Impact of reduced daily physical activity on conduit artery flow-mediated dilation and circulating endothelial microparticles

Impact of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in combined hypoxic and hot conditions on endothelial function

There is no study that has investigated the impact of exercise in a combined hypoxic and hot environment on endothelial function. Therefore, we tested whether aerobic exercise in a combined hypoxic and hot conditions induces further enhancement of endothelial function. Twelve healthy males cycled at a constant workload (50% of their maximal oxygen uptake under normoxic/thermoneutral conditions) for 30 min in four different environments: exercise under normoxic condition (NOR: fraction of inspiratory oxygen or FiO2 = 20.9%, 20°C), exercise under hypoxic condition (HYP: FiO2 = 14.5%, 20°C), exercise under hot condition (HOT: FiO2 = 20.9%, 30°C), and exercise under combined hypoxia and hot conditions (HH: FiO2 = 14.5%, 30°C). Before, during, and after exercise, cardiovascular variables (e.g., heart rate, blood flow, and shear rate), blood variables, and endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were assessed. Heart rates were significantly higher throughout the HH trial's experimental period than the other trials (p < 0.05). However, in the HH trial, brachial artery blood flow and shear rate did not differ from those in other trials after exercise. Plasma catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) elevations in response to exercise were significantly higher in the HH trial than in the other three trials (p < 0.05). No considerable differences were observed in FMD responses among trials before and after the exercise. In conclusion, aerobic exercise in a combined hot and hypoxic environment further activated sympathetic nervous activity but did not considerably enhance blood flow, shear rate, or endothelial function.

Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial intima, characterized by accumulation of lipoproteins and accompanying inflammation, leading to the formation of plaques that eventually trigger occlusive thrombotic events, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Although many aspects of plaque development have been elucidated, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are lipid bilayer-delimited vesicles released by cells as mediators of intercellular communication, has only recently come into focus of atherosclerosis research. EVs comprise several subtypes that may be differentiated by their size, mode of biogenesis, or surface marker expression and cargo. The functional effects of EVs in atherosclerosis depend on their cellular origin and the specific pathophysiological context. EVs have been suggested to play a role in all stages of plaque formation. In this review, we highlight the known mechanisms by which EVs modulate atherogenesis and outline current limitations and challenges in the field.

Circulating catecholamines, endothelin-1, and nitric oxide releases do not explain the preserved FMD following acute resistance exercise in strength-trained men

PURPOSE

Acute resistance exercise decreases endothelial function in sedentary individuals but not in strength-trained (ST) individuals. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of vascular protection in ST individuals remains unclear. Herein, we compared catecholamines, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and nitric oxide (NOx) releases after acute resistance exercise between sedentary and ST individuals.

METHODS

The untrained (UT) group comprised 12 male individuals with no regular training, while the ST group comprised 12 male individuals. Participants performed a session of resistance exercise, which consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of one repetition maximum. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were measured during resistance exercise. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), blood pressure, HR, and blood collection were undertaken before and 10, 30, and 60 min after the resistance exercise.

RESULTS

No significant difference was found in baseline brachial artery FMD between the groups (P > 0.05). Brachial artery FMD was significantly reduced in the UT group (P < 0.05) but it was prevented in the ST group after the resistance exercise. Significant differences were found at 10, 30, and 60 min after the resistance exercise in brachial artery ΔFMD from baseline between groups (P < 0.05). Blood pressure, HR, plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serum endothelin-1, and plasma NOx responses did not differ between groups throughout the experimental period.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, preserved endothelial function in response to acute resistance exercise in ST male individuals is independent of catecholamines, ET-1, and NOx responses.

Relationship between Change in Physical Activity and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background

This study investigates the relationship between changes in physical activity levels and risk of metabolic syndrome.

Methods

This study examined 1,686 adults aged 40 to 69 years from a community-based cohort study with complete 1st to 4th follow-up data between 2011 and 2020. Changes in physical activity were evaluated through baseline and follow-up surveys using physical activity questionnaires. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. A survival analysis was conducted using a multivariate extended Cox regression model with a significance level set at P<0.05.

Results

Participants were divided into groups according to physical activity levels. The newly inactive group (vigorous physical activity ≤150 minutes at first follow-up) had a 36% increase in the hazard ratio (HR) for metabolic syndrome compared with the consistently inactive group (≤150 minutes at both baseline and first follow-up) (HR, 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.79). The newly active group (walking ≤420 minutes per week at baseline and >420 minutes per week at first follow-up) had a 25% decrease in the HR for metabolic syndrome compared with the consistently inactive group (walking ≤420 minutes per week at both baseline and first follow-up) (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.98).

Conclusion

Changes in physical activity levels are associated with risk of metabolic syndrome. These results provide important insights for future investigations into the link between physical activity changes and disease occurrence.

Non-neuronal cell-derived acetylcholine, a key modulator of the vascular endothelial function in health and disease

Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in regulating peripheral circulation by modulating arterial tone in the microvasculature. Elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels are required in endothelial cells to induce smooth muscle relaxation via endothelium-dependent mechanisms such as nitric oxide production, prostacyclin, and endothelial cell hyperpolarization. It is well established that exogenous administration of acetylcholine can increase intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, followed by endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Although endogenous acetylcholine's regulation of vascular tone remains debatable, recent studies have reported that endogenously derived acetylcholine, but not neuronal cell-derived acetylcholine, is a key modulator of endothelial cell function. In this minireview, we summarize the current knowledge of the non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) in vascular function, particularly vascular endothelial cell function, which contributes to blood pressure regulation. We also discuss the possible pathophysiological impact of endothelial NNCS, which may induce the development of vascular diseases due to endothelial dysfunction, and the potential of endothelial NNCS as a novel therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction in the early stages of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension.

The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and habitual physical activity on cardiovascular responses to 2 h of uninterrupted sitting

Prolonged uninterrupted sitting of >3 h has been shown to acutely cause central and peripheral cardiovascular dysfunction. However, individuals rarely sit uninterrupted for >2 h, and the cardiovascular response to this time is currently unknown. In addition, while increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and habitual physical activity (HPA) are independently associated with improvements in central and peripheral cardiovascular function, it remains unclear whether they influence the response to uninterrupted sitting. This study sought to 1) determine whether 2 h of uninterrupted sitting acutely impairs carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), femoral ankle PWV (faPWV), and central and peripheral blood pressure and 2) investigate the associations between CRF and HPA versus PWV changes during uninterrupted sitting. Following 2 h of uninterrupted sitting, faPWV significantly increased [mean difference (MD) = 0.26 m·s-1, standard error (SE) = 0.10, P = 0.013] as did diastolic blood pressure (MD = 2.83 mmHg, SE = 1.08, P = 0.014), however, cfPWV did not significantly change. Although our study shows 2 h of uninterrupted sitting significantly impairs faPWV, neither CRF (r = 0.105, P = 0.595) nor HPA (r = -0.228, P = 0.253) was associated with the increases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that neither cardiorespiratory fitness nor habitual physical activity influence central and peripheral cardiovascular responses to a 2-h bout of uninterrupted sitting in healthy young adults.

Sitting leg vasculopathy: potential adaptations beyond the endothelium

Increased sitting time, the most common form of sedentary behavior, is an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality; however, the mechanisms linking sitting to cardiovascular risk remain largely elusive. Studies over the last decade have led to the concept that excessive time spent in the sitting position and the ensuing reduction in leg blood flow-induced shear stress cause endothelial dysfunction. This conclusion has been mainly supported by studies using flow-mediated dilation in the lower extremities as the measured outcome. In this review, we summarize evidence from classic studies and more recent ones that collectively support the notion that prolonged sitting-induced leg vascular dysfunction is likely also attributable to changes occurring in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Indeed, we provide evidence that prolonged constriction of resistance arteries can lead to modifications in the structural characteristics of the vascular wall, including polymerization of actin filaments in VSMCs and inward remodeling, and that these changes manifest in a time frame that is consistent with the vascular changes observed with prolonged sitting. We expect this review will stimulate future studies with a focus on VSMC cytoskeletal remodeling as a potential target to prevent the detrimental vascular ramifications of too much sitting.

Physiology of sedentary behavior

Sedentary behaviors (SB) are characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting or reclining posture. Evidence relevant to understanding the physiology of SB can be derived from studies employing several experimental models: bed rest, immobilization, reduced step count, and reducing/interrupting prolonged SB. We examine the relevant physiological evidence relating to body weight and energy balance, intermediary metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, and immunity and inflammatory responses. Excessive and prolonged SB can lead to insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, shift in substrate use toward carbohydrate oxidation, shift in muscle fiber from oxidative to glycolytic type, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, loss of muscle mass and strength and bone mass, and increased total body fat mass and visceral fat depot, blood lipid concentrations, and inflammation. Despite marked differences across individual studies, longer term interventions aimed at reducing/interrupting SB have resulted in small, albeit marginally clinically meaningful, benefits on body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HDL concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and vascular function in adults and older adults. There is more limited evidence for other health-related outcomes and physiological systems and for children and adolescents. Future research should focus on the investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning adaptations to increasing and reducing/interrupting SB and the necessary changes in SB and physical activity to impact physiological systems and overall health in diverse population groups.

Physical Activity and Mortality in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for half of heart-related mortalities. Secondary prevention measures are aimed at enhancing the probability of survival in acute and chronic heart diseases. Physical activity (PA) has been shown to effectively reduce all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality rates. This article reviews the relationship between PA and mortality in patients with CAD. Additionally, we discuss the process of vascular changes that contributes to survival benefits in physically active CAD patients, along with exercise dosing and guideline recommendations.

RECENT FINDINGS

Recent studies have shown that physical inactivity poses a modifiable risk factor that impedes favorable vasculature remodeling, unlike active individuals. Recent meta-analyses provide strong evidence of the multifaceted advantages of PA in lowering mortality rates in patients with CAD, as opposed to physically inactive participants. In summary, substantial evidence indicates that PA is significantly associated with reduction in all-cause and CV mortality in CAD patients, with a dose-response relationship.

Prolonged sitting and peripheral vascular function: potential mechanisms and methodological considerations

Sitting time is associated with increased risks for subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease development, and this is thought to be partially due to sitting-induced disturbances in macro- and microvascular function as well as molecular imbalances. Despite surmounting evidence supporting these claims, contributing mechanisms to these phenomena remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss evidence for potential mechanisms of sitting-induced perturbations in peripheral hemodynamics and vascular function and how these potential mechanisms may be targeted using active and passive muscular contraction methods. Furthermore, we also highlight concerns regarding the experimental environment and population considerations for future studies. Optimizing prolonged sitting investigations may allow us to not only better understand the hypothesized sitting-induced transient proatherogenic environment but to also enhance methods and devise mechanistic targets to salvage sitting-induced attenuations in vascular function, which may ultimately play a role in averting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease development.

Impact of Breaking up of Sitting Time on Anti-inflammatory Response Induced by Extracellular Vesicles

Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors (SB) have promoted a dramatic increase in the incidence of a host of chronic disorders over the last century. The breaking up of sitting time (i.e., sitting to standing up transition) has been proposed as a promising solution in several epidemiological and clinical studies. In parallel to the large interest it initially created, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that breaking up prolonged sedentary time (i.e., > 7 h in sitting time) could reduce overall mortality risks by normalizing the inflammatory profile and cardiometabolic functions. Recent advances suggest that the latter health benefits, may be mediated through the immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles. Primarily composed of miRNA, lipids, mRNA and proteins, these vesicles would influence metabolism and immune system functions by promoting M1 to M2 macrophage polarization (i.e., from a pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype) and improving endothelial function. The outcomes of interrupting prolonged sitting time may be attributed to molecular mechanisms induced by circulating angiogenic cells. Functionally, circulating angiogenic cells contribute to repair and remodel the vasculature. This effect is proposed to be mediated through the secretion of paracrine factors. The present review article intends to clarify the beneficial contributions of breaking up sitting time on extracellular vesicles formation and macrophage polarization (M1 and M2 phenotypes). Hence, it will highlight key mechanistic information regarding how breaking up sitting time protocols improves endothelial health by promoting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses in human organs and tissues.

Effects of Exercise on Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease

The evidence that physical exercise has multiple beneficial effects and is essential to a healthy lifestyle is widely accepted for a long-time. The functional and psychological changes promoted by exercise improve clinical outcomes and prognosis in several diseases, by decreasing mortality, disease severity, and hospital admissions. Nonetheless, the mechanisms that regulate the release, uptake, and communication of several factors in response to exercise are still not well defined. In the last years, extracellular vesicles have attracted significant interest in the scientific community due to their ability to carry and deliver proteins, lipids, and miRNA to distant organs in the body, promoting a very exciting crosstalk machinery. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that exercise can modulate the release of those factors within EVs into the circulation, mediating its systemic adaptations.In this chapter, we summarize the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the extracellular vesicle dynamics in healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular disease. The understanding of the changes in the cargo and kinetics of extracellular vesicles in response to exercise may open new possibilities of research and encourage the development of novel therapies that mimic the effects of exercise.

Young Women Are Protected Against Vascular Insulin Resistance Induced by Adoption of an Obesogenic Lifestyle

Vascular insulin resistance is a feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes that contributes to the genesis of vascular disease and glycemic dysregulation. Data from preclinical models indicate that vascular insulin resistance is an early event in the disease course, preceding the development of insulin resistance in metabolically active tissues. Whether this is translatable to humans requires further investigation. To this end, we examined if vascular insulin resistance develops when young healthy individuals (n = 18 men, n = 18 women) transition to an obesogenic lifestyle that would ultimately cause whole-body insulin resistance. Specifically, we hypothesized that short-term (10 days) exposure to reduced ambulatory activity (from >10 000 to <5000 steps/day) and increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (6 cans/day) would be sufficient to prompt vascular insulin resistance. Furthermore, given that incidence of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease is lower in premenopausal women than in men, we postulated that young females would be protected against vascular insulin resistance. Consistent with this hypothesis, we report that after reduced ambulation and increased ingestion of carbonated beverages high in sugar, young healthy men, but not women, exhibited a blunted leg blood flow response to insulin and suppressed skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion. These findings were associated with a decrease in plasma adropin and nitrite concentrations. This is the first evidence in humans that vascular insulin resistance can be provoked by short-term adverse lifestyle changes. It is also the first documentation of a sexual dimorphism in the development of vascular insulin resistance in association with changes in adropin levels.

Detrimental effects of physical inactivity on peripheral and brain vasculature in humans: Insights into mechanisms, long-term health consequences and protective strategies

The growing prevalence of physical inactivity in the population highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how sedentary behaviour affects health, the mechanisms involved and what strategies are effective in counteracting its negative effects. Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for different pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is known to progressively lead to reduced life expectancy and quality of life, and it is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. Recent evidence indicates that uninterrupted prolonged sitting and short-term inactivity periods impair endothelial function (measured by flow-mediated dilation) and induce arterial structural alterations, predominantly in the lower body vasculature. Similar effects may occur in the cerebral vasculature, with recent evidence showing impairments in cerebral blood flow following prolonged sitting. The precise molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying inactivity-induced vascular dysfunction in humans are yet to be fully established, although evidence to date indicates that it may involve modulation of shear stress, inflammatory and vascular biomarkers. Despite the steady increase in sedentarism in our societies, only a few intervention strategies have been investigated for their efficacy in counteracting the associated vascular impairments. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence linking acute and short-term physical inactivity to detrimental effects on peripheral, central and cerebral vascular health in humans. We further examine the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms and attempt to link these to long-term consequences for cardiovascular health. Finally, we summarize and discuss the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in offsetting the negative consequences of physical inactivity.

Prior beetroot juice ingestion offsets endothelial dysfunction following prolonged sitting

Nutritional strategies to prevent endothelial dysfunction following prolonged sitting remain largely unknown. Given that beetroot juice (BRJ) ingestion enhances nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, we aimed to evaluate whether prior BRJ ingestion would prevent sitting-induced endothelial dysfunction in the leg. Eleven healthy young males (n = 7) and females (n = 4) underwent two experimental trials of prolonged sitting with prior: 1) placebo ingestion (PL trial) and 2) BRJ ingestion (BRJ trial). All subjects ingested 140 ml of PL or BRJ (~0.0055 or ~12.8 mmol of nitrate, respectively) immediately before 3 h of sitting. Pre and post-sitting measurement of popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood pressure, and blood collection were undertaken. During the sitting period, an hourly assessment of popliteal artery diameter and blood velocity, blood pressure, and blood collection was performed. Popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate were significantly and similarly reduced during the sitting period in both trials (p < 0.001). Plasma nitrate and NOx (total nitrite and nitrate) concentrations were significantly increased relative to baseline in the only BRJ trial, and the overall concentrations were significantly higher in the BRJ trial (p < 0.001). Popliteal artery FMD was significantly reduced after the sitting period in the PL trial (p < 0.05), whereas no reduction was observed in the BRJ trial. Therefore, prior BRJ ingestion would prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction via enhancing NO bioavailability.

Cardiovasomobility: an integrative understanding of how disuse impacts cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health

Cardiovasomobility is a novel concept that encompasses the integration of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function in health and disease with critical modification by physical activity, or lack thereof. Compelling evidence indicates that physical activity improves health while a sedentary, or inactive, lifestyle accelerates cardiovascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction and hastens disease progression. Identifying causative factors for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction, especially in humans, has proven difficult due to the limitations associated with cross-sectional investigations. Therefore, experimental models of physical inactivity and disuse, which mimic hospitalization, injury, and illness, provide important insight into the mechanisms and consequences of vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction. This review provides an overview of the experimental models of disuse and inactivity and focuses on the integrated responses of the vasculature and skeletal muscle in response to disuse/inactivity. The time course and magnitude of dysfunction evoked by various models of disuse/inactivity are discussed in detail, and evidence in support of the critical roles of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress are presented. Lastly, strategies aimed at preserving vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction during disuse/inactivity are reviewed. Within the context of cardiovasomobility, experimental manipulation of physical activity provides valuable insight into the mechanisms responsible for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction that limit mobility, degrade quality of life, and hasten the onset of disease.

Impact of a single bout of resistance exercise on serum Klotho in healthy young men

BACKGROUND

It has been shown that Klotho protects vascular endothelial function. Given that a single bout of resistance-exercise-induced hypertensive stimulus causes endothelial dysfunction, we postulated that acute resistance exercise would reduce serum Klotho levels. In this respect, the reduction in serum Klotho levels would be associated with the response of flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of acute resistance exercise on the Klotho response in serum. In addition, we examined the relationship between the serum Klotho and FMD responses following acute resistance exercise.

METHODS

Twelve untrained men participated in this study (20.4 ± 0.3 years). Following baseline measurements (blood pressure, blood collection, FMD), subjects performed leg extensions, which consisted of 10 repetitions for five sets at 70% of one-repetition maximum. After the exercise, measurement of blood pressure, blood collection, and FMD assessment were repeated for 60 min. We analyzed Klotho and endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations in blood serum.

RESULTS

As expected, the exercise significantly elevated blood pressure and led to decreased FMD (p < 0.05). However, Klotho concentrations were significantly increased following exercise (p < 0.05). No correlation was observed in Klotho and FMD responses following acute resistance exercise. However, there was a significant positive correlation between Klotho and ET-1 in response to resistance exercise (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the present study reveals that serum Klotho significantly increased following a single bout of resistance exercise. However, the increase in Klotho may not associate with the acute reduction in endothelial function.

Central and peripheral arterial stiffness responses to uninterrupted prolonged sitting combined with a high-fat meal: a randomized controlled crossover trial

Independently, prolonged uninterrupted sitting and the consumption of a meal high in saturated fats acutely disrupt normal cardiovascular function. Currently, the acute effects of these behaviors performed in combination on arterial stiffness, a marker of cardiovascular health, are unknown. This study sought to determine the effect of consuming a high-fat meal (Δ = 51 g fat) in conjunction with prolonged uninterrupted sitting (180 min) on measures of central and peripheral arterial stiffness. Using a randomized crossover design, 13 young healthy males consumed a high-fat (61 g) or low-fat (10 g) meal before 180 min of uninterrupted sitting. Carotid-femoral (cf) and femoral-ankle (fa) pulse wave velocity (PWV), aortic-femoral stiffness gradient (af-SG), superficial femoral PWV beta (β), and oscillometric pulse wave analysis outcomes were assessed pre and post sitting. cfPWV increased significantly more following the high-fat (mean difference [MD] = 0.59 m·s-1) meal than following the low-fat (MD = 0.2 m·s-1) meal, with no change in faPWV in either condition. The af-SG significantly decreased (worsened) (ηp2 = 0.569) over time in the high- and low-fat conditions (ratio = 0.1 and 0.1, respectively). Superficial femoral PWVβ significantly increased over time in the high- and low-fat conditions (ηp2 = 0.321; 0.8 and 0.4 m·s-1, respectively). Triglycerides increased over time in the high-fat trial only (ηp2 = 0.761). There were no significant changes in blood pressure. Consuming a high-fat meal prior to 180 min of uninterrupted sitting augments markers of cardiovascular disease risk more than consuming a low-fat meal prior to sitting.

High-intensity interval training versus progressive high-intensity circuit resistance training on endothelial function and cardiorespiratory fitness in heart failure: A preliminary randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Exercise training is strongly recommended as a therapeutic approach to treat individuals with heart failure. High-intensity exercise training modalities still controversial in this population. The study aims to preliminary assess the consequences of high-intensity exercise training modalities, aerobic interval training (HIIT) and progressive high circuit-resistance training (CRT), on primarily endothelial function and cardiorespiratory fitness, and secondly on muscle strength and physical performance in heart failure patients.

METHODS

This preliminary multicentric randomized controlled trial comprised 23 heart failure patients, aged 56 ± 10 years old, mainly New York Heart Association classification I and II (%), hemodynamically stable, who compromise at least 36 exercise sessions of a randomly assigned intervention (HIIT, CRT or control group). Endothelial function, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, muscle strength and physical performance were completed at baseline and post-intervention.

RESULTS

Although no effects on endothelial function; both HIIT and CRT modalities were able to produce a positive effect on [Formula: see text] peak (HIIT = +2.1±6.5, CRT = +3.0±4.2 and control group = -0.1± 5.3 mL/kg/min, time*group p-value<0,05) and METs (HIIT = +0.6±1.8, CRT = +0.9±1.2 and control group = 0±1.6, time*group p-value<0,05). Only HIIT increased isokinetic torque peak (HIIT = +8.8±55.8, CRT = 0.0±60.7 and control group = 1.6±57.6 Nm) matched p-value<0,05. Regarding the physical performance, the CRT modality reduced chair stand test completion time (HIIT = -0.7±3.1, CRT = -3.3±3.2 and control group = -0.3±2.5 s, matched p-value<0,05 and HIIT improved global physical performance(time*group p<0,05).

CONCLUSION

This preliminary study trends to indicate for the first time that high-intensity interval training promotes a jointly superior effect compared to progressive high intensity circuit-resistance training by improving cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and physical performance. Further research with larger cohort is necessary.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ReBEC RBR-668c8v.

Passive muscle heating attenuates the decline in vascular function caused by limb disuse

Limb disuse has profound negative consequences on both vascular and skeletal muscle health. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether repeated application of passive heat, applied to the knee extensor muscles, could mitigate the detrimental effects of limb disuse on vascular function. This was a randomized, single-blinded placebo controlled trial. Twenty-one healthy volunteers (10 women, 11 men) underwent 10 days of unilateral lower limb immobilization and were randomized to receive either a daily 2 h sham (Imm) or heat treatment (Imm+H) using pulsed shortwave diathermy. Vascular function was assessed with Doppler ultrasound of the femoral artery and the passive leg movement technique. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were also collected before and after the intervention. In Imm, femoral artery diameter (FAD) and PLM-induced hyperaemia (HYP) were reduced by 7.3% and 34.3%, respectively. Changes in both FAD (4% decrease; P = 0.0006) and HYP (7.8% increase; P = 0.003) were significantly attenuated in Imm+H. Vastus lateralis capillary density was not altered in either group. Immobilization significantly decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.006) and Akt (P = 0.001), and increased expression of angiopoietin 2 (P = 0.0004) over time, with no differences found between groups. Immobilization also upregulated elements associated with remodelling of the extracellular matrix, including matrix metalloproteinase 2 (P = 0.0046) and fibronectin (P = 0.0163), with no differences found between groups. In conclusion, limb immobilization impairs vascular endothelial function, but daily muscle heating via diathermy is sufficient to counteract this adverse effect. These are the first data to indicate that passive muscle heating mitigates disuse-induced vascular dysfunction. KEY POINTS: Limb disuse can be unavoidable for many of reasons (i.e. injury, bed rest, post-surgery), and can have significant adverse consequences for muscular and vascular health. We tested the hypothesis that declines in vascular function that result from lower limb immobilization could be mitigated by application of passive heat therapy. This report shows that 10 days of limb immobilization significantly decreases resistance artery diameter and vascular function, and that application of passive heat to the knee extensor muscle group each day for 2 h per day is sufficient to attenuate these declines. Additionally, muscle biopsy analyses showed that 10 days of heat therapy does not alter capillary density of the muscle, but upregulates multiple factors indicative of a vascular remodelling response. Our data demonstrate the utility of passive heat as a therapeutic tool to mitigate losses in lower limb vascular function that occur from disuse.

The central role of mitochondrial fitness on antiviral defenses: An advocacy for physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic

Mitochondria are central regulators of cellular metabolism, most known for their role in energy production. They can be "enhanced" by physical activity (including exercise), which increases their integrity, efficiency and dynamic adaptation to stressors, in short "mitochondrial fitness". Mitochondrial fitness is closely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. Given the importance of mitochondria in immune functions, it is thus not surprising that cardiorespiratory fitness is also an integral determinant of the antiviral host defense and vulnerability to infection. Here, we first briefly review the role of physical activity in viral infections. We then summarize mitochondrial functions that are relevant for the antiviral immune response with a particular focus on the current Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic and on innate immune function. Finally, the modulation of mitochondrial and cardiorespiratory fitness by physical activity, aging and the chronic diseases that represent the most common comorbidities of COVID-19 is discussed. We conclude that a high mitochondrial - and related cardiorespiratory - fitness should be considered as protective factors for viral infections, including COVID-19. This assumption is corroborated by reduced mitochondrial fitness in many established risk factors of COVID-19, like age, various chronic diseases or obesity. We argue for regular analysis of the cardiorespiratory fitness of COVID-19 patients and the promotion of physical activity - with all its associated health benefits - as preventive measures against viral infection.

Effects of structured home-based exercise training on circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial function in patients with intermittent claudication

INTRODUCTION

Exercise training improves walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), endothelial microparticles (EMPs), and endothelial dysfunction could play a role in this process.

METHODS

We measured EPCs and EMPs in a group of 60 patients with IC, and in a control group of 20 individuals without IC, before a treadmill test and 2, 24, and 48 hours after the test. Thirty patients with IC were randomly assigned to perform a 12-week home-based exercise training program. The EPC count, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, pain-free walking time (PFWT), and maximum walking time (MWT) were measured at the baseline and after the exercise training program.

RESULTS

In patients with IC, EMPs significantly increased 2 hours after the treadmill test, whereas EPCs significantly increased after 24 hours. Among the subjects assigned to complete the training program, we observed a significant increase in the number of EPCs after 12 weeks, as well as an improvement in FMD, PFWT, and MWT. A significant correlation between the variation of EPCs, FMD, and MWT was found. The increase of EPCs and FMD were independent determinants of the walking capacity improvement, without significant interaction.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that EPCs mobilization contributes to the improvement of walking capacity in patients with IC undergoing structured physical training. A number of different, partly independent, mechanisms are involved in this process, and our results highlight the potential role of EMPs release and endothelial function improvement. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04302571.

High-but not moderate-intensity exercise acutely attenuates hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the internal carotid artery in young men

PURPOSE

Exercise-induced increases in shear rate (SR) across different exercise intensities may differentially affect hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the internal carotid artery (ICA), a potential index of cerebrovascular function. We aimed to elucidate the effects of exercise intensity on ICA SR during exercise and post-exercise hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the ICA in young men.

METHODS

Twelve healthy men completed 30 min of cycling at moderate [MIE; 65 ± 5% of age-predicted maximal heart rate (HR_max)] and high (HIE; 85 ± 5% HR_max) intensities. Hypercapnia-induced vasodilation was induced by 3 min of hypercapnia (target end-tidal partial pressure of CO₂ + 10 mmHg) and was assessed at pre-exercise, 5 min and 60 min after exercise. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure ICA diameter and blood velocity during exercise and hypercapnia tests.

RESULTS

SR was not altered during either exercise (interaction and main effects of time; both P > 0.05). ICA conductance decreased during HIE from resting values (5.1 ± 1.3 to 3.2 ± 1.0 mL·min^-1·mmHg^-1; P < 0.01) but not during MIE (5.0 ± 1.3 to 4.0 ± 0.8 mL·min^-1·mmHg^-1; P = 0.11). Consequently, hypercapnia-induced vasodilation declined immediately after HIE (6.9 ± 1.7% to 4.0 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01), but not after MIE (7.2 ± 2.1% to 7.3 ± 1.8%; P > 0.05). Sixty minutes after exercise, hypercapnia-induced vasodilation returned to baseline values in both trials (MIE 8.0 ± 3.1%; HIE 6.4 ± 2.9%; both P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The present study showed blunted hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the ICA immediately after high-intensity exercise, but not a moderate-intensity exercise in young men. Given that the acute response is partly linked to the adaptive response in the peripheral endothelial function, the effects of aerobic training on cerebrovascular health may vary depending on exercise intensity.

Short-Term Physical Inactivity Induces Endothelial Dysfunction

Objective

This study examined the effects of a short-term reduction in physical activity, and subsequent resumption, on metabolic profiles, body composition and cardiovascular (endothelial) function.

Design

Twenty-eight habitually active (≥10,000 steps/day) participants (18 female, 10 male; age 32 ± 11 years; BMI 24.3 ± 2.5 kg/m²) were assessed at baseline, following 14 days of step-reduction and 14 days after resuming habitual activity.

Methods

Physical activity was monitored throughout (SenseWear Armband). Endothelial function (flow mediated dilation; FMD), cardiorespiratory fitness ( V . ⁢ O 2 peak) and body composition including liver fat (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were determined at each assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way within subject's ANOVA; data presented as mean (95% CI).

Results

Participants decreased their step count from baseline by 10,111 steps/day (8949, 11,274; P < 0.001), increasing sedentary time by 103 min/day (29, 177; P < 0.001). Following 14 days of step-reduction, endothelial function was reduced by a 1.8% (0.4, 3.3; P = 0.01) decrease in FMD. Following resumption of habitual activity, FMD increased by 1.4%, comparable to the baseline level 0.4% (-1.8, 2.6; P = 1.00). Total body fat, waist circumference, liver fat, whole body insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness were all adversely affected by 14 days step-reduction (P < 0.05) but returned to baseline levels following resumption of activity.

Conclusion

This data shows for the first time that whilst a decline in endothelial function is observed following short-term physical inactivity, this is reversed on resumption of habitual activity. The findings highlight the need for public health interventions that focus on minimizing time spent in sedentary behavior.

Impact of the state of emergency enacted due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical activity of the elderly in Japan

[Purpose] In Japan, the government issued a state of emergency due to the spread of COVID-19 in April 2020. In this study, we measured physical activity before and after the state of emergency, and assessed the factors that affected physical activity. [Participants and Methods] We included thirteen elderly people living in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, in the study. The participants wore 3-axis accelerometer on their hips to measure physical activity for a week, before (in October 2019) and after the state of emergency. According to the median rate of decrease in physical activity (23.6%), we divided the participants into two groups: one group had participants with a high rate of decrease (low physical activity) and the other had participants with a low rate of decrease (high physical activity). [Results] The following factors decreased after the state of emergency: total physical activity, amount of moderate-intensity physical activity and activities of daily living, amount of light-intensity physical activity and walking, daily activity time, and daily steps. Statistical analysis showed that engaging in housework was associated with high physical activity. [Conclusion] Elderly people who engaged in household chores had a smaller decrease in physical activity. In order to reduce the decrease in physical activity and the risk of cardiovascular events, the elderly should perform as many daily activities and hobbies as they can while paying attention to the infection control measures.

The Dual Role of Platelets in the Cardiovascular Risk of Chronic Inflammation

Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases often exhibit cardiovascular risk. This risk is associated with the systemic inflammation that persists in these patients, causing a sustained endothelial activation. Different mechanisms have been considered responsible for this systemic inflammation, among which activated platelets have been regarded as a major player. However, in recent years, the role of platelets has become controversial. Not only can this subcellular component release pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, but it can also bind to different subsets of circulating lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils modulating their function in either direction. How platelets exert this dual role is not yet fully understood.

Impact of green tea on the deleterious cardiometabolic effects of 7-days unhealthy lifestyle in young healthy males

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to examine if catechin-rich green tea abrogates the negative effects of 7-days of physical inactivity and excessive calorie-intake on insulin homeostasis and peripheral vascular function.

METHODS

Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, twelve healthy men (29 ± 6 yrs) underwent 7-days unhealthy lifestyle (UL), including physical inactivity (-50% steps/day) and overfeeding (+50% kcal/day). This was combined with green tea consumption (UL-tea; 3 doses/day) or placebo (UL-placebo). Before and after each intervention, we examined postprandial blood glucose and insulin (3-h after a 1,202 kcal meal) and upper and lower limb vascular function (flow-mediated dilation (FMD%)) and carotid artery reactivity (CAR%).

RESULTS

UL-placebo increased postprandial glucose and insulin, while UL-tea decreased postprandial glucose and insulin (Time*Intervention interaction effects: both p < 0.05). UL-placebo decreased CAR% and femoral FMD%, while UL-tea prevented these effects (Time*Intervention interaction effects of p < 0.04 and p < 0.001, respectively). There was no main effect of Time or Time*Intervention interaction (both p > 0.05) for brachial FMD%.

CONCLUSION

Seven days of physical inactivity and overfeeding impair insulin homeostasis and vascular function. These effects were mitigated by a daily intake of catechin-rich green tea.

Exercise and Circulating Microparticles in Healthy Subjects

This study aimed to explore the relationship between exercise and circulating microparticles (CMPs). PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched until August 13, 2020, using the terms "exercise" and "cell-derived microparticles." The Cochrane tool of risk of bias and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies were used to grade the studies. Twenty-six studies that met criteria were included in this review, including one before-after self-control study, 2 cohort studies, 4 randomized control trials, 5 case-control studies, and 14 descriptive studies. The studies were divided into a single bout and long-term exercise. The types of MPs contained endothelium-derived microparticles (EMPs), leukocyte-derived microparticles (LMPs), platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), and erythrocyte-derived microparticles (ErMPs). This first systematic review found that the levels of CMPs continued to increase after a single bout of exercise in untrained subjects and were lower in trained subjects. PMPs expressed a transient increase after a single bout of exercise, and the proportion and duration of PMPs increment reduced in long-term exercise. Most studies showed a decline in LMPs in trained subjects after a single bout and long-term exercise, and variable changes were found in EMPs and ErMPs after exercise. A single bout of exercise drives the vessels exposed to high shear stress that promotes the formation of CMPs. However, the decline in CMPs in trained subjects may be attributed to the fact that they have a better ability to adapt to changes in hemodynamics and cellular function during exercise.

Relationship Between Daily Sedentary Behaviors and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults: Results from a Health Survey in Taean-Gun, Republic of Korea

Background: It is unclear whether sedentary behavior is associated with metabolic risk, being independent of physical activity and other possible confounders. This study aimed to evaluate an association between sedentary behaviors and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 987 Korean adults aged 40 years or older. Information on study variables, including physical activity, awake and sitting time, and components of MetS, was collected by a self-administered questionnaire, physical measurement, and laboratory test. MetS was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III and Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS associated with absolute sitting time, high sedentary ratio (>0.5), and other selected covariates, including age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, educational attainment, daily meal times, regular exercise, intensity of physical activities, and sleep and nap duration. Results: After considering other selected variables, the risk of MetS was found to be higher by about 54% among subjects who had a higher sedentary ratio (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.04-2.28). Every hour increase in sitting time was associated with increased risk of MetS (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99-1.11) with borderline significance (P = 0.119). Conclusions: Sedentary behavior was independently associated with an increased risk of MetS, suggesting that efforts to reduce the sedentary time might be also important for metabolic health in addition to encouraging adequate physical exercise. Clinical trial number is not applicable to this study.

Covid-19 Quarantine: Impact of Lifestyle Behaviors Changes on Endothelial Function and Possible Protective Effect of Beetroot Juice

The current recommendation for reducing person-to-person Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) transmission is social distancing, including remote work and school, and home confinement. However, confinement may cause negative feelings, such as frustration, anger, boredom, and stress, in quarantined people. Furthermore, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity behaviors are commonly linked to home confinement, leading to weight gain, metabolic disorders, smoking, and exacerbated alcohol consumption. As a result, these unhealthy behaviors are typically linked to vascular endothelium damage (endothelial dysfunction), which is a first step for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given that CVD is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, attenuating the progression of endothelial dysfunction is very important for the control of CVD. Consuming vegetable rich in nitrate, such as beetroots, may be an effective way to prevent endothelial dysfunction. Several emerging studies have recommended beetroot juice in order to improve endothelial function in hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic individuals, as well as in those with CVD risk factors. Therefore, nitrate-rich vegetable consumption, such as beetroot, should be encouraged to be included in the diet during confinement from COVID-19 outbreaks in order to alleviate the potential negative effect of home confinement on cardiovascular health.

Vascular and Microvascular Dysfunction Induced by Microgravity and Its Analogs in Humans: Mechanisms and Countermeasures

Weightlessness and physical inactivity have deleterious cardiovascular effects. The space environment and its ground-based models offer conditions to study the cardiovascular effects of physical inactivity in the absence of other vascular risk factors, particularly at the macro- and microcirculatory levels. However, the mechanisms involved in vascular dysfunction and remodeling are not sufficiently studied in the context of weightlessness and its analogs including models of physical inactivity. Here, we summarize vascular and microvascular changes induced by space flight and observed in models of microgravity and physical inactivity and review the effects of prophylactic strategies (i.e., countermeasures) on vascular and microvascular function. We discuss physical (e.g., exercise, vibration, lower body negative pressure, and artificial gravity) and nutritional/pharmacological (e.g., caloric restriction, resveratrol, and other vegetal extracts) countermeasures. Currently, exercise countermeasure appears to be the most effective to protect vascular function. Although pharmacological countermeasures are not currently considered to fight vascular changes due to microgravity, nutritional countermeasures are very promising. Dietary supplements/natural health products, especially plant extracts, should be extensively studied. The best prophylactic strategy is likely a combination of countermeasures that are effective not only at the cardiovascular level but also for the organism as a whole, but this strategy remains to be determined.

Maintenance of endothelial function following acute resistance exercise in females is associated with a tempered blood pressure response

Acute resistance exercise-induced hypertensive stimulus impairs endothelial function in males. Because prior work indicates that female subjects have a tempered blood pressure response to acute resistance exercise, we hypothesized that, compared with males, females would better maintain endothelial function following resistance exercise and that this preservation would be associated with a lower hypertensive stimulus. Twenty-nine young healthy males (n = 16) and females (n = 13) participated in this study. All subjects performed a session of resistance exercise (leg extension) at the same relative workload [65% of one repetition maximum (1RM)]. The blood pressure response to exercise was characterized, and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before and after. Males performed a second experimental trial in which the blood pressure response to resistance exercise was matched to that of females. This was accomplished by reducing the workload (~25% of 1RM). When resistance exercise was performed at the same relative workload, the systolic blood pressure was greater in males compared with females. Congruently, resistance exercise caused a significant impairment in FMD in males but not in females (P < 0.001). When the exercise workload was reduced in males, they no longer displayed an impairment in FMD following resistance exercise and, as such, the sex difference was abolished (P > 0.05). The present study reveals that acute resistance exercise transiently impairs endothelial function in young, healthy males but not in age-matched females. Notably, the maintenance of endothelial function in females is associated with a lower blood pressure response during resistance exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present data demonstrate for the first time that acute resistance exercise impairs endothelial function in young, healthy male but not female subjects. In addition, we show that the preservation of endothelial function in females is associated with a mitigated blood pressure response during resistance exercise. Accordingly, this work portrays a sexual dimorphism in the barostress response, and ensuing vascular effects, to resistance exercise.

Physical activity during COVID-19 induced lockdown: recommendations

Measures aiming at containing the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include isolation, social distancing, and quarantine. Quarantine and other lockdown instruments show promise in reducing the number of COVID-19 infections and deaths. It is reasonable to assume that lockdown leads to reduced levels of physical activity in the general population. Potential detrimental health effects of lockdown, such as psychological distress and physical inactivity induced maladaptations must be addressed. The current review summarizes harmful effects of limited physical activity on mental and physical health due to social distancing and quarantine and highlights the effects of simple physical activity regimes counteracting these detrimental effects, with a special emphasis on acute effects.

Sex-specific alterations in blood-borne factors in physically inactive individuals are detrimental to endothelial cell functions

Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of both habitual endurance exercise and the female sex on vascular function are incompletely understood. Blood-borne circulating factors, such as circulating microRNAs (ci-miRs), may partially explain these effects. Blood samples were obtained from young, healthy men and women who either habitually performed endurance exercise (endurance trained) or were relatively inactive (sedentary). Women were tested during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle or the placebo pill phase of oral contraceptive to control for estrogen. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to participants' serum in migration, proliferation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify an initial array of 84 cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related ci-miRs, followed by validation of 10 ci-miRs. All participants were devoid of traditional CVD risk factors, and circulating estradiol concentration was not different between groups. Serum of endurance-trained women induced greater HUVEC migration compared with serum of sedentary women. HUVEC ROS production was greater in response to serum of sedentary men compared with serum of endurance-trained men and sedentary women. There were sex effects on the levels of nine ci-miRs, with greater levels in men, while ci-miRs-140-5p and 145-5p were also higher in sedentary compared with endurance-trained men and/or women. In a sex-specific manner, habitual endurance exercise was associated with beneficial effects of serum on HUVECs. Thus, alterations in circulating factors may contribute to the protective effects of habitual endurance exercise on vascular health. Additionally, sex had a greater impact than habitual activity level on the levels of vascular-related ci-miRs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Serum from sedentary women caused impaired endothelial migration, whereas serum from sedentary men elicited increased endothelial reactive oxygen species production as compared with serum from their endurance-trained counterparts. Select CVD-related circulating microRNAs (ci-miRs) were higher in men than women, while ci-miRs-140-5p and 145-5p were also higher in sedentary versus trained men and/or women. Our data suggest that alterations in circulating factors may contribute to the protective effects of habitual exercise and sex on vascular health.

Sex and light physical activity impact popliteal, but not brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in physically active young adults

When controlling for baseline diameter, males have greater brachial flow-mediated dilation (BA-FMD) responses than females. It is unclear whether sex differences in baseline diameter also influences popliteal FMD (POP-FMD), which may be impacted by cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels. We hypothesized that males would exhibit greater BA-FMD and POP-FMD when allometrically scaled to baseline diameter. FMD (ultrasonography), cardiorespiratory fitness (indirect calorimetry), and objectively measured physical activity were assessed in males (n = 13; age, 23 ± 3 years; peak oxygen consumption, 48.0 ± 7.1 mL·kg^-1·min^-1) and females (n = 13; age, 24 ± 2 years; peak oxygen consumption, 36.8 ± 6.0 mL·kg^-1·min^-1). Both groups had similarly high levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (503 ± 174 vs. 430 ± 142 min·week^-1, p = 0.25). However, males were more aerobically fit (p < 0.001) and females accumulated more light-intensity physical activity (182 ± 67 vs. 127 ± 53 min·week^-1, p = 0.03). Relative and allometrically scaled BA-FMD were similar (both, p ≥ 0.09) between sexes. In contrast, relative (6.2% ± 1.0% vs. 4.6% ± 1.4%, p = 0.001) and scaled (6.8% ± 1.7% vs. 4.7% ± 1.7%, p = 0.03) POP-FMD were greater in females. Relative POP-FMD was related to light-intensity physical activity in the pooled sample (r = 0.43; p = 0.04). However, the enhanced relative POP-FMD in females remained after adjusting for higher light-intensity physical activity levels (p = 0.01). Young females have enhanced popliteal, but not brachial, endothelial health than males with similar moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity levels and higher cardiorespiratory fitness. Novelty In physically active adults, females had greater POP-FMD but not BA-FMD than males. The enhanced POP-FMD in females was not related to greater vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to nitric oxide or their smaller baseline diameters. POP-FMD was associated with light physical activity levels in the pooled sample.

Effect of Physical Exercise on the Release of Microparticles with Angiogenic Potential

Cellular communication has a fundamental role in both human physiological and pathological states and various mechanisms are involved in the crosstalk between organs. Among these, microparticles (MPs) have an important involvement. MPs are a subtype of extracellular vesicles produced by a variety of cells following activation or apoptosis. They are normally present in physiological conditions, but their concentration varies in pathological states such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or cancer. Acute and chronic physical exercise are able to modify MPs amounts as well. Among various actions, exercise-responsive MPs affect angiogenesis, the process through which new blood vessels grow from pre-existing vessels. Usually, the neo vascular growth has functional role; but an aberrant neovascularization accompanies several oncogenic, ischemic, or inflammatory diseases. In addition, angiogenesis is one of the key adaptations to physical exercise and training. In the present review, we report evidence regarding the effect of various typologies of exercise on circulating MPs that are able to affect angiogenesis.

Impacts of prolonged sitting with mild hypercapnia on vascular and autonomic function in healthy recreationally active adults

Prolonged sitting, which is known to impair peripheral vascular function, often occurs in spaces (e.g., offices) with mild hypercapnic atmospheres. However, the effects of prolonged sitting in hypercapnic conditions on vascular function are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prolonged sitting in mild hypercapnic conditions on vascular and autonomic function in humans. Twelve healthy young adults participated in two experimental visits that consisted of sitting for 2.5 h in a control condition [normal atmospheric conditions sitting (PSIT)] or a mild hypercapnic condition (HCAP; CO₂ = 1,500 ppm). During each visit, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), brachial and popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were assessed before and after prolonged sitting. Sitting significantly decreased AIx in both groups (P < 0.05). Brachial and popliteal FMD were reduced with sitting (P < 0.05), and the reduction in popliteal FMD was amplified by HCAP (P < 0.05). Baseline microvascular oxygenation was decreased following sitting in both groups (P < 0.05). However, microvascular reoxygenation upon cuff release was slower only in HCAP (P < 0.05). HRV, HR, BP, and PWV did not significantly change with sitting in either group (P > 0.05). We conclude that prolonged sitting attenuated both brachial and popliteal endothelial function and was associated with perturbed microcirculation. Additionally, mild hypercapnic conditions further impaired peripheral endothelial and microvascular function. Together, these findings suggest that prolonged sitting is accompanied by a host of deleterious effects on the vasculature, which are exacerbated by mild hypercapnia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this study reveal that prolonged sitting attenuates endothelial function and microvascular function. Additionally, prolonged sitting with mild hypercapnia, which is similar to everyday environments, further exacerbates peripheral endothelial function and microvascular function.

Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase physical inactivity and the global burden of cardiovascular disease

Emerging data indicate a substantial decrease in global physical activity levels during the period of social isolation adopted worldwide to contain the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Confinement-induced decreases in physical activity levels and increases in sedentary behavior may provoke a rapid deterioration of cardiovascular health and premature deaths among populations with increased cardiovascular risk. Even short-term (1-4 wk) inactivity has been linked with detrimental effects in cardiovascular function and structure and increased cardiovascular risk factors. In this unprecedented and critical scenario, home-based physical activity programs arise as a clinically relevant intervention to promote health benefits to cardiac patients. Many studies have demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of different models of home-based exercise programs in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and major cardiovascular events among different populations. This body of knowledge can inform evidence-based policies to be urgently implemented to counteract the impact of increased physical inactivity and sedentary behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak, thereby alleviating the global burden of cardiovascular disease.

Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented health crisis as entire populations have been asked to self-isolate and live in home-confinement for several weeks to months, which in itself represents a physiological challenge with significant health risks. This paper describes the impact of sedentarism on the human body at the level of the muscular, cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine and nervous systems and is based on evidence from several models of inactivity, including bed rest, unilateral limb suspension, and step-reduction. Data form these studies show that muscle wasting occurs rapidly, being detectable within two days of inactivity. This loss of muscle mass is associated with fibre denervation, neuromuscular junction damage and upregulation of protein breakdown, but is mostly explained by the suppression of muscle protein synthesis. Inactivity also affects glucose homeostasis as just few days of step reduction or bed rest, reduce insulin sensitivity, principally in muscle. Additionally, aerobic capacity is impaired at all levels of the O₂ cascade, from the cardiovascular system, including peripheral circulation, to skeletal muscle oxidative function. Positive energy balance during physical inactivity is associated with fat deposition, associated with systemic inflammation and activation of antioxidant defences, exacerbating muscle loss. Importantly, these deleterious effects of inactivity can be diminished by routine exercise practice, but the exercise dose-response relationship is currently unknown. Nevertheless, low to medium-intensity high volume resistive exercise, easily implementable in home-settings, will have positive effects, particularly if combined with a 15-25% reduction in daily energy intake. This combined regimen seems ideal for preserving neuromuscular, metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Associations among Bone Mineral Density, Physical Activity and Nutritional Intake in Middle-Aged Women with High Levels of Arterial Stiffness: A Pilot Study

There is little consensus regarding the impacts of physical activity and nutrient intake on bone mineral density (BMD) in subjects with high or low levels of arterial stiffness. This study was performed to investigate whether physical activity and nutrient intake are associated with BMD in middle-aged women with high levels of arterial stiffness. The study population consisted of middle-aged women aged 40–64 years (n = 22). BMD was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) was used as an indicator of arterial stiffness. Subjects were divided into two groups by median cf-PWV. Physical activity in free-living conditions was evaluated using a triaxial accelerometer. Nutrient intake was also measured using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. In the High-PWV group, BMD showed a significant negative correlation with age. Using a partial correlation model, BMD was associated with the number of steps and unsaturated fatty acid intake in the High-PWV group. These results suggest that BMD in middle-aged women with high levels of arterial stiffness may be associated with both the number of steps and nutritional intake. Recommendations of physical activity and nutritional intake for the prevention of osteopenia should include consideration of arterial stiffness.

Exercise and Peripheral Arteriosclerosis

Adaptation of a healthy lifestyle including adequate daily physical activity is shown to reduce 80% of cardiovascular mortality and 40% of cancer-related deaths. A large body of evidence exists proving that this relationship is dose dependent, and even half of the recommended normal physical activity yields significant risk reduction. There has been no medical therapy that would provide such high percentages of reduction in mortality to date. The World Health Organization, therefore, has started an initiative to implement exercise into daily life as a primary prevention measure. Herein, we will focus on the effects of exercise on the vasculature, mainly the peripheral vasculature, in the context of atherosclerotic disease. Exercise has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease. It exerts a protective effect against the development of atherosclerosis irrespective of other cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, exercise induces changes in vascular hemodynamics helping us to elucidate the presence of obscure vascular involvement. Once again, exercise is the main treatment modality in peripheral arterial disease with accumulating evidence to reduce symptoms and improve both exercise capacity and cardiovascular symptoms.

Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health

Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are among the leading modifiable risk factors worldwide for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The promotion of physical activity and exercise training (ET) leading to improved levels of cardiorespiratory fitness is needed in all age groups, race, and ethnicities and both sexes to prevent many chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss the negative impact of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, as well as the beneficial effects of physical activity /ET and cardiorespiratory fitness for the prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease. We review the prognostic utility of cardiorespiratory fitness compared with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, as well as the increase of physical activity /ET for patients with heart failure as a therapeutic strategy, and ET dosing. Greater efforts at preventing sedentary behavior and physical inactivity while promoting physical activity, ET, and cardiorespiratory fitness are needed throughout the healthcare system worldwide and particularly in the United States in which the burden of cardiometabolic diseases remains extremely high.

Metabolic Implications of Diet and Energy Intake during Physical Inactivity

PURPOSE

Physical inactivity is associated with disruptions in glucose metabolism and energy balance, whereas energy restriction may blunt these adverse manifestations. During hypocaloric feeding, higher-protein intake maintains lean mass which is an important component of metabolic health. This study determined whether mild energy restriction preserves glycemic control during physical inactivity and whether this preservation is more effectively achieved with a higher-protein diet.

METHODS

Ten adults (24 ± 1 yr) consumed a control (64% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 16% protein) and higher-protein diet (50% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 30% protein) during two 10-d inactivity periods (>10,000 → ~5000 steps per day) in a randomized crossover design. Energy intake was decreased by ~400 kcal·d to account for reduced energy expenditure associated with inactivity. A subset of subjects (n = 5) completed 10 d of inactivity while consuming 35% excess of their basal energy requirements, which served as a positive control condition (overfeeding+inactivity).

RESULTS

Daily steps were decreased from 12,154 ± 308 to 4275 ± 269 steps per day (P < 0.05) which was accompanied by reduced V˙O2max (-1.8 ± 0.7 mL·kg·min, P < 0.05), independent of diet conditions. No disruptions in fasting or postprandial glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids in response to 75 g of oral glucose were observed after inactivity for both diet conditions (P > 0.05). Overfeeding+inactivity increased body weight, body fat, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and 2-h postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations (P < 0.05), despite no changes in lipid concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

We show that independent of diet (normal vs higher-protein), mild energy restriction preserves metabolic function during short-term inactivity in healthy subjects. That is, metabolic deterioration with inactivity only manifests in the setting of energy surplus.

Eight weeks of fish oil supplementation does not prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction

Prolonged sitting impairs leg endothelial function and this impairment is thought to be mediated by a sustained reduction in blood flow-induced shear stress. However, whether nutritional strategies can be used to prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that 8 weeks of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation would prevent endothelial dysfunction associated with sitting. Nineteen healthy men were randomly assigned to a placebo group or EPA+DHA group in a double-blind fashion. The EPA+DHA group was administered EPA-rich fish oil, containing 600 mg EPA and 260 mg DHA per day for 8 weeks. The placebo group received matching capsules for the same duration of time. Popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured at baseline and before and after a 3-h sitting period. During sitting, blood pressure, popliteal artery diameter, and blood velocity were measured every hour. Throughout the sitting period, popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate were markedly and similarly reduced in both groups (P < 0.05). However, counter to the hypothesis, 3 h of sitting impaired popliteal artery FMD to the same extent in both groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, daily EPA and DHA supplementation is not effective at preventing the detrimental effects of prolonged sitting on leg endothelial function. Novelty We provide evidence that sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction in young healthy subjects cannot be remediated by a nutritional strategy known to produce cardiovascular benefits. This could be partially due to the low total dose of EPA and DHA administered.

Arterial stiffness during hyperglycemia in older adults with high physical activity vs low physical activity

We compared arterial stiffness after glucose intake in active and inactive elderly people with impaired glucose tolerance and clarified whether physical activity was associated with arterial stiffness after ingestion of glucose. Twenty older adults with impaired glucose tolerance were analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Based on the international physical activity questionnaire, participants were divided into the active group (daily step count: 10,175.9 ± 837.8 steps/day, n = 10) or the inactive group (daily step count: 4,125.6 ± 485.9 steps/day, n = 10). Brachial-ankle (systemic) and heart-brachial (aortic) pulse wave velocity and cardio-ankle vascular index (systemic) were increased at 30, 60, and 90 min compared to baseline after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in the inactive but not the active group. Heart-brachial pulse wave velocity did not change compared to baseline after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in either group. The area under the curve for brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was associated with daily living activity (r = -0.577, p = 0.008), daily step activity (r = -0.546, p = 0.013), and the daily step count (r = -0.797, p = 0.0001). The present findings indicate that physical activity or inactivity is associated with arterial stiffness following glucose ingestion.

Sex does not influence impairments in popliteal endothelial-dependent vasodilator or vasoconstrictor responses following prolonged sitting

An acute bout of prolonged sitting (PS) impairs the popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) response. Despite equivocal reductions in mean shear rate, young women demonstrate an attenuated decline in popliteal FMD versus young men. However, it is uncertain whether popliteal endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor responses [low-flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC)] are similarly affected by PS and/or whether sex differences exist. We tested the hypothesis that women would have attenuated reductions in both popliteal FMD and L-FMC responses following an acute bout of PS. Popliteal FMD and L-FMC responses were assessed via duplex ultrasonography before and after a 3-h bout of PS. These responses were then compared between 10 men (24 ± 2 yr) and 10 women (23 ± 2 yr) with similar ( P > 0.13) levels of objectively measured habitual physical activity (via PiezoRx) and sedentary time (via activPAL). At baseline, men and women exhibited similar ( P > 0.46) popliteal FMD (4.8 ± 1.2 vs. 4.5 ± 0.6%) and L-FMC (–1.7 ± 1.0 vs. –1.9 ± 0.9%) responses. Both sexes experienced identical (group: P > 0.76; time: P < 0.001) PS-induced impairments in popliteal FMD (–2.8 ± 1.4 vs. –2.6 ± 0.9%) and L-FMC (1.3 ± 0.7% vs. 1.4 ± 0.7%). In young adults, sex did not influence the negative PS-induced FMD, L-FMC, or microvascular responses in the lower limb. As such, our findings suggest that young men and women are similarly susceptible to the acute negative vascular effects of PS. Future studies should extend these findings to older, less physically active adults and/or patients with vascular disease.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We compared changes in popliteal artery endothelial function to a single 3-h bout of sitting between young men and women. Both groups exhibited similar endothelial-dependent vasodilation (i.e., flow-mediated dilation) and endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor responses (i.e., low-flow-mediated constriction) at baseline and equivocal impairments in these measures of endothelial function following prolonged sitting. These findings demonstrate that acute impairments in conduit artery endothelial health associated with uninterrupted sitting are not influenced by sex in young, healthy adults.

An accumulation of muscle macrophages is accompanied by altered insulin sensitivity after reduced activity and recovery

BACKGROUND

Mechanisms underlying physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance are not well understood. In addition to a role in muscle repair, immune cell populations such as macrophages may regulate insulin sensitivity.

AIM

The aim of this study was to examine if the dynamic changes in insulin sensitivity during and after recovery from reduced physical activity corresponded to changes in skeletal muscle macrophages.

METHODS

In this prospective clinical study, we collected muscle biopsies from healthy older adults (70 ± 2 years, n = 12) before and during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and this occurred before (PRE) and after 2-week reduced physical activity (RA), and following 2-week of recovery (REC). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp), skeletal muscle mRNA expression of inflammatory markers, and immunofluorescent quantification of skeletal muscle macrophages, myofibre-specific satellite cell and capillary content were assessed.

RESULTS

Insulin sensitivity was decreased following reduced activity and rebounded following recovery above PRE levels. We observed an increase (P < 0.01) in muscle macrophages (CD68⁺ CD206⁺ : 190 [55, 324]; CD11b⁺ CD206⁺ : 117 [28, 205]% change from PRE) and CD68 (2.4 [1.4, 3.4]-fold) and CCL2 (1.9 [1.3, 2.5]-fold) mRNA following RA concurrent with increased (P < 0.03) satellite cells (55 [6, 104]%) in slow-twitch myofibres. Moreover, the distance of satellite cells to the nearest capillary was increased 7.7 (1.7, 13.7) µm in fast-twitch myofibres at RA (P = 0.007). Changes in macrophages were positively associated with increased insulin sensitivity following RA (R > 0.57, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that a dynamic response of skeletal muscle macrophages following acute changes in physical activity in healthy older adults is related to insulin sensitivity.