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Wu Z, Heffernan KS. Central blood pressure and peripheral augmentation index following acute submaximal arm versus leg exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05573-5. [PMID: 39133269 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercises like running and cycling may lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk through favorable effects on central blood pressure and vascular function. Arm ergometry is a popular exercise modality used in rehabilitation settings, but little is known regarding the central hemodynamic and vascular effects of this form of exercise. PURPOSE To compare the acute effects of leg versus arm exercise on central blood pressure and vascular function. METHODS Twenty-one participants (n = 11 female, Age 21 ± 3, BMI 24.5 ± 3.2 kg/m2) completed two visits to the Human Performance Laboratory. Central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), and peripheral augmentation index (pAIx) were measured using a brachial oscillometric blood pressure cuff with measures being taken before and after 20 min of acute moderate-intensity (submaximal) arm or leg cycling exercise. RESULTS There was a condition-by-time interaction for pAIx (p = 0.011). pAIx slightly increased following arm exercise but significantly decreased following leg exercise. There was a condition-by-time interaction for cDBP (p = 0.011). cDBP significantly decreased following arm exercise but increased immediately following leg exercise. There was no condition-by-time interaction for cSBP (p = 0.721). There were similar acute increases in cSBP immediately post-exercise for both conditions. CONCLUSION Arm exercise increased pAlx and decreased cDBP compared to leg exercise. As an increase in pAIx may increase left ventricular work and a reduction in cDBP may reduce coronary perfusion pressure, these findings suggest that a single bout of arm exercise may not have the same favorable acute effect on central hemodynamic load as a single bout of leg exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyi Wu
- Department of Exercise Science, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kevin S Heffernan
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Movement Science & Applied Physiology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120th St, Building 528, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Simon LH, Garritson J, Pullen N, Hayward R. Exercise Preconditioning Preserves Cardiac Function and Enhances Cardiac Recovery Following Dobutamine Stimulation in Doxorubicin-Treated Rat Hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2024; 84:188-198. [PMID: 38814887 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Exercise preconditioning has been shown to protect against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac dysfunction when hearts are maintained under resting conditions. However, it is unclear whether this exercise-induced protective effect is maintained when the heart is challenged with the β 1 -adrenergic receptor agonist dobutamine (DOB), which mimics acute exercise stress. Fischer 344 rats were randomly assigned to sedentary (SED) or voluntary wheel running (WR) groups for 10 weeks. At week 11, rats were treated with either 15 mg/kg DOX or saline. Five days later, ex vivo cardiac function was assessed using an isolated working heart model at baseline, during the infusion of 7.5 μg·kg -1 ·min -1 DOB, and during recovery. DOB infusion significantly increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), maximal (dP/dt max ) and minimal (dP/dt min ) rate of left ventricular pressure development, and heart rate in all groups ( P < 0.05). SED + DOX also showed a lower baseline and recovery LVDP than WR + DOX (83 ± 12 vs. 109 ± 6 mm Hg baseline, 76 ± 11 vs. 100 ± 10 mm Hg recovery, P < 0.05). WR + DOX showed higher dP/dt max and lower dP/dt min when compared with SED + DOX during DOB infusion (7311 ± 1481 vs. 5167 ± 1436 mm Hg/s and -4059 ± 1114 vs.-3158 ± 1176 mm Hg/s, respectively). SED + DOX dP/dt max was significantly lower during baseline and during recovery when compared with all other groups ( P < 0.05). These data suggest that exercise preconditioning preserved cardiac function after DOX exposure even when the heart is challenged with DOB, and it appeared to preserve the heart's ability to recover from this functional challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Haverbeck Simon
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, and the University of Northern Colorado Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO; and
| | - Jacob Garritson
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, and the University of Northern Colorado Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO; and
| | - Nicholas Pullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO
| | - Reid Hayward
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, and the University of Northern Colorado Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO; and
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3
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Moen F, Pettersen SA, Mosleth EF. The effect of electro-magnetic-energy-regulation therapy on subjective sleep among elite players in Norwegian women's football. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1343841. [PMID: 39149571 PMCID: PMC11324490 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1343841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated if Bio-Electro-Magnetic-Energy-Regulation (BEMER) therapy is affecting subjective sleep among a sample of 21 elite female football players in a Norwegian top series club. Subjective sleep was measured each day over a period of 273 consecutive days by using a smartphone application, PM Reporter Pro, which scheduled push messages to remind the participants to report sleep every morning. The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental design, with a control period before the introduction of BEMER therapy that lasted for 3 months, followed by an intervention period where BEMER therapy was used that lasted for 5 months. The collected data from the players in the control period served as their control compared to the data collected from the players in the intervention period. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) with False Discovery Rate adjusted p-values show that subjective sleep duration and subjective sleep quality are significantly reduced on game nights, both in the control period and in the experiment period. The results also show that subjective sleep duration and subjective sleep quality significantly increase in the experiment period compared to the control period. The findings indicate that BEMER therapy might serve as a tool to improve sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Moen
- Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Norwegian Olympic Sport Center, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Ghidoni C, van der Stouwe JG, Würzburger L, Wiech P, Vontobel J, Bohm P, Moser G, Petrasch G, Rossi VA, Schmied CM, Caselli S, Niederseer D. Blood pressure response during exercise testing in individuals with and without hypertension: The value of the recovery phase. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14285. [PMID: 38994816 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and exercise testing are essential for cardiovascular risk assessment. However, an exact description of blood pressure (BP) in patients with a hypertensive response during exercise (HRE), especially in the recovery phase is lacking. Herein, we aimed to analyse BP and heart rate during exercise testing and recovery in patients with an HRE. METHODS 800 patients aged 17-90 with an HRE during a standardized bicycle ergometry test were recruited. The BP behaviour during exercise testing was correlated with clinical data. Furthermore, data were analysed according to the presence of pre-existent hypertension. RESULTS Of the 800 patients included in this study 497 (62%) were previously diagnosed with hypertension. Analysis of covariance showed a significantly faster systolic (β [95% CI] 8.0 [4.9-11.1]) and diastolic (2.4 [0.4-4.4]) BP recovery 3 min after maximal exercise in patients without hypertension in univariable models. These results remained robust in fully adjusted models taking into account age, sex, body mass index, cardiovascular disease, and antihypertensive treatment for systolic (5.3 [1.2-9.4]) and diastolic BP (4.5 [1.9-7.0]). Furthermore, patients with hypertension displayed higher systolic BP during maximal exercise in univariable (3.8 [0.1-7.5]) and fully adjusted (5.5 [1.1-10.0]) models. There was no difference in maximum diastolic BP between groups. CONCLUSION In this large cohort study, patients without hypertension showed a faster systolic and diastolic BP recovery and lower maximal systolic BP compared to patients with hypertension. Overall, this study provides new insights into cardiovascular health during recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ghidoni
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gerrit van der Stouwe
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Würzburger
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wiech
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Vontobel
- Department of Cardiology, Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Medicine Campus Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Bohm
- Department of Cardiology, Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Medicine Campus Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Georg Moser
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Petrasch
- Department of Cardiology, Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Medicine Campus Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Valentina A Rossi
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Herzgefaesszentrum Im Park, Hirslanden Klinik Im Park, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Caselli
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Herzgefaesszentrum Im Park, Hirslanden Klinik Im Park, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Medicine Campus Davos, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
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Zaki S, Alam MF, Sharma S, El-Ashker S, Ahsan M, Nuhmani S. Impact of Concurrent Exercise Training on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation, Metabolic Profile, Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3910. [PMID: 38999476 PMCID: PMC11242881 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often leads to cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), a severe complication affecting cardiovascular health. Exercise training is a proven intervention for improving metabolic control and cardiovascular health in T2DM, but the effects of concurrent exercise training (CET), combining aerobic and resistance exercises, on CAN are not fully understood. Objective: This randomized controlled trial investigates the impact of a structured CET program on cardiac autonomic modulation, metabolic profile, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with T2DM and CAN. Methods: A total of 96 participants, aged 35-70 years, with T2DM and CAN, were randomized into CET (n = 48) and control (n = 48) groups. The CET group engaged in combined aerobic and resistance training three times per week for 13 weeks, while the control group received standard care. Primary outcomes included heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR). Secondary outcomes were metabolic profile, body composition, CRF, and QoL, which were assessed using standardized protocols and validated questionnaires. The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2021/09/036711). Results: Significant improvements were noted in the CET group compared to controls. HRV metrics (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, TP, LF power, HF power, and LF/HF ratio) and HRR metrics (HRR30s, HRR1, HRR2, and HRR3) all showed significant enhancements (p < 0.01). The CET group also exhibited substantial reductions in fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, waist circumference, hip circumference, and percentage body fat (p < 0.01). Improvements were observed in lipid profile markers and CRF (VO2max) (p < 0.01). QoL scores improved significantly in the CET group as per the ADDQoL-19 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: CET significantly enhances cardiac autonomic modulation, metabolic profile, body composition, CRF, and QoL in individuals with T2DM and CAN. These findings support the integration of CET into standard T2DM management to improve clinical outcomes and QoL. Further research is needed to explore the long-term benefits and broader applicability of CET in diverse diabetic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zaki
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Marg, New Delhi 110025, India; (S.Z.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Md Farhan Alam
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Marg, New Delhi 110025, India; (S.Z.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Marg, New Delhi 110025, India; (S.Z.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Said El-Ashker
- Self-Development Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Ahsan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Shibili Nuhmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.N.)
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Jinakote M, Laothamatas J, Suwannaphim A, Sroysuwan T, Krabuanrat N, Porkachamnan P, Kasiyaphat A. Cardiovascular response to brisk walking on different surfaces in an innovative senior playground: a randomized trial in older adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2638-2648. [PMID: 37795699 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2264804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Brisk walking is a simple exercise for older adults. We aimed to assess the cardiovascular response to a short bout of brisk walking on walking loops in an innovative senior playground in Thailand. Twenty older adults were randomly assigned to brisk walking on artificial turf (AT group, n = 10) or an uneven surface (US group, n = 10). We assessed cardiovascular parameters, average walking speed, and rate of perceived exertion. Blood pressure, heart rate, rate-pressure product, and rate perceived exertion were significantly increased, while the mean RR interval of heart rate variability was significantly decreased in both AT and US groups after exercise compared with pre-exercise (p < 0.05). A greater change in systolic blood pressure was observed in the US group than in the AT group (p < 0.05). These data indicated that brisk walking on AT and US increases cardiovascular response. Our findings provide information on planning exercise programs for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metee Jinakote
- School of Human Kinetics and Health, Faculty of Health Science Technology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Laothamatas
- Faculty of Health Science Technology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Audom Suwannaphim
- School of Hospital Management Innovation, Faculty of Health Science Technology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Nan, Thailand
| | - Thanagorn Sroysuwan
- Faculty of Art and Architecture, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Natnaree Krabuanrat
- School of Human Kinetics and Health, Faculty of Health Science Technology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pacharaporn Porkachamnan
- School of Human Kinetics and Health, Faculty of Health Science Technology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atchareeya Kasiyaphat
- School of Human Kinetics and Health, Faculty of Health Science Technology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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Seo MW, Lee S, Jung HC. Impact of supra-maximal interval training vs. high-intensity interval training on cardiac auto-regulation response in physically active adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1771-1780. [PMID: 38244043 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the impact of supra-maximal interval training (SMIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiac auto-regulation response. METHODS Physically active young adults volunteered to participate in the study with a randomized cross-over counterbalanced design (N = 12). HIIT sessions consisted of 20 bouts of 10 s of exercise followed by 50 s of recovery, totaling 20 min at two different intensities; "all-out (SMIT)" vs. "115-130% Wmax (HIIT)". The cardiac auto-regulation included heart rate variability (HRV) and vascular function. HRV and vascular function were measured at baseline and five different time points after acute exercise. RESULTS The SMIT was higher in workload (31%), peak heart rate (28%), and rate of perceived exertion (40%) compared with HIIT (all p < 0.001). The R-R interval, NN50, and pNN50 measured until 60 min after acute exercise was higher in the HIIT compared with SMIT (all p < 0.05). The SMIT elicited a greater shift in ln LF/HF ratio immediately after acute exercise (3802%, p < 0.01) and induced a decrease in bilateral ba-PWV at the time point 5 min after acute exercise, persisting until 65 min after (p < 0.05). Yet, HIIT showed no change over time in the frequency domain of HRV and blood vascular tone after cessation of acute exercise. CONCLUSION Our findings confirmed that SMIT is a more potent modulator of the autonomic nervous system compared with HIIT. Further study is needed to monitor through complete recovery to baseline, to understand acute cardiac auto-regulation response after cessation of various exercise intensities identical interval training protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Won Seo
- Department of Sports and Leisure Studies, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukho Lee
- Department of Counseling, Health and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hyun Chul Jung
- Sports Science Research Center, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Sports Coaching, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Dunn RA, Luk HY, Appell CR, Jiwan NC, Keefe MS, Rolloque JJS, Sekiguchi Y. Eccentric muscle-damaging exercise in the heat lowers cellular stress prior to and immediately following future exertional heat exposure. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:472-482. [PMID: 38735625 PMCID: PMC11131061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle-damaging exercise (e.g., downhill running [DHR]) or heat exposure bouts potentially reduce physiological and/or cellular stress during future exertional heat exposure; however, the true extent of their combined preconditioning effects is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of muscle-damaging exercise in the heat on reducing physiological and cellular stress during future exertional heat exposure. Ten healthy males (mean ± Standard Definition; age, 23 ± 3 years; body mass, 78.7 ± 11.5 kg; height, 176.9 ± 4.7 cm) completed this study. Participants were randomly assigned into two preconditioning groups: (a) DHR in the heat (ambient temperature [Tamb], 35 °C; relative humidity [RH], 40%) and (b) DHR in thermoneutral (Tamb, 20 °C; RH, 20%). Seven days following DHR, participants performed a 45-min flat run in the heat (FlatHEAT [Tamb, 35 °C; RH, 40%]). During exercise, heart rate and rectal temperature (Trec) were recorded at baseline and every 5-min. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated to assess heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) concentration between conditions at baseline, immediately post-DHR, and immediately pre-FlatHEAT and post-FlatHEAT. Mean Trec during FlatHEAT between hot (38.23 ± 0.38 °C) and thermoneutral DHR (38.26 ± 0.38 °C) was not significantly different (P = 0.68), with no mean heart rate differences during FlatHEAT between hot (172 ± 15 beats min-1) and thermoneutral conditions (174 ± 8 beats min-1; P = 0.58). Hsp72 concentration change from baseline to immediately pre-FlatHEAT was significantly lower in hot (-51.4%) compared to thermoneutral (+24.2%; P = 0.025) DHR, with Hsp72 change from baseline to immediately post-FlatHEAT also lower in hot (-52.6%) compared to thermoneutral conditions (+26.3%; P = 0.047). A bout of muscle-damaging exercise in the heat reduces cellular stress levels prior to and immediately following future exertional heat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Dunn
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hui-Ying Luk
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Casey R Appell
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nigel C Jiwan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marcos S Keefe
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jan-Joseph S Rolloque
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Kurtoğlu A, Akgümüş A, Balun A, Aydın E, Kurtoğlu E, Çar B, Konar N, Eken Ö, Nobari H. Investigation of left atrial mechanical function and left ventricular systolic and diastolic parameters in athletes performing resistance exercise and combined exercise. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:237. [PMID: 38705994 PMCID: PMC11070078 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Some individuals who go to fitness centers for various purposes perform resistance exercise (RE) alone, while others engage in combined exercise (CE) by including cardio exercises along with RE. Studying the effects of these two different training methods on left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic parameters and left atrial mechanical function is an important step toward understanding the effects of different types of exercise on cardiac function. This knowledge has significant implications for public health, as it can inform the development of targeted and effective exercise programs that prioritize cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate the LV systolic and diastolic parameters of athletes who engage in RE and CE using ECHO, to contribute to the growing body of literature on the cardiovascular effects of different types of exercise. Forty-two amateur athletes aged between 17 and 52 were included in our study. The participants consisted of the RE (n = 26) group who did only resistance exercise during the weekly exercise period, and the CE group (n = 16) who also did cardio exercise with resistance exercises. After determining sports age (year), weekly exercise frequency (day), and training volume (min) in addition to demographic information of RE and CE groups, left ventricular systolic and diastolic parameters and left atrial functions were determined by ECHO. Findings from our study revealed that parameters including the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (p = .008), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (p = .020), stroke volume index (SV-I) (p = .048), conduit volume (CV-I) (p = .001), and aortic strain (AS) (p = .017) were notably higher in the RE group compared to the CE group. Also left atrial active emptying volüme (LAAEV) of CE was higher than the RE group (p = .031). In conclusion, the cardiac parameters of the RE group showed more athlete's heart characteristics than the CE group. These results may help to optimize the cardiovascular benefits of exercise routines while minimizing the potential risks associated with improper training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Band?rma/Bal?kesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Alkame Akgümüş
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Bandırma, Balıkesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Balun
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Bandırma, Balıkesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Engin Aydın
- Department of Pediatrics, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Disease Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, 34668, Türkiye
| | - Ertuğrul Kurtoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Battalgazi/Malatya, 44000, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Çar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Band?rma/Bal?kesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Nurettin Konar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Band?rma/Bal?kesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, 44000, Türkiye
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
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Brasil IA, Silva JCPL, Pescatello LS, Farinatti P. Central and peripheral mechanisms underlying postexercise hypotension: a scoping review. J Hypertens 2024; 42:751-763. [PMID: 38525904 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) reduction occurs after a single bout of exercise, referred to as postexercise hypotension (PEH). The clinical importance of PEH has been advocated owing to its potential contribution to chronic BP lowering, and as a predictor of responders to exercise training as an antihypertensive therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying PEH have not been well defined. This study undertook a scoping review of research on PEH mechanisms, as disclosed in literature reviews. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, and Sport Discus databases until January 2023 to locate 21 reviews - 13 narrative, four systematic with 102 primary trials, and four meta-analyses with 75 primary trials involving 1566 participants. We classified PEH mechanisms according to major physiological systems, as central (autonomic nervous system, baroreflex, cardiac) or peripheral (vascular, hemodynamic, humoral, and renal). In general, PEH has been related to changes in autonomic control leading to reduced cardiac output and/or sustained vasodilation. However, the role of autonomic control in eliciting PEH has been challenged in favor of local vasodilator factors. The contribution of secondary physiological outcomes to changes in cardiac output and/or vascular resistance during PEH remains unclear, especially by exercise modality and population (normal vs. elevated BP, young vs. older adults). Further research adopting integrated approaches to investigate the potential mechanisms of PEH is warranted, particularly when the magnitude and duration of BP reductions are clinically relevant. (PROSPERO CRD42021256569).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iedda A Brasil
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Cristiano P L Silva
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Education, University Center of Volta Redonda, Volta Redonda, Brazil
| | - Linda S Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Artés A, Ferrer-Ramos P, Javierre C, Viscor G, García I. Effects of intermittent pneumatic compression on the recovery of cardiovascular parameters after repeated sprint exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1037-1048. [PMID: 37792163 PMCID: PMC10954933 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) applies gradual pressure to facilitate lymph and blood flow movement to reduce exercise-induced tissue fluid accumulation and plasma volume loss. This study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular system response during the recovery with IPC compared with passive recovery (Sham). METHODS Sixteen volunteers (7 females and 9 males) executed a cycling-based exhausting sprint interval exercise (8 × 20 s all out), followed by a 30-min IPC or Sham condition. Participants performed two trials in a randomised, counterbalanced, and crossover design. Several cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, heart function, and peripheral vascular resistance) were recorded at baseline (5'), through the recovery protocol (30'), and afterwards (5'). RESULTS The use of IPC during the recovery phase led to a faster recovery, stated in relative values to pre-exercise, in mean blood pressure (102.5 ± 19.3% vs. 92.7 ± 12.5%; P < 0.001), and cardiac output (139.8 ± 30.0% vs. 146.2 ± 40.2%; P < 0.05) in comparison to Sham condition. Furthermore, during the IPC-based recovery, there was a slower recovery in cardiac pressure change over time (92.5 ± 25.8% vs. 100.5 ± 48.9%; P < 0.05), and a faster return to pre-exercise values in the peripheral vascular resistance (75.2 ± 25.5% vs. 64.8 ± 17.4%; P < 0.001) compared to Sham. CONCLUSION The application of IPC after high-intensity exercise promotes the recovery of the cardiovascular system, reducing cardiovascular strain. Future investigations should consider the effects on the sympathetic-parasympathetic balance, such as heart rate variability, to assess further bonds between the use of IPC and autonomous control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Artés
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Ferrer-Ramos
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Research group in Technology Applied to high performance and health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Av. d'Ernest Lluch, 32, 08302, Mataró, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iker García
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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DiFrancisco-Donoghue J, Borges K, Li T, Ballone O, Zwibel H, Douris PC. Reducing thrombotic risks in video gamers: investigating the benefits of walking and compression sleeves on blood hemodynamics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H538-H547. [PMID: 38133616 PMCID: PMC11221800 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00669.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
With the growing popularity of video gaming, deep vein thromboses are increasingly being reported in gamers. This study aimed to compare the effects of lower leg graduated compression sleeves and a 6-min walking break during prolonged gaming on blood flow and hemodynamics in competitive sport players to help mitigate this risk. Ten healthy gamers (19.6 ± 1.2 yr old; 9 men) consented to participate in this mixed-model crossover design study that consisted of three visits. In visit 1, participants engaged in continuous 2-h video game play wearing no compression (continuous). Visits 2 and 3 involved 2-h play wearing compression sleeves (compression) and 2-h game play interrupted at 1 h by a 6-min walk (walk). Doppler ultrasound measurements of the left popliteal artery were taken at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, to record vessel diameter, blood flow velocity, and blood flow volume. Participants completed a survey to assess their perception of each approach. There was a significant interaction between conditions for blood flow and blood velocity (P = 0.01, P < 0.001). Post hoc analysis demonstrated a greater decrease in blood flow and blood velocity in the continuous group compared with the walk group at the 90-min mark (P = 0.04, P = 0.01). No differences were found between the compression and walk groups or between the continuous and compression groups (P = 0.42, P = 0.69). No interactions were observed in diameter, mean arterial pressure, or heart rate. This study suggests that incorporating a 6-min walk every 60 min during prolonged gaming is advisable to counteract the negative effects on blood flow hemodynamics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A 6-min light-intensity walking break during gaming can effectively combat the adverse effects of prolonged sitting, surpassing compression garments. Prolonged sitting reduces blood flow velocity, potentially leading to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Compression sleeves help, with superior results after a 6-min walk at 60 min. Although compression stockings offer moderate improvements, a 6-min active break proves more effective. These findings offer promising interventions for gamers' health, initiating guidelines to mitigate DVT risk during gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne DiFrancisco-Donoghue
- Department of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States
- Center for Esports Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Kelly Borges
- Medical School, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Timothy Li
- Medical School, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Olivia Ballone
- Medical School, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Hallie Zwibel
- Department of Family Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, United States
- Center for Esports Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Peter C Douris
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
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Gentilin A, Cevese A, Tam E. Postexercise cardiovascular hemodynamics assessment before and after a 30-minute standing still recovery. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:201-210. [PMID: 37791829 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although postexercise syncope usually occurs shortly after physical exercise conclusion, athletes commonly reveal symptoms of postexercise hypotension several tens of minutes after exercise completion. Currently, no studies have investigated central hemodynamic regulation during posture changes occurring several tens of minutes after exercise compared to immediately after cessation. METHODS This study examined changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), systemic vascular conductance (SVC), cardiac output, and stroke volume during two sets of tilt tests performed before vs. after a 30-minute standing still recovery, respectively. Tilt tests were performed after a short-lasting supramaximal test (WNG) and long-lasting maximal incremental test (INC) in 12 young endurance-trained individuals. RESULTS The key findings were that, regardless of the exercise type, the 30-minute recovery augmented (P<0.01) the increase in HR and the drop in SVC during the transition from supine to upright, although the MAP drop was similar (P=0.99) after vs. before recovery. INC led to greater increases (P<0.01) in HR and drops (P<0.01) in SVC compared to WNG during postural transitions both before and after the recovery. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, in a population that tolerates postexercise hypotension, MAP neural control is more challenged after a 30-minute standing still recovery than before, as evidenced by an augmented vasodilation capacity along with an increased HR buffering response during posture changes. Moreover, our data suggest that effective MAP control is resulting from an equally effective HR buffering response on MAP. Therefore, exercises that induce greater systemic vasodilation lead to greater HR buffering responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Cevese
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Tam
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Charry D, Wang T, McLaurin N, Leelartapin K, Ponlasen S, Suksom D, Tanaka H. Effectiveness of different recovery postures during high-intensity interval training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1295-1300. [PMID: 37902795 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a very popular mode of exercise practiced by the elite as well as recreationally active adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of four recovery postures that are typically used by exercisers on recovery rate and performance in subsequent bouts of HIIT. METHODS Sixteen young, healthy adults performed four HIIT trials with randomized recovery postures. Each trial consisted of four sets of modified Wingate anaerobic power tests (20-sec duration) on a cycle ergometer (Monark 894E, Vansbro, Sweden) separated by four-minute recovery between each exercise set. Participants adopted one of four recovery postures immediately following each set: standing still with hands on the back of the head (head), standing still with hands resting on knees (knees), slow walking with hands on hips (walking), or supine rest (supine). Differences were assessed by a two-way (posture × set) repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Peak and mean anaerobic power progressively declined within each set (P<0.05), with no differences between postures. Fatigue rate was significantly slower during supine (59±12%) than knees (63±13%). Heart rate recovery was faster (P<0.001) during supine than the other three standing postures. Pulmonary ventilation was not significantly different between postures. Blood lactate concentrations measured after HIIT were not significantly different between postures. CONCLUSIONS Supine posture appears to be more advantageous in facilitating recovery when compared to the three standing postures. None of the recovery postures examined was responsible for better performance in subsequent bouts of HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Charry
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Natalie McLaurin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Sonchai Ponlasen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daroonwan Suksom
- Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA -
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De Martin Topranin V, Engseth TP, Hrozanova M, Taylor M, Sandbakk Ø, Noordhof DA. The Influence of Menstrual-Cycle Phase on Measures of Recovery Status in Endurance Athletes: The Female Endurance Athlete Project. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1296-1303. [PMID: 37726100 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of menstrual-cycle (MC) phase on measures of recovery status, that is, resting heart rate, perceived sleep quality, and physical and mental readiness to train, among female endurance athletes. METHODS Daily data were recorded during 1 to 4 MCs (ie, duration ≥21 and ≤35 d, ovulatory, luteal phase ≥10 d) of 41 trained-to-elite-level female endurance athletes (mean [SD]: age 27 [8] y, weekly training: 9 [3] h). Resting heart rate was assessed daily using a standardized protocol, while perceived sleep quality and physical and mental readiness to train were assessed using a visual analog scale (1-10). Four MC phases (early follicular phase [EFP], late follicular phase, ovulatory phase, and midluteal phase [MLP]) were determined using the calendar-based counting method and urinary ovulation-prediction test. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Resting heart rate was significantly higher in MLP (1.7 beats·min-1, P = .006) compared with EFP without significant differences between the other MC phases. Perceived sleep quality was impaired in MLP compared with late follicular phase (-0.3, P = .035). Physical readiness to train was lower both in ovulatory phase (-0.6, P = .015) and MLP (-0.5, P = .026) compared with EFP. Mental readiness to train did not show any significant differences between MC phases (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Although significant, the findings had negligible to small effect sizes, indicating that MC phase is likely not the main determinant of changes in measures of recovery status but, rather, one of the many possible stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia De Martin Topranin
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Maria Hrozanova
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Madison Taylor
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dionne A Noordhof
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Michaud A. Prone restraint death: Possible role of the Valsalva maneuver. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2023; 63:324-333. [PMID: 36949719 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231162841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an on-going debate about the safety of prone restraint and the exact role of the prone position in physical restraint death. Cardiac arrest in prone restraint death is essentially the end-result of a violent physical altercation wherein a combative individual suddenly loses consciousness while trying to counteract an opposing force. The direct correlations of increased static weight force with decreased inferior vena cava diameter, decreased cardiac output, and decreased stroke volume in prone restraint studies suggest that decreased venous return and decreased cardiac output could have a significant role to play in prone restraint death. Although the degree of changes observed in those studies might not be sufficient to cause cardiac arrest, they could predispose people who instinctively try to free themselves of the restraints to severe complications. The Valsalva maneuver, or forceful expiration against a closed airway, is frequently performed spontaneously in daily activities involving straining and resistance exercise, but has never been considered in restraint death. Pre-existing diminished venous return could increase the risk of major complications in individuals performing the Valsalva maneuver. A substantial decrease in venous return and cardiac output could increase the risk of cerebral hypoperfusion, loss of consciousness, hypoventilation, and sudden death. By increasing the risk of increased intra-abdominal pressure and its negative effect on venous return, high body mass index may be a significant risk factor in prone restraint death. The Valsalva maneuver may have different roles in prone restraint cardiac arrest and might be overlooked in prone restraint death.
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Kurtoğlu A, Kurtoğlu E, Akgümüş A, Çar B, Eken Ö, Sârbu I, Ciongradi CI, Alexe DI, Candussi IL. Evaluation of electrocardiographic parameters in amputee football players. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1189712. [PMID: 37554132 PMCID: PMC10405824 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1189712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to compare electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters of amputee football players (AF) with football players without disability (FP) and sedentary individuals without disability (SI). METHODS A total of 32 participants (AF = 9, FP = 11, SI = 12) were included in the study. ECG parameters including P-wave amplitude, P-wave duration, PR interval, QRS duration, RR interval, QT interval, corrected-QT interval (QTc), ST segment duration, Tp-e duration, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were assessed in all the study participants by using a 12-lead ECG device. OneWay ANOVA Test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of all ECG parameters, P-wave amplitude and QTc were significantly higher in the AF group in comparison to FP and SI groups. QRS duration was found to be lower in the AF group when compared to FP and SI groups. Myocardial repolarization parameters including Tp-e duration, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were similar between groups, as were other parameters such as P-wave duration, PR interval, RR interval, QRS duration and QT interval. CONCLUSION It was found that some ECG parameters of amputee football players differ from those with non-disabled players and non-disabled sedentary individuals. These different parameters were within normal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Ertuğrul Kurtoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Alkame Akgümüş
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Çar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Ioan Sârbu
- Second Department of Surgery—Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iași, Romania
| | - Carmen Iulia Ciongradi
- Second Department of Surgery—Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iași, Romania
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health, Sciences, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
| | - Iuliana Laura Candussi
- Clinical Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, Galați, Romania
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Isath A, Koziol KJ, Martinez MW, Garber CE, Martinez MN, Emery MS, Baggish AL, Naidu SS, Lavie CJ, Arena R, Krittanawong C. Exercise and cardiovascular health: A state-of-the-art review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 79:44-52. [PMID: 37120119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and low levels of physical activity (PA) is a leading independent predictor of poor CV health and associated with an increased prevalence of risk factors that predispose to CVD development. In this review, we evaluate the benefits of exercise on CV health. We discuss the CV adaptations to exercise, focusing on the physiological changes in the heart and vasculature. We review the impact and benefits of exercise on specific CV prevention, including type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and heart failure, in addition to CVD-related and all-cause mortality. Lastly, we evaluate the current PA guidelines and various modes of exercise, assessing the current literature for the effective regimens of PA that improve CVD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameesh Isath
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Centre and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States of America
| | - Klaudia J Koziol
- New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew W Martinez
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sports Cardiology and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atlantic Health, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, United States of America
| | - Carol Ewing Garber
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Program in Applied Physiology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States of America
| | - Matthew N Martinez
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael S Emery
- Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Section of Clinical Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Srihari S Naidu
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Centre and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States of America
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Gasser B, Frey WO, Valdivieso P, Scherr J, Spörri J, Flück M. Association of Gene Variants with Seasonal Variation in Muscle Strength and Aerobic Capacity in Elite Skiers. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1165. [PMID: 37372345 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The training of elite skiers follows a systematic seasonal periodization with a preparation period, when anaerobic muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and cardio-metabolic recovery are specifically conditioned to provide extra capacity for developing ski-specific physical fitness in the subsequent competition period. We hypothesized that periodization-induced alterations in muscle and metabolic performance demonstrate important variability, which in part is explained by gene-associated factors in association with sex and age. Methods: A total of 34 elite skiers (20.4 ± 3.1 years, 19 women, 15 men) underwent exhaustive cardiopulmonary exercise and isokinetic strength testing before and after the preparation and subsequent competition periods of the World Cup skiing seasons 2015-2018. Biometric data were recorded, and frequent polymorphisms in five fitness genes, ACE-I/D (rs1799752), TNC (rs2104772), ACTN3 (rs1815739), and PTK2 (rs7460, rs7843014), were determined with specific PCR reactions on collected DNA. Relative percentage changes of cardio-pulmonary and skeletal muscle metabolism and performance over the two seasonal periods were calculated for 160 data points and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify hypothesized and novel associations between performance alterations and the five respective genotypes and determine the influence of age × sex. A threshold of 0.1 for the effect size (h2) was deemed appropriate to identify relevant associations and motivate a post hoc test to localize effects. Results: The preparation and competition periods produced antidromic functional changes, the extent of which varied with increasing importance for anaerobic strength, aerobic performance, cardio-metabolic efficiency, and cardio-metabolic/muscle recovery. Only peak RER (-14%), but not anaerobic strength and peak aerobic performance, and parameters characterizing cardio-metabolic efficiency, differed between the first and last studied skiing seasons because improvements over the preparation period were mostly lost over the competition period. A number of functional parameters demonstrated associations of variability in periodic changes with a given genotype, and this was considerably influenced by athlete "age", but not "sex". This concerned age-dependent associations between periodic changes in muscle-related parameters, such as anaerobic strength for low and high angular velocities of extension and flexion and blood lactate concentration, with rs1799752 and rs2104772, whose gene products relate to sarcopenia. By contrast, the variance in period-dependent changes in body mass and peak VO2 with rs1799752 and rs2104772, respectively, was independent of age. Likely, the variance in periodic changes in the reliance of aerobic performance on lactate, oxygen uptake, and heart rate was associated with rs1815739 independent of age. These associations manifested at the post hoc level in genotype-associated differences in critical performance parameters. ACTN3 T-allele carriers demonstrated, compared to non-carriers, largely different periodic changes in the muscle-associated parameters of aerobic metabolism during exhaustive exercise, including blood lactate and respiration exchange ratio. The homozygous T-allele carriers of rs2104772 demonstrated the largest changes in extension strength at low angular velocity during the preparation period. Conclusions: Physiological characteristics of performance in skiing athletes undergo training period-dependent seasonal alterations the extent of which is largest for muscle metabolism-related parameters. Genotype associations for the variability in changes of aerobic metabolism-associated power output during exhaustive exercise and anaerobic peak power over the preparation and competition period motivate personalized training regimes. This may help to predict and maximize the benefit of physical conditioning of elite skiers based on chronological characteristics and the polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, and TNC genes investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gasser
- Department of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paola Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist Campus, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Scherr
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Department of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist Campus, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport-BASPO, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
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20
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Jaafar Z, Lim YZ. A comparison of low and high dose of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on heart rate recovery of the sedentary adults: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:310-318. [PMID: 35620954 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate recovery (HRR) has been used as a prognostication marker of health. A slower drop in HRR is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Since aerobic exercise has been shown to have favorable effects on HRR, we aimed to compare the effects of two different aerobic exercise doses on HRR among a sedentary adult population. METHODS A pragmatic randomised controlled trial was conducted on 29 healthy sedentary adults (seven males and 22 females) in a 12-week exercise program. They were randomly assigned to group A (75 min/week, N.=15) or group B (150 min/week, N.=14) of moderate intensity aerobic exercise groups. HRR at 1-minute (HRR1), HRR at 2-minute (HRR2), and peak oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2peak</inf>) were measured pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS The improvements of HRR1 and HRR2 were seen in both groups but was only significant (P<0.05) for group A with HRR1, -4.07 bpm (post 24.47±6.42 - pre 20.40±5.51, P=0.018) and HHR2, -3.93 bpm (post 43.40±13.61 - pre 39.47±10.68, P=0.046). Group B showed increment of HRR1, -1.14 bpm (post 21.14±5.35 - pre 20.00±6.30, P=0.286) and HRR2, -2.5 bpm, (post 39.36±8.01 - pre 36.86±9.57, P=0.221). Improvement of the VO<inf>2peak</inf> was only significant in group B with an increment of 1.52±2.61 (P=0.049). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study suggests that improvements in heart rate recovery (HRR1 and HRR2) among sedentary healthy adults can be achieved by engaging in moderate intensity exercise at a dose lower than the current recommended guidelines. The lower dose seems to be more attainable and may encourage exercise compliance. Future studies should further explore the effects of different exercise volumes on HRR in a larger sample size and also by controlling for BMI or gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkarnain Jaafar
- Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Malaya University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - .,Sports and Exercise Medicine Research and Education Group, Faculty of Medicine, Malaya University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -
| | - Yi Z Lim
- Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Malaya University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Mondal H. Effect of Three-Month Weight Training Program on Resting Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in Healthy Young Adult Males. Cureus 2023; 15:e34333. [PMID: 36865969 PMCID: PMC9973219 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A planned and structured physical activity is the cornerstone of improving and sustaining body fitness. The underlying reason for exercise is personal interest, maintaining good health, or improving endurance for sports. Furthermore, exercise may be either isotonic or isometric. In weight training, different types of weight are being used and are lifted against gravity, and this type of exercise is of isotonic type. Objective The objective of this study was to observe the changes in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) after a three-month weight training intervention in healthy young adult males and to compare them with age-matched healthy control. Materials and methods We initially recruited a total of 25 healthy male volunteers for the study and 25 age-matched participants in the control group. Research participants were screened for any existing diseases and suitability for participation by the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire. We lost one participant from the study group and three participants from the control group in the follow-up. A structured weight training program (five days a week for three months) was applied for the study group with direct instruction and supervision in a controlled environment. A single expert clinician measured baseline and post-program (after three months) HR and BP (measured after 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 24 hours of rest after exercise) to reduce any possible inter-observer variation. For comparing the pre-exercise and post-exercise parameters, we considered the post-exercise measurement, which was done after 24 hours of exercise. Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Friedman test compared the parameters. Result A total of 24 males with a median age of 19 years (Q1-Q3: 18-20) participated as the study group and 22 males with the same median age were the control group. At the end of the three-month weight training exercise program, there was no significant change in the HR (median 82 versus 81 bpm, p = 0.27) in the study group. The systolic BP was increased (median 116 versus 126 mmHg, p <0.0001) after three months of the weight training program. In addition, pulse pressure and mean arterial BP was also increased. However, diastolic (median 76 versus 80 mmHg, p = 0.11) BP was not significantly increased. There was no change in HR, systolic and diastolic BP in the control group. Conclusion A structured weight training program (used in this study) for three months may sustain an increase in systolic BP at rest in young adult males while diastolic BP remains the same. The HR remains unchanged before and after the exercise program. Hence, those enrolling in such an exercise program should be monitored frequently for changes in BP over time for any timely intervention appropriate for the candidate. However, being a small-scale study, the result of this study would be validated by further observing the underlying causes of the increment of systolic blood pressure.
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22
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Souza A, Jesus S, Hora J, Farah B, Germano-Soares A, Ribeiro A, Silva D, Wichi R, Andrade-Lima A. Different functional exercise orders induce similar acute cardiac autonomic modulation responses in healthy adults: A randomized controlled crossover study. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Kim HY, Lee JD, Lee YH, Seo SW, Lee HS, Kim S, Kim KB. Urinary Metabolomics in Young Soccer Players after Winter Training Season. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121283. [PMID: 36557321 PMCID: PMC9784126 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the off-season, soccer players in Korea attend the winter training season (WTS) to build running stamina for the next season. For young soccer players, proper recovery time is needed to prevent injury or muscle damage. In this study, urinary metabolites in young players after 1, 5, and 10 days of the WTS were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) combined with multivariate analysis to suggest appropriate recovery times for improving their soccer skills. After NMR analysis of the urine samples obtained from young players, 79 metabolites were identified, and each group (1, 5, or 10 days after WTS) was separated from the before the WTS group in the target profiling analysis using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Of these, 15 metabolites, including 1-methylnicotinamide, 3-indoxylsulfate, galactarate, glutamate, glycerol, histamine, methylmalonate, maltose, N-phenylacetylglycine, trimethylamine, urea, 2-hydroxybutyrate, adenine, alanine, and lactate, were significantly different than those from before the WTS and were mainly involved in the urea, purine nucleotide, and glucose-alanine cycles. In this study, most selected metabolites increased 1 day after the WTS and then returned to normal levels. However, 4 metabolites, adenine, 2-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, and lactate, increased during the 5 days of recovery time following the WTS. Based on excess ammonia, adenine, and lactate levels in the urine, at least 5 days of recovery time can be considered appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hwan Lee
- Department of Exercise and Medical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Seo
- Department of Sports Science, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Lee
- Department of Exercise and Medical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.L.); (K.-B.K.)
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan Daehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.L.); (K.-B.K.)
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24
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Ramis TR, Boeno FP, Leal-Menezes R, Munhoz SV, Farinha JB, Ribeiro JL, Reischak-Oliveira A. Effects of exercise modalities on decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:993258. [PMID: 36311227 PMCID: PMC9614347 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.993258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on blood pressure and endothelial blood markers. We also correlated post-exercise blood pressure response with baseline cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged patients with hypertension. This cross-sectional study randomized 54 volunteers into the aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 27; 45.6 ± 7.7 years) or dynamic resistance exercise group (RG, n = 27; 45.8 ± 8.4 years). Blood marker evaluation, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, resting blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), flow-mediated dilatation monitoring, and body composition evaluation were carried out. Exercise sessions were performed to evaluate post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and endothelial marker responses, in addition to post-exercise ABPM (ABPMex). This study is an arm of the study which was approved by the local ethics committee (No. 69373217.3.0000.5347) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03282942). The AG performed walking/running at 60% of the reserve heart rate, while the RG performed 10 exercises with two sets of 15-20 repetitions. The mean 24 h ABPM and ABPMex values showed no significant statistical differences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure hypotension after aerobic and dynamic resistance were -10.59 ± 5.24/-6.15 ± 6.41 mmHg and -5.56 ± 7.61/-6.20 ± 8.25 mmHg, respectively. For an up-to-7 h assessment of resting pressure, there was a positive effect in the aerobic group. The concentrations of nitrites/nitrates (NOx) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) did not change during hypotension. Moreover, PEH and ABPMex were significantly correlated with baseline health variables. Thus, when middle-aged patients with hypertension perform aerobic or resistance exercise, the NOx/ET-1 pathway does not provide the best explanation for PEH. Finally, we found associations between baseline cardiovascular variables and endothelial vasoconstrictors with PEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rozales Ramis
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Franccesco Pinto Boeno
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rodrigo Leal-Menezes
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samuel Vargas Munhoz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliano Boufleur Farinha
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jerri Luiz Ribeiro
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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25
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A single functional training session induces positive emotions and post-exercise hypotension. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Corso M, de Figueiredo TC, Carvalho D, Brown AF, de Salles BF, Simão R, Willardson JM, Dias I. Effects of Strength Training on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability—A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Caldwell LK, Kraemer WJ, Post EM, Volek JS, Focht BC, Newton RU, Häkkinen K, Maresh CM. Acute Floatation-REST Improves Perceived Recovery After a High-Intensity Resistance Exercise Stress in Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1371-1381. [PMID: 35389942 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether a 1-h floatation-restricted environmental stimulation therapy (floatation-REST) session could augment recovery from high-intensity resistance exercise (6 × 10 back squats, 2-min rest) known to induce significant metabolic, adrenergic, and mechanical stress. METHODS Eleven healthy resistance-trained males (age, 22.5 ± 2.3 yr; height, 176.4 ± 6.0 cm; weight, 85.7 ± 6.2 kg; back squat one-repetition maximum, 153.1 ± 20.1 kg; strength-to-weight ratio, 1.8 ± 0.2) completed the within-subject, crossover controlled study design. Participants completed two exercise testing blocks separated by a 2-wk washout. In one block, the high-intensity resistance exercise protocol was followed by a 1-h floatation-REST session, whereas recovery in the alternate block consisted of a passive sensory-stimulating control. Markers of metabolic stress, neuroendocrine signaling, structural damage, inflammation, and perceptions of soreness, mood state, and fatigue were assessed over a 48-h recovery window. RESULTS Floatation-REST significantly attenuated muscle soreness across recovery ( P = 0.035) with greatest treatment difference immediately after the intervention ( P = 0.002, effect size (ES) = 1.3). Significant differences in norepinephrine ( P = 0.028, ES = 0.81) and testosterone ( P = 0.028, ES = 0.81) immediately after treatment revealed the modification of neuroendocrine signaling pathways, which were accompanied by greater improvements in mood disturbance ( P = 0.029, ES = 0.81) and fatigue ( P = 0.001, ES = 1.04). CONCLUSIONS Because no adverse effects and significant and meaningful benefits were observed, floatation-REST may prove a valuable intervention for managing soreness and enhancing performance readiness after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian C Focht
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute and the School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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28
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Landers-Ramos R, Lawal I, Imery I, Siok D, Addison O, Zabriskie HA, Dondero K, Dobrosielski D. High-intensity functional exercise does not cause persistent elevations in augmentation index in young men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:963-972. [PMID: 35790116 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevations in central augmentation index (AIx) are predictive of cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to examine AIx immediately and 24-hrs following an acute bout of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) in apparently healthy young adults. A second aim compared the exercise induced AIx recovery response between men and women. Thirty-two recreationally active younger adults (n=16 men) were tested. Baseline central hemodynamic measures were assessed, followed by a single bout of bodyweight HIFT. The HIFT included four rounds of burpees, jump squats, split squats, and walking lunges. Assessments were repeated 5-, 10-, 15- and 24-hrs post exercise. AIx was normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx75). There was a significant main effect of time on AIx75 across all groups (p<0.001) with AIx75 increasing at all acute timepoints compared with baseline and returning to resting values 24-hrs post-exercise. When examining sex differences after covarying for height and body fat percentage, we found no time*sex interaction (p=0.62), or main effect for sex (p=0.41), but the significant main effect of time remained (p<0.001). The AIx75 response to HIFT follows a similar recovery pattern as previously studied modes of exercise with no residual effects 24 hrs later and no differences between men and women indicating no persistent cardiovascular strain in younger adults participating in this mode of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Imery
- Johns Hopkins University, 1466, Baltimore, United States;
| | - Dakota Siok
- Towson University, 1492, Towson, United States;
| | - Odessa Addison
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 12264, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Baltimore, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Baltimore, United States;
| | | | - Kathleen Dondero
- Towson University, 1492, Department of Kinesiology, Towson, United States.,University of Maryland School of Medicine, 12264, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Baltimore, United States;
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29
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Amin SB, Hansen AB, Mugele H, Simpson LL, Marume K, Moore JP, Cornwell WK, Lawley JS. High intensity exercise and passive hot water immersion cause similar post intervention changes in peripheral and cerebral shear. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:390-402. [PMID: 35708700 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive hot water immersion (PHWI) provides a peripheral vasculature shear stimulus comparable to low intensity exercise within the active skeletal muscle, whereas moderate and high intensity exercise elicit substantially greater shear rates in the peripheral vasculature, likely conferring greater vascular benefits. Few studies have compared post intervention shear rates in the peripheral and cerebral vasculature following high intensity exercise and PHWI, especially considering that the post intervention recovery period represents a key window in which adaptation occurs. Therefore, we aimed to compare shear rates in the internal carotid artery (ICA), vertebral artery (VA) and common femoral artery (CFA) between high intensity exercise and PHWI for up to 80 minutes post intervention. Fifteen healthy (27 ± 4 years), moderately trained individuals underwent three-time matched interventions in a randomised order which included 30 minutes of whole-body immersion in a 42°C hot bath, 30 minutes of treadmill running and 5x4 minute high intensity intervals (HIIE). There were no differences in ICA (P= 0.4643) and VA (P=0.1940) shear rates between PHWI and exercise (both continuous and HIIE) post intervention. All three interventions elicited comparable increases in CFA shear rate post intervention (P=0.0671), however, CFA shear rate was slightly higher 40 minutes post threshold running (P=0.0464) and, slightly higher, although not statically for HIIE (P=0.0565) compared with PHWI. Our results suggest that time and core temperature matched high intensity exercise and PHWI elicit limited changes in cerebral shear and comparable increases in peripheral vasculature shear rates when measured for up to 80 minutes post intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin B Amin
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Hendrik Mugele
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kyohei Marume
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - William K Cornwell
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO, United States.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO, United States
| | - Justin S Lawley
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Kennedy CM, Burma JS, Newel KT, Brassard P, Smirl JD. Time course recovery of cerebral blood velocity metrics post aerobic exercise: A systematic review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:471-489. [PMID: 35708702 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the standard approach for restricting exercise prior to cerebrovascular data collection varies widely between 6-24 hours. This universally employed practice is a conservative approach to safeguard physiological alterations that could potentially confound one's study design. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to amalgamate the literature that examines the extent and duration cerebrovascular function is impacted following aerobic exercise measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Further, an exploratory aim was to scrutinize and discuss common biases/limitations in the previous studies to help guide future investigations. Search strategies were developed and imported into PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Medline databases. A total of 595 records were screened and 35 articles met the inclusion criteria in this review, which included assessments of basic cerebrovascular metrics (n=35), dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA; n=9), neurovascular coupling (NVC; n=2); and/or cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR-CO2; n=1) following acute bouts of aerobic exercise. Across all studies, it was found NVC was impacted for 1-hour, basic cerebrovascular parameters and CVR-CO2 parameters 2-hours, and dCA metrics 6-hours post-exercise. Therefore, future studies can provide participants with these evidence-based time restrictions, regarding the minimum time to abstain from exercise prior to data collection. However, it should be noted, other physiological mechanisms could still be altered (e.g., metabolic, hormonal, and/or autonomic influences), despite cerebrovascular function returning to baseline levels. Thus, future investigations should seek to control for as many physiological influences when employing cerebrovascular assessments, immediately following these time restraints. The main limitations/biases were lack of female participants, cardiorespiratory fitness, and consideration for vessel diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Kennedy
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel S Burma
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kailey T Newel
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan David Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Markus I, Constantini K, Goldstein N, Amedi R, Bornstein Y, Stolkovsky Y, Vidal M, Lev-Ari S, Balaban R, Leibou S, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Ben-Eliezer N, Peled D, Assaf Y, Jensen D, Constantini N, Dubnov-Raz G, Halperin I, Gepner Y. Age Differences in Recovery Rate Following an Aerobic-Based Exercise Protocol Inducing Muscle Damage Among Amateur, Male Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:916924. [PMID: 35774290 PMCID: PMC9239318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.916924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Compare recovery rates between active young (Y) and middle-aged (MA) males up to 48H post aerobically based, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) protocol. A secondary aim was to explore the relationships between changes in indices associated with EIMD and recovery throughout this timeframe. Methods: Twenty-eight Y (n = 14, 26.1 ± 2.9y, 74.5 ± 9.3 kg) and MA (n = 14, 43.6 ± 4.1y, 77.3 ± 12.9 kg) physically active males, completed a 60-min downhill running (DHR) on a treadmill at −10% incline and at 65% of maximal heart rate (HR). Biochemical, biomechanical, psychological, force production and muscle integrity (using MRI diffusion tensor imaging) markers were measured at baseline, immediately-post, and up to 48H post DHR. Results: During the DHR, HR was lower (p < 0.05) in MA compared to Y, but running pace and distance covered were comparable between groups. No statistical or meaningful differences were observed between groups for any of the outcomes. Yet, Significant (p < 0.05) time-effects within each group were observed: markers of muscle damage, cadence and perception of pain increased, while TNF-a, isometric and dynamic force production and stride-length decreased. Creatine-kinase at 24H-post and 48H-post were correlated (p < 0.05, r range = −0.57 to 0.55) with pain perception, stride-length, and cadence at 24H-post and 48H-post. Significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed between isometric force production at all time-points and IL-6 at 48H-post DHR (r range = −0.62 to (−0.74). Conclusion: Y and MA active male amateur athletes recover in a comparable manner following an EIMD downhill protocol. These results indicate that similar recovery strategies can be used by trainees from both age groups following an aerobic-based EIMD protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Markus
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Constantini
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roee Amedi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Bornstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Stolkovsky
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Vidal
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Lev-Ari
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Balaban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Stav Leibou
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Noam Ben-Eliezer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New-York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Peled
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaniv Assaf
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Strauss Center for Neuroimaging, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dennis Jensen
- Clinical Exercise & Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naama Constantini
- Shaare Zedek Medical center affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Dubnov-Raz
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Halperin
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Yftach Gepner,
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Perrotta AS, Jeklin AT, Bredin SSD, Shellington EM, Kaufman KL, de Faye A, Miles RM, Warburton DER. Effect of an Ultra-Endurance Event on Cardiovascular Function and Cognitive Performance in Marathon Runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838704. [PMID: 35514331 PMCID: PMC9065716 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultra-marathon running participation has become increasingly more popular in recent years; however, there is inconclusive evidence concerning the effects of participation on cognition and cardiovascular function. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in cardiovascular function and cognitive performance and their association in ultra-marathon runners prior to and following an ultra-endurance event. Methods In total, 24 runners (19 males and 5 females) participated in an ultra-marathon race (FatDog120) held in British Columbia, Canada. Participants competed in varying races distances [48 km (n = 2), 80 km (n = 7), 113 km (n = 3), and 193 km (n = 12)]. Cognition was assessed prior to and upon race completion using simple reaction time, choice reaction time, discrimination reaction time, and recognition memory (% correct). Cardiovascular function was assessed prior to and upon race completion using radial applanation tonometry for diastolic pulse contour examination. Results Cognitive performance displayed significantly (p < 0.001) slower reaction times post-race for simple (30.2%), discrimination (22.7%), and choice reaction time (30.5%), as well as a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in memory test performance (−8.2%). A significant association between systemic vascular resistance and choice reaction time was observed post-race (r = 0.41, p < 0.05). Significant changes in post-race cardiovascular function were observed in resting heart rate (31.5%), cardiac output (27.5%), mean arterial blood pressure (−5.6%), total systemic resistance (−17.6%), systolic blood pressure (−7.0%), pulse pressure (−11.2%), and rate pressure product (22.4%). There was evidence of enhanced cardiovascular function being associated with improved cognitive performance before and after the ultra-endurance event. Conclusion Ultra endurance running is associated with marked impairments in cognitive performance that are associated (at least in part) with changes in cardiovascular function in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew T Jeklin
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon S D Bredin
- Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin M Shellington
- Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kai L Kaufman
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda de Faye
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rosalin M Miles
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darren E R Warburton
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lambert K, Lightfoot CJ, Jegatheesan DK, Gabrys I, Bennett PN. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for people receiving dialysis: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267290. [PMID: 35482797 PMCID: PMC9049336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Remaining physically active is important to patients undertaking dialysis, however, clinical recommendations regarding exercise type, timing, intensity, and safety precautions vary. The purpose of this scoping review was to analyse and summarise recommendations for physical activity and exercise for people undertaking dialysis and identify areas that require further research or clarification. MATERIALS AND METHODS A scoping review of literature from five bibliographic databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus) was conducted. Eligible articles included consensus guidelines, position statements, reviews, or clinical practice guidelines that included specific physical activity and exercise recommendations for people undertaking dialysis. Key search terms included "kidney disease" OR "kidney failure" OR "chronic kidney disease" OR "end stage kidney disease" AND guideline* OR consensus OR "position statement" OR prescription OR statement AND exercise OR "physical activity". Hand searching for relevant articles in all first twenty quartile 1 journals listed on SCImago under 'medicine-nephrology' and 'physical therapy, sports therapy and rehabilitation' using the terms 'exercise and dialysis' was undertaken. Finally, home pages of key societies and professional organisations in the field of sports medicine and nephrology were searched. RESULTS The systematic search strategy identified 19 articles met the inclusion criteria. Two were specific to pediatric dialysis and three to peritoneal dialysis. Whilst many publications provided recommendations on aerobic exercise, progressive resistance training and flexibility, few provided explicit guidance. Recommendations for the intensity, duration and frequency of aerobic and resistance training varied. Discrepancies or gaps in guidance about precautions, contraindications, termination criteria, progression, and access site precautions were also apparent. CONCLUSION Future guidelines should include specific guidance regarding physical activity, safety precautions, and timing and intensity of exercise for individuals who undertake dialysis. Collaborative multidisciplinary guideline development and appropriate exercise counselling may lead to increased participation in physical activity and exercise and facilitate better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lambert
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Courtney J. Lightfoot
- Department of Health Sciences, Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dev K. Jegatheesan
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Iwona Gabrys
- Alberta Kidney Care North, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul N. Bennett
- Clinical Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia and Satellite Healthcare, San Jose, California, United States of America
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Ketelhut S, Möhle M, Gürlich T, Hottenrott L, Hottenrott K. Optimizing sprint interval exercise for post-exercise hypotension: A randomized crossover trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:571-579. [PMID: 35200094 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2046860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of manipulating the rest intervals during sprint interval training (SIT) on post-exercise hypotension and within-session oxygen consumption.Thirty healthy, trained adults (aged 30.9 ± 8.7 years; 14 males, 16 females; BMI 22.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2; VO2max 50.7 ± 7.8 ml/kg/min) completed two different SIT protocols (4x 30-seconds all-out cycling sprints) with a one-week washout period. Sprint bouts were separated by either 1 (R1) or 3 (R3) minutes of active recovery. Both before and throughout the 45 minutes after the training, peripheral systolic (pSBP) and diastolic (pDBP) blood pressure, central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic (cDBP) blood pressure, aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR) were assessed. Throughout the SIT protocols, oxygen consumption (VO2) was monitored.There were no significant differences in time spent at 75%, 85%, 95%, and 100% of maximal VO2 between R1 and R3. After R3, there was a significant reduction in pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, cDBP, and aPWV. After R1, there were no changes in the respective parameters. There were significant interaction effects in pSBD (p<0.001), pDBP (p<0.001), cSBP (p<0.001), cDBP (p=0.001), and aPWV (p=0.033). HR significantly increased after both conditions. Only R1 resulted in a significant reduction in SV.Longer resting intervals during SIT bouts seem to result in more substantial post-exercise hypotension effects. Time spent at a high percentage of maximal VO2 was not affected by rest interval manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ketelhut
- Institute of Sport Science, Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Möhle
- Institute of Sport Science, Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tina Gürlich
- Institute of Sport Science, Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laurra Hottenrott
- Institute of performance diagnostics and health promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Sport Science, Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of performance diagnostics and health promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Ketelhut S, Ketelhut RG, Kircher E, Röglin L, Hottenrott K, Martin-Niedecken AL, Ketelhut K. Gaming Instead of Training? Exergaming Induces High-Intensity Exercise Stimulus and Reduces Cardiovascular Reactivity to Cold Pressor Test. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:798149. [PMID: 35155627 PMCID: PMC8829013 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.798149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe present study assessed if an exercise session in an innovative exergame can modulate hemodynamic reactivity to a cold pressor test (CPT) to a similar extent as a typical moderate endurance training (ET). Furthermore, cardiorespiratory, and affective responses of an exergame session and an ET were compared.MethodsTwenty-seven healthy participants aged 25 ± 4 years (48% female; BMI 23.0 ± 2.1 kg/m2) participated in this cross-sectional study. All participants completed both an ET on a treadmill and training in the ExerCube (ECT). HR and oxygen consumption were recorded during both training sessions. Before and after both exercise sessions, the hemodynamic reactivity to a CPT was determined.ResultsDuring ECT, HR, oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and the metabolic equivalent of the task were significantly higher than those obtained during ET (p < 0.001). With regard to the CPT, the participants showed significantly lower responses in peripheral systolic (p = 0.004) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.009) as well as central systolic (p = 0.002) and diastolic BP (P = 0.01) after ECT compared to ET. The same was true for pulse wave velocity (p = 0.039).ConclusionThe ECT induced a significantly higher exercise stimulus compared to the ET. At the same time, it attenuated hemodynamic stress reactivity. The ECT presents a relevant training stimulus that modulates cardiovascular reactivity to stress, which has been proven as a predictor for the development of hypertension.Trial RegistrationISRCTN registry, ISRCTN43067716, 14 April 2020, Trial number: 38154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ketelhut
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- *Correspondence: Sascha Ketelhut
| | | | - Eva Kircher
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Röglin
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Ketelhut
- Faculty of Natural Science, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kircher E, Ketelhut S, Ketelhut K, Röglin L, Hottenrott K, Martin-Niedecken AL, Ketelhut RG. A Game-Based Approach to Lower Blood Pressure? Comparing Acute Hemodynamic Responses to Endurance Exercise and Exergaming: A Randomized Crossover Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031349. [PMID: 35162372 PMCID: PMC8834849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present randomized crossover study aimed to determine whether an exergaming session in an innovative, functional fitness game could be an effective exercise approach that elicits favorable blood pressure (BP) responses, such as a typical moderate endurance exercise (ET). Therefore, acute hemodynamic responses after a training session in the ExerCube and an ET on a treadmill were assessed and compared. Twenty-eight healthy recreational active participants (13 women; aged 24.8 ± 3.9 years) completed an exergaming session (EX) and an ET in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Before and throughout the 45 min after the training, the peripheral and central BP were measured. After the ET, there was a moderate decrease in both peripheral systolic (-1.8 mmHg; p = 0.14) and diastolic (-0.8 mmHg; p = 0.003), as well as central diastolic (-1.5 mmHg; p = 0.006) pressure compared to the resting value before the exercise. After the EX, there was a significant decrease in peripheral systolic (-6.3 mmHg; p < 0.001) and diastolic (-4.8 mmHg; p < 0.001), as well as central systolic (-5.8 mmHg; p < 0.001) and diastolic (-5.3 mmHg; p < 0.001) pressure compared to baseline. The interaction effects showed significant differences in peripheral and central systolic BP as well as in peripheral diastolic BP (p = 0.05). The EX seems to be an effective training approach that triggers relevant peripheral and central BP-responses, which are more pronounced than after a typical ET. Therefore, the ExerCube can be a time-efficient training tool to improve cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kircher
- Department of Medical Sciences, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.K.); (R.G.K.)
| | - Sascha Ketelhut
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (L.R.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kerstin Ketelhut
- Faculty of Natural Science, MSB Medical School Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Lisa Röglin
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (L.R.); (K.H.)
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Sport Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (L.R.); (K.H.)
| | - Anna Lisa Martin-Niedecken
- Department of Design, Institute for Design Research, Zurich University of the Arts, 8031 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Reinhard G. Ketelhut
- Department of Medical Sciences, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.K.); (R.G.K.)
- Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Medical Center Berlin (MCB), 10559 Berlin, Germany
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Kircher E, Ketelhut S, Ketelhut K, Röglin L, Martin-Niedecken AL, Hottenrott K, Ketelhut RG. Acute Effects of Heart Rate-Controlled Exergaming on Vascular Function in Young Adults. Games Health J 2022; 11:58-66. [PMID: 34986027 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2021.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Acute and regular moderate-intensity endurance exercise (MIEE) is known to positively affect vascular function. The present study assessed if an exercise session in an innovative exergame called the ExerCube can induce similar vascular reactions as an MIEE session. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight healthy recreationally active participants (13 females and 15 males; aged 24.8 ± 3.9 years; with body mass index 23.2 ± 2.3 kg/m2) completed an exergaming session (EGS) in the ExerCube (25 minutes) and an MIEE session on a treadmill (35 minutes, 65%-70% of maximal heart rate [HR]) in a randomized order. Both before and throughout the 45 minutes after the training sessions, pulse wave velocity (PWV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), stroke volume (SV), and HR were recorded. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (Medical Faculty of the Martin-Luther-Universität 2019-177). Results: There were different hemodynamic responses to both types of exercises. PWV was significantly decreased 45 minutes after the EGS (P < 0.001). No significant changes were detected after MIEE (P = 0.109). TPR was significantly lower after both exercise sessions (P < 0.01). Only the EGS resulted in a significant decrease in SV 15 minutes after exercise (P < 0.001). The HR was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after both exercise sessions. After the EGS, the increase in HR was still significantly higher (P = 0.011) 45 minutes after the session. The interaction effects revealed significant differences in PWV (15 minutes, P = 0.035; 30 minutes, P = 0.004; and 45 minutes, P < 0.001), favoring the EGS. Conclusion: The EGS seems to induce a relevant exercise stimulus that can modulate vascular function. Therefore, this exergame may present an effective tool for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kircher
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Ketelhut
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Sport Science, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kerstin Ketelhut
- MSB Medical School Berlin, Faculty of Natural Science, Berlin Germany
| | - Lisa Röglin
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Sport Science, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Sport Science, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard G Ketelhut
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Center Berlin (MCB), Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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van der Ster BJP, Kim YS, Westerhof BE, van Lieshout JJ. Central Hypovolemia Detection During Environmental Stress-A Role for Artificial Intelligence? Front Physiol 2021; 12:784413. [PMID: 34975538 PMCID: PMC8715014 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.784413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step to exercise is preceded by the required assumption of the upright body position, which itself involves physical activity. The gravitational displacement of blood from the chest to the lower parts of the body elicits a fall in central blood volume (CBV), which corresponds to the fraction of thoracic blood volume directly available to the left ventricle. The reduction in CBV and stroke volume (SV) in response to postural stress, post-exercise, or to blood loss results in reduced left ventricular filling, which may manifest as orthostatic intolerance. When termination of exercise removes the leg muscle pump function, CBV is no longer maintained. The resulting imbalance between a reduced cardiac output (CO) and a still enhanced peripheral vascular conductance may provoke post-exercise hypotension (PEH). Instruments that quantify CBV are not readily available and to express which magnitude of the CBV in a healthy subject should remains difficult. In the physiological laboratory, the CBV can be modified by making use of postural stressors, such as lower body "negative" or sub-atmospheric pressure (LBNP) or passive head-up tilt (HUT), while quantifying relevant biomedical parameters of blood flow and oxygenation. Several approaches, such as wearable sensors and advanced machine-learning techniques, have been followed in an attempt to improve methodologies for better prediction of outcomes and to guide treatment in civil patients and on the battlefield. In the recent decade, efforts have been made to develop algorithms and apply artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of hemodynamic monitoring. Advances in quantifying and monitoring CBV during environmental stress from exercise to hemorrhage and understanding the analogy between postural stress and central hypovolemia during anesthesia offer great relevance for healthy subjects and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn J. P. van der Ster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yu-Sok Kim
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - Berend E. Westerhof
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. van Lieshout
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Sortwell A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Knijnik J, Forte P, Marinho D, Ferraz R, Trimble K. Commentary: Face masks in physical education classes during the COVID-19 delta variant wave: a call for awareness. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC8622107 DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sortwell
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Knijnik
- Centre for Educational Research, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Kevin Trimble
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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Consistency of hemodynamic and autonomic mechanisms underlying post-exercise hypotension. J Hum Hypertens 2021; 35:1003-1011. [PMID: 33262435 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-00452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a clinically relevant phenomenon, but its mechanisms vary between different studies and between the participants within each study. Additionally, it is possible that PEH mechanisms are not consistent in each individual (i.e. within-individual variation), which has not been investigated yet. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the within-individual consistency of PEH hemodynamic and autonomic mechanisms. For that, 30 subjects performed 4 sessions divided in 2 blocks (test and retest). In each block, an exercise (cycling, 45 min, 50%VO2peak) and a control (seated rest, 45 min) session was randomly conducted. Blood pressure (BP) and its mechanisms were evaluated pre- and post-interventions. In each block, individual responses were calculated as post-exercise minus post-control, and a response was considered present when its magnitude reached the typical error of the measurement. Consistencies were evaluated by comparing test and retest responses through kappa coefficient (k). PEH consistency was calculated using role sample, while mechanisms consistency was evaluated in those with consistent PEH. Twenty-one (70%) participants showed consistent PEH, 5 (17%) presented PEH in only test or retest and 4 (13%) had absent PEH response, characterising a good consistency (k = 0.510). Regarding mechanisms' responses, good consistency was found for heart rate (k = 0.456), sympathovagal balance (k = 0.438), and baroreflex sensitivity (k = 0.458); while systemic vascular resistance (k = 0.152), cardiac output (k = -0.400), stroke volume (k = -0.055), and sympathetic vasomotor modulation (k = -0.096) presented marginal consistencies. Thus, PEH is a highly consistent physiological phenomenon, although its mechanisms present variable consistencies.
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Calleja-Romero A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Garatachea N. Acute effects of long-distance races on heart rate variability and arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:248-270. [PMID: 34720045 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1986276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed and quantified the effects of running a long-distance race (LDR) on heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial stiffness (AS). All types of races of a distance equal to or greater than a marathon (≥42.2 km) were included. A total of 2,220 articles were identified, 52 were included in the qualitative analysis, and 48 were meta-analysed. The standardised mean difference pre- and post-race of various time-domain and frequency-domain indices of HRV, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was calculated. Regarding HRV, there was a significant decrease in most of the variables considered as markers of parasympathetic activity, indicating a shift of autonomic balance towards a reduced vagal tone. Regarding vascular variables, there was a significant drop in blood pressure and reduced AS. In conclusion, running an LDR seems to have a considerable acute effect on the autonomic nervous system, haemodynamics, and vascular properties. The observed effects could be categorised within the expected acute responses to long-lasting, strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Calleja-Romero
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (Fcsd, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (Fcsd, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Group and IIS-Aragon, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciber-obn), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón -ia2- (Cita-universidad De Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (Fcsd, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Group and IIS-Aragon, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciber-obn), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón -ia2- (Cita-universidad De Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
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Exercise to Reduce Anthracycline-Mediated Cardiovascular Complications in Breast Cancer Survivors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:4139-4156. [PMID: 34677269 PMCID: PMC8535000 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28050351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While developments in cancer therapeutics have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality in females with breast cancer, it comes at a cost of an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. In particular, anthracyclines, like doxorubicin, which are a mainstay of current chemotherapy regimens, are associated with dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Exercise has been widely accepted as an effective intervention in reducing cardiovascular risk in a variety of different clinical conditions. However, the benefits of exercise in anthracycline-mediated cardiotoxicity are not clearly understood. First, this review discusses the pre-clinical studies which have elucidated the cardioprotective mechanisms of aerobic and resistance exercise in improving cardiovascular function in the setting of anthracycline treatment. Next, it aims to summarize the results of aerobic and resistance exercise clinical trials conducted in females with breast cancer who received anthracycline-based chemotherapy. The review further discusses the current exercise guidelines for women undergoing chemotherapy and contraindications for exercise. Finally, the review addresses gaps in research, specifically the need for further clinical trials to establish a recommended exercise prescription within this patient population.
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Rodríguez-Núñez I, Pontes RB, Romero F, Campos RR. Effects of physical exercise on baroreflex sensitivity and renal sympathetic nerve activity in chronic nicotine-treated rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:786-794. [PMID: 33290163 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic nicotine exposure may increase cardiovascular risk by impairing the cardiac autonomic function. Besides, physical exercise (PE) has shown to improve cardiovascular health. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of PE on baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart rate variability (HRV), and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in chronically nicotine-exposed rats. Male Wistar rats were assigned to four independent groups: Control (treated with saline solution), Control+Ex (treated with saline and submitted to treadmill training), Nicotine (treated with Nicotine), and Nicotine+Ex (treated with nicotine and submitted to treadmill training). Nicotine (1 mg·kg-1) was administered daily for 28 consecutive days. PE consisted of running exercise (60%-70% of maximal aerobic capacity) for 45 min, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. At the end of the protocol, cardiac BRS, HRV, renal SNA (rSNA), and renal BRS were assessed. Nicotine treatment decreased absolute values of HRV indexes, increased low frequency/high frequency ratio of HRV, reduced the bradycardic and sympatho-inhibitory baroreceptor reflex responses, and reduced the rSNA. PE effectively restored time-domain HRV indexes, the bradycardic and sympatho-inhibitory reflex responses, and the rSNA in chronic nicotine-treated rats. PE was effective in preventing the deterioration of time-domain parameters of HRV, arterial baroreceptor dysfunction, and the rSNA after nicotine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Rodríguez-Núñez
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto B Pontes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Romero
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco. Chile
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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Post-exercise hypotension following different resistance exercise protocols. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Exercise Improves Endothelial Function via the lncRNA MALAT1/miR-320a Axis in Obese Children and Adolescents. Cardiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:8840698. [PMID: 34123418 PMCID: PMC8189819 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8840698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial dysfunction commonly occurs in obese children and adolescents, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Exercise has significant protective effects against endothelial dysfunction through regulating some noncoding RNAs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of long noncoding RNA MALAT1 and microRNA-320a (miR-320a) with the exercise-induced improvement of endothelial dysfunction in obese children and adolescents. Methods Sixty obese children and adolescents were included in this study, including 40 cases that received 12-week exercise training and 20 cases that received only diet control. The anthropometric and blood indices before and after exercise were recorded and compared, and the endothelial dysfunction was evaluated by examining the levels of markers, including VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin, using an ELISA assay. The expression levels of noncoding RNAs were assessed using real-time quantitative PCR, and their correlation with patients' recorded indices and endothelial dysfunction markers was analyzed. Results The 12-week exercise training significantly decreased the levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin and could inhibit MALAT1 but promote miR-320a expression in obese children and adolescents. The expression of MALAT1 and miR-320a was correlated with the changes in the anthropometric and blood indices of obese children and adolescents, and their correlations with endothelial dysfunction markers were obtained. Conclusion All the data revealed that exercise has significantly protective effects against endothelial dysfunction and can regulate the expression of the MALAT1/miR-320a axis. MALAT1 and miR-320a were correlated with endothelial dysfunction markers, indicating that the MALAT1/miR-320a axis may be related with the alleviating effects of exercise on endothelial function in obese children and adolescents.
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47
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Pereira FC. Keep an eye on the impact of caffeine on the recovery of the cardiovascular system after exercise. Rev Port Cardiol 2021; 40:407-408. [PMID: 34274080 DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Pereira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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48
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Zhao W, Yin Y, Cao H, Wang Y. LncRNA MALAT1/miR-320a axis is associated with exercise-induced improvement of endothelial dysfunction in obese children. Microvasc Res 2021:104194. [PMID: 34062189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction commonly occurs in obese children, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Exercise has protective effects against endothelial dysfunction through regulating some noncoding RNAs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of long noncoding RNA MALAT1 and microRNA-320a (miR-320a) with the exercise-induced improvement of endothelial dysfunction in obese children. METHODS Sixty obese children were included in this study, and 40 cases received a 12-week exercise training. The morphological and blood indices before and after exercise were recorded and compared, and the endothelial dysfunction was evaluated by examining the levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA kits. The expression of noncoding RNAs was assessed using Real-Time quantitative PCR. Endothelial cells were used to explore the effects of MALAT1 and miR-320a on endothelial function. RESULTS The 12-well exercise training decreased the levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin, and inhibited MALAT1 but promoted miR-320a expression in obese children. The expression of MALAT1 and miR-320a was correlated with the changes of morphological and blood indices in obese children, and their correlations with endothelial dysfunction markers were obtained. Additionally, MALAT1 overexpression or miR-320a reduction led to inhibited proliferation and increased inflammation in HUVECs. CONCLUSION All the data revealed that exercise has significantly protective effects against endothelial dysfunction, and can regulate the expression of the MALAT1/miR-320a axis. MALAT1 and miR-320a were correlated with endothelial dysfunction, indicating that the MALAT1/miR-320a axis may be related with the alleviating effects of exercise on endothelial function in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Yane Yin
- Department of Neonatology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Huiling Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Yandong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China.
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Laurino MJL, da Silva AKF, Santos LA, Ribeiro F, Vanzella LM, Corazza DAG, Vanderlei LCM. Vagal reactivation after a cardiac rehabilitation session associated with hydration in coronary artery disease patients: crossover clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10482. [PMID: 34006912 PMCID: PMC8131702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hydration influence on the autonomic responses of coronary artery disease subjects in the immediate recovery period after a cardiovascular rehabilitation session, in view of the risks of a delayed autonomic recovery for this population. 28 males with coronary artery disease were submitted to: (I) Maximum effort test; (II) Control protocol (CP), composed by initial rest, warm-up, exercise and passive recovery; (III) Hydration protocol (HP) similar to CP, but with rehydration during exercise. The recovery was evaluated through the heart rate (HR) variability, HR recovery and by the rate of perceived exertion and recovery. The main results revealed that the vagal reactivation occurred at the first 30 s of recovery in HP and after the first minute in CP. A better behavior of the HR at the first minute of recovery was observed in HP. The rate of perceived exertion had a significant decrease in the first minute of recovery in HP, while in CP this occurred after the third minute. In conclusion, despite an anticipated vagal reactivation found at HP, these results should be analyzed with caution as there were no significant differences between protocols for all variables and the effect sizes were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia Lopez Laurino
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Anne Kastelianne França da Silva
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Lorena Altafin Santos
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ribeiro
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Manata Vanzella
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Dayane Andrade Genoni Corazza
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
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50
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ALOTAIBI TAREQF, THACKRAY ALICEE, ROBERTS MATTHEWJ, ALANAZI TURKIM, BISHOP NICOLETTEC, WADLEY ALEXJ, KING JAMESA, O’DONNELL EMMA, STEINER MICHAELC, SINGH SALLYJ, STENSEL DAVIDJ. Acute Running and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Markers in Male Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1021-1032. [PMID: 33196606 PMCID: PMC8048727 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and is associated with impaired postprandial metabolism. Acute exercise reduces postprandial lipemia and improves other coronary heart disease risk markers in nonsmokers. Less is known about responses in cigarette smokers. METHODS Twelve male cigarette smokers (mean ± SD; age = 23 ± 4 yr, body mass index = 24.9 ± 3.0 kg·m-2) and 12 male nonsmokers (age = 24 ± 4 yr, body mass index = 24.1 ± 2.0 kg·m-2) completed two, 2-d conditions (control and exercise) in a randomized crossover design. On day 1, participants rested for 9 h (0800-1700) in both conditions except a 60-min treadmill run (65% ± 7% peak oxygen uptake, 2.87 ± 0.54 MJ) was completed between 6.5 and 7.5 h (1430-1530) in the exercise condition. On day 2 of both conditions, participants rested and consumed two high-fat meals over 8 h (0900-1700) during which 13 venous blood samples and nine resting arterial blood pressure measurements were collected. RESULTS Smokers exhibited higher postprandial triacylglycerol and C-reactive protein than nonsmokers (main effect group effect size [Cohen's d] ≥ 0.94, P ≤ 0.034). Previous day running reduced postprandial triacylglycerol, insulin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (main effect condition d ≥ 0.28, P ≤ 0.044) and elevated postprandial nonesterified fatty acid and C-reactive protein (main effect condition d ≥ 0.41, P ≤ 0.044). Group-condition interactions were not apparent for any outcome across the total postprandial period (0-8 h; all P ≥ 0.089), but the exercise-induced reduction in postprandial triacylglycerol in the early postprandial period (0-4 h) was greater in nonsmokers than smokers (-21%, d = 0.43, vs -5%, d = 0.16, respectively; group-condition interaction P = 0.061). CONCLUSIONS Acute moderate-intensity running reduced postprandial triacylglycerol, insulin, and resting arterial blood pressure the day after exercise in male cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. These findings highlight the ability of acute exercise to augment the postprandial metabolic health of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- TAREQ F. ALOTAIBI
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - ALICE E. THACKRAY
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MATTHEW J. ROBERTS
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - TURKI M. ALANAZI
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - NICOLETTE C. BISHOP
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - ALEX J. WADLEY
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JAMES A. KING
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - EMMA O’DONNELL
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MICHAEL C. STEINER
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - SALLY J. SINGH
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - DAVID J. STENSEL
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
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