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Yoon ES, Kim YJ. Exercise-induced Hypertension and Carotid Intima-media Thickness in Male Marathon Runners. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:519-525. [PMID: 38365217 PMCID: PMC11216809 DOI: 10.1055/a-2270-3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the relationship between exercise-induced hypertension and carotid artery intima-media thickness in long-distance runners. Sixty healthy male runners aged 40 to 60 years were assigned to the following three groups based on resting blood pressure and maximal systolic blood pressure during a maximal exercise test: normal blood pressure response, exercise-induced hypertension, and complex hypertension. An exaggerated systolic blood pressure response was defined as a maximal systolic blood pressure+≥+210 mmHg during the maximal exercise test, while carotid intima-media thickness was measured using B-mode ultrasonography. The carotid intima-media thickness mean values were the highest in the complex hypertension group (0.72±0.11 mm), followed by exercise-induced hypertension (0.62±0.12 mm) and normal blood pressure groups (0.55±0.13 mm), with a significant difference between the groups (p+<+0.002). In linear regression analysis, the mean intima-media thickness was independently associated with age (p=0.015) and maximal systolic blood pressure (p=0.046) but not with resting systolic blood pressure. These results suggest that exercise-induced hypertension is associated with carotid intima-media thickness, a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease, in long-distance runners. Therefore, evaluating the blood pressure response during exercise is important for the early detection of potential cardiovascular disease risks in long-distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Yoon
- Sports for All, Korea National Open University, Jongno-gu, Korea (the
Republic of)
| | - Young-Joo Kim
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation & Welfare, Sungshin
Women's University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)
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Li A, Yan J, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Tian S, Khan AH, Zhu Y, Wu A, Zhang C, Tian XL. Vascular Aging: Assessment and Intervention. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1373-1395. [PMID: 37609042 PMCID: PMC10441648 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s423373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging represents a collection of structural and functional changes in a blood vessel with advancing age, including increased stiffness, vascular wall remodeling, loss of angiogenic ability, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation dysfunction. These age-related alterations may occur earlier in those who are at risk for or have cardiovascular diseases, therefore, are defined as early or premature vascular aging. Vascular aging contributes independently to cardio-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs). Thus, early diagnosis and interventions targeting vascular aging are of paramount importance in the delay or prevention of CCVDs. Here, we review the direct assessment of vascular aging by examining parameters that reflect changes in structure, function, or their compliance with age including arterial wall thickness and lumen diameter, endothelium-dependent vasodilation, arterial stiffness as well as indirect assessment through pathological studies of biomarkers including endothelial progenitor cell, lymphocytic telomeres, advanced glycation end-products, and C-reactive protein. Further, we evaluate how different types of interventions including lifestyle mediation, such as caloric restriction and salt intake, and treatments for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia affect age-related vascular changes. As a single parameter or intervention targets only a certain vascular physiological change, it is recommended to use multiple parameters to evaluate and design intervention approaches accordingly to prevent systemic vascular aging in clinical practices or population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenping Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shane Tian
- Department of Biochemistry/Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abdul Haseeb Khan
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhu
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andong Wu
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Tian
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Kumar A, Qiao Y, Wasserman B, Gabriel KP, Martinez-Amezcua P, Dooley EE, Diaz KM, Evenson KR, Sharrett AR, Zhang Y, Palta P. Association of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior with carotid atherosclerosis morphology: The ARIC carotid-MRI study. Am J Prev Cardiol 2023; 14:100505. [PMID: 37252440 PMCID: PMC10220308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the prospective association of midlife leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and sedentary behavior (SB), and their temporal patterns, with MRI-measured carotid atherosclerotic morphology. Methods Participants enrolled in the Carotid MRI substudy (2004-2006) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and with self-reported assessments of LTPA and SB at visits 1 (1987-1989) and 3 (1993-1995) were included in this study. LTPA was ascertained using the ARIC/Baecke physical activity questionnaire and categorized according to the American Heart Association's metric of poor, intermediate, or ideal physical activity. SB, measured as TV viewing frequency, was categorized as high, medium, and low. We used multivariable adjusted linear and logistic regression models to examine the associations between midlife (visit 3 only) and persistent (visit 1 to 3) LTPA and TV viewing with carotid artery plaque burden and components. Results Among the 1,582 (mean age: 59 years, 43% male, 18% Black) participants, 45.7%, 21.7%, and 32.6% reported ideal, intermediate, or poor LTPA, respectively. High TV viewing was reported in 33.8% of participants, with 46.4% and 19.8% reporting medium or low TV viewing, respectively. Compared to poor LTPA, ideal LTPA in midlife was not associated with total wall volume (ß=0.01, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.03), maximum carotid wall thickness (ß=0.06, 95% CI: -0.08, 0.21), normalized wall index (ß=-0.01, 95% CI: -0.03, 0.01), or maximum stenosis (ß=-0.11, 95% CI: -1.98, 1.76). Low or middle, compared to high, TV viewing was also not associated with carotid artery measures of plaque burden. Compared to poor LTPA or high TV viewing, ideal LTPA (odds ratio (OR): 0.82, 95% CI: 0.55, 1.23) and low TV viewing (OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.44) was not associated with odds of lipid core presence, respectively. Conclusion Overall, this study does not provide strong evidence for an association between LTPA and SB with carotid plaque measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kumar
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States
| | - Ye Qiao
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bruce Wasserman
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Pablo Martinez-Amezcua
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erin E. Dooley
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Keith M. Diaz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Behavioral Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kelly R. Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - A. Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Priya Palta
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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de Sousa MKF, Silva RDM, Freire YA, Souto GC, Câmara M, Cabral LLP, Macêdo GAD, Costa EC, Oliveira RS. Associations between physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with vascular health phenotypes in older adults: a cross-sectional study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1096139. [PMID: 37256064 PMCID: PMC10225566 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1096139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We investigated the associations between physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with vascular health phenotypes in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 82 participants (66.8 ± 5.2 years; 81% females). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was assessed using accelerometers, and CRF was measured using the distance covered in the 6-min walk test (6MWT). The vascular health markers were as follows: i) arterial function measured as aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) estimated using an automatic blood pressure device; and ii) arterial structure measured as the common carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). Using a combination of normal cIMT and aPWV values, four groups of vascular health phenotypes were created: normal aPWV and cIMT, abnormal aPWV only, abnormal cIMT only, and abnormal aPWV and cIMT. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the beta coefficients (β) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) adjusting for BMI, and medication for diabetes, lipid, and hypertension, sex, age, and blood pressure. Results: Participants with abnormal aPWV and normal cIMT (β = -53.76; 95% CI = -97.73--9.78 m; p = 0.017), and participants with both abnormal aPWV and cIMT (β = -71.89; 95% CI = -125.46--18.31 m; p = 0.009) covered less distance in the 6MWT, although adjusting for age, sex and blood pressure decreased the strength of the association with only groups of abnormal aPWV and cIMT covering a lower 6MWT distance compared to participants with both normal aPWV and cIMT (β = -55.68 95% CI = -111.95-0.59; p = 0.052). No associations were observed between MVPA and the vascular health phenotypes. Conslusion: In summary, poor CRF, but not MVPA, is associated with the unhealthiest vascular health phenotype (abnormal aPWV/cIMT) in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raíssa de Melo Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, ExCE Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Yuri Alberto Freire
- Department of Physical Education, ExCE Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Costa Souto
- Department of Physical Education, ExCE Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marcyo Câmara
- Department of Physical Education, ExCE Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Lucena Pereira Cabral
- Department of Physical Education, ExCE Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Geovani Araújo Dantas Macêdo
- Department of Physical Education, ExCE Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caldas Costa
- Department of Physical Education, ExCE Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santos Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- INTEGRA—Integrative Physiology, Health, and Performance Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Murray KO, Berryman-Maciel M, Darvish S, Coppock ME, You Z, Chonchol M, Seals DR, Rossman MJ. Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant supplementation for improving age-related vascular dysfunction in humans: A study protocol. Front Physiol 2022; 13:980783. [PMID: 36187760 PMCID: PMC9520456 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and aging is the primary risk factor for the development of CVD. The increased risk of CVD with aging is largely mediated by the development of vascular dysfunction. Excessive production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is a key mechanism of age-related vascular dysfunction. Therefore, establishing the efficacy of therapies to reduce mtROS to improve vascular function with aging is of high biomedical importance. Previously, in a small, randomized, crossover-design pilot clinical trial, our laboratory obtained initial evidence that chronic oral supplementation with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant MitoQ improves vascular function in healthy older adults. Here, we describe the protocol for an ongoing R01-funded phase IIa clinical trial to establish the efficacy of MitoQ as a therapy to improve vascular function in older adults (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04851288).Outcomes: The primary outcome of the study is nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) as assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA). Secondary outcomes include mtROS-mediated suppression of EDD, aortic stiffness as measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, carotid compliance and β-stiffness index, and intima media thickness. Other outcomes include the assessment of endothelial mitochondrial health and oxidative stress in endothelial cells obtained by endovascular biopsy; the effect of altered circulating factors following MitoQ treatment on endothelial cell NO bioavailability and whole cell and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production ex vivo; and circulating markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and inflammation.Methods: We are conducting a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, phase IIa clinical trial in 90 (45/group) healthy older men and women 60 years of age or older. Participants complete baseline testing and are then randomized to either 3 months of oral MitoQ (20 mg; once daily) or placebo supplementation. Outcome measures are assessed at the midpoint of treatment, i.e., 6 weeks, and again at the conclusion of treatment.Discussion: This study is designed to establish the efficacy of chronic supplementation with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant MitoQ for improving vascular endothelial function and reducing large elastic artery stiffness in older adults, and to investigate the mechanisms by which MitoQ supplementation improves endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O. Murray
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Morgan Berryman-Maciel
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Sanna Darvish
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - McKinley E. Coppock
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Zhiying You
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Douglas R. Seals
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J. Rossman
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew J. Rossman,
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Zócalo Y, Gómez-García M, Torrado J, Bia D. Aging-Related Moderation of the Link Between Compliance With International Physical Activity Recommendations and the Hemodynamic, Structural, and Functional Arterial Status of 3,619 Subjects Aged 3–90 Years. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:800249. [PMID: 35265833 PMCID: PMC8899126 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compliance with physical activity recommendations (CPARs) is associated with better health indicators. However, there are only few studies to date that have comprehensively analyzed the association between CPARs and cardiovascular status “as a whole” (e.g., analyzing hemodynamic, structural, and functional properties, and different arterial territories). The relationship between CPARs and cardiovascular properties could be strongly influenced by the growth and aging process. Aim The goal of the study is to investigate the association between CPAR and cardiovascular properties by placing special emphasis on: (i) identifying if there is an independent association, (ii) if the association is “moderated” by age, and (iii) to what extent the association depends on the arterial parameter (hemodynamic vs. structural vs. functional) and/or the arterial segment (e.g., central vs. peripheral; elastic vs. transitional vs. muscular arteries). Methods A total of 3,619 subjects (3–90 years of age) were studied. Extensive cardiovascular evaluations were performed. Cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) and physical activity (PA) levels were determined. The subjects were categorized as compliant (n = 1, 969) or non-compliant (n = 1,650) with World Health Organization-related PA recommendations. Correlation and multiple regression models (including CPAR*Age interaction) were obtained, and Johnson-Neyman technique was used to produce regions of significance. Results The independent association between CPARs and cardiovascular characteristics were strongly moderated by age. The moderation was observed on a wide range of age but particularly notorious on the extremes of life. Certain arterial characteristics demonstrated opposite effects in relation to CPAR status depending on the range of age considered. The association between CPAR and cardiovascular characteristics was independent of CRFs and moderated by age. In subjects younger than 45–55 years, CPAR status was associated with lower central and peripheral blood pressure (i.e., the younger the subject, the higher the reduction). During adult life, as age increases in the subjects, CPARs was associated with a beneficial hemodynamic profile, which is not related with variations in pressure but strongly related with lower levels of waveform-derived indexes and ventricular afterload determinants. Conclusions The independent associations between CPARs and arterial properties were strongly moderated by age. Data provided by blood pressure levels and waveform-derived indexes would be enough to evaluate the independent association between CPARs and the vascular system in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Zócalo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- CUiiDARTE - Movimiento, Actividad, Salud (CUiiDARTE-MAS), Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Yanina Zócalo
| | - Mariana Gómez-García
- CUiiDARTE - Movimiento, Actividad, Salud (CUiiDARTE-MAS), Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Educación Física y Salud, Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Torrado
- CUiiDARTE - Movimiento, Actividad, Salud (CUiiDARTE-MAS), Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Bia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- CUiiDARTE - Movimiento, Actividad, Salud (CUiiDARTE-MAS), Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Königstein K, Büschges JC, Sarganas G, Krug S, Neuhauser H, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Exercise and Carotid Properties in the Young-The KiGGS-2 Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:767025. [PMID: 35071349 PMCID: PMC8766972 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.767025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and stiffness (cS) are predictive markers of early vascular aging and atherosclerotic risk. This study assessed, whether exercise has protective effects on carotid structure and function or on vascular risk in the young. Methods: Volume and change of exercise (recreational and organized sports participation) of German adolescents and young adults was assessed within the prospective population-study KiGGS at KiGGS-Wave-1 (2009-2012) and KiGGS-Wave-2 (2014-2017) using standardized self-reporting questionnaires. CIMT and cS were measured by real-time B-mode ultrasound sequences with semi-automated edge-detection and automatic electrocardiogram-gated quality control in 2,893 participants (14-28 years, 49.6% female). A cumulative index for atherosclerotic risk (CV-R) included z-scores of mean arterial pressure, triglycerides, total/HDL-cholesterol-ratio, body mass index, and HbA1c. Results: At KiGGS-Wave-2 cross-sectional CV-R but not cS and cIMT was lower in all exercise-groups compared to "no exercise" (B = -0.73, 95%-CI = -1.26 to 0.19, p = 0.008). Longitudinal volume of exercise was negatively associated with CV-R (B = -0.37, 95%-CI = -0.74 to 0.00, p = 0.048) but not with cS and cIMT. Cross-sectional relative risk of elevated CV-R but not cS and cIMT was lower in all exercise-groups compared to "no exercise" (RR = 0.80, 95%-CI = 0.66 to 0.98, p = 0.033). High exercise volumes were associated with lower relative risk of elevated CV-R (RR = 0.80, 95%-CI = 0.65-0.97, p = 0.021) and cS in tendency but not with cIMT. Conclusions: Increased levels of exercise are associated with a better cardiovascular risk profile in young individuals, but not with cS and cIMT. Our study confirms previous recommendations on exercise in this age group without demonstrating a clear benefit on surrogate markers of vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Königstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Charlotte Büschges
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giselle Sarganas
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Krug
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannelore Neuhauser
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Jansen E, de Groot S, Smit CA, Thijssen DHJ, Te Hopman M, Janssen TWJ. Vascular adaptations in nonstimulated areas during hybrid cycling or handcycling in people with a spinal cord injury: a pilot study of 10 cases. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2021; 7:54. [PMID: 34193818 PMCID: PMC8245507 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-021-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Sub-study of a randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVES To examine if hybrid cycling (cycling with the legs via electrical stimulation combined with voluntary handcycling) compared to handcycling leads to different systemic vascular adaptations in individuals with a long-term spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING Two rehabilitation centers in the Netherlands. METHODS Ten individuals with a SCI trained on a hybrid bicycle (N = 5) or a handcycle (N = 5) for 16 weeks twice a week. Prior to and following the training the intima media thickness (IMT) of the common coronary artery (CCA) and superficial femoral artery (SFA) were measured and the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery (BA) was analyzed. RESULTS Before training, there were no significant differences in any of the outcome measures between the groups. We found no change in CCA IMT (pre: 0.616 mm, post: 0.586 mm), or in SFA (pre: 0.512 mm, post: 0.520 mm) after hybrid cycling. We also found no change in FMD % of BA after hybrid cycling (pre: 9.040%, post: 9.220%). There were no changes in CCA IMT, SFA IMT, and FMD% after handcycling either. CONCLUSIONS It appears that 16 weeks of twice-weekly training of up to 30 min on a hybrid bicycle or handcycle does not lead to systemic vascular adaptations. A larger sample size and training protocol with more frequent and higher intensity training (which might involve a home-based setting and an adapted period prior to the training) might show different results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Jansen
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Centre Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre Basalt Wassenaarseweg 501, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sonja de Groot
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Exercise at Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Koutlianos N, Sotiriou P, Christou G, Pagourelias E, Anifanti M, Christou K, Tsironi M, Andriopoulos P, Kouidi E, Deligiannis A. Arterial Function after a 246 km Ultra-marathon Running Race. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1167-1173. [PMID: 33902151 DOI: 10.1055/a-1467-6508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is little research about the effects of ultra-endurance exercise on arterial morphological and functional properties. The aim was to assess the acute changes of the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid doppler-derived parameters following an ultra-marathon race as well as the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in ultra-marathon runners. Twenty athletes were examined at baseline and within 10 mins after a 246 km running race. Measurements included carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, peak-systolic and end-diastolic velocities of carotid artery blood flow, pulsatility and resistivity indices and blood biochemical parameters. The intima-media thickness of the right and left carotid artery was measured before the race. Arterial stiffness and carotid artery intima media thickness at rest remained within known normal limits. The ultra-marathon race significantly increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity by 22.6% and pulsatility index by 10.2%. There was a decrease in body weight by 3.35% and an increase of all biochemical markers of muscle damage after the race. Additionally, C-reactive protein was correlated with both pulsatility and resistivity indices post-race. This study shows that immediately after a 246 km ultra-marathon running race, acute increase of arterial stiffness and vascular resistance were evident. The carotid artery thickness of ultra-marathon runners was within normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Koutlianos
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
| | - Panagiota Sotiriou
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
| | - Georgios Christou
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
| | - Efstathios Pagourelias
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
| | - Maria Anifanti
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Christou
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
| | - Maria Tsironi
- Department of Nursing, School of Human Movement & Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Andriopoulos
- Department of Nursing, School of Human Movement & Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
| | - Asterios Deligiannis
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Sports Medicine Laboratory, Thermi, Greece
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10
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Pasha EP, Rutjes E, Tomoto T, Tarumi T, Stowe A, Claassen JAHR, Munro Cullum C, Zhu DC, Zhang R. Carotid Stiffness is Associated with Brain Amyloid-β Burden in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:925-935. [PMID: 32083583 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dysfunction has been implicated in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the relationship of arterial stiffening with brain amyloid-β (Aβ) burden in at risk patients is unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the relationship of aortic and carotid arterial stiffening with Aβ burden in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a proposed transitional stage between normal aging and AD. METHODS Thirty-two older adults with aMCI underwent 18Florbetapir PET amyloid imaging to ascertain Aβ burden via standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), which reflects aortic stiffness, and carotid β stiffness index and distensibility, which reflect local cerebral arterial stiffness, thus having direct impact on the cerebral circulation, were measured using applanation tonometry and ultrasonography. RESULTS Region-of-interest based analysis showed that precuneus and mean cortex Aβ SUVR were correlated positively with carotid β stiffness index and negatively with carotid distensibility after adjusting for age, sex, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), and APOE4 status. Whole-brain voxel-wise analysis showed that Aβ SUVR was positively correlated with carotid β stiffness index, and negatively with carotid distensibility at the precuneus/cingulate gyrus after multiple comparison correction. cfPWV was not correlated with Aβ SUVR. CONCLUSIONS Carotid rather than aortic stiffening was independently associated with brain Aβ burden in patients with aMCI after adjusting for age, sex, MAP, PP, and APOE4 status. These findings provide evidence that arterial stiffening, particularly carotid artery stiffening, may contribute to AD pathology in patients with aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Pasha
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elmer Rutjes
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tsubasa Tomoto
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ann Stowe
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - C Munro Cullum
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David C Zhu
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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11
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Rossi EM, Ávila RA, Carneiro MTWD, Almenara CCP, Dos Santos L. Chronic Iron Overload Restrains the Benefits of Aerobic Exercise to the Vasculature. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:521-534. [PMID: 32124228 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a well-recognized effective non-pharmacological therapy for cardiovascular diseases. However, because iron is essential element in many physiological processes including hemoglobin and myoglobin synthesis, thereby playing a role on oxygen transport, many athletes use iron supplement to improve physical performance. Regarding this, iron overload is associated with oxidative stress and damage to various systems, including cardiovascular. Thus, we aimed to identify the vascular effects of aerobic exercise in a rat model of iron overload. Male Wistar rats were treated with 100 mg/kg/day iron-dextran, i.p., 5 days a week for 4 weeks, and then underwent aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill at moderate intensity, 60 min/day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Exercise reduced vasoconstrictor response of isolated aortic rings by increasing participation of nitric oxide (NO) and reducing oxidative stress, but these benefits to the vasculature were not observed in rats previously subjected to iron overload. The reduced vasoconstriction in the exercised group was reversed by incubation with superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, suggesting that increased SOD activity by exercise was lost in iron overload rats. Iron overload groups increased serum levels of iron, transferrin saturation, and iron deposition in the liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and aorta, and the catalase was overexpressed in the aorta probably as a compensatory mechanism to the increased oxidative stress. In conclusion, despite the known beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on vasculature, our results indicate that previous iron overload impeded the anticontractile effect mediated by increased NO bioavailability and endogenous antioxidant response due to exercise protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly Martinelli Rossi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitoria, ES, 29040-091, Brazil
| | - Renata Andrade Ávila
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitoria, ES, 29040-091, Brazil
- Faculdades Integradas São Pedro (FAESA), Av. Vitória, 2220, Vitoria, ES, 29053-360, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza W D Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vitoria, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Camila C P Almenara
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitoria, ES, 29040-091, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitoria, ES, 29040-091, Brazil.
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12
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Bachman NP, Terwoord JD, Richards JC, Braun B, Green CP, Luckasen GJ, Dinenno FA. Comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function and disease risk in middle-aged ultra-endurance athletes. Atherosclerosis 2020; 320:105-111. [PMID: 33334550 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies suggest that long-term endurance training may be damaging to the heart, thus increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, studies utilizing cardiac imaging are conflicting and lack measures of central and peripheral vascular structure and function, which are also independently predictive of CVD events. METHODS We performed a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function in long-term (≥ 10 years) ultra-endurance athletes (ATH, 14 M/11 F, 50 ± 1 y) and physically active controls (CON, 9 M/9 F, 49 ± 2 y). RESULTS As expected, left ventricular mass and end-diastolic volume (echocardiography) were greater in ATH vs CON, whereas there was no difference in cardiac function at rest. Coronary artery calcium scores (computed tomography) were not statistically different between groups. There was no evidence of myocardial fibrosis (contrast magnetic resonance imaging) in any subject. Aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) was lower in ATH vs CON (6.2 ± 0.2 vs 6.9 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.05), whereas carotid intima-media thickness (ultrasound) was not different between groups. Peripheral vascular endothelial function (flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery) and microvascular function (peak blood velocity) in response to 5 min of forearm ischemia were not different between groups. Furthermore, there was no difference in 10-year coronary heart disease risk (ATH; 2.3 ± 0.5 vs CON; 1.6 ± 0.2%, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that middle-aged ultra-endurance ATH do not have marked signs of widespread cardiovascular dysfunction or elevated CHD risk compared to CON meeting physical activity guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate P Bachman
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Janée D Terwoord
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer C Richards
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Barry Braun
- Human Performance Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - C Patrick Green
- Medical Center of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, 2500 Rocky Mountain Ave, Loveland, CO, 80538, USA
| | - Gary J Luckasen
- Medical Center of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, 2500 Rocky Mountain Ave, Loveland, CO, 80538, USA
| | - Frank A Dinenno
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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13
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Farahati S, Hosseini SRA, Moazzami M, Daloee MH, Daloee SH. The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Ankle-Brachial Index in Middle-Aged Women. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 32577192 PMCID: PMC7297415 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_524_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Obesity has been linked to cardiovascular risk factors characterized by endothelial dysfunction and arterial wall thickening. Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve endothelial function and cardiovascular risk profile, but it is unknown which of high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training is the best exercise. Materials and Methods: A total of 33 inactive and overweight women aged 40–50 years old and body mass index >27 kg/m2 were randomized to high-intensity interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training, or control. The exercise intervention consisted of 12 weeks of training and three supervised sessions per week. The moderate-intensity group was trained continuously for 47 min at 60–70% of maximal heart rate. High-intensity interval training consisted of four interval bouts of 4 min at 85%–95% of maximal heart rate with 3 min breaks at 50%–60% of maximal heart rate between the intervals. For all analyses, statistical significance was assigned at P < 0.05. Results: According to our findings, while carotid intima-media thickness decreased in both training groups, this reduction was not statistically significant. In the high-intensity training group, the right ankle-brachial index increased significantly (P = 0.007). Conclusion: Twelve weeks of exercise training, especially in high-intensity interval training, have led to improving lipid profiles and endothelial function, it can be said that regular and prolonged exercise can probably be a preventive factor in cardiovascular disease in overweight women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farahati
- Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahtab Moazzami
- Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hasanzadeh Daloee
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Lee J, Chen B, Kohl HW, Barlow CE, do Lee C, Radford NB, DeFina LF, Gabriel KP. The Association of Physical Activity With Carotid Intima Media Thickening in a Healthy Older Population: Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:448-454. [PMID: 31801110 PMCID: PMC7266725 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between self-reported physical activity (PA) and mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA IMT) among older adults. The data are from 1,811 Cooper Center Longitudinal Study participants, who were aged ≥60 years, with no history of cardiovascular disease. A medical history questionnaire was used to assess PA. Carotid ultrasound was performed to measure CCA IMT and the presence of plaque and stenosis. Logistic regression models were constructed to estimate the association between PA and CCA IMT after adjustment for covariates. The participants were aged 69.2 ± 5.9 years, and the majority were male (73.3%) and White (96.7%). The odds ratio of abnormal thickening of CCA IMT was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [0.54, 0.96]) in physically active participants (≥500 metabolic equivalent·min/week) after adjustment for covariates. In the current study, meeting PA guidelines in older adulthood was associated with lower odds of abnormal thickening of CCA IMT.
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15
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Tanaka H, Tarumi T, Rittweger J. Aging and Physiological Lessons from Master Athletes. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:261-296. [PMID: 31853968 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary aging is often characterized by physical dysfunction and chronic degenerative diseases. In contrast, masters athletes demonstrate markedly greater physiological function and more favorable levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, frailty, and cognitive dysfunction than their sedentary counterparts. In many cases, age-related deteriorations of physiological functions as well as elevations in risk factors that are typically observed in sedentary adults are substantially attenuated or even absent in masters athletes. Older masters athletes possess greater functional capacity at any given age than their sedentary peers. Impressive profiles of older athletes provide insight into what is possible in human aging and place aging back into the domain of "physiology" rather than under the jurisdiction of "clinical medicine." In addition, these exceptional aging athletes can serve as a role model for the promotion of physical activity at all ages. The study of masters athletes has provided useful insight into the positive example of successful aging. To further establish and propagate masters athletics as a role model for our aging society, future research and action are needed. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:261-296, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Mury P, Chirico EN, Mura M, Millon A, Canet-Soulas E, Pialoux V. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Key Targets of Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Vulnerability: Potential Impact of Physical Activity. Sports Med 2019; 48:2725-2741. [PMID: 30302720 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a complex cardiovascular disease, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation are both involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaque as they increase the biological processes associated with this pathology, such as endothelial dysfunction and macrophage recruitment and adhesion. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to major ischemic events is the result of vulnerable plaque progression, which is a result of the detrimental effect of oxidative stress and inflammation on risk factors for atherosclerotic plaque rupture, such as intraplaque hemorrhage, neovascularization, and fibrous cap thickness. Thus, both are key targets for primary and secondary interventions. It is well recognized that chronic physical activity attenuates oxidative stress in healthy subjects via the improvement of antioxidant enzyme capacities and inflammation via the enhancement of anti-inflammatory molecules. Moreover, it was recently shown that chronic physical activity could decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerotic patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerosis and the results of therapeutic interventions targeting them in both preclinical and clinical studies. The effects of chronic physical activity on these two key processes are then reviewed in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in both coronary and carotid arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Mury
- Team Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Erica N Chirico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Mathilde Mura
- Team Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Millon
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Bron, France.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Team Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France. .,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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17
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Holwerda SW, Luehrs RE, DuBose LE, Majee R, Pierce GL. Sex and age differences in the association between sympathetic outflow and central elastic artery wall thickness in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H552-H560. [PMID: 31274352 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00275.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by increased wall thickness of the central elastic arteries (i.e., aorta and carotid arteries), although the mechanisms involved are unclear. Evidence suggests that age-related increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) may be a contributing factor. However, studies in humans have been lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that age-related increases in MSNA would be independently associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) but not in young women given the reduced influence of MSNA on the vasculature in this group. In 93 young and middle-age/older (MA/O) adults (19-73 yr, 41 women), we performed assessments of MSNA (microneurography) and common carotid IMT and lumen diameter (ultrasonography). Multiple regression that included MSNA and other cardiovascular disease risk factors indicated that MSNA (P = 0.002) and 24-h systolic blood pressure (BP) (P = 0.024) were independent determinants of carotid IMT-to-lumen ratio (model R2 = 0.38, P < 0.001). However, when examining only young women (<45 yr), no correlation was observed between MSNA and carotid IMT-to-lumen ratio (R = -0.01, P = 0.963). MSNA was significantly correlated with IMT-to-lumen ratio while controlling for 24-h systolic BP among young men (R = 0.49, P < 0.001) and MA/O women (R = 0.59, P = 0.022). However, among MA/O men, controlling for 24-h systolic BP attenuated the association between MSNA and carotid IMT-to-lumen ratio (R = 0.50, P = 0.115). Significant age differences in IMT-to-lumen ratio between young and MA/O men (P = 0.047) and young and MA/O women (P = 0.023) were removed when adjusting for MSNA (men: P = 0.970; women: P = 0.152). These findings demonstrate an association between higher sympathetic outflow and carotid artery wall thickness with a particular exception to young women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Increased wall thickness of the large elastic arteries serves as a graded marker for cardiovascular disease risk and progression of atherosclerosis. Findings from the present study establish an independent association between higher sympathetic outflow and carotid artery wall thickness in adults with an exception to young women and extend findings from animal models that demonstrate hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle following chronic sympathetic-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W Holwerda
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rachel E Luehrs
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rumbidzai Majee
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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18
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Kang SJ, Ko KJ. Association between resting heart rate, VO 2max and carotid intima-media thickness in middle-aged men. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2019; 23:100347. [PMID: 30976652 PMCID: PMC6441756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Low resting heart rate (RHR) and high cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) are associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events (CV). Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been suggested as a predictor of CV. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between RHR, VO2max and CIMT. Methods The subjects of this study were 707 males aged 40–50 who visited the National Health Center of South Korea, a health examination institution, from 2010 to 2016. RHR was measured using electrocardiogram. RHR was divided into 4 levels (<60 beats per minute; bpm, 60–69 bpm, 70–79 bpm, ≥80 bpm). VO2max was measured by grade exercise test. Subject's VO2max was divided into 3 levels (first, second and third tertiles). CIMT was measured by B-mode ultrasound. Carotid atherosclerosis was defined as CIMT >1 mm. Results There was no significant difference in CIMT according to RHR level and there was no correlation between RHR and CIMT. High and middle VO2max group had significant lower CIMT than low VO2max group (P < 0.001). There was also a correlation between VO2max and CIMT (R = −0.129, P < 0.001). The low VO2max group showed 3.56-fold (95% CI, 1.77–7.16) higher relative risk of carotid atherosclerosis than the high VO2max group. Conclusion These results suggest that cardiovascular fitness index VO2max is associated to CIMT in middle-aged men. In addition, this study shows that VO2max are important indicators for the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol-Jung Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Changwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Jun Ko
- Department of Sports Medicine, National Fitness Center, Republic of Korea
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19
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Kranen SH, Bond B, Williams CA, Barker AR. Reliability of low-flow vasoreactivity in the brachial artery of adolescents. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2019; 47:133-138. [PMID: 30474121 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Macrovascular endothelial function is commonly assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and is nitric oxide (NO) dependent. However, the vasoreactivity to low flow during the FMD protocol may complement FMD interpretation. This study aimed to investigate in adolescents: (1) the day-to-day reliability of low-flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) and composite vessel reactivity (CVR); and (2) the relationship between L-FMC and FMD. METHODS A retrospective analysis of data on 27 adolescents (14.3 ± 0.6 year, 12 males) was performed. Participants had two repeat measures, on separate days, of macrovascular function using high-resolution ultrasound for assessment of L-FMC, FMD, and CVR. RESULTS On average, the L-FMC response was vasoconstriction on both days (-0.59 ± 2.22% and -0.16 ± 1.50%, respectively). In contrast, an inconsistent response to low flow (vasoconstriction, dilation, or no change) was observed on an individual level. Cohen's Kappa revealed poor agreement for classifying the L-FMC measurement between visits (k = 0.04, P > .05). Assessment of the actual vessel diameter was robust with a coefficient of variation of 1.7% (baseline and peak) and 2.7% (low-flow). The between-day correlation coefficient between measures was r = .18, r = .96 and r = .52 for L-FMC, FMD, and CVR, respectively. No significant correlation between FMD and L-FMC was observed for either visit (r = -.06 and r = -.07, respectively; P > .05). CONCLUSION In adolescents, the low-flow vasoreactivity is inconsistent between days. Whereas the actual vessel diameter is reproducible, the measurement of L-FMC and CVR has poor between-day reliability compared to FMD. Finally, L-FMC, and FMD are not significantly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha H Kranen
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Bond
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Sotiriou P, Kouidi E, Karagiannis A, Koutlianos N, Geleris P, Vassilikos V, Deligiannis A. Arterial adaptations in athletes of dynamic and static sports disciplines - a pilot study. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2018; 39:183-191. [PMID: 30417605 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural and functional arterial adaptations with regard to the type and level of training in young athletes are understudied. Our research aimed at evaluating them in two types of exercise (dynamic and static) and two levels of engagement (high and recreational). METHODS A total of 76 volunteers formed five groups. Group A included 17 high-level dynamic sports athletes 30·9 ± 6·4 years old, group B 14 recreational ones aged 28·7 ± 6·2 years, group C 15 high-level static sports athletes 26·4 ± 3·9 years old and group D 16 recreational ones, aged 25·8 ± 4·8 years. Fourteen sedentary men 30 ± 3·8 years old formed control group E. Structural indices of left cardiac chambers and thoracic aorta were echographically obtained, as well as common carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). Furthermore, applanation tonometry was conducted, at rest and during a handgrip strength test, for the acquisition of central arterial pressure parameters, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and total arterial compliance (Cτ ). RESULTS No significant differences in structural arterial markers were observed. However, group A obtained the highest handgrip central systolic pressure values (13·1% compared to group D, P<0·05). Resting cfPWV was lower in group B by 13·8% (P<0·05) than C and by 16·7% (P<0·01) than E, whereas Cτ was higher in group Β by 33·3% than C (P<0·05) and by 40·9% than E (P<0·01). CONCLUSION Functional arterial exercise-induced adaptations become apparent at an early age, without being in conjunction with structural ones. Recreational dynamic exercise results in the most favourable arterial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Sotiriou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Asterios Karagiannis
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Koutlianos
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Parashos Geleris
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Vassilikos
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Asterios Deligiannis
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Jakovljevic DG. Physical activity and cardiovascular aging: Physiological and molecular insights. Exp Gerontol 2018; 109:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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van den Munckhof IC, Jones H, Hopman MT, de Graaf J, Nyakayiru J, van Dijk B, Eijsvogels TM, Thijssen DH. Relation between age and carotid artery intima-medial thickness: a systematic review. Clin Cardiol 2018; 41:698-704. [PMID: 29752816 PMCID: PMC6489962 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery intima-medial thickness (cIMT) represents a popular measure of atherosclerosis and is predictive of future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Although older age is associated with a higher cIMT, little is known about whether this increase in cIMT follows a linear relationship with age or it is affected under influence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or CVD risk factors. We hypothesize that the relationship between cIMT and age is nonlinear and is affected by CVD or risk factors. A systematic review of studies that examined cIMT in the general population and human populations free from CVD/risk factors was undertaken. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Seventeen studies with 32 unique study populations, involving 10,124 healthy individuals free from CVD risk factors, were included. Furthermore, 58 studies with 115 unique study populations were included, involving 65,774 individuals from the general population (with and without CVD risk factors). A strong positive association was evident between age and cIMT in the healthy population, demonstrating a gradual, linear increase in cIMT that did not differ between age decades (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). Although populations with individuals with CVD demonstrated a higher cIMT compared to populations free of CVD, a linear relation between age and cIMT was also present in this population. Our data suggest that cIMT is strongly and linearly related to age. This linear relationship was not affected by CVD or risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria T.E. Hopman
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Bart van Dijk
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Dick H.J. Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
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23
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Westergren HU, Gan LM, Månsson M, Svedlund S. Randomized clinical trial studying effects of a personalized supervised lifestyle intervention program on cardiovascular status in physically inactive healthy volunteers. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9498-9511. [PMID: 29507706 PMCID: PMC5823634 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of personalized exercise training and a healthy dietary lifestyle in healthy volunteers on coronary flow reserve and cardiovascular function remains to be investigated in a controlled study setting. Purpose To examine the effects of a Mediterranean-inspired diet combined with regular physical exercise (standard) and a personalized supervised exercise program (DAPS) on coronary flow reserve and cardiovascular function. Results The number of males were 10 (59%) and 9 (47%) and mean age was 54 ± 12 and 55 ± 5 years in standard versus DAPS group, respectively. Primary outcomes were in addition to improved body composition and aerobic capacity, increased TDE-CFR (5.0%, CI:1.62,8.64, p = 0.005) and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) during hyperemia (10.2%, CI:1.62,19.4, p = 0.022) in DAPS adjusted for the control period. Also, plasma fibrinogen decreased (−12.1%, CI:-22.0,–0.92, p = 0.035) in the DAPS group. Secondary outcomes, after adjusting DAPS intervention effects for the standard-training period, TDE-CFR and hyperemic LVEF remained significantly improved. Materials and Methods This randomized, controlled clinical trial (URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02713724) included 36 healthy volunteers who underwent exercise ECG before randomization to standard or DAPS groups. Standard-group was given gym-membership with limited instructions and general dietary advice. DAPS-group received personalized supervised exercise programs and more detailed dietary advice with regular contact with a personal trainer. Effects were evaluated after 3 months. All participants underwent coronary flow reserve by transthoracic ultrasound (TDE-CFR), blood marker analysis and examinations of vascular function. Standard-group was evaluated pre-control, post-control (=pre-intervention) and post-intervention. DAPS-group was examined at pre-intervention and post-intervention. Conclusions A personalized supervised training- and diet program improves cardiovascular status in healthy subjects with a physically inactive lifestyle and may be a promising approach for cardiovascular prevention in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena U Westergren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Personalized HealthCare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca R and D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Department of Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca R and D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marianne Månsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Department of Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca R and D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Svedlund
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tanahashi K, Kosaki K, Sawano Y, Yoshikawa T, Tagawa K, Kumagai H, Akazawa N, Maeda S. Impact of Age and Aerobic Exercise Training on Conduit Artery Wall Thickness: Role of the Shear Pattern. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:272-279. [PMID: 28910811 DOI: 10.1159/000479871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic shear stress is the frictional force of blood on the arterial wall. The shear pattern in the conduit artery affects the endothelium and may participate in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of the shear pattern in age- and aerobic exercise-induced changes in conduit artery wall thickness via cross-sectional and interventional studies. In a cross-sectional study, we found that brachial shear rate patterns and brachial artery intima-media thickness (IMT) correlated with age. Additionally, brachial artery shear rate patterns were associated with brachial artery IMT in 102 middle-aged and older individuals. In an interventional study, 39 middle-aged and older subjects were divided into 2 groups: control and exercise. The exercise group completed 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training. Aerobic exercise training significantly increased the antegrade shear rate and decreased the retrograde shear rate and brachial artery IMT. Moreover, changes in the brachial artery antegrade shear rate and the retrograde shear rate correlated with the change in brachial artery IMT. The results of the present study indicate that changes in brachial artery shear rate patterns may contribute to age- and aerobic exercise training-induced changes in brachial artery wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tanahashi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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25
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Changes in vascular structure in diabetic patients after 8 weeks aerobic physical exercise: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-017-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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26
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Müller J, Dahm V, Lorenz ES, Pressler A, Haller B, Grabs V, Halle M, Scherr J. Changes of intima-media thickness in marathon runners: A mid-term follow-up. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:1336-1342. [PMID: 28574286 DOI: 10.1177/2047487317713327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is used to assess cardiovascular risk and progression of atherosclerosis. It is known that regular physical activity of moderate intensity has beneficial effects on the vasculature. However, it is still discussed controversially whether prolonged exercise, including participation in exhaustive competitive sports such as long-distance races, has also beneficial effects or might even be harmful regarding the cardiovascular system. Patients and methods Thirty-eight male marathon runners (45.8 ± 7.3 years) were investigated twice (2009 and 2013) for their carotid IMT (using ultrasound techniques), anthropometrics and clinical chemistry. Additionally, training volume (running kilometres per year) and competition participation (half marathon, marathon and ultramarathon) within this follow-up period were assessed. Results During 3.8 ± 0.4 years of follow-up, runners performed 1587 (850-2500) training kilometres per year and participated in a total of 7 (4-12) long distance competitions. IMT increased in total by 0.05 ± 0.09 mm or annually by 0.013 ± 0.023 mm, respectively. Higher increase in IMT over that period was associated with higher fasting blood glucose (beta = .355, p = .045) at baseline examination. Effects of training volume and number of competitions on the progression of IMT could not be demonstrated in our longitudinal analysis. Conclusions Higher blood glucose levels are associated with detrimental effects on vasculature in otherwise healthy male marathon runners. Regular marathon training, including competition participation over at least several years, was not associated with detrimental effects on IMT or, vice versa, seems not to provide beneficial effects on vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Müller
- 1 Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeria Dahm
- 2 Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke S Lorenz
- 3 Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum Muenchen, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Pressler
- 2 Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- 4 Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Viola Grabs
- 2 Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- 2 Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany.,5 DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany.,6 Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Scherr
- 2 Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
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27
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Green DJ, Hopman MTE, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:495-528. [PMID: 28151424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the interrelationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions, and the implications for human health. Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure, and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter, and wall thickness. There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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28
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Park J, Park H. Effects of 6 months of aerobic and resistance exercise training on carotid artery intima media thickness in overweight and obese older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17:2304-2310. [PMID: 28060442 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We studied the effects of exercise on carotid intima-media thickness, luminal diameter, and flow velocity in overweight and obese older women, and the associations between carotid parameters changes and other variables. METHODS A total of 41 overweight and obese older women (aged 65-77 years, fat mass percent ≥ 32%), who were divided into a control group (n = 20) and a supervised combined exercise group (n = 21). The 24-week combined exercise program (aerobic and resistance exercise) consisted of sessions 40-80 min in length 5 days per week under the supervision of an exercise specialist. Body composition, blood pressure, physical function and carotid variables were assessed. The differences in all variables, and the relative changes between baseline and 24 weeks' follow up were evaluated. RESULTS Carotid intima-media thickness, systolic carotid luminal diameter, peak systolic flow velocity and end diastolic flow velocity showed a significant group × time interaction. No interaction was observed for diastolic luminal diameter. In the exercise group, the change of carotid intima-media thickness was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure, maximal walking speed, 1-mile walking time and maximal oxygen uptake. Also, the change of peak systolic flow velocity was significantly associated with skeletal muscle mass, diastolic blood pressure and maximum walking speed. CONCLUSIONS Combined exercise can effectively improve carotid intima-media thickness in overweight and obese older women. In addition, exercise training increases the systolic carotid luminal diameter and flow velocity in older women. Therefore, regular combined exercise might help prevent atherosclerotic disease by improving the carotid artery. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2304-2310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkee Park
- Institute of Taekwondo for Health and Culture, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyuntea Park
- Department of Health Care Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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29
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Ranadive SM, Yan H, Lane AD, Kappus RM, Cook MD, Sun P, Harvey I, Ploutz-Synder R, Woods JA, Wilund KR, Fernhall BO. Aerobic Exercise Training and Arterial Changes in African Americans versus Caucasians. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [PMID: 26225767 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED African Americans (AA) have increased carotid artery intima-media thickness and decreased vascular function compared with their Caucasian (CA) peers. Aerobic exercise prevents and potentially reverses arterial dysfunction. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 wk of moderate- to high-intensity aerobic training in young healthy sedentary AA and CA men and women. METHODS Sixty-four healthy volunteers (men, 28; women, 36) with mean age 24 yr underwent measures of arterial structure, function, and blood pressure (BP) variables at baseline, after the 4-wk control period, and 8 wk after training. RESULTS There was a significant increase in VO2peak among both groups after exercise training. Brachial systolic BP decreased significantly after the control period in both groups but not after exercise training. Carotid pulse pressure decreased significantly in both groups after exercise training as compared with that in baseline. There was no change in any of the other BP variables. AA had higher intima-media thickness at baseline and after the control period but it significantly decreased after exercise training compared with that of CA. AA had significantly lower baseline forearm blood flow and reactive hyperemia compared with those of CA, but exercise training had no effect on these variables. There was no significant difference in arterial stiffness (central pulse wave velocity) and wave-reflection (augmentation index) between the two groups at any time point. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that 8 wk of aerobic exercise training causes significant improvement in the arterial structure in young, healthy AA, making it comparable with the CA and with minimal effects on BP variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant M Ranadive
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; 2Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Urbana, IL; 3Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; 4Department of Health and Kinesiology Transdisciplinary Center on Health Equity Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and 5Division of Space Life Sciences, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX
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30
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Moreau KL, Silver AE, Dinenno FA, Seals DR. Habitual aerobic exercise is associated with smaller femoral artery intima–media thickness with age in healthy men and women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:805-11. [PMID: 17001222 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000230103.55653.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Femoral artery intima-media thickness (IMT), an independent predictor of atherosclerotic disease risk, increases with age in sedentary adults. It is not known whether regular aerobic exercise modulates femoral IMT with ageing. METHODS AND RESULTS Study 1: Femoral IMT was measured in 173 sedentary, moderately active, and endurance-trained young (20-39 years), middle-aged (40-59 years) and older (60-79 years) men. IMT increased with age in all activity groups (P<0.001). However, IMT was 20-27% smaller in age-matched, endurance-trained compared with sedentary men (P<0.001), and the age-associated increase in IMT was 33% smaller in endurance-trained compared with sedentary men (+0.32 versus +0.45 mm). There was a trend for the IMT to be smaller in moderately active compared with sedentary older men, and the age-associated increase in IMT was 37% smaller in moderately active than sedentary men (+0.28 mm). Study 2: Among 74 premenopausal and postmenopausal sedentary or endurance-trained women, IMT was higher (P<0.001) in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women regardless of activity status. However, IMT was 15% smaller in endurance-trained compared with sedentary postmenopausal women (P<0.001), and the premenopausal to postmenopausal difference in IMT was approximately 45% smaller in endurance-trained compared with sedentary women (+0.13 versus +0.23 mm). CONCLUSIONS Femoral IMT increases with age even in habitually exercising adults. However, the age-associated increase and absolute level of IMT are smaller in middle-aged and older adults who perform regular aerobic-endurance exercise, and may contribute to their lower incidence of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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32
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Fonseca HAR, Bittencourt CR, Fonseca FA, Monteiro AM, Santos PR, Camargo L, Costa LAR, Murad A, Gidlund M, Figueiredo-Neto AM, Izar MCO. Non-linear Optical Responses of Low-Density Lipoprotein are Associated with Intima-Media Thickness of Carotid Artery in Athletes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 74:253-62. [PMID: 27126056 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between the degree of oxidative modification of LDL particles by non-linear optical response of LDL (Z-scan technique) and the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in different segments of the carotid artery. We recruited high-intensity athlete runners (n = 44) and controls (n = 51) to participate in the study. The carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), interleukin 10 (IL-10), TNF-alpha, and the non-linear optical responses of LDL particle (Z-scan) were assessed. In athletes, the mean cIMT differed between genders, with higher values observed in female athletes compared to male athletes (P < 0.05). Higher mean values for cIMT were seen in the right carotid arteries of female athletes as compared to female controls (P < 0.05). Higher levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 were found in athletes (P < 0.05). Yet, ΔΓpv (transmittance curve) of Z-scan in athletes was higher than in the non-athletes, indicating less oxidation in LDL particles of athletes (P < 0.05). There was an inverse association between the ΔΓpv and cIMT in the right internal carotid segments (β = -0.163, P < 0.05) in all subjects, and between the VO2max and the mean cIMT (β = -0.003, P < 0.05) in male subjects. The present study shows that the Z-scan technique enabled to detect less oxidative modifications in LDL particles from athletes. This effect was associated with cIMT in a gender-dependent mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Andrade R Fonseca
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Loefgren, 1350, 04040-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Célia R Bittencourt
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Loefgren, 1350, 04040-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Fonseca
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Loefgren, 1350, 04040-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Monteiro
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila R Santos
- Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Camargo
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Loefgren, 1350, 04040-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Magnus Gidlund
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science IV, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina O Izar
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Loefgren, 1350, 04040-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Influence of exercise training mode on arterial diameter: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Eijsvogels TMH, Fernandez AB, Thompson PD. Are There Deleterious Cardiac Effects of Acute and Chronic Endurance Exercise? Physiol Rev 2016; 96:99-125. [PMID: 26607287 PMCID: PMC4698394 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple epidemiological studies document that habitual physical activity reduces the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and most demonstrate progressively lower rates of ASCVD with progressively more physical activity. Few studies have included individuals performing high-intensity, lifelong endurance exercise, however, and recent reports suggest that prodigious amounts of exercise may increase markers for, and even the incidence of, cardiovascular disease. This review examines the evidence that extremes of endurance exercise may increase cardiovascular disease risk by reviewing the causes and incidence of exercise-related cardiac events, and the acute effects of exercise on cardiovascular function, the effect of exercise on cardiac biomarkers, including "myocardial" creatine kinase, cardiac troponins, and cardiac natriuretic peptides. This review also examines the effect of exercise on coronary atherosclerosis and calcification, the frequency of atrial fibrillation in aging athletes, and the possibility that exercise may be deleterious in individuals genetically predisposed to such cardiac abnormalities as long QT syndrome, right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This review is to our knowledge unique because it addresses all known potentially adverse cardiovascular effects of endurance exercise. The best evidence remains that physical activity and exercise training benefit the population, but it is possible that prolonged exercise and exercise training can adversely affect cardiac function in some individuals. This hypothesis warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; and Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio B Fernandez
- Department of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; and Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Department of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; and Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Akazawa N, Ra SG, Sugawara J, Maeda S. Influence of aerobic exercise training on post-exercise responses of aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure in postmenopausal women. Front Physiol 2015; 6:268. [PMID: 26500554 PMCID: PMC4595776 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Central arterial blood pressure (BP) is more predictive of future cardiovascular events than is brachial BP because it reflects the BP load imposed on the left ventricle with greater accuracy. However, little is known about the effects of exercise training on central hemodynamic response to acute exercise. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of an aerobic exercise regimen on the response of aortic BP after a single aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women. Nine healthy postmenopausal women (age: 61 ± 2 years) participated in a 12-week aerobic exercise training regimen. Before and after the training, each subjects performed a single bout of cycling at ventilatory thresholds for 30 min. We evaluated the post-exercise aortic BP response, which was estimated via the general transfer function from applanation tonometry. After the initial pre-training aerobic exercise session, aortic BP did not change significantly: however, aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure were significantly attenuated after the single aerobic exercise session following the 12-week training regimen. The present study demonstrated that a regular aerobic exercise training regimen induced the post-exercise reduction of aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure. Regular aerobic exercise training may enhance post-exercise reduction in aortic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Akazawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Song-Gyu Ra
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan ; Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Sugawara
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
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Ring M, Eriksson MJ, Fritz T, Nyberg G, Östenson CG, Krook A, Zierath JR, Caidahl K. Influence of physical activity and gender on arterial function in type 2 diabetes, normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:315-24. [PMID: 26092821 PMCID: PMC4527971 DOI: 10.1177/1479164115588548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether Nordic walking improves cardiovascular function in middle-aged women and men, we included 121 with normal glucose tolerance, 33 with impaired glucose tolerance and 47 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a randomized controlled study. The intervention group added Nordic walking 5 h/week for 4 months to their ordinary activities. Aortic pulse wave velocity, aortic augmentation index, stiffness index, reflection index, intima-media thickness in the radial and carotid arteries, echogenicity of the carotid intima-media and systemic vascular resistance were measured. While baseline blood pressure did not differ by gender or diagnosis, aortic augmentation index was found to be higher in women in all groups. Vascular function was unchanged with intervention, without differences by gender or diagnosis. In conclusion, 4 months of Nordic walking is an insufficient stimulus to improve vascular function. Future studies should consider hard endpoints in addition to measures of vascular health, as well as larger population groups, long-term follow-up and documented compliance to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Ring
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Eriksson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Fritz
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Sickla Hälsocenter, Nacka, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nyberg
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Huang C, Wang J, Deng S, She Q, Wu L. The effects of aerobic endurance exercise on pulse wave velocity and intima media thickness in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:478-87. [PMID: 26059748 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Huang
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
- Department of Cardiology; The Medical Emergency Center of Chongqing; Chongqing China
| | - S. Deng
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Q. She
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - L. Wu
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
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Andersson C, Lyass A, Larson MG, Spartano NL, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ, Murabito JM, Esliger DW, Blease SJ, Hamburg NM, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS. Physical activity measured by accelerometry and its associations with cardiac structure and vascular function in young and middle-aged adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001528. [PMID: 25792127 PMCID: PMC4392434 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated with several health benefits, including lower cardiovascular disease risk. The independent influence of physical activity on cardiac and vascular function in the community, however, has been sparsely investigated. MEASURES AND RESULTS We related objective measures of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA, assessed by accelerometry) to cardiac and vascular indices in 2376 participants of the Framingham Heart Study third generation cohort (54% women, mean age 47 years). Using multivariable regression models, we related MVPA to the following echocardiographic and vascular measures: left ventricular mass, left atrial and aortic root sizes, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and forward pressure wave. Men and women engaged in MVPA 29.9±21.4 and 25.5±19.4 min/day, respectively. Higher values of MVPA (per 10-minute increment) were associated with lower carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (estimate -0.53 ms/m; P=0.006) and lower forward pressure wave (estimate -0.23 mm Hg; P=0.03) but were not associated with augmentation index (estimate 0.13%; P=0.25). MVPA was associated positively with log(e) left ventricular mass (estimate 0.006 log(e) [g/m(2)]; P=0.0003), left ventricular wall thickness (estimate 0.07 mm; P=0.0001), and left atrial dimension (estimate 0.10 mm; P=0.01). MVPA also tended to be positively associated with aortic root dimension (estimate 0.05 mm; P=0.052). Associations of MVPA with cardiovascular measures were similar, in general, for bouts lasting <10 versus ≥10 minutes. CONCLUSIONS In our community-based sample, greater physical activity was associated with lower vascular stiffness but with higher echocardiographic left ventricular mass and left atrial size. These findings suggest complex relations of usual levels of physical activity and cardiovascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andersson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.A.)
| | - Asya Lyass
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (A.L., M.G.L.)
| | - Martin G Larson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (A.L., M.G.L.)
| | - Nicole L Spartano
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (N.L.S., J.A.V., N.M.H.)
| | - Joseph A Vita
- The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (N.L.S., J.A.V., N.M.H.)
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.)
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.)
| | - Dale W Esliger
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (D.W.E.)
| | - Susan J Blease
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.)
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (N.L.S., J.A.V., N.M.H.)
| | | | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.)
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Schwerdtfeger AR, Scharnagl H, Stojakovic T, Rathner EM. Cognitive Avoidant Coping Is Associated with Higher Carotid Intima Media Thickness Among Middle-Aged Adults. Int J Behav Med 2014; 22:597-604. [PMID: 25471467 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive avoidant coping (CAV) has been associated with elevated autonomic stress reactivity, thus presumably elevating risk for cardiovascular diseases. However, more direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to relate carotid intima media thickness (IMT) to CAV in nonclinical participants. METHODS A total of 124 participants (61 women) with a mean age of 37.52 years (SD = 7.93, MIN = 30, MAX = 60) participated in the study. IMT was assessed by ultrasonic imaging and CAV via questionnaire (Mainz Coping Inventory; MCI). RESULTS Regression analysis revealed that although CAV was not significantly associated with IMT, there was a significant interaction of CAV and age. Whereas for younger adults, there was no significant relation for older individuals, CAV and IMT were significantly positively associated. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that CAV could constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Department of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Rathner
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Harris E, Rakobowchuk M, Birch KM. Sprint interval and sprint continuous training increases circulating CD34+ cells and cardio-respiratory fitness in young healthy women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108720. [PMID: 25265043 PMCID: PMC4181657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The improvement of vascular health in the exercising limb can be attained by sprint interval training (SIT). However, the effects on systemic vascular function and on circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) which may contribute to endothelial repair have not been investigated. Additionally, a comparison between SIT and sprint continuous training (SCT) which is less time committing has not been made. Methods 12 women (22±2 yrs) completed 12 sessions of either SIT (n = 6) or work-matched SCT (n = 6) on 3 days/week. Pre and post-training assessments included brachial artery endothelial function and peripheral blood analysis for CAC number (CD34+/CD34+CD45dim). CAC function was measured by migration and adhesion assays. Cardio-respiratory fitness, carotid arterial stiffness and carotid-radial and brachial-foot pulse wave velocity (PWV) were also evaluated. Results CD34+ CACs increased following training in both groups but CD34+CD45dim did not (Pre CD34+: 40±21/105 leukocytes, Post CD34+: 56±24/105 leukocytes, main time effect p<0.05). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) increased following SIT but SCT had no effect (Pre SIT: 5.0±3.4%, Post SIT: 5.9±3.0%, Pre SCT: 7.2±2.7%, Post SCT: 6.5±2.9%; group x time interaction p = 0.08). increased in both training groups (Pre: 34.6±4.6 ml•kg•ml−1, Post: 36.9±5.4 ml•kg•ml−1, main time effect p<0.05). CAC function, carotid arterial stiffness and PWV did not change after training (p>0.05). Discussion SCT involving little time commitment is comparable to SIT in increasing CD34+ cell number and . An increased mobilisation of CD34+ CACs suggests that sprint training may be an effective method to enhance vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Harris
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- School of Sport and Education, Brunel University, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Birch
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Ogundele OM, Ajonijebu DC, Adeniyi PA, Alade OI, Balogun WG, Cobham AE, Ishola AO, Abdulbasit A. Cerebrovascular changes in the rat brain in two models of ischemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:199-209. [PMID: 25156812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular occlusion and cyanide neurotoxicity induces oxidative stress and degeneration in the brain. This oxidant induced stress changes the vascular dynamics of cerebral blood vessels, and participates in homeostatic response mechanisms which balance oxygen supply to hypoxic stress-sensitive neurons. The associated changes in vascular morphology include remodeling of the microvasculature and endothelial changes, alterations in regional circulation and variations in the blood brain barrier (BBB). This study compares alterations in physiology of the cerebral artery after a short-term oxidative stress induced by cyanide toxicity and vascular occlusion. METHOD Adult Wistar rats (N=30) were divided into three groups; vascular occlusion (VO) (n=12), potassium cyanide administration (CN) (n=12) and Control-CO (n=6). The CN rates were treated with 30mg/kg of orally administered KCN while the VO was subjected to global vascular occlusion, both for a duration of 10 days, described as the treatment phase. Control animals were fed on normal rat chow and water for 10 days. At the end of the treatment phase, n=6 animals in each of the VO, CN and VO groups were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50IP) and the CCA exposed, after which pin electrodes were implanted to record the spikes form the tunica media of the CCA. After day 10, treatment was discontinued for these animals, each remaining in the VO and CN groups (VO-I and CN-I) until day 20 (withdrawal phase) following which the spikes were recorded using the procedure described above. RESULTS/DISCUSSION Vascular occlusion and cyanide toxicity increased vascular resistance in the MCA (reduced lumen thickness ratio) and increased the diameter of the CCA after the treatment phase of 10 days. After 10 days of withdrawal, the VO group showed a reduction in resistance and an increase in the lumen width/wall thickness ratio (LWR) while the CN group showed increased resistance and a reduction in LWR. CONCLUSION Cyanide toxicity increased vascular resistance by inducing degenerative changes in the wall of the artery while vascular occlusion increased resistance through mechanical stress and increased thickness of arterial wall. After the withdrawal phase, vascular resistance diminished in the VO to a significantly greater extent than the CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Michael Ogundele
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Duyilemi Chris Ajonijebu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Philip Adeyemi Adeniyi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olusoji Ibukunoluwa Alade
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Wasiu Gbolahan Balogun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Ansa Emmanuel Cobham
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Azeez Olakunle Ishola
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Amin Abdulbasit
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Pälve KS, Pahkala K, Magnussen CG, Koivistoinen T, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Rönnemaa T, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT. Association of physical activity in childhood and early adulthood with carotid artery elasticity 21 years later: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000594. [PMID: 24755150 PMCID: PMC4187482 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased arterial elasticity is a risk factor for several cardiovascular outcomes. Longitudinal data on the effect of physical activity in youth on adult arterial elasticity are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term effects of physical activity in children and young adults on carotid artery elasticity after 21 years of follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants were 1417 children (aged 9 to 15 years) and 999 young adults (aged 18 to 24 years) from the prospective Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Participants had questionnaire measures of leisure-time physical activity available from 1986 and ultrasound-derived indices of carotid artery elasticity measured in 2007. Carotid artery elasticity indices were distensibility (%/10 mm Hg), Young's elastic modulus (kPa), and stiffness index (unitless). Physical activity at age 18 to 24 years was directly associated with distensibility (β=0.068, P=0.014) and inversely with Young's elastic modulus (β=-0.057, P=0.0037) and indirectly with stiffness index (β=-0.050, P=0.0028) 21 years later in males and females. The associations remained after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, systolic blood pressure, serum lipids and insulin, and 21-year change in physical activity. At age 9 to 15 years, the favorable association, remaining after adjustment, was found in males (distensibility [β=0.097, P=0.010], Young's elastic modulus [β=-0.060, P=0.028], and stiffness index [β=-0.062, P=0.007]) but not in females (P=0.70, P=0.85, and P=0.91, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Leisure-time physical activity in boys and young adults is associated with carotid artery elasticity later in life, suggesting that higher levels of physical activity in youth may benefit future cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina S Pälve
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Donley DA, Fournier SB, Reger BL, DeVallance E, Bonner DE, Olfert IM, Frisbee JC, Chantler PD. Aerobic exercise training reduces arterial stiffness in metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1396-404. [PMID: 24744384 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00151.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a threefold increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality partly due to increased arterial stiffening. We compared the effects of aerobic exercise training on arterial stiffening/mechanics in MetS subjects without overt CVD or type 2 diabetes. MetS and healthy control (Con) subjects underwent 8 wk of exercise training (ExT; 11 MetS and 11 Con) or remained inactive (11 MetS and 10 Con). The following measures were performed pre- and postintervention: radial pulse wave analysis (applanation tonometry) was used to measure augmentation pressure and index, central pressures, and an estimate of myocardial efficiency; arterial stiffness was assessed from carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cfPWV, applanation tonometry); carotid thickness was assessed from B-mode ultrasound; and peak aerobic capacity (gas exchange) was performed in the seated position. Plasma matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and CVD risk (Framingham risk score) were also assessed. cfPWV was reduced (P < 0.05) in MetS-ExT subjects (7.9 ± 0.6 to 7.2 ± 0.4 m/s) and Con-ExT (6.6 ± 1.8 to 5.6 ± 1.6 m/s). Exercise training reduced (P < 0.05) central systolic pressure (116 ± 5 to 110 ± 4 mmHg), augmentation pressure (9 ± 1 to 7 ± 1 mmHg), augmentation index (19 ± 3 to 15 ± 4%), and improved myocardial efficiency (155 ± 8 to 168 ± 9), but only in the MetS group. Aerobic capacity increased (P < 0.05) in MetS-ExT (16.6 ± 1.0 to 19.9 ± 1.0) and Con-ExT subjects (23.8 ± 1.6 to 26.3 ± 1.6). MMP-1 and -7 were correlated with cfPWV, and both MMP-1 and -7 were reduced post-ExT in MetS subjects. These findings suggest that some of the pathophysiological changes associated with MetS can be improved after aerobic exercise training, thereby lowering their cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Donley
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sara B Fournier
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Brian L Reger
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Evan DeVallance
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Daniel E Bonner
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - I Mark Olfert
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Jefferson C Frisbee
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
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Tanahashi K, Akazawa N, Miyaki A, Choi Y, Ra SG, Matsubara T, Kumagai H, Oikawa S, Maeda S. Aerobic exercise training decreases plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations with increase in arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:415-21. [PMID: 24280041 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, increase with advancing age and menopausal status. ADMA plays a role in endothelial dysfunction and increasing arterial stiffness. Regular aerobic exercise has a positive effect on arterial function (i.e., arterial compliance). This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise training on plasma ADMA concentrations and arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. METHODS Thirty postmenopausal women were divided into 2 groups: an exercise group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 10). Subjects in the exercise group completed 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training (65%-80% of maximal heart rate, 40-60 min/day, 3-6 days/week). Before and after each intervention, plasma ADMA concentrations and carotid arterial compliance were measured in all participants. RESULTS The baseline plasma ADMA concentrations, carotid arterial compliance, and most other key dependent variables did not differ between the 2 groups. In the exercise group, carotid arterial compliance significantly increased after exercise intervention (P < 0.01), and plasma ADMA concentrations significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, changes in carotid arterial compliance after the exercise intervention were inversely correlated with changes in plasma ADMA concentrations (r = -0.367; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that aerobic exercise training significantly decreased plasma ADMA concentrations with increase in carotid arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. These results suggest that reduction in ADMA may play an important role in the aerobic exercise training-induced increase in arterial compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tanahashi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Taylor BA, Zaleski AL, Capizzi JA, Ballard KD, Troyanos C, Baggish AL, D'Hemecourt PA, Dada MR, Thompson PD. Influence of chronic exercise on carotid atherosclerosis in marathon runners. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004498. [PMID: 24531453 PMCID: PMC3927935 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of habitual, high-intensity exercise training on the progression of atherosclerosis is unclear. We assessed indices of vascular health (central systolic blood pressure (SBP) and arterial stiffness as well as carotid intima-medial thickness (cIMT)) in addition to cardiovascular risk factors of trained runners versus their untrained spouses or partners to evaluate the impact of exercise on the development of carotid atherosclerosis. SETTING field study at Boston Marathon. PARTICIPANTS 42 qualifiers (mean age±SD: 46±13 years, 21 women) for the 2012 Boston Marathon and their sedentary domestic controls (46±12 years, n=21 women). OUTCOMES We measured medical and running history, vital signs, anthropometrics, blood lipids, C reactive protein (CRP), 10 years Framingham risk, central arterial stiffness and SBP and cIMT. RESULTS Multiple cardiovascular risk factors, including CRP, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, heart rate, body weight and body mass index (all p<0.05), were reduced in the runners. The left and right cIMT, as well as central SBP, were not different between the two groups (all p>0.31) and were associated with age (all r≥0.41; p<0.01) and Framingham risk score (all r≥0.44; p<0.01) independent of exercise group (all p>0.08 for interactions). The amplification of the central pressure waveform (augmentation pressure at heart rate 75 bpm) was also not different between the two groups (p=0.07) but was related to age (p<0.01) and group (p=0.02) in a multiple linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS Habitual endurance exercise improves the cardiovascular risk profile, but does not reduce the magnitude of carotid atherosclerosis associated with age and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Taylor
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Hartford, Bloomfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda L Zaleski
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Capizzi
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin D Ballard
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Aaron L Baggish
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Marcin R Dada
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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Kwaśniewska M, Jegier A, Kostka T, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Rębowska E, Kozińska J, Drygas W. Long-term effect of different physical activity levels on subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged men: a 25-year prospective study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85209. [PMID: 24465505 PMCID: PMC3896363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of lifetime physical activity (PA) on selected indices of atherosclerosis in longitudinal observation of middle-aged men. METHODS The subject of the study was a cohort of 101 men (mean age 59,7 ± 9,0 years), free of cardiovascular symptoms and treatment, participating in follow-up examinations in the years 1985/90-2011/12. Self-report PA was assessed by interviewer-administered Seven-Day PA Recall and Historical PA questionnaire. Subclinical atherosclerosis was measured by assessing the coronary artery calcification (CAC) according to Agatston's method using multi-slice computed tomography; the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound; and the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) using peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT2000). The participants were initially divided into three groups according to tertiles of exercise-related energy expenditure (EE) in kcal/week at baseline, i.e. <2050 (low-to-moderate; n = 33), 2050-3840 (high; n = 34), >3840 (very high; n = 34). RESULTS The low-to-moderate, high and very high PA groups were comparable in terms of age and atherosclerosis risk factors at baseline. No linear relationship was found between PA and CAC, IMT and RHI. Men who maintained low-to-moderate (n = 26), high (n = 21) and very high (n = 15) PA level had the mean CAC of 286.1 ± 361.9, 10.7 ± 28.9, and 106.1 ± 278.3 (p<0.001 for low-to moderate vs high; p<0.05 for low-to-moderate vs very high); the mean IMT of 0.751 ± 0.19 mm, 0,641 ± 0.26 mm, and 0.750 ± 0.60 mm (p>0.05); and the mean RHI of 1.69 ± 0.4, 2.00 ± 0.4, and 2.13 ± 0.5 (p for trend = 0.050), respectively. No cases of CAC>400, IMT ≥ 0.9 and RHI<1.67 were noted only among men with maintained high PA level. At final examination men with high and very high PA had more favorable cardiometabolic profile than men with lower PA. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining regular high PA level through young and middle adulthood may protect against atherosclerosis as measured by CAC, IMT and RHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kwaśniewska
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Jegier
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Rębowska
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozińska
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Association of socioeconomic status, truncal fat and sICAM-1 with carotid intima-media thickness in adolescents: The HELENA study. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:460-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thijssen DHJ, Dawson EA, van den Munckhof ICL, Birk GK, Timothy Cable N, Green DJ. Local and systemic effects of leg cycling training on arterial wall thickness in healthy humans. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:282-6. [PMID: 23880177 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exercise training is associated with direct effects on conduit artery function and structure. Cross-sectional studies suggest the presence of systemic changes in wall thickness as a result of exercise in healthy subjects, but no previous study has examined this question in humans undertaking exercise training. OBJECTIVE To examine the change in superficial femoral (SFA, i.e. local effect) and carotid (CA, i.e. systemic effect) artery wall thickness across 8 weeks of lower limb cycle training in healthy young men. METHODS Fourteen healthy young male subjects were assigned to an 8-week training study of cycling exercise (n = 9) or a control period (n = 5). Before, during (2, 4 and 6 weeks) and after training, SFA and CA wall thickness was examined using automated edge-detection of high resolution ultrasound images. We also measured resting diameter and calculated the wall:lumen(W:L)-ratio. RESULTS Exercise training did not alter CA or SFA baseline diameter (P = 0.14), but was associated with gradual, consistent and significant decreases in wall thickness and W:L-ratio in both the CA and SFA (P < 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Two-way ANOVA revealed a comparable magnitude of decrease in wall thickness and W:L-ratio in both arteries across the 8-week period (interaction-effect; P = 0.29 and 0.12, respectively). No changes in artery diameter, wall thickness or W:L-ratio were apparent in controls (0.82, 0.38 and 0.52, respectively). CONCLUSION We found that cycle exercise training in healthy young individuals is associated with modest, but significant, decreases in wall thickness in the superficial femoral and carotid arteries. These findings suggest that exercise training causes systemic adaptation of the arterial wall in healthy young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
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Spence AL, Carter HH, Naylor LH, Green DJ. A prospective randomized longitudinal study involving 6 months of endurance or resistance exercise. Conduit artery adaptation in humans. J Physiol 2012; 591:1265-75. [PMID: 23247114 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.247387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This randomized trial evaluated the impact of different exercise training modalities on the function and size of conduit arteries in healthy volunteers. Young (27 ± 5 years) healthy male subjects were randomized to undertake 6 months of either endurance training (ET; n = 10) or resistance training (RT; n = 13). High-resolution ultrasound was used to determine brachial, femoral and carotid artery diameter and wall thickness (IMT) and femoral and brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)-mediated dilatation. Improvements in peak oxygen uptake occurred with ET (from 3.6 ± 0.7 to 3.8 ± 0.6 l min(-1), P = 0.024) but not RT. Upper body muscular strength increased following RT (from 57.8 ± 17.7 to 69.0 ± 19.5 kg, P < 0.001), but not ET. Both groups exhibited increases in lean body mass (ET, 1.4 ± 1.8 kg and RT, 2.3 ± 1.3 kg, P < 0.05). Resistance training increased brachial artery resting diameter (from 3.8 ± 0.5 to 4.1 ± 0.4 mm, P < 0.05), peak FMD diameter (+0.2 ± 0.2 mm, P < 0.05) and GTN-mediated diameter (+0.3 ± 0.3 mm, P < 0.01), as well as brachial FMD (from 5.1 ± 2.2 to 7.0 ± 3.9%, P < 0.05). No improvements in any brachial parameters were observed following ET. Conversely, ET increased femoral artery resting diameter (from 6.2 ± 0.7 to 6.4 ± 0.6 mm, P < 0.05), peak FMD diameter (+0.4 ± 0.4 mm, P < 0.05) and GTN-induced diameter (+0.3 ± 0.3 mm, P < 0.05), as well as femoral FMD-to-GTN ratio (from 0.6 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.8, P < 0.05). Resistance training did not induce changes in femoral artery parameters. Carotid artery IMT decreased in response to both forms of training. These findings indicate that 6 months of supervised exercise training induced changes in brachial and femoral artery size and function and decreased carotid artery IMT. These impacts of both RT and ET would be expected to translate to decreased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Spence
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health (M408), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Haley AP, Gonzales MM, Tarumi T, Tanaka H. Subclinical vascular disease and cerebral glutamate elevation in metabolic syndrome. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:513-20. [PMID: 22552897 PMCID: PMC3614081 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), the co-occurrence of obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidema, is an important risk factor for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage in the brain. Our goal was to determine if metabolic syndrome (MetS) differentially affects cerebral metabolism in middle-aged adults with varying degrees of subclinical vascular disease. Sixty-five neurologically healthy adults aged 40 to 60 years (19 with MetS and 46 controls) underwent ultrasound examination of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), a measure of peripheral vascular disease, a full neuropsychological evaluation, and a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) scan of occipitoparietal grey matter. The Johnson-Neyman technique and pick-a-point approach were used to test if MetS-related neurochemical changes were moderated by IMT. The MetS and control groups were comparable in age, education, gender distribution, average IMT, and cognitive performance. MetS individuals with low IMT values (1 SD below sample mean) demonstrated comparable neurochemical concentrations to the healthy controls (t = -0.21, p = 0.84, 95 % CI -0.106 to 0.086), while MetS individuals with high IMT values (1 SD above sample mean) exhibited significantly elevated glutamate concentrations (t = 2.84, p = 0.006, 95 % CI 0.038 to 0.220). We found that the level of peripheral atherosclerosis moderated the level of elevation of cerebral glutamate concentrations in patients with MetS. These results suggest that peripheral metabolic dysfunction in midlife likely acts in conjunction with subclinical vascular disease to foster pro-neurotoxic conditions in the central nervous system creating early brain vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A8000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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