maruta, M, Kurihara, T, Kurosawa, Y, and Goto, K. Impact of six consecutive days of sprint training in hypoxia on performance in competitive sprint runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 36-43, 2019-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 successive days of repeated sprint (RS) training in moderate hypoxia on anaerobic capacity in 100-200-m sprint runners. Eighteen male sprint runners (age, 20.0 ± 0.3 years; height, 175.9 ± 1.1 cm; and body mass, 65.0 ± 1.2 kg) performed repeated cycling sprints for 6 consecutive days in either normoxic (NOR; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2], 20.9%; n = 9) or hypoxic conditions (HYPO; FiO2, 14.5%; n = 9). The RS ability (10 × 6-second sprints), 30-second maximal sprint ability, maximal oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full-text article.)max), and 60-m running time on the track were measured before and after the training period. Intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) content (quadriceps femoris muscle) was measured by P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P-MRS) before and after the training period. Both groups showed similar improvements in RS ability after the training period (p < 0.05). Power output during the 30-second maximal sprint test and (Equation is included in full-text article.)max did not change significantly after the training period in either group. Running time for 0-10 m improved significantly after the training period in the HYPO only (before, 1.39 ± 0.01 seconds; after, 1.34 ± 0.02 seconds, p < 0.05). The HYPO also showed a significant increase in intramuscular PCr content after the training period (before, 31.5 ± 1.3 mM; after, 38.2 ± 2.8 mM, p < 0.05). These results suggest that sprint training for 6 consecutive days in hypoxia or normoxia improved RS ability in competitive sprint runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sayuri Ishimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Etsuko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Misato Maruta
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim J, Hwang H, Lim K. Efficacy of intermittent hypoxic training on hemodynamic function and exercise performance in competitive swimmers. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:32-38. [PMID: 30661329 PMCID: PMC6343766 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemodynamic function is a parameter indicating oxygen delivery and utilization capacity and is an important determinant of exercise performance. The present study aimed to determine whether intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) ameliorates hemodynamic function and exercise performance in competitive swimmers. METHODS Twenty competitive swimmers (10 men, 10 women) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were divided into the normoxic training (NT) group and the hypoxic training (HT) group and were subjected to training in a simulated altitude of 3000 m. We evaluated hemodynamic function profiles over 30 min of submaximal exercise on a bicycle and exercise performance before and after 6 weeks of training, which involved continuous exercise at 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) for 30 min and interval exercise at 90% of HRmax measured before training for 30 min (ten rounds comprising 2 min of exercise followed by 1 min of rest each round). RESULTS Significant changes in oxygen consumption (decrease) and end-diastolic volume (increase) were observed only in the HT group. Heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and ejection fraction (EF) were significantly reduced in both groups, but the reduction rates of HR and CO were greater in the HT group than in the NT group. Exercise performance measures, including maximal oxygen consumption and 400-m time trial, were significantly increased only in the HT group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that 6 weeks of IHT, which involved high-intensity continuous and interval exercise, can effectively improve exercise performance by enhancing hemodynamic function in competitive swimmers.
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Fryer S, Stone K, Dickson T, Wilhelmsen A, Cowen D, Faulkner J, Lambrick D, Stoner L. The effects of 4 weeks normobaric hypoxia training on microvascular responses in the forearm flexor. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1235-1241. [PMID: 30558476 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1554177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent exposure to hypoxia can lead to improved endurance performance. Currently, it is unclear whether peripheral adaptions play a role in improving oxygen delivery and utilization following both training and detraining. This study aimed to characterize skeletal muscle blood flow (mBF), oxygen consumption (mV̇O2), and perfusion adaptations to i) 4-weeks handgrip training in hypoxic and normoxic conditions, and ii) following 4-weeks detraining. Using a randomised crossover design, 9 males completed 30-min handgrip training four times a week in hypoxic (14% FiO2 ~ 3250m altitude) and normoxic conditions. mBF, mV̇O2 and perfusion were assessed pre, post 4-weeks training, and following 4-weeks detraining. Hierarchical linear modelling found that mV̇O2 increased at a significantly faster rate (58%) with hypoxic training (0.09 mlO2·min-1 · 100g-1 per week); perfusion increased at a significantly (69%) faster rate with hypoxic training (3.72 μM per week). mBF did not significantly change for the normoxic condition, but there was a significant increase of 0.38 ml· min-1 · 100ml-1 per week (95% CI: 0.35, 0.40) for the hypoxic condition. During 4-weeks detraining, mV̇O2 and perfusion significantly declined at similar rates for both conditions, whereas mBF decreased significantly faster following hypoxic training. Four weeks hypoxic training increases the delivery and utilisation of oxygen in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fryer
- a School of Sport and Exercise , University of Gloucestershire , Gloucester , UK
| | - K Stone
- a School of Sport and Exercise , University of Gloucestershire , Gloucester , UK
| | - T Dickson
- a School of Sport and Exercise , University of Gloucestershire , Gloucester , UK
| | - A Wilhelmsen
- b School of Life Sciences, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Research Group , University of Nottingham , UK
| | - D Cowen
- a School of Sport and Exercise , University of Gloucestershire , Gloucester , UK
| | - J Faulkner
- c Faculty of Business, Law and Sport , University of Winchester , Winchester , UK
| | - D Lambrick
- d Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - L Stoner
- e Department of Sport and Exercise , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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박훈영, 임기원, 김지수. Exercise physiology basis and necessity of hypoxic training to improve exercise performance in elite athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.24985/kjss.2018.29.4.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Davison G, Vinaixa M, McGovern R, Beltran A, Novials A, Correig X, McClean C. Metabolomic Response to Acute Hypoxic Exercise and Recovery in Adult Males. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1682. [PMID: 30534085 PMCID: PMC6275205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a relatively new “omics” approach used to characterize metabolites in a biological system at baseline and following a diversity of stimuli. However, the metabolomic response to exercise in hypoxia currently remains unknown. To examine this, 24 male participants completed 1 h of exercise at a workload corresponding to 75% of pre-determined O2max in hypoxia (Fio2 = 0.16%), and repeated in normoxia (Fio2 = 0.21%), while pre- and post-exercise and 3 h post-exercise metabolites were analyzed using a LC ESI-qTOF-MS untargeted metabolomics approach in serum samples. Exercise in hypoxia and in normoxia independently increased metabolism as shown by a change in a combination of twenty-two metabolites associated with lipid metabolism (p < 0.05, pre vs. post-exercise), though hypoxia per se did not induce a greater metabolic change when compared with normoxia (p > 0.05). Recovery from exercise in hypoxia independently decreased seventeen metabolites associated with lipid metabolism (p < 0.05, post vs. 3 h post-exercise), compared with twenty-two metabolites in normoxia (p < 0.05, post vs. 3 h post-exercise). Twenty-six metabolites were identified as responders to exercise and recovery (pooled hypoxia and normoxia pre vs. recovery, p < 0.05), including metabolites associated with purine metabolism (adenine, adenosine and hypoxanthine), the amino acid phenylalanine, and several acylcarnitine molecules. Our novel data provides preliminary evidence of subtle metabolic differences to exercise and recovery in hypoxia and normoxia. Specifically, exercise in hypoxia activates metabolic pathways aligned to purine and lipid metabolism, but this effect is not selectively different from exercise in normoxia. We also show that exercise per se can activate pathways associated with lipid, protein and purine nucleotide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Vinaixa
- Metabolomics Platform of the Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, IISPV - Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rose McGovern
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni Beltran
- Metabolomics Platform of the Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, IISPV - Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Novials
- Department of Endocrinology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Correig
- Metabolomics Platform of the Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, IISPV - Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Conor McClean
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Antrim, United Kingdom
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Burtscher M, Niedermeier M, Burtscher J, Pesta D, Suchy J, Strasser B. Preparation for Endurance Competitions at Altitude: Physiological, Psychological, Dietary and Coaching Aspects. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1504. [PMID: 30425646 PMCID: PMC6218926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It was the Summer Olympic Games 1968 held in Mexico City (2,300 m) that required scientists and coaches to cope with the expected decline of performance in endurance athletes and to establish optimal preparation programs for competing at altitude. From that period until now many different recommendations for altitude acclimatization in advance of an altitude competition were proposed, ranging from several hours to several weeks. Those recommendations are mostly based on the separate consideration of the physiology of acclimatization, psychological issues, performance changes, logistical or individual aspects, but there is no review considering all these aspects in their entirety. Therefore, the present work primarily focusses on the period of altitude sojourn prior to the competition at altitude based on physiological and psychological aspects complemented by nutritional and sports practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Society for Alpine and Mountain Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Niedermeier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jiri Suchy
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbara Strasser
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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Sumi D, Kojima C, Kasai N, Goto K. The effects of endurance exercise in hypoxia on acid-base balance and potassium kinetics: a randomized crossover design in male endurance athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:45. [PMID: 30317397 PMCID: PMC6186263 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Exercise-induced disturbance of acid-base balance and accumulation of extracellular potassium (K+) are suggested to elicit fatigue. Exercise under hypoxic conditions may augment exercise-induced alterations of these two factors compared with exercise under normoxia. In the present study, we investigated acid-base balance and potassium kinetics in response to exercise under moderate hypoxic conditions in endurance athletes. Methods Nine trained middle-to-long distance athletes [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 57.2 ± 1.0 mL/kg/min] completed two different trials on different days, consisting of exercise in moderate hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 14.5%, H trial] and exercise in normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%, N trial). They performed interval endurance exercise (8 × 4 min pedaling at 80% of VO2max alternated with 2-min intervals of active rest at 40% of VO2max) under hypoxic or normoxic conditions. Venous blood samples were obtained to determine blood lactate, pH, bicarbonate ion, and K+ concentrations before exercise, during exercise, and after exercise. Results The blood lactate concentrations increased significantly with exercise in both trials. Exercise-induced blood lactate elevations were significantly greater in the N trial than in the H trial at all time points (P = 0.012). Bicarbonate ion concentrations (P = 0.001) and blood pH (P = 0.019) during exercise and post-exercise periods were significantly lower in the N trial than in the H trial. A significantly greater exercise-induced elevation in blood K+ concentration was produced in the N trial than in the H trial during exercise and immediately after exercise (P = 0.03). Conclusions High-intensity interval exercise on a cycle ergometer under moderate hypoxic conditions did not elicit a decrease in blood pH or elevation in K+ levels compared with an equivalent level of exercise under normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan. .,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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35
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Sumi D, Kojima C, Goto K. Impact of Endurance Exercise in Hypoxia on Muscle Damage, Inflammatory and Performance Responses. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1053-1062. [PMID: 28368957 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sumi, D, Kojima, C, and Goto, K. Impact of endurance exercise in hypoxia on muscle damage, inflammatory and performance responses. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1053-1062, 2018-This study evaluated muscle damage and inflammatory and performance responses after high-intensity endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia among endurance athletes. Nine trained endurance athletes completed 2 different trials on different days: exercise under moderate hypoxia (H trial, FiO2 = 14.5%) and normoxia (N trial, FiO2 = 20.9%). They performed interval exercises (10 × 3-minute running at 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max with 60-second of active rest at 60% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) followed by 30-minute of continuous running at 85% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max under either hypoxic or normoxic conditions. Venous blood samples were collected 4 times: before exercise, 0, 60, and 120-minute after exercise. The time to exhaustion (TTE) during running at 90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was also determined to evaluate endurance capacity 120-minute after the training session. The H trial induced a significantly greater exercise-induced elevation in the blood lactate concentration than did the N trial (p = 0.02), whereas the elevation in the exercise-induced myoglobin concentration (muscle damage marker) was significantly greater in the N trial than in the H trial (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in plasma interleukin-6 (inflammatory marker) concentration between the H and N trials. The TTE was shorter in the N trial (613 ± 65 seconds) than in the H trial (783 ± 107 seconds, p = 0.02). In conclusion, among endurance athletes, endurance exercise under moderate hypoxic conditions did not facilitate an exercise-induced muscle damage response or cause a further reduction in the endurance capacity compared with equivalent exercise under normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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36
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Mourot L. Limitation of Maximal Heart Rate in Hypoxia: Mechanisms and Clinical Importance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:972. [PMID: 30083108 PMCID: PMC6064954 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exercise intervention in hypoxia has grown in popularity amongst patients, with encouraging results compared to similar intervention in normoxia. The prescription of exercise for patients largely rely on heart rate recordings (percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmax) or heart rate reserve). It is known that HRmax decreases with high altitude and the duration of the stay (acclimatization). At an altitude typically chosen for training (2,000-3,500 m) conflicting results have been found. Whether or not this decrease exists or not is of importance since the results of previous studies assessing hypoxic training based on HR may be biased due to improper intensity. By pooling the results of 86 studies, this literature review emphasizes that HRmax decreases progressively with increasing hypoxia. The dose–response is roughly linear and starts at a low altitude, but with large inter-study variabilities. Sex or age does not seem to be a major contributor in the HRmax decline with altitude. Rather, it seems that the greater the reduction in arterial oxygen saturation, the greater the reduction in HRmax, due to an over activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Only a few studies reported HRmax at sea/low level and altitude with patients. Altogether, due to very different experimental design, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions in these different clinical categories of people. Hence, forthcoming studies in specific groups of patients are required to properly evaluate (1) the HRmax change during acute hypoxia and the contributing factors, and (2) the physiological and clinical effects of exercise training in hypoxia with adequate prescription of exercise training intensity if based on heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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37
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Martínez-Guardado I, Olcina G, Marín-Pagán C, Martínez-Noguera FJ, Carlos-Vivas J, Alcaraz PE, Rubio JÁ. Effect of high-intensity resistance circuit-based training in hypoxia on aerobic performance and repeat sprint ability. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2135-2143. [PMID: 29791970 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent acute studies have shown that high-intensity resistance circuit-based (HRC) training in hypoxia increases metabolic stress. However, no intervention studies have yet proven their effectiveness. This study aimed to analyze the effect of 8 weeks of HRC in hypoxia on aerobic performance, resting energy expenditure (REE), repeat sprint ability (RSA) and hematological variables. Twenty-eight subjects were assigned to hypoxia (FiO2 = 15%; HRChyp : n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) and normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%; HRCnorm : n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg) groups. Each training session consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, leg extension, front pull down; 2: deadlift, elbow flexion, ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at 6 repetitions maximum. Participants exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks and before and after the training program blood test, REE, RSA and treadmill running test were performed. Fatigue index in the RSA test was significantly decreased in the HRChyp (-0.9%; P < .01; ES = 2.75) but not in the HRCnorm . No changes were observed in REE and hematological variables. Absolute (4.5%; P = .014; ES = 0.42) and relative (5.2%; P = .008; ES = 0.43) maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), speed at VO2 max (4%; P = .010; ES = 0.25) and time to exhaustion (4.1%; P = .012; ES = 0.26) were significantly increased in HRChyp but not in the HRCnorm . No significant differences between groups were found. Compared with normoxic conditions, 8 weeks of HRC training under hypoxic conditions efficiently improves aerobic performance and RSA without changes in REE and red blood O2 -carrying capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ramos-Campo
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - G Olcina
- Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - C Marín-Pagán
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - J Carlos-Vivas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | - P E Alcaraz
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Á Rubio
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
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38
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Mayo B, Miles C, Sims S, Driller M. The Effect of Resistance Training in a Hypoxic Chamber on Physical Performance in Elite Rugby Athletes. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:28-34. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Mayo
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Bay of Plenty Rugby Union, Mount Maunganui, New Zealand
| | - Cory Miles
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Stacy Sims
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Driller
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Sanchez AMJ, Borrani F. Effects of intermittent hypoxic training performed at high hypoxia level on exercise performance in highly trained runners. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2045-2052. [PMID: 29394148 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1434747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study exanimated the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) conducted at a high level of hypoxia with recovery at ambient air on aerobic/anaerobic capacities at sea level and hematological variations. According to a double-blind randomized design, fifteen highly endurance-trained runners completed a 6-weeks regimented training with 3 sessions per week consisting of intermittent runs (6x work-rest ratio of 5':5') on a treadmill at 80-85% of maximal aerobic speed ([Formula: see text]). Nine athletes (hypoxic group, HG) performed the exercise bouts at FI02 = 10.6-11.4% while six athletes (normoxic group, NG) exercised at ambient air. Running time to exhaustion at a velocity corresponding to 95% [Formula: see text] significantly increased for HG while no effect was found for NG. Regarding [Formula: see text], no significant effects were found in either training group. In addition, the decline of jumping performances over a 45s-continuous maximal vertical jump test (i.e. anaerobic capacity index) tended to be lower in HG compared to NG. The levels of the studied hematological variables, including erythropoietin and hematocrit, did not significantly change for either HG or NG. These results highlight that our IHT protocol may induce additional effects on aerobic performance without compromising the anaerobic capacity index in highly-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M J Sanchez
- a Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604 , University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Department of Sports Sciences , Font-Romeu , France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- b Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Intermittent hypoxic training for 6 weeks in 3000 m hypobaric hypoxia conditions enhances exercise economy and aerobic exercise performance in moderately trained swimmers. Biol Sport 2017; 35:49-56. [PMID: 30237661 PMCID: PMC6135977 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic endurance performance at sea level can be improved via intermittent hypoxic training (IHT). However, the efficacy of IHT for enhancement of aerobic exercise performance at sea level is controversial because of methodological differences. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine whether the IHT regimen ameliorates exercise economy and aerobic exercise performance in moderately trained swimmers. A total of 20 moderately trained swimmers were equally assigned to the control group (n=10) training in normoxic conditions and the IHT group (n=10) training at a simulated altitude of 3000 m. They were evaluated for metabolic parameters and skeletal muscle oxygenation during 30 min submaximal exercise on a bicycle, and aerobic exercise performance before and after 6 weeks of training composed of aerobic continuous exercise set at 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) during 30 min and anaerobic interval exercise set at the exercise load with 90% HRmax measured in pre-test during 30 min (10 times 2 min exercise and 1 min rest). According to the results, the IHT group demonstrated greater improvement in exercise economy due to decreases in VO2 (p=.016) and HHb (p=.002) and increases in O2Hb (p<.001) and TOI (p=.006). VCO2 was decreased in the IHT group (p=.010) and blood lactate level was decreased in the control (p=.005) and IHT groups (p=.001). All aerobic exercise performance including VO2max (p=.001) and the 400 m time trial (p<.001) were increased in the IHT group. The present findings indicate that the 6 week IHT regime composed of high-intensity aerobic continuous exercise and anaerobic interval exercise can be considered an effective altitude/hypoxic training method for improvement of exercise economy and aerobic exercise performance in moderately trained swimmers.
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Comparison of the effect of intermittent hypoxic training vs. the live high, train low strategy on aerobic capacity and sports performance in cyclists in normoxia. Biol Sport 2017; 35:39-48. [PMID: 30237660 PMCID: PMC6135973 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) and the live high, train low strategy on aerobic capacity and sports performance in off-road cyclists in normoxia. Thirty off-road cyclists were randomized to three groups and subjected to 4-week training routines. The participants from the first experimental group were exposed to normobaric hypoxia conditions (FiO2 = 16.3%) at rest and during sleep (G-LH-TL; n=10; age: 20.5 ± 2.9 years; body height 1.81 ± 0.04 m; body mass: 69.6 ± 3.9 kg). Training in this group was performed under normoxic conditions. In the second experimental group, study participants followed an intermittent hypoxic training (IHT, three sessions per week, FiO2 = 16.3%) routine (G-IHT; n=10; age: 20.7 ± 3.1 years; body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 67.5 ± 5.6 kg). Exercise intensity was adjusted based on the lactate threshold (LT) load determined in hypoxia. The control group lived and trained under normoxic conditions (G-C; n=10; age: 21.8 ± 4.0 years; body height 1.78 ± 0.03 m; body mass: 68.1 ± 4.7 kg; body fat content: 8.4 ± 2.4%). The evaluations included two research series (S1, S2). Between S1 and S2, athletes from all groups followed a similar training programme for 4 weeks. In each research series a graded ergocycle test was performed in order to measure VO2max and determine the LT and a simulated 30 km individual time trial. Significant (p<0.05) improvements in VO2max, VO2LT, WRmax and WRLT were observed in the G-IHT (by 3.5%, 9.1%, 6.7% and 7.7% respectively) and G-LH-TL groups (by 4.8%, 6.7%, 5.9% and 4.8% respectively). Sports performance (TT) was also improved (p<0.01) in both groups by 3.6% in G-LH-TL and 2.5% in G-IHT. Significant changes (p<0.05) in serum EPO levels and haematological variables (increases in RBC, HGB, HCT and reticulocyte percentage) were observed only in G-LH-TL. Normobaric hypoxia has been demonstrated to be an effective ergogenic aid that can enhance the exercise capacity of cyclists in normoxia. Both LH-TL and IHT lead to improvements in aerobic capacity. The adaptations induced by both approaches are likely to be caused by different mechanisms. The evaluations included two research series (S1, S2). Between S1 and S2, athletes from all groups followed a similar training programme for 4 weeks. In each research series a graded ergocycle exercise test was performed in order to measure VO2max and determine the lactate threshold as well as a simulated 30 km individual time trial.
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IGF-1 Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Atrophy but Inhibits Myoglobin Expression in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Myotubes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091889. [PMID: 28862673 PMCID: PMC5618538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia is associated with muscle wasting and decreased oxidative capacity. By contrast, training under hypoxia may enhance hypertrophy and increase oxidative capacity as well as oxygen transport to the mitochondria, by increasing myoglobin (Mb) expression. The latter may be a feasible strategy to prevent atrophy under hypoxia and enhance an eventual hypertrophic response to anabolic stimulation. Mb expression may be further enhanced by lipid supplementation. We investigated individual and combined effects of hypoxia, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and lipids, in mouse skeletal muscle C2C12 myotubes. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were cultured for 24 h under 20%, 5% and 2% oxygen with or without IGF-1 and/or lipid treatment. In culture under 20% oxygen, IGF-1 induced 51% hypertrophy. Hypertrophy was only 32% under 5% and abrogated under 2% oxygen. This was not explained by changes in expression of genes involved in contractile protein synthesis or degradation, suggesting a reduced rate of translation rather than of transcription. Myoglobin mRNA expression increased by 75% under 5% O2 but decreased by 50% upon IGF-1 treatment under 20% O2, compared to control. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation using rapamycin restored Mb mRNA expression to control levels. Lipid supplementation had no effect on Mb gene expression. Thus, IGF-1-induced anabolic signaling can be a strategy to improve muscle size under mild hypoxia, but lowers Mb gene expression.
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Goto K, Sumi D, Kojima C, Ishibashi A. Post-exercise serum hepcidin levels were unaffected by hypoxic exposure during prolonged exercise sessions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183629. [PMID: 28829838 PMCID: PMC5567555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of hypoxic exposure during prolonged endurance exercise sessions (79 min in total) on post-exercise hepcidin levels in trained male endurance athletes. Ten endurance athletes (mean ± standard deviation; height: 169.8 ± 7.1 cm, weight: 57.1 ± 5.0 kg) conducted two endurance exercise sessions under either a normobaric hypoxic condition [inspired O2 fraction (FiO2) = 14.5%] or a normoxic condition (FiO2 = 20.9%). Exercise consisted of 10 × 3 min running on a treadmill at 95% of maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) with 60s of active rest at 60% of [Formula: see text]. After 10 min of rest, they subsequently performed 30 min of continuous running at 85% of [Formula: see text]. Running velocities were significantly lower in the HYPO than in the NOR (P < 0.0001). Exercise-induced blood lactate elevation was significantly greater in the HYPO (P < 0.01). There were significant increases in plasma interleukin-6, serum iron, and blood glucose levels after exercise, with no significant difference between the trials [interaction (trial × time) or main effect for trial, P > 0.05]. Serum hepcidin levels increased significantly 120 min after exercise (HYPO: from 10.7 ± 9.4 ng/mL to 15.8 ± 11.2 ng/mL; NOR: from 7.9 ± 4.7 ng/mL to 13.2 ± 7.9 ng/mL, P < 0.05), and no difference was observed between the trials. In conclusion, endurance exercise at lower running velocity in hypoxic conditions resulted in similar post-exercise hepcidin elevations as higher running velocity in normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Aya Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kitaku, Tokyo, Japan
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Czuba M, Wilk R, Karpiński J, Chalimoniuk M, Zajac A, Langfort J. Intermittent hypoxic training improves anaerobic performance in competitive swimmers when implemented into a direct competition mesocycle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180380. [PMID: 28763443 PMCID: PMC5538675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on anaerobic and aerobic capacity and swimming performance in well-trained swimmers. Sixteen male swimmers were randomly divided into a hypoxia (H) group (n = 8), which trained in a normobaric hypoxia environment, and a control (C) group (n = 8), which exercised under normoxic conditions. However, one participant left the study without explanation. During the experiment group H trained on land twice per week in simulated hypoxia (FiO2 = 15.5%, corresponding to 2,500 m a.s.l); however, they conducted swim training in normoxic conditions. Group C performed the same training program under normoxic conditions. The training program included four weekly microcyles, followed by three days of recovery. During practice sessions on land, the swimmers performed 30 second sprints on an arm-ergometer, alternating with two minute high intensity intervals on a lower limb cycle ergometer. The results showed that the training on land caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in absolute maximal workload (WRmax) by 7.4% in group H and by 3.2% in group C and relative values of VO2max by 6.9% in group H and 3.7% in group C. However, absolute values of VO2max were not significantly changed. Additionally, a significant (p<0.05) increase in mean power (Pmean) during the first (11.7%) and second (11.9%) Wingate tests was only observed in group H. The delta values of lactate concentration (ΔLA) after both Wingate tests were significantly (p<0.05) higher in comparison to baseline levels by 28.8% in group H. Opposite changes were observed in delta values of blood pH (ΔpH) after both Wingate tests in group H, with a significant decrease in values of ΔpH by 33.3%. The IHT caused a significant (p<0.05) improvement in 100m and 200m swimming performance, by 2.1% and 1.8%, respectively in group H. Training in normoxia (group C), resulted in a significant (p<0.05) improvement of swimming performance at 100m and 200m, by 1.1% and 0.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the most important finding of this study includes a significant improvement in anaerobic capacity and swimming performance after high-intensity IHT. However, this training protocol had no effect on absolute values of VO2max and hematological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Wilk
- Department of Swimming, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Karpiński
- Department of Swimming, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Tourism and Health in Biala Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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Kong Z, Shi Q, Nie J, Tong TK, Song L, Yi L, Hu Y. High-Intensity Interval Training in Normobaric Hypoxia Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overweight Chinese Young Women. Front Physiol 2017; 8:175. [PMID: 28386234 PMCID: PMC5362639 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight populations. However, the additive effect of HIIT and hypoxia on health parameters is not clear. This study compared the effects of HIIT under hypoxic conditions on cardiometabolic function with that under normoxia in overweight Chinese young women. Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled experimental design was applied. Twenty-four sedentary overweight Chinese young women (weight: 68.8 ± 7.0 kg, BMI: 25.8 ± 2.3 kg·m−2) participated in the HIIT under either normoxia (NORM, n = 13, PIO2: 150 mmHg, FIO2: 0.21) or normobaric hypoxia (HYP, n = 11, PIO2: 117 mmHg, FIO2: 0.15) for 5 weeks. HIIT was composed of 60 repetitions of 8 s maximal cycling effort interspersed with 12-s recovery per day, for 4 days per week. Cardiorespiratory fitness [peak oxygen uptake (V·O2peak), and peak oxygen pulse (peak O2 pulse)], serum lipid profile [triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], and body composition (regional and whole-body), were assessed at pre- and post-intervention during the days beyond the self-reported menstrual phase of the participants. Habitual physical activity and diary behavior were maintained during the intervention period. Results: With similar daily energy intake and physical activity, the increases in V·O2peak [NORM: 0.26 ± 0.37 L·min−1 (+11.8%) vs. HYP: 0.54 ± 0.34 L·min−1 (+26.1%)] and peak O2 pulse (NORM: +13.4% vs. HYP: +25.9%) for HYP were twice-larger than for NORM (p < 0.05). Although the 5-wk HIIT led to significant improvements in the ratios of TC/HDL-C (p = 0.035) and TG/HDL-C (p = 0.027), no significant group effects were found on the serum variables. Further, no significant changes in body composition or serum fasting leptin were observed in either group. Conclusion: 5-wk of HIIT improved cardiorespiratory fitness and blood lipids in overweight Chinese young females, while the additive effect of the HIIT under normobaric hypoxia solely enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness, but not body composition or serum lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute Macau, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute Macau, China
| | - Tomas K Tong
- Department of Physical Education, Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, China
| | - Lili Song
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Longyan Yi
- Sports Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Sports Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University Beijing, China
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Zubieta-Calleja G, Zubieta-DeUrioste N. Extended longevity at high altitude: Benefits of exposure to chronic hypoxia. BLDE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/bjhs.bjhs_7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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47
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Nakamoto FP, Ivamoto RK, Andrade MDS, de Lira CAB, Silva BM, da Silva AC. Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training Followed by Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Aerobic Capacity of Long Distance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1708-20. [PMID: 26562716 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) are still controversial and detraining effects remain uninvestigated. Therefore, we investigated (a) whether IHT improves aerobic capacity; (b) whether aerobic detraining occurs post-IHT; and (c) whether intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) at rest reduces a possible aerobic detraining post-IHT. Twenty eight runners (21 men/7 women; 36 ± 2 years; maximal oxygen uptake [V[Combining Dot Above]O2max] 55.4 ± 1.3 ml·kg·min) participated in a single-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Twice a week, 1 group performed 6 weeks of IHT (n = 11), followed by 4 weeks of IHE (n = 11) at rest (IHT+IHE group). Another group performed 6 weeks of IHT (n = 10), followed by 4 weeks of normoxic exposure (NE, n = 9) at rest (IHT+NE group). A control group performed 6 weeks of normoxic training (NT, n = 7), followed by 4 weeks of NE (n = 6) at rest (NT+NE group). Hematological and submaximal/maximal aerobic measurements were conducted in normoxia at pretraining, posttraining, and postexposure. Hemoglobin concentration did not change, but lactate threshold and running economy improved in all groups at posttraining (p ≤ 0.05 vs. pretraining). Ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max increased after IHT (IHT+IHE group: 7.3, 5.4, and 9.2%, respectively; IHT+NE group: 10.7, 7.5, and 4.8%; p ≤ 0.05 vs. pretraining), but not after NT (-1.1, -1.0, and -3.8%; p > 0.05 vs. pretraining). Such IHT-induced adaptations were maintained at postexposure (p > 0.05 vs. postexposure). In conclusion, IHT induced further aerobic improvements than NT. These additional IHT adaptations were maintained for 4 weeks post-IHT, regardless of IHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P Nakamoto
- 1Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo City Hall, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and 4Section of Human and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Rizo-Roca D, Ríos-Kristjánsson JG, Núñez-Espinosa C, Santos-Alves E, Gonçalves IO, Magalhães J, Ascensão A, Pagès T, Viscor G, Torrella JR. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with aerobic exercise improves muscle morphofunctional recovery after eccentric exercise to exhaustion in trained rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:580-592. [PMID: 27765844 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00501.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed eccentric exercise leads to muscle morphological and functional alterations, including microvasculature damage, the repair of which is modulated by hypoxia. We present the effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and exercise on recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD). Soleus muscles from trained rats were excised before (CTRL) and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after a double session of EEIMD protocol. A recovery treatment consisting of one of the following protocols was applied 1 day after the EEIMD: passive normobaric recovery (PNR), a 4-h daily exposure to passive hypobaric hypoxia at 4,000 m (PHR), or hypobaric hypoxia exposure followed by aerobic exercise (AHR). EEIMD produced an increase in the percentage of abnormal fibers compared with CTRL, and it affected the microvasculature by decreasing capillary density (CD, capillaries per mm2) and the capillary-to-fiber ratio (CF). After 14 days, AHR exhibited CD and CF values similar to those of CTRL animals (789 and 3.30 vs. 746 and 3.06) and significantly higher than PNR (575 and 2.62) and PHR (630 and 2.92). Furthermore, VEGF expression showed a significant 43% increase in AHR when compared with PNR. Moreover, after 14 days, the muscle fibers in AHR had a more oxidative phenotype than the other groups, with significantly smaller cross-sectional areas (AHR, 3,745; PNR, 4,502; and PHR, 4,790 µm2), higher citrate synthase activity (AHR, 14.8; PNR, 13.1; and PHR, 12 µmol·min-1·mg-1) and a significant 27% increment in PGC-1α levels compared with PNR. Our data show that hypoxia combined with exercise attenuates or reverses the morphofunctional alterations induced by EEIMD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study provides new insights into the use of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with exercise as a strategy to recover muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise. We analyzed the effects of hypobaric exposure combined with aerobic exercise on histopathological features of muscle damage, fiber morphofunctionality, capillarization, angiogenesis, and the oxidative capacity of damaged soleus muscle. Most of these parameters were improved after a 2-wk protocol of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rizo-Roca
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - J G Ríos-Kristjánsson
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - C Núñez-Espinosa
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - E Santos-Alves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I O Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - T Pagès
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - G Viscor
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - J R Torrella
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
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49
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Jaspers RT, Zillikens MC, Friesema ECH, Paoli G, Bloch W, Uitterlinden AG, Goglia F, Lanni A, Lange P. Exercise, fasting, and mimetics: toward beneficial combinations? FASEB J 2016; 31:14-28. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600652r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Jaspers
- Laboratory for MyologyMove Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Edith C. H. Friesema
- Division of PharmacologyVascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Paoli
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport MedicineGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | | | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Sannio Benevento Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
| | - Pieter Lange
- Department of EnvironmentalBiological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta Italy
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50
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Quindry J, Dumke C, Slivka D, Ruby B. Impact of extreme exercise at high altitude on oxidative stress in humans. J Physiol 2016; 594:5093-104. [PMID: 26453842 PMCID: PMC5023697 DOI: 10.1113/jp270651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and oxidative stress research continues to grow as a physiological subdiscipline. The influence of high altitude on exercise and oxidative stress is among the recent topics of intense study in this area. Early findings indicate that exercise at high altitude has an independent influence on free radical generation and the resultant oxidative stress. This review provides a detailed summary of oxidative stress biochemistry as gleaned mainly from studies of humans exercising at high altitude. Understanding of the human response to exercise at altitude is largely derived from field-based research at altitudes above 3000 m in addition to laboratory studies which employ normobaric hypoxia. The implications of oxidative stress incurred during high altitude exercise appear to be a transient increase in oxidative damage followed by redox-sensitive adaptations in multiple tissues. These outcomes are consistent for lowland natives, high altitude acclimated sojourners and highland natives, although the latter group exhibits a more robust adaptive response. To date there is no evidence that altitude-induced oxidative stress is deleterious to normal training or recovery scenarios. Limited evidence suggests that deleterious outcomes related to oxidative stress are limited to instances where individuals are exposed to extreme elevations for extended durations. However, confirmation of this tentative conclusion requires further investigation. More applicably, altitude-induced hypoxia may have an independent influence on redox-sensitive adaptive responses to exercise and exercise recovery. If correct, these findings may hold important implications for athletes, mountaineers, and soldiers working at high altitude. These points are raised within the confines of published research on the topic of oxidative stress during exercise at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quindry
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Charles Dumke
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brent Ruby
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Montana Centre for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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