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Costa-Pereira LV, Mendes BF, Magalhães COD, Rodrigues CM, de Andrade JA, de Pereira RRS, Esteves EA, Cassilhas RC, Andrade EF, Gripp F, de Magalhães FC, Sampaio KH, Improta-Caria AC, Amorim FT, Dias-Peixoto MF. Cardiometabolic and Cellular Adaptations to Multiple vs. Single Daily HIIT Sessions in Wistar Rats: Impact of Short-Term Detraining. Metabolites 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 39195543 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple short daily bouts of HIIT are more effective than single daily sessions in improving cardiometabolic and cellular adaptations in rats. We hypothesize that a short period of detraining is sufficient to abolish the superior adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily sessions of HIIT in rats. Male rats were divided into untrained, 1xHIIT, and 3xHIIT groups. Over eight weeks, the 1xHIIT group performed 115 min single daily sessions of HIIT, while the 3xHIIT group performed three 5 min sessions with 4 h intervals. After training, both groups remained sedentary for four weeks (detraining). Resting oxygen consumption (VO2), body composition, glucose/insulin tolerance, and blood pressure were recorded. After euthanasia, cardiac function/histology and gastrocnemius mitochondrial density were analyzed. After training, both 1xHIIT and 3xHIIT protocols induced similar improvements in VO2, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), cardiac function/hypertrophy, and gastrocnemius mitochondrial density. These effects were maintained even after detraining. Only the 3xHIIT protocol improved insulin sensitivity. After detraining, this effect was abolished. After training, both 1xHIIT and 3xHIIT protocols reduced adiposity. After detraining, the adiposity increased in both groups, with a more pronounced increase in the 3xHIIT rats. A four-week detraining period abolishes the superior adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily HIIT sessions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Vanessa Costa-Pereira
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ferreira Mendes
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Caíque Olegário Diniz Magalhães
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Maria Rodrigues
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Júllia Alves de Andrade
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Ramona Ramalho Souza de Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabethe Adriana Esteves
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Gripp
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávio Castro de Magalhães
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Kinulpe Honorato Sampaio
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias-Peixoto
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil
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Somani YB, Boidin M, Peggen MAG, Wanders I, Proctor DN, Low DA, Jones H, Lip GYH, Thijssen DHJ. Single and 7-day handgrip and squat exercise prevents endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in individuals with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R79-R87. [PMID: 37899755 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00168.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Whole body exercise provides protection against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. In this crossover study, we examined the effects of 1) single bout of local exercise (handgrip, squats) on endothelial responses to IR, and 2) if 7 days of daily local exercise bolsters these effects in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Fifteen participants (9 women, 58 ± 5 yr, ≥2 CVD risk factors) attended the laboratory for six visits. Subsequent to familiarization (visit 1), during visit 2 (control) brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before and after IR (15-min upper-arm ischemia, 15-min reperfusion). One week later, participants were randomized to 4 × 5-min unilateral handgrip (50% maximal voluntary contraction, 25 rpm) or squat exercises (15 rpm), followed by IR plus FMD measurements. Subsequently, home-based exercise was performed (6 days), followed by another visit to the laboratory for the IR protocol plus FMD measurements (18-24 h after the last exercise bout). After a 2-wk washout period, procedures were repeated with the alternative exercise mode. For a single exercise bout, we found a significant IR injury × exercise mode interaction (P < 0.01) but no main effect of injury (P = 0.08) or condition (P = 0.61). A lower post-IR FMD was evident after control (pre-IR: 4.3 ± 2.1% to post-IR: 2.9 ± 1.9%, P < 0.01) but not after handgrip (pre-IR: 3.8 ± 1.6% to post-IR: 3.4 ± 1.5%, P = 0.31) or squats (pre-IR: 3.9 ± 1.8% to post-IR: 4.0 ± 1.9%, P = 0.74). After 7 days of daily exercise, we found no change in FMD post-IR following handgrip (pre-IR: 4.3 ± 1.9% to post-IR: 4.7 ± 3.2%) or squats (pre-IR: 3.7 ± 2.1% to post-IR: 4.7 ± 3.0%, P > 0.05). Single bouts of dynamic, local exercise (handgrip, squats) provide remote protection against endothelial IR-induced injury in individuals with CVD risk factors, with 1-wk daily, home-based exercise preserving these effects for up to 24 h following the last exercise bout.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that single bouts of dynamic handgrip and squat exercise provide remote protection against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced injury in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, with 1-wk daily, home-based exercise preserving these effects for up to 24 h following the last exercise bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasina B Somani
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maxime Boidin
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy A G Peggen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Wanders
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David N Proctor
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - David A Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Center for Clinical Health Services, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Sibley D, Chen M, West MA, Matthew AG, Santa Mina D, Randall I. Potential mechanisms of multimodal prehabilitation effects on surgical complications: a narrative review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:639-656. [PMID: 37224570 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Continuous advances in prehabilitation research over the past several decades have clarified its role in improving preoperative risk factors, yet the evidence demonstrating reduced surgical complications remains uncertain. Describing the potential mechanisms underlying prehabilitation and surgical complications represents an important opportunity to establish biological plausibility, develop targeted therapies, generate hypotheses for future research, and contribute to the rationale for implementation into the standard of care. In this narrative review, we discuss and synthesize the current evidence base for the biological plausibility of multimodal prehabilitation to reduce surgical complications. The goal of this review is to improve prehabilitation interventions and measurement by outlining biologically plausible mechanisms of benefit and generating hypotheses for future research. This is accomplished by synthesizing the available evidence for the mechanistic benefit of exercise, nutrition, and psychological interventions for reducing the incidence and severity of surgical complications reported by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). This review was conducted and reported in accordance with a quality assessment scale for narrative reviews. Findings indicate that prehabilitation has biological plausibility to reduce all complications outlined by NSQIP. Mechanisms for prehabilitation to reduce surgical complications include anti-inflammation, enhanced innate immunity, and attenuation of sympathovagal imbalance. Mechanisms vary depending on the intervention protocol and baseline characteristics of the sample. This review highlights the need for more research in this space while proposing potential mechanisms to be included in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sibley
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maggie Chen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm A West
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Perioperative and Critical Care, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew G Matthew
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Santa Mina
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Randall
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Harris MP, Zeng S, Zhu Z, Lira VA, Yu L, Hodgson-Zingman DM, Zingman LV. Myokine Musclin Is Critical for Exercise-Induced Cardiac Conditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6525. [PMID: 37047496 PMCID: PMC10095193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role and mechanisms by which the myokine musclin promotes exercise-induced cardiac conditioning. Exercise is one of the most powerful triggers of cardiac conditioning with proven benefits for healthy and diseased hearts. There is an emerging understanding that muscles produce and secrete myokines, which mediate local and systemic "crosstalk" to promote exercise tolerance and overall health, including cardiac conditioning. The myokine musclin, highly conserved across animal species, has been shown to be upregulated in response to physical activity. However, musclin effects on exercise-induced cardiac conditioning are not established. Following completion of a treadmill exercise protocol, wild type (WT) mice and mice with disruption of the musclin-encoding gene, Ostn, had their hearts extracted and exposed to an ex vivo ischemia-reperfusion protocol or biochemical studies. Disruption of musclin signaling abolished the ability of exercise to mitigate cardiac ischemic injury. This impaired cardioprotection was associated with reduced mitochondrial content and function linked to blunted cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling. Genetic deletion of musclin reduced the nuclear abundance of protein kinase G (PKGI) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB), resulting in suppression of the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and its downstream targets in response to physical activity. Synthetic musclin peptide pharmacokinetic parameters were defined and used to calculate the infusion rate necessary to maintain its plasma level comparable to that observed after exercise. This infusion was found to reproduce the cardioprotective benefits of exercise in sedentary WT and Ostn-KO mice. Musclin is essential for exercise-induced cardiac protection. Boosting musclin signaling might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shemin Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vitor A. Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- NMR Core Facility and Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Denice M. Hodgson-Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leonid V. Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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Franklin BA, Eijsvogels TM, Pandey A, Quindry J, Toth PP. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the ASPC Part I: Bioenergetics, contemporary physical activity recommendations, benefits, risks, extreme exercise regimens, potential maladaptations. Am J Prev Cardiol 2022; 12:100424. [PMID: 36281324 PMCID: PMC9586848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) and increased levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or aerobic capacity are widely promoted as cardioprotective measures in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Nevertheless, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors remain a worldwide concern. The continuing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been especially devastating to patients with known or occult CVD since sitting time and recreational PA have been reported to increase and decrease by 28% and 33%, respectively. Herein, in this first of a 2-part series, we discuss foundational factors in exercise programming, with specific reference to energy metabolism, contemporary PA recommendations, the dose-response relationship of exercise as medicine, the benefits of regular exercise training, including the exercise preconditioning cardioprotective phenotype, as well as the CV risks of PA. Finally, we discuss the 'extreme exercise hypothesis,' specifically the potential maladaptations resulting from high-volume, high-intensity training programs, including accelerated coronary artery calcification and incident atrial fibrillation. The latter is commonly depicted by a reverse J-shaped or U-shaped curve. On the other hand, longevity data argue against this relationship, as elite endurance athletes live 3-6 years longer than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A. Franklin
- Preventive Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
- Professor, Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine at UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, Michigan, USA
| | - John Quindry
- Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana and International Heart Institute – St. Patrick's Hospital, Providence Medical Center, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Guo YP, Pan SS. Exercise preconditioning improves electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemic/hypoxic injury and malignant arrhythmias occurring after exhaustive exercise in rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18772. [PMID: 36335157 PMCID: PMC9637115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise preconditioning (EP) has a good myocardial protective effect. This study explored whether EP improves electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of myocardial ischemic/hypoxic injury and the occurrence of malignant arrhythmia after exhaustive exercise. A total of 120 male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group (group C), early exercise preconditioning group (group EEP), late exercise preconditioning group (group LEP), exhaustive exercise group (group EE), early exercise preconditioning + exhaustive exercise group (group EEP + EE) and late exercise preconditioning + exhaustive exercise group (group LEP + EE). Changes in heart rate (HR), ST segment, T wave and QT corrected (QTc) intervals on ECG; hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) staining; and cTnI levels were used to study myocardial injury and the protective effect of EP. Compared with those in group C, the levels of plasma markers of myocardial injury, HBFP staining and ECG in group EE were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with those in group EE, the levels of plasma markers of myocardial injury, HBFP staining and ECG in group EEP + EE and group LEP + EE were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The results suggested that EP improved ECG signs of myocardial ischemic/hypoxic injury and malignant arrhythmias that occur after exhaustive exercise. The ST segment and T wave could also serve as indexes for evaluating exhaustive exercise-induced myocardial ischemia/hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pan Guo
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Shan-Shan Pan
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
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Hejazi K, Ferrari F. Effects of Physical Exercise on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Inflammatory Markers in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Biol Res Nurs 2022; 24:519-529. [PMID: 35506158 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221099573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity among children as well as the beneficial effects of physical exercise (PE) on weight loss has been determined by modulating the secretory factors of adipose tissue. PE has also been shown to have beneficial effects on obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of physical exercise (PE) on adiponectin and other important health markers in children. DATA SOURCES We searched 6 electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Google Scholar for randomized controlled trials from inception to December 15, 2021. We used random-effects models to estimate weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). STUDY SELECTION Fourteen studies were included (N = 468 participants; mean age: 14 years). RESULTS In general, PE increased adiponectin (WMD: 0.91 µg/mL; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.55, p = 0.005), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: 1.01 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.33 to 1.69, p = 0.004), and VO2max (WMD: 2.52 mL.kg.min; 95% CI, 1.41 to 3.62, p = 0.00,001). The levels of c-reactive protein (WMD: -0.37 mg/L; 95% CI, -0.57 to -0.17, p = 0.0003), insulin (WMD: -4.61 μIU/ml; 95% CI, -5.46 to -3.76, p = 0.00,001), fasting glucose (WMD: -5.11 mg/dL; 95% CI, -7.88 to -2.34, p = 0.0003), and insulin resistance index (WMD: -1.44; 95% CI, -1.92 to -0.96, p = 0.00,001), decreased significantly. CONCLUSION Our study showed that PE may increase the level of adiponectin, HDL-C, and VO2max in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Hejazi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 185150Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Filipe Ferrari
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Thijssen DHJ, Uthman L, Somani Y, van Royen N. Short-term exercise-induced protection of cardiovascular function and health: why and how fast does the heart benefit from exercise? J Physiol 2022; 600:1339-1355. [PMID: 35239189 PMCID: PMC9311195 DOI: 10.1113/jp282000#support-information-section] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise training has potent and powerful protective effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. These cardioprotective effects of regular exercise training are partly explained through the effects of exercise on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and improvement in cardiac and vascular health, which take several weeks to months to develop. This review focuses on the observation that single bouts of exercise may also possess an underrecognized, clinically useful form of immediate cardioprotection. Studies, performed in both animals and humans, demonstrate that single or short-term exercise-induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This review highlights preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that SEP activates multiple pathways to confer immediate protection against ischaemic events, reduce the severity of potentially lethal ischaemic myocardial injury, and therefore act as a physiological first line of defence against injury. Given the fact that the extent of SEP could be modulated by exercise-related and subject-related factors, it is important to recognize and consider these factors to optimize future clinical implications of SEP. This review also summarizes potential effector signalling pathways (i.e. communication between exercising muscles to vascular/cardiac tissue) and intracellular pathways (i.e. reducing tissue damage) that ultimately confer protection against cardiac and vascular injury. Finally, we discuss potential future directions for designing adequate human and animal studies that will support developing effective SEP strategies for the (multi-)diseased and aged individual. KEY POINTS: Single or short-term exercise-induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury (IR injury). SEP activates multiple pathways to confer cardiac protection, which develops remotely at the site of the activated muscle by release of circulating molecules, which transfer towards activation of intramyocardial signalling that promotes cell survival during episodes of IR injury. SEP represents an attractive intervention in aged individuals and in those with co-morbidities. The immediate protection, low cost and simplicity to increase the 'dose' of SEP offers unique opportunities in the clinical applications of SEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick H. J. Thijssen
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesDepartments of PhysiologyNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Laween Uthman
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesDepartments of PhysiologyNijmegenThe Netherlands
- CardiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Yasina Somani
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLeicesterUK
| | - Niels van Royen
- CardiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Thijssen DHJ, Uthman L, Somani Y, Royen N. Short term exercise‐induced protection of cardiovascular function and health: Why and how fast does the heart benefit from exercise? J Physiol 2021; 600:1339-1355. [PMID: 35239189 PMCID: PMC9311195 DOI: 10.1113/jp282000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Regular exercise training has potent and powerful protective effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. These cardioprotective effects of regular exercise training are partly explained through the effects of exercise on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and improvement in cardiac and vascular health, which take several weeks to months to develop. This review focuses on the observation that single bouts of exercise may also possess an underrecognized, clinically useful form of immediate cardioprotection. Studies, performed in both animals and humans, demonstrate that single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This review highlights preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that SEP activates multiple pathways to confer immediate protection against ischaemic events, reduce the severity of potentially lethal ischaemic myocardial injury, and therefore act as a physiological first line of defence against injury. Given the fact that the extent of SEP could be modulated by exercise‐related and subject‐related factors, it is important to recognize and consider these factors to optimize future clinical implications of SEP. This review also summarizes potential effector signalling pathways (i.e. communication between exercising muscles to vascular/cardiac tissue) and intracellular pathways (i.e. reducing tissue damage) that ultimately confer protection against cardiac and vascular injury. Finally, we discuss potential future directions for designing adequate human and animal studies that will support developing effective SEP strategies for the (multi‐)diseased and aged individual. Key points Single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury (IR injury). SEP activates multiple pathways to confer cardiac protection, which develops remotely at the site of the activated muscle by release of circulating molecules, which transfer towards activation of intramyocardial signalling that promotes cell survival during episodes of IR injury. SEP represents an attractive intervention in aged individuals and in those with co‐morbidities. The immediate protection, low cost and simplicity to increase the ‘dose’ of SEP offers unique opportunities in the clinical applications of SEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick H. J. Thijssen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences Departments of Physiology Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Leicester United Kingdom
| | - Laween Uthman
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences Departments of Physiology Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Cardiology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Yasina Somani
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Leicester United Kingdom
| | - Niels Royen
- Cardiology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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10
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Lee H, Yun HJ, Ding Y. Timing is everything: Exercise therapy and remote ischemic conditioning for acute ischemic stroke patients. Brain Circ 2021; 7:178-186. [PMID: 34667901 PMCID: PMC8459690 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_35_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a promising rehabilitative strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Preclinical trials suggest that exercise restores cerebral blood circulation and re-establishes the blood–brain barrier’s integrity with neurological function and motor skill improvement. Clinical trials demonstrated that exercise improves prognosis and decreases complications after ischemic events. Due to these encouraging findings, early exercise rehabilitation has been quickly adopted into stroke rehabilitation guidelines. Unfortunately, preclinical trials have failed to warn us of an adverse effect. Trials with very early exercise rehabilitation (within 24 h of ischemic attack) found an inferior prognosis at 3 months. It was not immediately clear as to why exercise was detrimental when performed very early while it was ameliorative just a few short days later. This review aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of harm seen in very early exercise administered to acute ischemic stroke patients. To begin, the mechanisms of exercise’s benefit were transposed onto the current understanding of acute ischemic stroke’s pathogenesis, specifically during the acute and subacute phases. Then, exercise rehabilitation’s mechanisms were compared to that of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC). This comparison may reveal how RIC may be providing clinical benefit during the acute phase of ischemic stroke when exercise proved to be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangil Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ho Jun Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Research and Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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11
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Andreadou I, Efentakis P, Frenis K, Daiber A, Schulz R. Thiol-based redox-active proteins as cardioprotective therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:44. [PMID: 34275052 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox compounds, namely thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs), stand as a pivotal group of proteins involved in antioxidant processes and redox signaling. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are considered as one of the major families of proteins involved in redox regulation by removal of S-glutathionylation and thereby reactivation of other enzymes with thiol-dependent activity. Grxs are also coupled to Trxs and Prxs recycling and thereby indirectly contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of peroxidases, which play an essential role in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, aliphatic and aromatic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. The Trxs, Grxs and Prxs systems, which reversibly induce thiol modifications, regulate redox signaling involved in various biological events in the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the role of Trxs, Grxs and Prxs on cardiovascular pathologies and especially in cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and heart failure as well as in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome. Further studies on the roles of thiol-dependent redox systems in the cardiovascular system will support the development of novel protective and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Efentakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katie Frenis
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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12
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Exercise Preconditioning as a Cardioprotective Phenotype. Am J Cardiol 2021; 148:8-15. [PMID: 33675772 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is potentiated by risk factors including physical inactivity and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Although regular physical activity does not reverse atherosclerotic coronary disease, precursory exercise improves clinical outcomes in those experiencing life-threatening CVD events. Exercise preconditioning describes the cardioprotective phenotype whereby even a few exercise bouts confer short-term multifaceted protection against acute myocardial infarction. First described decades ago in animal investigations, cardioprotective mechanisms responsible for exercise preconditioning have been identified through reductionist preclinical studies, including the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, improved calcium handling, and enhanced bioenergetic regulation during a supply-demand mismatch. Until recently, translation of this research was only inferred from clinically-directed animal models of exercise involving ischemia-reperfusion injury, and reinforced by the gene products of exercise preconditioning that are common to mammalian species. However, recent clinical investigations confirm that exercise preconditions the human heart. This discovery means that simply the initiation of a remedial exercise regimen in those with abnormal CVD risk factor profiles will provide immediate cardioprotective benefits and improved clinical outcomes following acute cardiac events. In conclusion, the prophylactic biochemical adaptations to aerobic exercise are complemented by the long-term adaptive benefits of vascular and architectural remodeling in those who adopt a physically active lifestyle.
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13
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Lin H, Zhu Y, Zheng C, Hu D, Ma S, Chen L, Wang Q, Chen Z, Xie J, Yan Y, Huang X, Liao W, Kitakaze M, Bin J, Liao Y. Antihypertrophic Memory After Regression of Exercise-Induced Physiological Myocardial Hypertrophy Is Mediated by the Long Noncoding RNA Mhrt779. Circulation 2021; 143:2277-2292. [PMID: 33757294 PMCID: PMC8177494 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise can induce physiological myocardial hypertrophy (PMH), and former athletes can live 5 to 6 years longer than nonathletic controls, suggesting a benefit after regression of PMH. We previously reported that regression of pathological myocardial hypertrophy has antihypertrophic effects. Accordingly, we hypothesized that antihypertrophic memory exists even after PMH has regressed, increasing myocardial resistance to subsequent pathological hypertrophic stress. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were submitted to 21 days of swimming training to develop PMH. After termination of exercise, PMH regressed within 1 week. PMH regression mice (exercise hypertrophic preconditioning [EHP] group) and sedentary mice (control group) then underwent transverse aortic constriction or a sham operation for 4 weeks. Cardiac remodeling and function were evaluated with echocardiography, invasive left ventricular hemodynamic measurement, and histological analysis. LncRNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry and Western blot were used to investigate the role of Mhrt779 involved in the antihypertrophic effect induced by EHP. RESULTS At 1 and 4 weeks after transverse aortic constriction, the EHP group showed less increase in myocardial hypertrophy and lower expression of the Nppa and Myh7 genes than the sedentary group. At 4 weeks after transverse aortic constriction, EHP mice had less pulmonary congestion, smaller left ventricular dimensions and end-diastolic pressure, and a larger left ventricular ejection fraction and maximum pressure change rate than sedentary mice. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that the long noncoding myosin heavy chain-associated RNA transcript Mhrt779 was one of the markedly upregulated lncRNAs in the EHP group. Silencing of Mhrt779 attenuated the antihypertrophic effect of EHP in mice with transverse aortic constriction and in cultured cardiomyocytes treated with angiotensin II, and overexpression enhanced the antihypertrophic effect. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we found that EHP increased histone 3 trimethylation (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) at the a4 promoter of Mhrt779. Comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry and Western blot showed that Mhrt779 can bind SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (Brg1) to inhibit the activation of the histone deacetylase 2 (Hdac2)/phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase (Akt)/phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β(p-GSK3β) pathway induced by pressure overload. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial hypertrophy preconditioning evoked by exercise increases resistance to pathological stress via an antihypertrophic effect mediated by a signal pathway of Mhrt779/Brg1/Hdac2/p-Akt/p-GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairuo Lin
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Cankun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Donghong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Qiancheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Zhenhuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Jiahe Xie
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.).,Department of Cardiology, Translational Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong, China (W.L.)
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.).,Cardiovascular Division of the Department of Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.).,National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (J.B., Y.L.)
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (H.L., Y.Z., C.Z., D.H., S.M., L.C., Q.W., Z.C., J.X., Y.Y., X.H., M.K., J.B., Y.L.).,National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (J.B., Y.L.).,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China (Y.L.)
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14
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Exercise preconditioning prevents left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Porto Biomed J 2020; 5:e081. [PMID: 33195871 PMCID: PMC7657575 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) directly affects the right ventricle (RV), important structural, functional, and molecular changes also occur in left ventricle (LV). The objective of our study was to analyze the hypothetical cardioprotective effects of exercise preconditioning on LV in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly separated in sedentary (SED) and trained group (EX; running sessions of 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, at 25 m/min, for 4 weeks). After 4 weeks, animals were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg; SED + MCT; EX + MCT) or vehicle (SED + V). Following an additional period of 4 weeks where all animals remained sedentary, we completed LV hemodynamic evaluation in baseline and isovolumic conditions and collected LV samples for histological and molecular analysis. Results: Preconditioning with exercise was capable to restore LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction in both baseline and isovolumic conditions (P < .05). This improved was paralleled with prevention of LV cardiomyocytes atrophy, fibrosis, and endothelin 1 mRNA levels (P < .05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that exercise preconditioning can prevent LV dysfunction secondary to MCT-induced PAH, which is of particular interest for the familial form of the disease that is manifested by greater severity or earlier onset.
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15
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Penna C, Alloatti G, Crisafulli A. Mechanisms Involved in Cardioprotection Induced by Physical Exercise. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1115-1134. [PMID: 31892282 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Regular exercise training can reduce myocardial damage caused by acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Exercise can reproduce the phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning, due to the capacity of brief periods of ischemia to reduce myocardial damage caused by acute I/R. In addition, exercise may also activate the multiple kinase cascade responsible for cardioprotection even in the absence of ischemia. Recent Advances: Animal and human studies highlighted the fact that, besides to reduce risk factors related to cardiovascular disease, the beneficial effects of exercise are also due to its ability to induce conditioning of the heart. Exercise behaves as a physiological stress that triggers beneficial adaptive cellular responses, inducing a protective phenotype in the heart. The factors contributing to the exercise-induced heart preconditioning include stimulation of the anti-radical defense system and nitric oxide production, opioids, myokines, and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) dependent potassium channels. They appear to be also involved in the protective effect exerted by exercise against cardiotoxicity related to chemotherapy. Critical Issues and Future Directions: Although several experimental evidences on the protective effect of exercise have been obtained, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been fully clarified. Further studies are warranted to define precise exercise prescriptions in patients at risk of myocardial infarction or undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Sports Physiology Lab., University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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16
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Uebelacker LA, Sillice MA, Epstein-Lubow G, Battle CL, Anderson B, Caviness C, Miller IW, Abrantes AM. Combined intervention approaches for initiating and maintaining physical activity in depressed individuals: design and rationale of the Project MOVE randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 91:105974. [PMID: 32151752 PMCID: PMC8017446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.105974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regular engagement in physical activity decreases risks for many chronic conditions, and may also improve depression symptoms. However, rates of physical activity and adherence to exercise interventions remain low among depressed individuals relative to non-depressed individuals. METHODS This is a study protocol for Project MOVE. This study is a theoretically-driven, 3-arm randomized controlled trial for increasing physical activity with depressed adults. Each successive arm includes an added component that may serve to increase and maintain physical activity. The arms are: 1) Brief advice (BA) to exercise alone (minimal treatment control condition); 2) BA + supervised and home-based exercise (SHE) + health education (HE; serves as contact control for CBEX); and 3) BA + SHE +cognitive-behavioral sessions focused on increasing and maintaining exercise (CBEX). The target sample size is 240. Assessments are conducted at baseline, Month 1.5, end of intervention (month 3), and at 6 and 9 months. The primary outcome is minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, assessed via an accelerometer. Secondary outcomes include cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and depression, and maintenance of moderate-vigorous physical activity through 6 and 9 month follow-ups. Mediators and moderators derived from behavior change theories, including the Health Behavior Model, Self-Determination Theory, and Social Ecological Theory, will be examined. CONCLUSION Project MOVE is designed to test primarily whether both a structured exercise program (SHE) and a cognitive-behavioral group (CBEX) increase physical activity in depressed adults during both a 3-month intervention period, and during the 6-months that follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Uebelacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marie A Sillice
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Behavioral Medicine & Addiction Research, Butler Hospital, Providen,ce, RI, USA.
| | - Gary Epstein-Lubow
- Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cynthia L Battle
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Center for Women's Behavioral Health, Women & Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bradley Anderson
- Behavioral Medicine & Addiction Research, Butler Hospital, Providen,ce, RI, USA
| | - Celeste Caviness
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Behavioral Medicine & Addiction Research, Butler Hospital, Providen,ce, RI, USA
| | - Ivan W Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Behavioral Medicine & Addiction Research, Butler Hospital, Providen,ce, RI, USA
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17
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Boengler K, Schlüter KD, Schermuly RT, Schulz R. Cardioprotection in right heart failure. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5413-5431. [PMID: 31995639 PMCID: PMC7680005 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic and pharmacological conditioning of the left ventricle is mediated by the activation of signalling cascades, which finally converge at the mitochondria and reduce ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Whereas the molecular mechanisms of conditioning in the left ventricle are well characterized, cardioprotection of the right ventricle is principally feasible but less established. Similar to what is known for the left ventricle, a dysregulation in signalling pathways seems to play a role in I/R injury of the healthy and failing right ventricle and in the ability/inability of the right ventricle to respond to a conditioning stimulus. The maintenance of mitochondrial function seems to be crucial in both ventricles to reduce I/R injury. As far as currently known, similar molecular mechanisms mediate ischaemic and pharmacological preconditioning in the left and right ventricles. However, the two ventricles seem to respond differently towards exercise‐induced preconditioning. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Chowdhury MA, Sholl HK, Sharrett MS, Haller ST, Cooper CC, Gupta R, Liu LC. Exercise and Cardioprotection: A Natural Defense Against Lethal Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Potential Guide to Cardiovascular Prophylaxis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:18-30. [PMID: 30041547 PMCID: PMC7236859 DOI: 10.1177/1074248418788575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Similar to ischemic preconditioning, high-intensity exercise has been shown to decrease infarct size following myocardial infarction. In this article, we review the literature on beneficial effects of exercise, exercise requirements for cardioprotection, common methods utilized in laboratories to study this phenomenon, and discuss possible mechanisms for exercise-mediated cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Andaleeb Chowdhury
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- * Mohammed Andaleeb Chowdhury, Haden K. Sholl, and Megan S. Sharrett contributed equally to this work
| | - Haden K Sholl
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- * Mohammed Andaleeb Chowdhury, Haden K. Sholl, and Megan S. Sharrett contributed equally to this work
| | - Megan S Sharrett
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Steven T Haller
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Christopher C Cooper
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Lijun C Liu
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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19
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Feng R, Wang L, Li Z, Yang R, Liang Y, Sun Y, Yu Q, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Sun Y, Wu Y, Zhang W, Zhou X, Xu M, Bryant J, Yan G, Isaacs W, Ma J, Xu X. A systematic comparison of exercise training protocols on animal models of cardiovascular capacity. Life Sci 2018; 217:128-140. [PMID: 30517851 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global cause of mortality, which has prompted numerous studies seeking to reduce the risk of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. While regular physical activity is known to improve CVD associated morbidity and mortality, the optimal duration, frequency, and intensity of exercise remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, various animal models have been used to study the cardioprotective effects of exercise and related molecular mechanism such as the mice training models significantly decrease size of myocardial infarct by affecting Kir6.1, VSMC sarc-KATP channels, and pulmonary eNOS. Although these findings cement the importance of animal models in studying exercise induced cardioprotection, the vast assortment of exercise protocols makes comparison across studies difficult. To address this issue, we review and break down the existent exercise models into categories based on exercise modality, intensity, frequency, and duration. The timing of sample collection is also compared and sorted into four distinct phases: pre-exercise (Phase I), mid-exercise (Phase II), exercise recovery (Phase III), and post-exercise (Phase IV). Finally, because the life-span of animals so are limited, small changes in animal exercise duration can corresponded to untenable amounts of human exercise. To address this limitation, we introduce the Life-Span Relative Exercise Time (RETlife span) as a method of accurately defining short-term, medium-term and long-term exercise relative to the animal's life expectancy. Systematic organization of existent protocols and this new system of defining exercise duration will allow for a more solid framework from which researchers can extrapolate animal model data to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhonguang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China; Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rong Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yu Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qiuxia Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yanping Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yajun Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China; Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Guifang Yan
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - William Isaacs
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xuehong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China/CGDB, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China.
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20
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Repka CP, Hayward R. Effects of an Exercise Intervention on Cancer-Related Fatigue and Its Relationship to Markers of Oxidative Stress. Integr Cancer Ther 2018; 17:503-510. [PMID: 29649913 PMCID: PMC6041925 DOI: 10.1177/1534735418766402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the underlying mechanisms of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) are not fully characterized, treatment-associated oxidative stress may play a role. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an exercise intervention on the relationship between CRF and oxidative stress. Methods: Upon cessation of radiation or chemotherapy, 8 cancer patients participated in a 10-week exercise intervention (EX), while 7 continued standard care (CON). Blood draws and fatigue questionnaires were administered to cancer patients before and after the intervention as well as to 7 age-matched individuals with no cancer history. Changes in plasma 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), protein carbonyls, antioxidant capacity, and fatigue were compared between groups. Correlations between CRF and oxidative stress were evaluated. Results: Mean total fatigue scores decreased significantly (5.0 ± 2.2 to 2.6 ± 1.5, P < .05) in EX, but not in CON. Antioxidant capacity significantly increased (+41%; P < .05) and protein carbonyls significantly decreased (−36%; P < .05) in EX, but not in CON. Increases in antioxidant capacity were significantly correlated with reductions in affective (r = −.49), sensory (r = −.47), and cognitive fatigue (r = −.58). Changes in total (r = .46) and affective (r = .47) fatigue exhibited significant correlations with changes in 8-OHdG over time, while behavioral (r = .46) and sensory (r = .47) fatigue changes were significantly correlated with protein carbonyls. Conclusions: Oxidative stress may be implicated in CRF, while improved antioxidant capacity following an exercise intervention may play a role in mitigating CRF in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P Repka
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.,2 Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Reid Hayward
- 2 Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
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21
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Zhao W, Li S, Ren C, Meng R, Ji X. Chronic Remote Ischemic Conditioning May Mimic Regular Exercise:Perspective from Clinical Studies. Aging Dis 2018; 9:165-171. [PMID: 29392091 PMCID: PMC5772854 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), particularly long-term repeated RIC, has been applied in clinical trials with the expectation that it could play its protective roles for protracted periods. In sports medicine, chronic RIC has also been demonstrated to improve exercise performance, akin to improvements seen with regular exercise training. Therefore, chronic RIC may mimic regular exercise, and they may have similar underlying mechanisms. In this study, we explored the common underlying mechanisms of chronic RIC and physical exercise in protecting multiple organs and benefiting various populations, the advantages of chronic RIC, and the challenges for its popularization. Intriguingly, several underlying mechanisms of RIC and exercise have been shown to overlap. These include the production of many autacoids, enhanced ability for antioxidant activity, modulating immune and inflammatory responses. Therefore, it appears that chronic RIC, just like regular exercise, has beneficial effects in unhealthy, sub-healthy and healthy individuals. Compared with regular exercise, chronic RIC has several advantages, which may provide novel insights into the area of exercise and health. Chronic RIC may enrich the modes of exercise, and benefit individuals with severe diseases. Also, the disabled, and sub-healthy individuals are likely to benefit from chronic RIC either as an alternative to exercise or an adjunct to pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhao
- ¹Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Li
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Meng
- ¹Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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22
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Quindry JC, Franklin BA. Cardioprotective Exercise and Pharmacologic Interventions as Complementary Antidotes to Cardiovascular Disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:5-17. [PMID: 28885265 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and pharmacologic therapies to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease have advanced largely through independent efforts. Understanding of first-line drug therapies, findings from preclinical animal studies, and the need for research initiatives related to complementary cardioprotective exercise-pharma interventions are reviewed from the premise that contemporary cardioprotective therapies must include adjunctive exercise and lifestyle interventions in addition to pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quindry
- Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Barry A Franklin
- Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
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23
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Liu X, Platt C, Rosenzweig A. The Role of MicroRNAs in the Cardiac Response to Exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a029850. [PMID: 28389519 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as central regulators of cardiac biology, modulating cardiac development and the response to pathological stress in disease. Although less well developed, emerging evidence suggests miRNAs are likely also important in the heart's response to the physiological stress of exercise. Given the well-recognized cardiovascular benefits of exercise, elucidating the contribution of miRNAs to this response has the potential not only to reveal novel aspects of cardiovascular biology but also to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention that may complement those discovered through studies of diseased hearts. Here, we first provide an overview of the cardiovascular effects of exercise as well as some of the major protein signaling mechanisms contributing to these effects. We then review the evidence that both cardiac and circulating miRNAs are dynamically regulated by exercise and regulate these mechanisms and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Colin Platt
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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24
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Abstract
In the search for innovative solutions to treat ischemic heart disease, recent basic science and clinical approaches have focused on remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). Remote ischemic preconditioning involves short intervals of limb blood flow occlusion by the application of a blood pressure cuff inflated to a suprasystolic pressure. The promise of RIPC in the development of new cardioprotective therapies is founded on the premise that it is cost-effective, technically simple, and overcomes many logistical and biochemical hurdles associated with other ischemic preconditioning approaches. However, RIPC as a research subarea is still in its infancy and clinical applications for individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease remain elusive. The thesis of the current review is that observational and mechanistic similarities between exercise-induced preconditioning and RIPC may reveal novel therapeutic links to cardioprotection. While reductionist understanding of the exercised heart is still in the formative stages, available mechanistic knowledge of exercise-induced cardioprotection is juxtaposed to RIPC and potential implications discussed. In total, additional research is needed in order to fully appreciate the mechanistic and translative connections between exercise and RIPC. Nonetheless, existing rationale are strong and suggest that RIPC approaches may be helpful in the development and application to pharmacologic interventions in those with ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quindry
- 1 Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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25
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Wang B, Xu M, Li W, Li X, Zheng Q, Niu X. Aerobic exercise protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy via β3-AR-nNOS-NO activation. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28622359 PMCID: PMC5473571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise confers sustainable protection against cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (HF). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitric oxide (NO) are known to play an important role in exercise-mediated cardioprotection, but the mechanism of NOS/NO stimulation during exercise remains unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the role of β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs), NOS activation, and NO metabolites (nitrite and nitrosothiols) in the sustained cardioprotective effects of aerobic exercise. An HF model was constructed by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Animals were treated with either moderate aerobic exercise by swimming for 9 weeks and/or the β3-AR-specific inhibitor SR59230A at 0.1 mg/kg/hour one day after TAC operation. Myocardial fibrosis, myocyte size, plasma catecholamine (CA) level, cardiac function and geometry were assessed using Masson’s trichrome staining, FITC-labeled wheat germ agglutinin staining, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and echocardiography, respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to elucidate the expression of target proteins. The concentration of myocardial NO production was evaluated using the nitrate reductase method. Myocardial oxidative stress was assessed by detecting the concentration of myocardial super oxidative dismutase (SOD), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Aerobic exercise training improved dilated left ventricular function and partially attenuated the degree of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in TAC mice. Moreover, the increased expression of β3-AR, activation of neuronal NOS (nNOS), and production of NO were detected after aerobic exercise training in TAC mice. However, selective inhibition of β3-AR by SR59230A abolished the upregulation and activation of nNOS induced NO production. Furthermore, aerobic exercise training decreased the myocardial ROS and MDA contents and increased myocardial levels of SOD; both effects were partially attenuated by SR59230A. Our study suggested that aerobic exercise training could improve cardiac systolic function and alleviate LV chamber dilation, cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in HF mice. The mechanism responsible for the protective effects of aerobic exercise is associated with the activation of the β3-AR-nNOS-NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenju Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (XN); (QZ)
| | - Xiaolin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (XN); (QZ)
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26
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Powers SK. Exercise: Teaching myocytes new tricks. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:460-472. [PMID: 28572498 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00418.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training promotes numerous cellular adaptations in both cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers. For example, exercise training fosters changes in mitochondrial function due to increased mitochondrial protein expression and accelerated mitochondrial turnover. Additionally, endurance exercise training alters the abundance of numerous cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins in both cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, resulting in a protective phenotype in the active fibers; this exercise-induced protection of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers is often referred to as "exercise preconditioning." As few as 3-5 consecutive days of endurance exercise training result in a preconditioned cardiac phenotype that is sheltered against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury. Similarly, endurance exercise training results in preconditioned skeletal muscle fibers that are resistant to a variety of stresses (e.g., heat stress, exercise-induced oxidative stress, and inactivity-induced atrophy). Many studies have probed the mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers; these studies are important, because they provide an improved understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning, which has the potential to lead to innovative pharmacological therapies aimed at minimizing stress-induced injury to cardiac and skeletal muscle. This review summarizes the development of exercise-induced protection of cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers and highlights the putative mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced protection in the heart and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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27
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Alexander-Shani R, Mreisat A, Smeir E, Gerstenblith G, Stern MD, Horowitz M. Long-term HIF-1α transcriptional activation is essential for heat-acclimation-mediated cross tolerance: mitochondrial target genes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R753-R762. [PMID: 28274939 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00461.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An important adaptive feature of heat acclimation (HA) is the induction of cross tolerance against novel stressors (HACT) Reprogramming of gene expression leading to enhanced innate cytoprotective features by attenuating damage and/or enhancing the response of "help" signals plays a pivotal role. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), constitutively upregulated by HA (1 mo, 34°C), is a crucial transcription factor in this program, although its specific role is as yet unknown. By using a rat HA model, we studied the impact of disrupting HIF-1α transcriptional activation [HIF-1α:HIF-1β dimerization blockade by intraperitoneal acriflavine (4 mg/kg)] on its mitochondrial gene targets [phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1), LON, and cyclooxygenase 4 (COX4) isoforms] in the HA rat heart. Physiological measures of cardiac HACT were infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion and time to rigor contracture during hypoxia in cardiomyocytes. We show that HACT requires transcriptional activation of HIF-1α throughout the course of HA and that this activation is accompanied by two metabolic switches: 1) profound upregulation of PDK1, which reduces pyruvate entry into the mitochondria, consequently increasing glycolytic lactate production; 2) remodeling of the COX4 isoform ratio, inducing hypoxic-tolerant COX4.2 dominance, and optimizing electron transfer and possibly ATP production during the ischemic and hypoxic insults. LON and COX4.2 transcript upregulation accompanied this shift. Loss of HACT despite elevated expression of the cytoprotective protein heat shock protein-72 concomitantly with disrupted HIF-1α dimerization suggests that HIF-1α is essential for HACT. The role of a PDK1 metabolic switch is well known in hypoxia acclimation but not in the HA model and its ischemic setting. Remodeling of COX4 isoforms by environmental acclimation is a novel finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Alexander-Shani
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ahmad Mreisat
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elia Smeir
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Michael D Stern
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michal Horowitz
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel;
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28
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Koo JH, Cho JY, Lee UB. Treadmill exercise alleviates motor deficits and improves mitochondrial import machinery in an MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Gerontol 2017; 89:20-29. [PMID: 28062370 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation is significantly correlated with motor deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the molecular mechanism underlying its pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on motor deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Treadmill exercise inhibited dopaminergic neuron loss by promoting the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) and seemed to improve cell survival by reducing α-Syn expression. Most importantly, treadmill exercise increased expression of the mitochondrial import machinery proteins TOM-40, TOM-20, and TIM-23. This was associated with decreased α-Syn expression and subsequent upregulation of the mitochondrial proteins COX-I, COX-IV, and mtHSP70. Taken together, these results indicate that treadmill exercise may ameliorate motor deficits and improve mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing α-Syn expression in the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Koo
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung-Bae Lee
- Department of Beauty Health Science, Shinhan University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Protective effects of high-intensity versus low-intensity interval training on isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury in wistar rats. Res Cardiovasc Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.34639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Borges JP, França GDO, Cruz MD, Lanza R, Nascimento ARD, Lessa MA. Aerobic exercise training induces superior cardioprotection following myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury than a single aerobic exercise session in rats. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700si0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Borges JP, da Silva Verdoorn K. Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: The Beneficial Effects of Exercise. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:155-179. [PMID: 29022263 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when the myocardium is revascularized after an episode of limited or absent blood supply. Many changes, including free radical production, calcium overload, protease activation, altered membrane lipids and leukocyte activation, contribute to IRI-induced myocardium damage. Aerobic exercise is the only countermeasure against IRI that can be sustained on a regular basis in clinical practice. Interestingly, both short-term (3-5 days) and long-term (several weeks) exercise increase myocardial tolerance, reduce infarct size area and arrhythmias induced by IRI. Exercise protects the heart against IRI in a biphasic manner. The early phase of cardioprotection occurs between 30 min and 3 h following an acute exercise bout, whilst the late phase is achieved within 24 h after the exercise bout and persists for several days. As for the exercise intensity, although controversial data exists, it is feasible that the amount of cardioprotection is proportional to exercise intensity and only achieved above a critical threshold. It is known that aerobic exercise produces a cardioprotective phenotype, however the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain unclear. Apparently, aerobic exercise-induced preconditioning is dependent on several factors that work together to protect the heart. Altered nitric oxide (NO) signaling, increased levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs), enhanced function of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, increased activation of opioids system, and enhanced antioxidant capacity may contribute to exercise-induced cardioprotection. Much has been discovered from animal models involving exercise-induced cardioprotection against cardiac IRI, however translating these findings to clinical practice still represents the major challenge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pereira Borges
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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32
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Chen TI, Chen MYC. Zinc Is Indispensable in Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection against Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Left Ventricular Function Impairment in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168600. [PMID: 27977796 PMCID: PMC5158066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), recurrent obstruction of the upper airway leads to intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep, which can result in impairment of cardiac function. Although exercise can have beneficial effects against IH-induced cardiac dysfunction, the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the interactions of zinc and exercise on IH-triggered left ventricular dysfunction in a rat model that mimics IH in OSA patients. Nine-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a control group (CON) or to a group receiving 10 weeks of exercise training (EXE). During weeks 9 and 10, half the rats in each group were subjected to IH for 8 h per day for 14 days (IHCON, IHEXE), whereas the remainder continued to breathe room air. Rats within each of the CON, IHCON, EXE, and IHEXE groups were further randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneal injections of either zinc chloride, the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), or injection vehicle only. IH induced a lower left ventricular fractional shortening, reduced ejection fraction, higher myocardial levels of inflammatory factors, increased levels oxidative stress, and lower levels of antioxidative capacity, all of which were abolished by zinc treatment. IHEXE rats exhibited higher levels of cardiac function and antioxidant capacity and lower levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress than IHCON rats; however, IHEXE rats receiving TPEN did not exhibit these better outcomes. In conclusion, zinc is required for protecting against IH-induced LV functional impairment and likely plays a critical role in exercise-induced cardioprotection by exerting a dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-I Chen
- Center of Physical Education, Office of General and Basic Education, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Institute of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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33
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Conditioning the Heart: Thirty Years of Research and Still Far from Humans. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2016; 18:71. [PMID: 27771856 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-016-0492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Budiono BP, See Hoe LE, Brunt AR, Peart JN, Headrick JP, Haseler LJ. Coupling of myocardial stress resistance and signalling to voluntary activity and inactivity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 218:112-22. [PMID: 27174591 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We examined coupling of myocardial ischaemic tolerance to physical activity and inactivity, and whether this involves modulation of survival (AKT, AMPK, ERK1/2, HSP27, EGFR) and injury (GSK3β) proteins implicated in ischaemic preconditioning and calorie restriction. METHODS Proteomic modifications were assessed in ventricular myocardium, and tolerance to 25-min ischaemia in ex vivo perfused hearts from C57Bl/6 mice subjected to 14-day voluntary activity in running-naïve animals (Active); 7 days of subsequent inactivity (Inactive); brief (day 3) restoration of running (Re-Active); or time-matched inactivity. RESULTS Active mice increased running speed and distance by 75-150% over 14 days (to ~40 m min(-1) and 10 km day(-1) ), with Active hearts resistant to post-ischaemic dysfunction (40-50% improvements in ventricular pressure development, diastolic pressure and dP/dt). Cardioprotection was accompanied by ~twofold elevations in AKT, AMPK, HSP27 and GSK3β phosphorylation and EGFR expression. Ischaemic tolerance was reversed in Inactive hearts, paralleling reduced EGFR expression and GSK3β and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (AKT, AMPK, HSP27 phosphorylation unaltered). Running characteristics, ischaemic tolerance, EGFR expression and GSK3β phosphorylation returned to Active levels within 1-3 days of restored activity (without changes in AKT, AMPK or HSP27 phosphorylation). Transcriptional responses included activity-dependent Anp induction vs. Hmox1 and Sirt3 suppression, and inactivity-dependent Adora2b induction. CONCLUSIONS Data confirm the sensitive coupling of ischaemic tolerance to activity: voluntary running induces cardioprotection that dissipates within 1 week of inactivity yet recovers rapidly upon subsequent activity. While exercise in naïve animals induces a molecular profile characteristic of preconditioning/calorie restriction, only GSK3β and EGFR modulation consistently parallel activity- and inactivity-dependent ischaemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Budiono
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - L. E. See Hoe
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - A. R. Brunt
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - J. N. Peart
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - J. P. Headrick
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - L. J. Haseler
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
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Lawler JM, Rodriguez DA, Hord JM. Mitochondria in the middle: exercise preconditioning protection of striated muscle. J Physiol 2016; 594:5161-83. [PMID: 27060608 PMCID: PMC5023703 DOI: 10.1113/jp270656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and physiological adaptations to an atmosphere which became enriched in molecular oxygen spurred the development of a layered system of stress protection, including antioxidant and stress response proteins. At physiological levels reactive oxygen and nitrogen species regulate cell signalling as well as intracellular and intercellular communication. Exercise and physical activity confer a variety of stressors on skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system: mechanical, metabolic, oxidative. Transient increases of stressors during acute bouts of exercise or exercise training stimulate enhancement of cellular stress protection against future insults of oxidative, metabolic and mechanical stressors that could induce injury or disease. This phenomenon has been termed both hormesis and exercise preconditioning (EPC). EPC stimulates transcription factors such as Nrf-1 and heat shock factor-1 and up-regulates gene expression of a cadre of cytosolic (e.g. glutathione peroxidase and heat shock proteins) and mitochondrial adaptive or stress proteins (e.g. manganese superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial KATP channels and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1)). Stress response and antioxidant enzyme inducibility with exercise lead to protection against striated muscle damage, oxidative stress and injury. EPC may indeed provide significant clinical protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury, Type II diabetes and ageing. New molecular mechanisms of protection, such as δ-opioid receptor regulation and mitophagy, reinforce the notion that mitochondrial adaptations (e.g. heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes and sirtuin-1/PGC-1 signalling) are central to the protective effects of exercise preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dinah A Rodriguez
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Hord
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Wadley GD, Laker RC, McConell GK, Wlodek ME. Endurance training in early life results in long-term programming of heart mass in rats. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/4/e12720. [PMID: 26893473 PMCID: PMC4759045 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Being born small for gestational age increases the risk of developing adult cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This study aimed to examine if early‐life exercise could increase heart mass in the adult hearts from growth restricted rats. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation to induce uteroplacental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction in the offspring (Restricted) or sham surgery (Control) was performed on day 18 of gestation in WKY rats. A separate group of sham litters had litter size reduced to five pups at birth (Reduced litter), which restricted postnatal growth. Male offspring remained sedentary or underwent treadmill running from 5 to 9 weeks (early exercise) or 20 to 24 weeks of age (later exercise). Remarkably, in Control, Restricted, and Reduced litter groups, early exercise increased (P < 0.05) absolute and relative (to body mass) heart mass in adulthood. This was despite the animals being sedentary for ~4 months after exercise. Later exercise also increased adult absolute and relative heart mass (P < 0.05). Blood pressure was not significantly altered between groups or by early or later exercise. Phosphorylation of Akt Ser473 in adulthood was increased in the early exercise groups but not the later exercise groups. Microarray gene analysis and validation by real‐time PCR did not reveal any long‐term effects of early exercise on the expression of any individual genes. In summary, early exercise programs the heart for increased mass into adulthood, perhaps by an upregulation of protein synthesis based on greater phosphorylation of Akt Ser473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Wadley
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhianna C Laker
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Tavakoli F, Namakin K, Zardast M. Vitamin D Supplementation and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Study in Healthy School Children. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 26:e3311. [PMID: 27713805 PMCID: PMC5045666 DOI: 10.5812/ijp.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level has been shown to have a significant role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. Low vitamin D levels have been shown to be correlated with dyslipidemia, but limited data exist on indigenous children. Objectives We aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on HDL-C levels in school-aged Iranian children. Methods In this prospective controlled clinical trial, 47 healthy children (23 boys) aged 10 - 14 years, students of Birjand (Iran) elementary schools, were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The study group received a vitamin D supplement (1000 mg capsule) daily for one month, and placebo tablets were prescribed to the controls. Before and after the treatment course, the serum HDL-C and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels of both groups were measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS, ver. 16, and Chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact test, paired-sample t-tests, and Pearson’s correlation were used, wherever appropriate. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results Forty children completed the study; their mean age was 11.5 ± 1.175 years. The mean serum levels of both HDL-C and vitamin D showed a significant rise following the treatment in the study group (P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas both variables decreased slightly in the control group (P = 0.27). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean serum levels of HDL-C and vitamin D between the two groups after the intervention (P = 0.11 and P = 0.20, respectively). Conclusions Vitamin D supplements seem to have a positive impact on serum HDL-C levels and may be effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tavakoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
| | - Kokab Namakin
- Department of Pediatrics, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Kokab Namakin, Department of Pediatrics, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Centre, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran, E-mail:
| | - Mahmood Zardast
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
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Tao L, Bei Y, Zhang H, Xiao J, Li X. Exercise for the heart: signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20773-84. [PMID: 26318584 PMCID: PMC4673228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise, a potent functional intervention in protecting against cardiovascular diseases, is a hot topic in recent years. Exercise has been shown to reduce cardiac risk factors, protect against myocardial damage, and increase cardiac function. This improves quality of life and decreases mortality and morbidity in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac aging, and pulmonary hypertension. The cellular adaptation to exercise can be associated with both endogenous and exogenous factors: (1) exercise induces cardiac growth via hypertrophy and renewal of cardiomyocytes, and (2) exercise induces endothelial progenitor cells to proliferate, migrate and differentiate into mature endothelial cells, giving rise to endothelial regeneration and angiogenesis. The cellular adaptations associated with exercise are due to the activation of several signaling pathways, in particular, the growth factor neuregulin1 (NRG1)-ErbB4-C/EBPβ and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1-PI3k-Akt signaling pathways. Of interest, microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) such as miR-222 also play a major role in the beneficial effects of exercise. Thus, exploring the mechanisms mediating exercise-induced benefits will be instrumental for devising new effective therapies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Borges JP, Lessa MA. Mechanisms Involved in Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection: A Systematic Review. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105:71-81. [PMID: 25830711 PMCID: PMC4523290 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, research has shown that exercise, in addition to reducing cardiovascular risk factors, can also protect the heart against injury due to ischemia and reperfusion through a direct effect on the myocardium. However, the specific mechanism involved in exerciseinduced cardiac preconditioning is still under debate. OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review of the studies that have addressed the mechanisms by which aerobic exercise promotes direct cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion injury. METHODS A search was conducted using MEDLINE, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde, and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases. Data were extracted in a standardized manner by two independent researchers, who were responsible for assessing the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS The search retrieved 78 studies; after evaluating the abstracts, 30 studies were excluded. The manuscripts of the remaining 48 studies were completely read and, of these, 20 were excluded. Finally, 28 studies were included in this systematic review. CONCLUSION On the basis of the selected studies, the following are potentially involved in the cardioprotective response to exercise: increased heat shock protein production, nitric oxide pathway involvement, increased cardiac antioxidant capacity, improvement in ATP-dependent potassium channel function, and opioid system activation. Despite all the previous investigations, further research is still necessary to obtain more consistent conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pereira Borges
- Laboratório de Investigação Cardiovascular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ − Brazil
| | - Marcos Adriano Lessa
- Laboratório de Investigação Cardiovascular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ − Brazil
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Crisafulli A, Mancardi D, Marongiu E, Rastaldo R, Penna C, Pagliaro P. Preconditioning cardioprotection and exercise performance: a radical point of view. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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McGinnis GR, Ballmann C, Peters B, Nanayakkara G, Roberts M, Amin R, Quindry JC. Interleukin-6 mediates exercise preconditioning against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1423-33. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00850.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury following pharmacological and ischemic preconditioning (IPC), but the affiliated role in exercise preconditioning is unknown. Our study purpose was to characterize exercise-induced IL-6 cardiac signaling ( aim 1) and evaluate myocardial preconditioning ( aim 2). In aim 1, C57 and IL-6−/− mice underwent 3 days of treadmill exercise for 60 min/day at 18 m/min. Serum, gastrocnemius, and heart were collected preexercise, immediately postxercise, and 30 and 60 min following the final exercise session and analyzed for indexes of IL-6 signaling. For aim 2, a separate cohort of exercise-preconditioned (C57 EX and IL-6−/− EX) and sedentary (C57 SED and IL-6−/− SED) mice received surgical I/R injury (30 min I, 120 min R) or a time-matched sham operation. Ischemic and perfused tissues were examined for necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In aim 1, serum IL-6 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), gastrocnemius, and myocardial IL-6R were increased following exercise in C57 mice only. Phosphorylated (p) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was increased in gastrocnemius and heart in C57 and IL-6−/− mice postexercise, whereas myocardial iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 were unchanged in the exercised myocardium. Exercise protected C57 EX mice against I/R-induced arrhythmias and necrosis, whereas arrhythmia score and infarct outcomes were higher in C57 SED, IL-6−/− SED, and IL-6−/− EX mice compared with SH. C57 EX mice expressed increased p-p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) and p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182) compared with IL-6−/− EX mice, suggesting pathway involvement in exercise preconditioning. Findings indicate exercise exerts cardioprotection via IL-6 and strongly implicates protective signaling originating from the exercised skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Ballmann
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Bridget Peters
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Gayani Nanayakkara
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - Michael Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Rajesh Amin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - John C. Quindry
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
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Alleman RJ, Stewart LM, Tsang AM, Brown DA. Why Does Exercise "Trigger" Adaptive Protective Responses in the Heart? Dose Response 2015; 13:10.2203_dose-response.14-023.Alleman. [PMID: 26674259 PMCID: PMC4674163 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.14-023.alleman] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that individuals who exercise have decreased cardiac morbidity and mortality. Pre-clinical studies in animal models also find clear cardioprotective phenotypes in animals that exercise, specifically characterized by lower myocardial infarction and arrhythmia. Despite the clear benefits, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for exercise preconditioning are not fully understood. In particular, the adaptive signaling events that occur during exercise to "trigger" cardioprotection represent emerging paradigms. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have identified several different factors that appear to initiate exercise preconditioning. We summarize the evidence for and against specific cellular factors in triggering exercise adaptations and identify areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick J Alleman
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
| | - Luke M Stewart
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
| | - Alvin M Tsang
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC USA
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43
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Miller LE, McGinnis GR, Peters BA, Ballmann CG, Nanayakkara G, Amin R, Quindry JC. Involvement of the δ-opioid receptor in exercise-induced cardioprotection. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:410-21. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajesh Amin
- Harrison School of Pharmacy; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
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44
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Lira VA. Exercise-induced cardioprotection: more to k‘NO’w. Cardiology 2015; 130:172-174. [PMID: 25720747 DOI: 10.1159/000375399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor A Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Obesity Research and Education Initiative, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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45
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Rahimi M, Shekarforoush S, Asgari AR, Khoshbaten A, Rajabi H, Bazgir B, Mohammadi MT, Sobhani V, Shakibaee A. The effect of high intensity interval training on cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in wistar rats. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:237-46. [PMID: 26417361 PMCID: PMC4555214 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine whether short term high intensity interval training (HIIT) could protect the heart against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury; and if so, to evaluate how long the exercise-associated protection can be lasted. Sixty-three rats were randomly assigned into sedentary (n = 15), sham (n = 7), and exercise groups (n = 41). Rats in the exercise groups performed 5 consecutive days of HIIT on treadmill: 5 min warm up with 50 % VO2max, 6×2 min with 95-105 % VO2max (about 40 to 45 m/min), 5×2 min recovery with 65-75 % VO2max (about 28 to 32 m/min), and 3 min cool down with 50 % VO2max, all at 0 % grade. Animals exposed to an in vivo cardiac IR surgery, performed at days 1, 7, and 14 following the final exercise session. Ischemia-induced arrhythmias, myocardial infarct size (IS), plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured in all animals. Compared to sedentary rats, exercised animals sustained less IR injury as evidenced by a lower size of infarction and lower levels of LDH and CK at day one and day 7 post exercise. In comparison of sedentary group, IS significantly decreased in EX-IR1 and EX-IR7 groups (50 and 35 %, respectively), but not in EX-IR14 group (19 %). The exercise-induced cardioprotection disappeared 14 days following exercise cessation. There were no significant changes in ischemia-induced arrhythmia between exercised and sedentary rats. The results clearly demonstrate that HIIT protects the heart against myocardial IR injury. This protective effect can be sustained for at least one week following the cessation of the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Rahimi
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Reza Asgari
- Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, AJA University of Medicine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khoshbaten
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Sobhani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakibaee
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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46
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Marongiu E, Crisafulli A. Cardioprotection acquired through exercise: the role of ischemic preconditioning. Curr Cardiol Rev 2014; 10:336-48. [PMID: 24720421 PMCID: PMC4101198 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x10666140404110229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A great bulk of evidence supports the concept that regular exercise training can reduce the incidence of coronary events and increase survival chances after myocardial infarction. These exercise-induced beneficial effects on the myocardium are reached by means of the reduction of several risk factors relating to cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, obesity etc. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that exercise can reproduce the "ischemic preconditioning" (IP), which refers to the capacity of short periods of ischemia to render the myocardium more resistant to subsequent ischemic insult and to limit infarct size during prolonged ischemia. However, IP is a complex phenomenon which, along with infarct size reduction, can also provide protection against arrhythmia and myocardial stunning due to ischemia-reperfusion. Several clues demonstrate that preconditioning may be directly induced by exercise, thus inducing a protective phenotype at the heart level without the necessity of causing ischemia. Exercise appears to act as a physiological stress that induces beneficial myocardial adaptive responses at cellular level. The purpose of the present paper is to review the latest data on the role played by exercise in triggering myocardial preconditioning.
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47
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Powers SK, Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Quindry JC. Mechanisms of exercise-induced cardioprotection. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 29:27-38. [PMID: 24382869 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00030.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury can cause ventricular cell death and is a major pathological event leading to morbidity and mortality in those with coronary artery disease. Interestingly, as few as five bouts of exercise on consecutive days can rapidly produce a cardiac phenotype that resists IR-induced myocardial injury. This review summarizes the development of exercise-induced cardioprotection and the mechanisms responsible for this important adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
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48
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Jensen BT, Lien CY, Hydock DS, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Exercise mitigates cardiac doxorubicin accumulation and preserves function in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 62:263-9. [PMID: 23644988 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182982ce0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antineoplastic agent with well-characterized cardiotoxic effects. Although exercise has been shown to protect against DOX cardiotoxicity, a clear and concise mechanism to explain its cardioprotective effects is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise training reduces cardiac DOX accumulation, thereby providing a possible mechanism to explain the cardioprotective effects of exercise against DOX toxicity. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 primary experimental groups: sedentary (n = 77), wheel running (n = 65), or treadmill (n = 65). Animals in wheel running and treadmill groups completed 10 weeks of exercise before DOX treatment. DOX was administered 24 hours after the last training session as a bolus intraperitoneal injection at 10 mg/kg. Subgroups of rats from each primary group were killed at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days after DOX exposure to assess cardiac function and DOX accumulation. RESULTS Ten weeks of exercise preconditioning reduced myocardial DOX accumulation, and this reduction in accumulation was associated with preserved cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the cardioprotective effects of exercise against DOX-induced injury may be due, in part, to a reduction in myocardial DOX accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock T Jensen
- *School of Sport and Exercise Science and the Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO; †Department of Exercise and Rehabilitative Sciences, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA; and ‡Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Quindry JC, Hamilton KL. Exercise and cardiac preconditioning against ischemia reperfusion injury. Curr Cardiol Rev 2014; 9:220-9. [PMID: 23909636 PMCID: PMC3780347 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x113099990033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized nations. Ongoing research is aimed at uncovering therapeutic interventions against IR injury. Regular exercise participation is recognized as an important lifestyle intervention in the prevention and treatment of CVD and IR injury. More recent understanding reveals that moderate intensity aerobic exercise is also an important experimental model for understanding the cellular mechanisms of cardioprotection against IR injury. An important discovery in this regard was the observation that one-to-several days of exercise will attenuate IR injury. This phenomenon has been observed in young and old hearts of both sexes. Due to the short time course of exercise induced protection, IR injury prevention must be mediated by acute biochemical alterations within the myocardium. Research over the last decade reveals that redundant mechanisms account for exercise induced cardioprotection against IR. While much is now known about exercise preconditioning against IR injury, many questions remain. Perhaps most pressing, is what mechanisms mediate cardioprotection in aged hearts and what sex-dependent differences exist. Given that that exercise preconditioning is a polygenic effect, it is likely that multiple mediators of exercise induced cardioprotection have yet to be uncovered. Also unknown, is whether post translational modifications due to exercise are responsible for IR injury prevention. This review will provide an overview the major mechanisms of IR injury and exercise preconditioning. The discussion highlights many promising avenues for further research and describes how exercise preconditioning may continue to be an important scientific paradigm in the translation of cardioprotection research to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quindry
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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50
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Calvert JW, Lefer DJ. Role of β-adrenergic receptors and nitric oxide signaling in exercise-mediated cardioprotection. Physiology (Bethesda) 2013; 28:216-24. [PMID: 23817796 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise promotes cardioprotection in both humans and animals not only by reducing risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease but by reducing myocardial infarction and improving survival following ischemia. This article will define the role that nitric oxide and β-adrenergic receptors play in mediating the cardioprotective effects of exercise in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Calvert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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