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Sakamoto R, Kamoda T, Sato K, Ogoh S, Katayose M, Neki T, Iwamoto E. Acute aerobic exercise enhances cerebrovascular shear-mediated dilation in young adults: the role of cerebral shear. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:535-548. [PMID: 38153849 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00543.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced increases in shear rate (SR) acutely improve peripheral endothelial function, but the presence of this mechanism in cerebral arteries remains unclear. Thus, we evaluated shear-mediated dilation of the internal carotid artery (ICA), which is an index of cerebrovascular endothelial function, before and after exercise. Shear-mediated dilation was measured with 30 s of hypercapnia in 16 young adults before and 10 min after 30 min of sitting rest (CON) or three cycling exercises on four separate days. The target exercise intensity was 80% of oxygen uptake at the ventilatory threshold. To manipulate the ICA SR during exercise, participants breathed spontaneously (ExSB, SR increase) or hyperventilated without (ExHV, no increase in SR) or with ([Formula: see text], restoration of SR increase) addition of CO2 to inspiratory air. Shear-mediated dilation was calculated as a percent increase in diameter from baseline. Doppler ultrasound measures ICA velocity and diameter. The CON trial revealed that 30 min of sitting did not alter shear-mediated dilation (4.34 ± 1.37% to 3.44 ± 1.23%, P = 0.052). ICA dilation after exercise compared with preexercise levels increased in the ExSB trial (3.32 ± 1.37% to 4.74 ± 1.84%, P < 0.01), remained unchanged in the ExHV trial (4.07 ± 1.55% to 3.21 ± 1.48%, P = 0.07), but was elevated in the [Formula: see text] trial (3.35 ± 1.15% to 4.33 ± 2.12%, P = 0.04). Our results indicate that exercise-induced increases in cerebral shear may play a crucial role in improving cerebrovascular endothelial function after acute exercise in young adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that 30-min cycling (target intensity was 80% of the ventilatory threshold) with increasing shear of the internal carotid artery (ICA) enhanced transient hypercapnia-induced shear-mediated dilation of the ICA, reflecting improved cerebrovascular endothelial function. This enhancement of ICA dilation was diminished by suppressing the exercise-induced increase in ICA shear via hyperventilation. Our results indicate that increases in cerebral shear may be a key stimulus for improving cerebrovascular endothelial function after exercise in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kamoda
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Masaki Katayose
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Neki
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Jastrzębska AD, Hebisz R, Hebisz P. Assessing aerobic physical efficiency through temple surface temperature measurements during light, heavy exercise, and recovery. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15882. [PMID: 37741888 PMCID: PMC10517952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine thecorrelation between the selected measures of aerobic physical efficiency and changes in the temple surface temperature in response to light and heavy exercise. 25 physically active men aged 19-25 were recruited for the study. They performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to measure maximum power (Pmax) and a test verifying the value of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Then, two 3-min submaximal efforts with constant-intensity of 2.2 W·kgLBM-1 and 5 W·kgLBM-1, respectively were performed. During the constant-intensity efforts, the temperature of the temple surface was measured. Then, the difference between the temperature of the temple measured at the end of the exercise and the temperature measured at the beginning of the exercise was calculated (ΔT1-2.2, ΔT1-5, respectively). It was shown that ΔT1-2.2 correlated statistically significantly with VO2max (ml·min-1·kg-1) (r = 0.49; p = 0.01) and Pmax (W·kg-1) (r = 0.41, p = 0.04). Moreover, ΔT1-5 correlated statistically significantly with VO2max (l·min-1) (r = - 0.41; p = 0.04). Changes in body surface temperature in response to light exercise positively correlate with measurements of aerobic physical efficiency, such as VO2max and Pmax. When the exercise intensity is high (5 W·kgLBM-1), the correlation between exercise body temperature changes and VO2max becomes negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Danuta Jastrzębska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Rafał Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Mori S, Kosaki K, Tagata R, Kon K, Yasuda R, Nishitani N, Ishizu T, Maeda S. Acute influences of tennis services on cardiac output and brachial hemodynamics in young male tennis players. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:973-978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Temporal Skin Temperature as an Indicator of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessed with Selected Methods. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070948. [PMID: 36101329 PMCID: PMC9311827 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether there are associations between cardiovascular fitness (and aerobic capacity) and changes in temporal skin temperature during and after a single bout of high-intensity exercise. Twenty-three men with varying levels of physical activity (VO2max: 59.03 ± 11.19 (mL/kg/min), body mass 71.5 ± 10.4 (kg), body height 179 ± 8 (cm)) participated in the study. Each subject performed an incremental test and, after a 48-h interval, a 110%Pmax power test combined with an analysis of the thermal parameters, heart rate recovery and heart rate variability. Thermal radiation density from the body surface (temple) was measured using a Sonel KT384 thermal imaging camera immediately after warm-up (Tb), immediately after exercise (Te) and 120 sec after the end of exercise (Tr). The differences between measurements were then calculated. The correlation analysis between the thermal and cardiovascular function parameters during the recovery period showed strong positive associations between the Tr-Te difference and measures of cardiovascular fitness (50 < r < 69, p < 0.05). For example, the correlation coefficient between Tr-Te and VO2max reached 0.55 and between Tr-Te and Pmax reached 0.68. The results obtained indicate that the measurement of temporal temperature during and after an intense 3-min bout of exercise can be used to assess aerobic physical capacity and cardiovascular fitness.
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Moriyama S, Ichinose M, Dobashi K, Matsutake R, Sakamoto M, Fujii N, Nishiyasu T. Hypercapnia elicits differential vascular and blood flow responses in the cerebral circulation and active skeletal muscles in exercising humans. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15274. [PMID: 35466573 PMCID: PMC9035754 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a rise in arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) on vascular and blood flow responses in the cerebral circulation and active skeletal muscles during dynamic exercise in humans. Thirteen healthy young adults (three women) participated in hypercapnia and normocapnia trials. In both trials, participants performed a two‐legged dynamic knee extension exercise at a constant workload that increased heart rate to roughly 100 beats min−1. In the hypercapnia trial, participants performed the exercise with spontaneous breathing while end‐tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PETCO2), an index of PaCO2, was held at 60 mmHg by inhaling hypercapnic gas (O2: 20.3 ± 0.1%; CO2: 6.0 ± 0.5%). In the normocapnia trial, minute ventilation during exercise was matched to the value in the hypercapnia trial by performing voluntary hyperventilation with PETCO2 clamped at baseline level (i.e., 40–45 mmHg) through inhalation of mildly hypercapnic gas (O2: 20.6 ± 0.1%; CO2: 2.7 ± 1.0%). Middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity and the cerebral vascular conductance index were higher in the hypercapnia trial than in the normocapnia trial. By contrast, vascular conductance in the exercising leg was lower in the hypercapnia trial than in the normocapnia trial. Blood flow to the exercising leg did not differ between the two trials. These results demonstrate that hypercapnia‐induced vasomotion in active skeletal muscles is opposite to that in the cerebral circulation. These differential vascular responses may cause a preferential rise in cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shodai Moriyama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba City Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masashi Ichinose
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory School of Business Administration Meiji University Tokyo Japan
| | - Kohei Dobashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba City Ibaraki Japan
- Faculty of Education Hokkaido University of Education Hokkaido Japan
| | - Ryoko Matsutake
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba City Ibaraki Japan
| | - Mizuki Sakamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba City Ibaraki Japan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba City Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba City Ibaraki Japan
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6
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You Q, Yu L, Li G, He H, Lv Y. Effects of Different Intensities and Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 12:803102. [PMID: 35126182 PMCID: PMC8814456 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.803102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have found that aerobic exercise was more effective in improving vascular endothelial function than resistance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and other types of exercise, while the effects between different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise were unclear. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to investigate the effects of different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise on the vascular endothelial function of middle-aged and elderly people. Methods: Databases were searched up to April 2021 for studies evaluating the influences of different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) among healthy middle-aged and elderly people. Data were pooled using random-effects models to obtain the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 9 studies involving 221 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Aerobic exercise improved the overall FMD of healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.33 (95% CI, 0.37–2.28), P < 0.05]. Specifically, vigorous-intensity exercise increased FMD significantly in healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.27–1.93), P < 0.05], while moderate-intensity exercise had no significant association with FMD [WMD, 1.49 (95% CI, −0.62 to 3.60), P = 0.17]. In addition, long-term (8 weeks or above) aerobic exercise increased the FMD in healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.63 (95% CI, 0.61–2.66), P < 0.05], while one-time acute aerobic exercise had no significant association with FMD of healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 0.89 (95% CI, −1.47 to 3.24), P = 0.46]. Specifically, 8 weeks or above of vigorous-intensity exercise increased FMD significantly in healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.06–1.90), P < 0.01], while 8 weeks or above of moderate aerobic exercise had no significant association with FMD [WMD, 1.49 (95% CI, −0.62 to 3.60), P = 0.17]. Conclusion Aerobic exercise, especially 8 weeks or above of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, improved the endothelial function in healthy middle-aged and elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping You
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui He
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyuan Lv
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7
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Hansen AB, Moralez G, Amin SB, Simspon LL, Hofstaetter F, Anholm JD, Gasho C, Stembridge M, Dawkins TG, Tymko MM, Ainslie PN, Villafuerte F, Romero SA, Hearon CM, Lawley JS. Global REACH 2018: the adaptive phenotype to life with chronic mountain sickness and polycythaemia. J Physiol 2021; 599:4021-4044. [PMID: 34245004 DOI: 10.1113/jp281730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Humans suffering from polycythaemia undergo multiple circulatory adaptations including changes in blood rheology and structural and functional vascular adaptations to maintain normal blood pressure and vascular shear stresses, despite high blood viscosity. During exercise, several circulatory adaptations are observed, especially involving adrenergic and non-adrenergic mechanisms within non-active and active skeletal muscle to maintain exercise capacity, which is not observed in animal models. Despite profound circulatory stress, i.e. polycythaemia, several adaptations can occur to maintain exercise capacity, therefore making early identification of the disease difficult without overt symptomology. Pharmacological treatment of the background heightened sympathetic activity may impair the adaptive sympathetic response needed to match local oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscle oxygen demand and therefore inadvertently impair exercise capacity. ABSTRACT Excessive haematocrit and blood viscosity can increase blood pressure, cardiac work and reduce aerobic capacity. However, past clinical investigations have demonstrated that certain human high-altitude populations suffering from excessive erythrocytosis, Andeans with chronic mountain sickness, appear to have phenotypically adapted to life with polycythaemia, as their exercise capacity is comparable to healthy Andeans and even with sea-level inhabitants residing at high altitude. By studying this unique population, which has adapted through natural selection, this study aimed to describe how humans can adapt to life with polycythaemia. Experimental studies included Andeans with (n = 19) and without (n = 17) chronic mountain sickness, documenting exercise capacity and characterizing the transport of oxygen through blood rheology, including haemoglobin mass, blood and plasma volume and blood viscosity, cardiac output, blood pressure and changes in total and local vascular resistances through pharmacological dissection of α-adrenergic signalling pathways within non-active and active skeletal muscle. At rest, Andeans with chronic mountain sickness had a substantial plasma volume contraction, which alongside a higher red blood cell volume, caused an increase in blood viscosity yet similar total blood volume. Moreover, both morphological and functional alterations in the periphery normalized vascular shear stress and blood pressure despite high sympathetic nerve activity. During exercise, blood pressure, cardiac work and global oxygen delivery increased similar to healthy Andeans but were sustained by modifications in both non-active and active skeletal muscle vascular function. These findings highlight widespread physiological adaptations that can occur in response to polycythaemia, which allow the maintenance of exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Hansen
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sachin B Amin
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia L Simspon
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Hofstaetter
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James D Anholm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre of Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre of Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francisco Villafuerte
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología del Transporte de Oxígeno, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Steven A Romero
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Institute of Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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King TJ, Coates AM, Tremblay JC, Slysz JT, Petrick HL, Pignanelli C, Millar PJ, Burr JF. Vascular Function Is Differentially Altered by Distance after Prolonged Running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:597-605. [PMID: 32804900 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultraendurance exercise is steadily growing in popularity; however, the effect of increasingly prolonged durations of exercise on the vascular endothelium is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of various ultramarathon running distances on vascular form and function. METHODS We evaluated vascular endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the superficial femoral artery, as well as microvascular function, inflammatory factors, and central artery stiffness, before and after participants completed 25-km (7M:2F), 50-km (11M:10F), 80-km (9M:4F), or 160-km (9M:2F) trail races all run on the same day and course. RESULTS Completion required 149 ± 20, 386 ± 111, 704 ± 130, and 1470 ± 235 min, with corresponding average paces of 6.0 ± 0.8, 7.7 ± 2.2, 8.6 ± 1.3, and 9.6 ± 1.3 min·km-1, respectively. At baseline, there were no differences in participant characteristics across race distance groups. Shear rate stimulus trended toward an increase after the race (P = 0.07), but resting postrace artery diameter (P < 0.001) was elevated to a similar extent in all conditions. There was a reduction in FMD after the 50-km race (Δ -1.9% ± 2.2%, P < 0.01), but not the 25-km (Δ +0.3% ± 2.9%, P = 0.8), the 80-km (Δ -1.5% ± 3.2%, P = 0.1), or the 160-km (Δ +0.5% ± 2.5%, P = 0.5) race. Inflammatory markers increased most after 160 km, but arterial stiffness and microvascular function were not differently affected by race distance. CONCLUSIONS Although the superficial femoral artery baseline diameter was larger postexercise regardless of race distance, only the 50-km race reduced FMD, whereas a short-duration higher-intensity race (25 km) and longer-duration lower-intensity races (160 km) did not. Therefore, a 50-km ultramarathon may represent the intersection between higher-intensity exercise over a prolonged duration, causing reduced endothelial function not seen in shorter or longer distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J King
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Alexandra M Coates
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Joshua T Slysz
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Heather L Petrick
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Philip J Millar
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
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9
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Dawson EA, Boidin M, Thompson R, Cable NT, Thijssen DHJ, Green DJ. Impact of proximal and distal cuff inflation on brachial artery endothelial function in healthy individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1135-1144. [PMID: 33484336 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examined whether the decrease in endothelial function associated with short-term exposure to elevated retrograde shear rate (SR), could be prevented when combined with a concurrent drop in transmural pressure in humans. METHODS Twenty-five healthy individuals reported to our laboratory on three occasions to complete 30-min experimental conditions, preceded and followed by assessment of endothelial function using flow-mediated dilation (FMD). We used cuff inflation for 30-min to manipulate retrograde SR and transmural pressure in the brachial artery. Subjects underwent, in randomised order: (1) forearm cuff inflation to 60 mmHg (distal cuff; causing increase in retrograde SR), (2) upper arm cuff inflation to 60 mmHg (proximal cuff; causing increase in retrograde SR + decrease in transmural pressure), and (3) no cuff inflation (Control). RESULTS The distal and proximal cuff conditions both increased brachial artery retrograde SR (p < 0.001) and oscillatory shear index (p < 0.001). The Control intervention did not alter SR patterns or FMD (p > 0.05). A significant interaction-effect was found for FMD (p < 0.05), with the decrease during distal cuff (from 6.9 ± 2.3% to 6.1 ± 2.5%), being reversed to an increase with proximal cuff (from 6.3 ± 2.0 to 6.9 ± 2.0%). The proximal cuff-related increase in FMD could not be explained by the decrease in antegrade or increase in retrograde shear. CONCLUSION This study suggests that a decrease in transmural pressure may ameliorate the decline in endothelial function that occurs following exposure to elevated retrograde shear in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Maxime Boidin
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EPIC) Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nigel T Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitations Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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10
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Miura K, Kashima H, Namura S, Morimoto M, Endo MY, Oue A, Fukuba Y. Effects of cooling or warming of the distal upper limb on skin vascular conductance and brachial artery shear profiles during cycling exercise. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:308-324. [PMID: 33472421 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1872573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The relative influence of skin vascular conductance in glabrous (G; palm) and non-glabrous (NG; dorsal and forearm) regions to upstream brachial artery-shear stress (BA-SS) profile are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of G and/or NG skin vascular conductance (VC), which were modulated by warming or cooling manipulation, on BA-shear rate (SR, an estimate of SS) during cycling exercise. Seven healthy subjects performed 60-min exercise. Between 20 and 50 min of the exercise, the NG+G or G skin region were warmed to 42°C or cooled to 15°C using a water bath. Throughout the protocol, diameter and blood velocity in BA and skin VCs in forearm and palm were measured. All measurements showed that a steady-state response was reached after 20 min of exercise. Subsequently, during cooling manipulation, forearm VC was significantly decreased, and the concomitant BA-SR profile was revealed (primarily characterized by decreased antegrade SR and increased retrograde SR) in the NG+G. Such changes were not observed in G alone. During warming manipulation, forearm VC and mean BA-SR significantly increased only in the NG+G. In conclusion, vascular response in NG skin possibly plays a major role in the modulation of BA-SS profile during cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Saki Namura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marina Morimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Endothelial function of healthy adults from 20 to 91 years of age: prediction of cardiovascular risk by vasoactive range. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1361-1369. [PMID: 33470736 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brachial arterial low flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) are ultrasound-based biomarkers that emerge into scientific and clinical practice indicating cardiovascular effects of medical and lifestyle-based treatment beyond classical risk factors. This study is the first to provide reference values and to assess the predictive value of L-FMC, FMD and their composite endpoint vasoactive range (VAR) in healthy adults. METHODS L-FMC, FMD and VAR were measured in 457 nonsmoking adults of 20-91 years without chronic diseases, medication, with normal heart function and very low cardiovascular risk. Sex-specific percentiles were calculated and predictive ability for elevated cardiovascular risk was assessed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS From 20 to 91 years of age, L-FMC increased 86.1 and 105.3%, FMD decreased 63.6 and 47.1% and VAR decreased 58.3 and 55.2% in women and men, respectively. Area under the ROC curves was 0.54 (95% CI = 0.49-0.54) for L-FMC, 0.67 (95% CI = 0.62-0.67) for FMD and 0.72 (95% CI = 0.67-0.72) for VAR (P < 0.001). Discriminatory cut-offs for elevated risk were 0.24% for L-FMC (sensitivity = 0.42, specificity = 0.67), 6.4% for FMD (sensitivity = 0.71, specificity = 0.60) and 6.3% for VAR (sensitivity = 0.62, specificity = 0.73). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates reduced endothelial function with aging in healthy men and women with very low cardiovascular risk. Percentiles crossed cut-offs for elevated cardiovascular risk between 50 and 55 years in men and 70 and 75 years in women, indicating higher risk for cardiovascular disease in men. VAR showed the highest ability to identify individuals with elevated cardiovascular risk, and should be included in the monitoring and treatment of accelerated vascular aging even in healthy individuals.
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12
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Ogoh S, Washio T, Suzuki K, Iemitsu M, Hashimoto T, Iwamoto E, Bailey DM. Greater increase in internal carotid artery shear rate during aerobic interval compared to continuous exercise in healthy adult men. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14705. [PMID: 33463912 PMCID: PMC7814484 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval exercise has been determined to be more effective than continuous exercise for achieving improvement in the cardiovascular function of individuals suffering from cardiovascular disease. However, whether interval exercise improves the cerebrovascular function remains unclear. As per our hypothesis, interval exercise induces a higher cerebrovascular shear rate (SR) than continuous exercise. In this study, 11 adult men randomly performed continuous exercise for 12 min or work-equivalent (57.6 kJ/exercise session) interval exercise of semi-recumbent cycling. The SR in the internal carotid artery (ICA) represents an index of the cerebrovascular SR, which was measured during both the exercises using Doppler ultrasonography. Both the aerobic exercise modes increased the ICA SR. Moreover, the average ICA SR of the interval exercise for the final 4 min of exercise or 2 min of recovery was significantly higher than that for continuous exercise (exercise, 351 ± 75 vs. 330 ± 61/s, p = .038; recovery, 327 ± 86 vs. 290 ± 56/s, p = .014). To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that aerobic interval exercise increased the ICA SR more than equivalent work volume of aerobic continuous exercise. Thus, aerobic interval exercise may be more effective at stimulating the cerebrovasculature, resulting in greater improvements in cerebrovascular function as compared to continuous aerobic exercise in healthy adult men. These findings provide some important information that would help enhance exercise therapy programs for patients with arteriosclerosis, especially in the cerebral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringToyo UniversityKawagoe‐ShiJapan
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
| | - Takuro Washio
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringToyo UniversityKawagoe‐ShiJapan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuya Suzuki
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringToyo UniversityKawagoe‐ShiJapan
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | | | - Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health SciencesSapporo Medical UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Damian M. Bailey
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
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13
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Influence of sprint exercise on aortic pulse wave velocity and femoral artery shear patterns. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2635-2647. [PMID: 32880701 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aortic stiffness may affect shear patterns in the peripheral vasculature. This study examined if sprint exercise, which typically increases aortic stiffness is associated with increased peripheral retrograde blood flow and impaired microvascular function. METHODS Twenty participants (10 women; age: 27 ± 5 years) underwent arterial stiffness, shear rate, and microvascular function assessment at three time points: baseline; following time control; ~ 2 min post a 30-s cycle ergometer sprint against 7.0% body mass. Aortic stiffness was assessed using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Superficial femoral artery (SFA) diameter and blood velocity were assessed using Doppler-ultrasound and were used to calculate shear rates and resistance index (RI). SFA wave reflections were obtained via wave intensity analysis. Vastus medialis microvascular function was measured as tissue saturation index reactivity pre-post exercise via near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS cfPWV increased by + 0.8 ± 0.7 m·s-1 following exercise (p < 0.001). Retrograde shear was reduced following exercise compared with time control (- 4.9 ± 3.8 s-1; p < 0.001), while tissue saturation index was increased post-exercise from baseline (+ 2.3 ± 4.6%; p = 0.04). Reductions in SFA wave reflections (- 1.70 ± 1.96 aU) and RI (- 0.17 ± 0.13 aU) were also noted following exercise (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These data suggest sprint exercise-mediated changes in peripheral shear patterns and microvascular function in the exercised vasculature occur independent from increases in aortic stiffness. Exercise-induced reductions in SFA retrograde shear may be related to decreased wave reflections and peripheral vascular resistance.
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14
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Barbosa TC, Young BE, Stephens BY, Nandadeva D, Kaur J, Keller DM, Fadel PJ. Functional sympatholysis is preserved in healthy young Black men during rhythmic handgrip exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R323-R328. [PMID: 32783690 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00105.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Black men have attenuated increases in forearm vascular conductance (FVC) and forearm blood flow (FBF) during moderate- and high-intensity rhythmic handgrip exercise compared with White men, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we tested for the first time the hypothesis that functional sympatholysis (i.e., attenuation of sympathetic vasoconstriction in the exercising muscles) is impaired in Black men compared with White men. Thirteen White and 14 Black healthy young men were studied. FBF (duplex Doppler ultrasound) and mean arterial pressure (MAP; Finometer) were measured at rest and during rhythmic handgrip exercise at 30% maximal voluntary contraction. FVC was calculated as FBF/MAP. Sympathetic activation was induced via lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at -20 Torr for 2 min at rest and from the 3rd to the 5th min of handgrip. Sympathetic vasoconstriction was assessed as percent reductions in FVC during LBNP. The groups presented similar resting FVC, FBF, and MAP. During LBNP at rest, reductions in FVC were not different between White (-35 ± 10%) and Black men (-32 ± 14%, P = 0.616), indicating similar reflex-induced sympathetic vasoconstriction. During handgrip exercise, there were minimal reductions in FVC with LBNP in either group (White: -1 ± 7%; Black: +1 ± 8%; P = 0.523), indicating functional sympatholysis in both groups. Thus, contrary to our hypothesis, our findings indicate a preserved functional sympatholysis in healthy young Black men compared with White men, suggesting that this mechanism does not appear to contribute to reduced exercise hyperemia during moderate-intensity rhythmic handgrip in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales C Barbosa
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Benjamin E Young
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Brandi Y Stephens
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Damsara Nandadeva
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Jasdeep Kaur
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - David M Keller
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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15
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Miura K, Kashima H, Morimoto M, Namura S, Yamaoka Endo M, Oue A, Fukuba Y. Effects of Unilateral Arm Warming or Cooling on the Modulation of Brachial Artery Shear Stress and Endothelial Function during Leg Exercise in Humans. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:271-282. [PMID: 32595193 PMCID: PMC8049146 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We examined the effect of modulating the shear stress (SS) profile using forearm warming and cooling on subsequent endothelial function in the brachial artery (BA) during exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy young subjects immersed their right forearm in water (15°C or 42°C) during a leg cycling exercise at 120–130 bpm for 60 min. The same exercise without water immersion served as a control. The BA diameter and blood velocity were simultaneously recorded using Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the antegrade, retrograde, and mean shear rates (SRs, an estimate of SS) before, during, and after exercise. The endothelial function in the right BA was evaluated using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (%) using two-dimensional high-resolution ultrasonography before (baseline) and 15 and 60 min after exercise. Results: During exercise, compared with the control trial, higher antegrade and mean SRs and lower retrograde SRs were observed in the warm trial; conversely, lower antegrade and mean SRs and higher retrograde SRs were observed in the cool trial. At 15 min postexercise, no significant change was observed in the FMD from baseline in the warm (Δ%FMD: +1.6%, tendency to increase; p = 0.08) and control trials (Δ %FMD: +1.1%). However, in the cool trial, the postexercise FMD at 60 min decreased from baseline (Δ%FMD: −2.7%) and was lower than that of the warm (Δ%FMD: +1.5%) and control (Δ%FMD: +1.2%) trials. Accumulated changes in each SR during and after exercise were significantly correlated with postexercise FMD changes. Conclusion: Modulation of shear profiles in the BA during exercise appears to be associated with subsequent endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Marina Morimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Saki Namura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Masako Yamaoka Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
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16
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Miura K, Kashima H, Oue A, Kondo A, Watanabe S, Endo MY, Fukuba Y. Effect of sinusoidal leg cycling exercise period on brachial artery blood flow dynamics in humans. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:23. [PMID: 32312251 PMCID: PMC7170823 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To quantify the dynamics of blood flow in brachial artery (BF-BA) in response to sinusoidal work rate (WR) leg cycling exercises of 2-, 4-, and 6-min periods and to examine their relationship with the forearm skin blood flow (SBF). Methods Seven healthy young male subjects performed upright leg ergometer exercise with a constant WR (mean sinusoidal WR) for 30 min followed by sinusoidal WR exercise of three different periods (number of repetitions): 2 min (7), 4 min (4), and 6 min (3). The WR fluctuated from 20 W to a peak WR corresponding to 60% peak oxygen uptake (VO2). We continuously measured pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood velocity and cross-sectional area of BA, and forearm SBF and sweating rate (SR). Results All variables were followed by the sinusoidal WR. The phases of the variables for gas exchange and central circulation, such as VO2 and HR with WR forcing were similar (e.g., phase shift (θ) in HR [°]: 2 min, 60 ± 7; 4 min, 45 ± 10; 6 min, 37 ± 8; mean ± SD) to previous study results, that is, a longer period showed a shorter θ and larger amplitude of responses. Contrarily, the BF-BA response showed anti-phase (approximately 180°) regardless of the period, whereas the θ of forearm SBF and SR were similar to gas exchange and central circulation. Conclusions Inactive limb BF-BA during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise was out of phase relative to the regulation of O2-delivery to active muscles and thermoregulation. The response of BF-BA seems to not always reflect the response of forearm SBF in the downstream area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo, Hiroshima, 731-3195, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kondo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Watanabe
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan.
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17
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Hebisz R, Hebisz P, Borkowski J, Wierzbicka-Damska I, Zatoń M. Relationship Between the Skin Surface Temperature Changes During Sprint Interval Testing Protocol and the Aerobic Capacity in Well-Trained Cyclists. Physiol Res 2019; 68:981-989. [PMID: 31647289 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated whether changes in body surface temperature in a sprint interval testing protocol (SITP) correlated with aerobic capacity in cyclists. The study involved 21 well-trained cyclists. Maximal aerobic power and maximal oxygen uptake relative to lean body mass (LBM-P(max) and LBM-VO(2max), respectively) were determined by incremental exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. SITP was administered 48 hours later and involved four 30-s maximal sprints interspersed with 90-s active recovery. Body surface temperature was recorded at the temple and arm and the delta difference between baseline temperature and temperature measured immediately after the first sprint (DeltaTt(1) and DeltaTa(1), respectively) and 80 seconds after the fourth sprint (DeltaTt(4) and DeltaTa(4)), respectively) was calculated. Significant correlations were found between DeltaTt4 and LBM-Pmax and LBM-VO(2max) (r=0.63 and r=0.75, respectively) with no significant change in DeltaTa(1) or DeltaTa(4). Body surface temperature, measured at the temple region, can be used to indirectly assess aerobic capacity during maximal sprint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Poland.
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18
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Limberg JK, Casey DP, Trinity JD, Nicholson WT, Wray DW, Tschakovsky ME, Green DJ, Hellsten Y, Fadel PJ, Joyner MJ, Padilla J. Assessment of resistance vessel function in human skeletal muscle: guidelines for experimental design, Doppler ultrasound, and pharmacology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 318:H301-H325. [PMID: 31886718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00649.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of duplex Doppler ultrasound almost half a century ago signified a revolutionary advance in the ability to assess limb blood flow in humans. It is now widely used to assess blood flow under a variety of experimental conditions to study skeletal muscle resistance vessel function. Despite its pervasive adoption, there is substantial variability between studies in relation to experimental protocols, procedures for data analysis, and interpretation of findings. This guideline results from a collegial discussion among physiologists and pharmacologists, with the goal of providing general as well as specific recommendations regarding the conduct of human studies involving Doppler ultrasound-based measures of resistance vessel function in skeletal muscle. Indeed, the focus is on methods used to assess resistance vessel function and not upstream conduit artery function (i.e., macrovasculature), which has been expertly reviewed elsewhere. In particular, we address topics related to experimental design, data collection, and signal processing as well as review common procedures used to assess resistance vessel function, including postocclusive reactive hyperemia, passive limb movement, acute single limb exercise, and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Darren P Casey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - D Walter Wray
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | | | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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19
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Lyall GK, Davies MJ, Ferguson C, Porter KE, Birch KM. In-exercise vascular shear rate during acute continuous and interval exercise: impact on endothelial function and miR-21. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1754-1762. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00156.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell phenotype and endothelial function are regulated by hemodynamic forces, particularly wall shear stress (WSS). During a single bout of exercise, the specific exercise protocol can affect in-exercise WSS patterns and, consequently, endothelial function. MicroRNAs might provide a biomarker of in-exercise WSS pattern to indicate whether a specific exercise bout will have a positive effect on endothelial function. We evaluated the effect of acute interval (IT) and continuous (CON) in-exercise WSS patterns upon postexercise endothelial function and circulating microRNA (miR)-21 expression. Methods and results: 13 participants performed CON and 3 different IT exercise protocols matched for duration and intensity on separate days. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and brachial artery blood flow were recorded throughout the exercise. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was performed pre-exercise and 15 min postexercise. Plasma samples were acquired pre-exercise and 6 h postexercise to determine miR-21 expression. In-exercise shear rate (SR) patterns (a surrogate of WSS) differed according to the CON or IT work-rate profile. In-exercise anterograde SR was greater in CON than IT exercise ( P < 0.05), but retrograde SR was equivalent between exercise protocols ( P > 0.05). Oscillatory shear index was higher during IT versus CON exercise ( P < 0.05). Postexercise FMD increased (pre: 7.08% ± 2.95%, post: 10.54% ± 4.24%, P < 0.05), whereas miR-21 expression was unchanged (pre: 12.0% ± 20.7% cel-miR-39, post: 11.1 ± 19.3% cel-miR-39, P > 0.05) with no effect of exercise protocol ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: CON and IT exercise induced different SR patterns but equivalent improvements in acute endothelial function. The absence of change in miR-21 expression suggests that miR-21 is not a suitable biomarker of exercise-induced SR. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Interval exercise has the potential to negatively impact vascular adaptations because of repeated oscillations in vascular shear. To our knowledge, we are the first to continuously assess exercise-induced shear throughout different acute exercise protocols and examine its relationship with acute endothelial function and a circulating biomarker of shear (miR-21). These experiments provide clear data indicating enhancement of the acute vascular response from differing interval exercise protocols, with the study also providing detailed vascular and shear responses for future reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Kate Lyall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew John Davies
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Porter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Birch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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20
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Holder SM, Dawson EA, Brislane Á, Hisdal J, Green DJ, Thijssen DHJ. Fluctuation in shear rate, with unaltered mean shear rate, improves brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy, young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1687-1693. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00009.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in mean shear stress represents an important and potent hemodynamic stimulus to improve conduit artery endothelial function in humans. No previous study has examined whether fluctuations in shear rate patterns, without altering mean shear stress, impacts conduit artery endothelial function. This study examined the hypothesis that 30-min exposure to fluctuations in shear rate patterns, in the presence of unaltered mean shear rate, improves brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. Fifteen healthy men (27.3 ± 5.0 yr) completed the study. Bilateral brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was assessed before and after unilateral exposure to 30 min of intermittent negative pressure (10 s, −40mmHg; 7 s, 0 mmHg) to induce fluctuation in shear rate, while the contralateral arm was exposed to a resting period. Negative pressure significantly increased shear rate, followed by a decrease in shear rate upon pressure release (both P < 0.001). Across the 30-min intervention, mean shear rate was not different compared with baseline ( P = 0.458). A linear mixed model revealed a significant effect of time observed for flow-mediated dilation ( P = 0.029), with exploratory post hoc analysis showing an increase in the intervention arm (∆FMD +2.0%, P = 0.008), but not in the contralateral control arm (∆FMD +0.5%, P = 0.664). However, there was no effect for arm ( P = 0.619) or interaction effect ( P = 0.096). In conclusion, we found that fluctuations in shear patterns, with unaltered mean shear, improves brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. These novel data suggest that fluctuations in shear pattern, even in the absence of altered mean shear, represent a stimulus to acute change in endothelial function in healthy individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intermittent negative pressure applied to the forearm induced significant fluctuations in antegrade and retrograde shear rate, while mean shear was preserved relative to baseline. Our exploratory study revealed that brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was significantly improved following 30-min exposure to intermittent negative pressure. Fluctuations in blood flow or shear rate, with unaltered mean shear, may have important implications for vascular health; however, further research is required to identify the underlying mechanisms and potential long-term health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. Holder
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen A. Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Áine Brislane
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, York St. John University, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Section of Vascular Investigations, Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dick H. J. Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud, the Netherlands
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21
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Barbosa TC, Kaur J, Stephens BY, Akins JD, Keller DM, Brothers RM, Fadel PJ. Attenuated forearm vascular conductance responses to rhythmic handgrip in young African-American compared with Caucasian-American men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1316-H1321. [PMID: 30118345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00387.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that African-American (AA) individuals have heightened vasoconstrictor and reduced vasodilator responses under resting conditions compared with Caucasian-American (CA) individuals. However, potential differences in vascular responses to exercise remain unclear. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that, compared with CA subjects, AA subjects would present an attenuated increase in forearm vascular conductance (FVC) during rhythmic handgrip exercise. Forearm blood flow (FBF; duplex Doppler ultrasound) and mean arterial pressure (MAP; finger photoplethysmography) were measured in healthy young CA ( n = 10) and AA ( n = 10) men during six trials of rhythmic handgrip performed at workloads of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 kg. FVC (calculated as FBF/MAP), FBF, and MAP were similar between groups at rest (FVC: 63 ± 7 ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1 in CA subjects vs. 62 ± 7 ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1 in AA subjects, P = 0.862). There was an intensity-dependent increase in FVC during exercise in both groups; however, AA subjects presented lower FVC (interaction P < 0.001) at 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, and 24-kg workloads (e.g., 24 kg: 324 ± 20 ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1 in CA subjects vs. 241 ± 21 ml·min-1·100 mmHg-1 in AA subjects, P < 0.001). FBF responses to exercise were also lower in AA subjects (interaction P < 0.001), whereas MAP responses did not differ between groups (e.g., ∆MAP at 24 kg: +19 ± 2 mmHg in CA subjects vs. +19 ± 2 mmHg in AA subjects, interaction P = 0.950). These findings indicate lower hyperemic responses to rhythmic handgrip exercise in AA men compared with CA men. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is known that African-American individuals have heightened vasoconstriction and reduced vasodilation under resting conditions compared with Caucasian-American individuals. Here, we identified that the hyperemic response to moderate and high-intensity rhythmic handgrip exercise was lower in healthy young African-American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales C Barbosa
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Jasdeep Kaur
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Brandi Y Stephens
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - John D Akins
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - David M Keller
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - R Matthew Brothers
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
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22
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Wilhelm EN, González-Alonso J, Chiesa ST, Trangmar SJ, Kalsi KK, Rakobowchuk M. Whole-body heat stress and exercise stimulate the appearance of platelet microvesicles in plasma with limited influence of vascular shear stress. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/21/e13496. [PMID: 29122961 PMCID: PMC5688785 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense, large muscle mass exercise increases circulating microvesicles, but our understanding of microvesicle dynamics and mechanisms inducing their release remains limited. However, increased vascular shear stress is generally thought to be involved. Here, we manipulated exercise‐independent and exercise‐dependent shear stress using systemic heat stress with localized single‐leg cooling (low shear) followed by single‐leg knee extensor exercise with the cooled or heated leg (Study 1, n = 8) and whole‐body passive heat stress followed by cycling (Study 2, n = 8). We quantified femoral artery shear rates (SRs) and arterial and venous platelet microvesicles (PMV–CD41+) and endothelial microvesicles (EMV–CD62E+). In Study 1, mild passive heat stress while one leg remained cooled did not affect [microvesicle] (P ≥ 0.05). Single‐leg knee extensor exercise increased active leg SRs by ~12‐fold and increased arterial and venous [PMVs] by two‐ to threefold, even in the nonexercising contralateral leg (P < 0.05). In Study 2, moderate whole‐body passive heat stress increased arterial [PMV] compared with baseline (mean±SE, from 19.9 ± 1.5 to 35.5 ± 5.4 PMV.μL−1.103, P < 0.05), and cycling with heat stress increased [PMV] further in the venous circulation (from 27.5 ± 2.2 at baseline to 57.5 ± 7.2 PMV.μL−1.103 during cycling with heat stress, P < 0.05), with a tendency for increased appearance of PMV across exercising limbs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that whole‐body heat stress may increase arterial [PMV], and intense exercise engaging either large or small muscle mass promote PMV formation locally and systemically, with no influence upon [EMV]. Local shear stress, however, does not appear to be the major stimulus modulating PMV formation in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico N Wilhelm
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Chiesa
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Trangmar
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kameljit K Kalsi
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom .,Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Walsh LK, Restaino RM, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Prolonged leg bending impairs endothelial function in the popliteal artery. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/20/e13478. [PMID: 29061865 PMCID: PMC5661238 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Uninterrupted sitting blunts vascular endothelial function in the lower extremities; however, the factors contributing to this impairment remain largely unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that prolonged flexion of the hip and knee joints, as it occurs during sitting, and associated low shear stress and disturbed (i.e., turbulent) blood flow caused by arterial bending, impairs endothelial function at the popliteal artery. Bilateral measurements of popliteal artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) were performed in 12 healthy subjects before and after a 3‐h lying‐down period during which one leg was bent (i.e., 90‐degree angles at the hip and knee) and the contralateral leg remained straight, serving as internal control. During the 3‐h lying down period, the bent leg displayed a profound and sustained reduction in popliteal artery blood flow and mean shear rate; whereas a slight but steady decline that only became significant at 3 h was noted in the straight leg. Notably, 3 h of lying down markedly impaired popliteal artery FMD in the bent leg (pre: 6.3 ± 1.2% vs. post: 2.8 ± 0.91%; P < 0.01) but not in the straight leg (pre: 5.6 ± 1.1% vs. post: 7.1 ± 1.2%; P = 0.24). Collectively, this study provides evidence that prolonged bending of the leg causes endothelial dysfunction in the popliteal artery. This effect is likely secondary to vascular exposure to low and disturbed blood flow resulting from arterial angulation. We conclude that spending excessive time with legs bent and immobile, irrespective of whether this is in the setting of sitting or lying‐down, may be disadvantageous for leg vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Walsh
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert M Restaino
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Child Health University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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24
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Fukuba Y, Endo MY, Kondo A, Kikugawa Y, Miura K, Kashima H, Fujimoto M, Hayashi N, Fukuoka Y, Koga S. Brachial artery blood flow dynamics during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise in humans. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/19/e13456. [PMID: 28989117 PMCID: PMC5641938 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the control of the peripheral circulation of a nonworking upper limb during leg cycling exercise, blood flow (BF) dynamics in the brachial artery (BA) were determined using a sinusoidal work rate (WR) exercise. Ten healthy subjects performed upright leg cycling exercise at a constant WR for 30 min, followed by 16 min of sinusoidal WR consisting of 4‐min periods of WR fluctuating between a minimum output of 20 W and a maximum output corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT). Throughout the protocol, pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood velocity (BV), and cross‐sectional area of the BA, forearm skin BF (SBF), and sweating rate (SR) were measured. Each variable was fitted to a sinusoidal model with phase shift (θ) and amplitude (A). Nearly all variables closely fit a sinusoidal model. Variables relating to oxygen transport, such as VO2 and HR, followed the sinusoidal WR pattern with certain delays (θ: VO2; 51.4 ± 4.0°, HR; 41.8 ± 5.4°, mean ± SD). Conversely, BF response in the BA was approximately in antiphase (175.1 ± 28.9°) with a relatively large A, whereas the phase of forearm SBF was dissimilar (65.8 ± 35.9°). Thus, the change of BF through a conduit artery to the nonworking upper limb appears to be the reverse when WR fluctuates during sinusoidal leg exercise, and it appears unlikely that this could be ascribed exclusively to altering the downstream circulation to forearm skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kondo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Kikugawa
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujimoto
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
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25
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Elliott RO, Alsalahi S, Fisher JP. Impact of acute dynamic exercise on radial artery low-flow mediated constriction in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1463-1472. [PMID: 29748721 PMCID: PMC6028889 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A “low-flow mediated constriction” (L-FMC) is evoked in the radial artery by the inflation of an ipsilateral wrist cuff to a supra-systolic pressure. We sought to test the hypothesis that the radial artery L-FMC response is augmented immediately following acute dynamic leg exercise in young healthy individuals. Methods Ten healthy and recreationally active men (23 ± 4 years) undertook a 30-min trial of incremental dynamic leg cycling exercise (10 min at 50, 100 and 150 W) and a 30-min time control trial (seated rest). Trials were randomly assigned and performed on separate days. Radial artery characteristics (diameter, blood flow and shear rate) were assessed throughout each trial, with L-FMC and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) assessments conducted prior to and immediately following (10 min) trials. Results Dynamic leg cycling exercise increased radial artery blood flow, along with mean, retrograde and anterograde shear rate (P < 0.05). Blood flow profiles were unchanged during the time control trial (P > 0.05). Following exercise L-FMC was increased (mean [SD]; − 5.6 [3.3] vs. − 10.1 [3.8] %, P < 0.05), while it was not different in the time control condition (− 8.1 [3.2] vs. − 6.7 [3.4] %, P > 0.05). FMD was not different following either the exercise or time control trials (P > 0.05), but the composite end-point of L-FMC + FMD was enhanced post-exercise (P < 0.05). Conclusions Dynamic exercise with a large muscle mass acutely augments the vasoconstrictor response of the radial artery in response to a reduction in blood flow (L-FMC) in young healthy individuals. The time course of this post-exercise response and the underlying vasoregulatory mechanisms require elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Elliott
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sultan Alsalahi
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Fisher
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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26
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Credeur DP, Reynolds LJ, Holwerda SW, Vranish JR, Young BE, Wang J, Thyfault JP, Fadel PJ. Influence of physical inactivity on arterial compliance during a glucose challenge. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:483-494. [PMID: 29315921 DOI: 10.1113/ep086713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? To understand better the effects of acute hyperglycaemia on arterial stiffness in healthy young individuals, we assessed arterial stiffness in physically active men before and after reduced ambulatory physical activity to decrease insulin sensitivity. What is the main finding and its importance? During an oral glucose tolerance test, we identified an increase in leg arterial stiffness (i.e. reduced femoral artery compliance) only when subjects were inactive for 5 days (<5000 steps day-1 ) and not when they were engaging in regular physical activity (>10,000 steps day-1 ). These results demonstrate the deleterious consequence of acute reductions in daily physical activity on the response of the peripheral vasculature to acute hyperglycaemia. ABSTRACT Acute hyperglycaemia has been shown to augment indices of arterial stiffness in patients with insulin resistance and other co-morbidities; however, conflicting results exist in healthy young individuals. We examined whether acute hyperglycaemia after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) increases arterial stiffness in healthy active men before and after reduced ambulatory physical activity to decrease insulin sensitivity. High-resolution arterial diameter traces acquired from Doppler ultrasound allowed an arterial blood pressure (BP) waveform to be obtained from the diameter trace within a cardiac cycle. In 24 subjects, this method demonstrated sufficient agreement with the traditional approach for assessing arterial compliance using applanation tonometry. In 10 men, continuous recordings of femoral and brachial artery diameter and beat-to-beat BP (Finometer) were acquired at rest, 60 and 120 min of an OGTT before and after 5 days of reduced activity (from >10,000 to <5000 steps day-1 ). Compliance and β-stiffness were quantified. Before the reduction in activity, the OGTT had no effect on arterial compliance or β-stiffness. However, after the reduction in activity, femoral compliance was decreased (rest, 0.10 ± 0.03 mm2 mmHg-1 versus 120 min OGTT, 0.06 ± 0.02 mm2 mmHg-1 ; P < 0.001) and femoral β-stiffness increased (rest, 8.7 ± 2.7 a.u. versus 120 min OGTT, 15.3 ± 6.5 a.u.; P < 0.001) during OGTT, whereas no changes occurred in brachial artery compliance (P = 0.182) or stiffness (P = 0.892). Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) was decreased after the reduction in activity (P = 0.002). In summary, in young healthy men the femoral artery becomes susceptible to acute hyperglycaemia after 5 days of reduced activity and the resultant decrease in insulin sensitivity, highlighting the strong influence of daily physical activity levels on vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Credeur
- School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Leryn J Reynolds
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Seth W Holwerda
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Vranish
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin E Young
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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27
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Gordon N, Abbiss CR, Ihsan M, Maiorana AJ, Peiffer JJ. Active and Inactive Leg Hemodynamics during Sequential Single-Leg Interval Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1297-1304. [PMID: 29324474 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leg order during sequential single-leg cycling (i.e., exercising both legs independently within a single session) may affect local muscular responses potentially influencing adaptations. This study examined the cardiovascular and skeletal muscle hemodynamic responses during double-leg and sequential single-leg cycling. METHODS Ten young healthy adults (28 ± 6 yr) completed six 1-min double-leg intervals interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery and, on a separate occasion, 12 (six with one leg followed by six with the other leg) 1-min single-leg intervals interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle oxygenation, muscle blood volume, and power output were measured throughout each session. RESULTS Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and power output were not different between sets of single-leg intervals, but the average of both sets was lower than the double-leg intervals. Mean arterial pressure was higher during double-leg compared with sequential single-leg intervals (115 ± 9 vs 104 ± 9 mm Hg, P < 0.05) and higher during the initial compared with second set of single-leg intervals (108 ± 10 vs 101 ± 10 mm Hg, P < 0.05). The increase in muscle blood volume from baseline was similar between the active single leg and the double leg (267 ± 150 vs 214 ± 169 μM·cm, P = 0.26). The pattern of change in muscle blood volume from the initial to second set of intervals was significantly different (P < 0.05) when the leg was active in the initial (-52.3% ± 111.6%) compared with second set (65.1% ± 152.9%). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the order in which each leg performs sequential single-leg cycling influences the local hemodynamic responses, with the inactive muscle influencing the stimulus experienced by the contralateral leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gordon
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, AUSTRALIA
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA.,Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
| | - Andrew J Maiorana
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, AUSTRALIA.,Allied Health Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, AUSTRALIA
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28
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Vranish JR, Holwerda SW, Young BE, Credeur DP, Patik JC, Barbosa TC, Keller DM, Fadel PJ. Exaggerated Vasoconstriction to Spontaneous Bursts of Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Healthy Young Black Men. Hypertension 2017; 71:192-198. [PMID: 29203629 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blacks have the highest prevalence of hypertension, putting them at greater risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Previous studies have reported that, relative to whites, healthy black men have augmented pressor responses to sympathoexcitatory stressors. Although important, these studies do not inform about the resting state and the influence of spontaneous changes in resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Likewise, little is known about the transduction of MSNA into a vascular response at rest on a beat-to-beat basis. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that relative to whites, blacks would exhibit greater vasoconstriction and pressor responses following spontaneous bursts of MSNA. Mean arterial pressure, common femoral artery blood flow, and MSNA were continuously recorded during 20 minutes of supine rest in 35 young healthy men (17 blacks and 18 whites). Signal averaging was used to characterize changes in leg vascular conductance, total vascular conductance, and mean arterial pressure following spontaneous MSNA bursts. Blacks demonstrated significantly greater decreases in leg vascular conductance (blacks: -15.0±1.0%; whites: -11.5±1.2%; P=0.042) and total vascular conductance (blacks: -8.6±0.9%; whites: -5.1±0.4%; P=0.001) following MSNA bursts, which resulted in greater mean arterial pressure increases (blacks: +5.2±0.6 mm Hg; whites: +3.9±0.3 mm Hg; P=0.04). These exaggerated responses in blacks compared with whites were present whether MSNA bursts occurred in isolation (singles) or in combination (multiples) and were graded with increases in burst height. Collectively, these findings suggest that healthy young black men exhibit augmented sympathetic vascular transduction at rest and provide novel insight into potential mechanism(s) by which this population may develop hypertension later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Vranish
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.)
| | - Seth W Holwerda
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.)
| | - Benjamin E Young
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.)
| | - Daniel P Credeur
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.)
| | - Jordan C Patik
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.)
| | - Thales C Barbosa
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.)
| | - David M Keller
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.)
| | - Paul J Fadel
- From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington (J.R.V., B.E.Y., J.C.P., T.C.B., D.M.K., P.J.F.); School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg (D.P.C.); and Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (S.W.H.).
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29
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Blood flow regulation and oxidative stress during submaximal cycling exercise in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 17:256-263. [PMID: 28923457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of blood flow regulation and oxidative stress during exercise in cystic fibrosis (CF) has yet to be investigated. METHODS A maximal graded exercise test was conducted to determine exercise capacity (VO2 peak) and peak workload in 14 pediatric patients with mild CF (age 14±3y, FEV1 93±16 % predicted) and 14 demographically-matched controls. On a separate visit, participants performed submaximal cycling up to 60% of peak workload where brachial artery blood velocity was determined using Doppler ultrasound. Retrograde and antegrade components were further analyzed as indices of blood flow regulation. RESULTS The cumulative AUC for retrograde velocity was lower in patients versus controls (1770±554 vs. 3440±522cm, P=0.038). In addition, an exaggerated oxidative stress response during exercise occurred in patients only (P=0.004). CONCLUSION These data suggest that patients with mild CF exhibit impaired blood flow regulation and an exaggerated oxidative stress response to submaximal exercise.
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30
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Green DJ, Hopman MTE, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:495-528. [PMID: 28151424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the interrelationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions, and the implications for human health. Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure, and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter, and wall thickness. There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Experimental Evidences Supporting Training-Induced Benefits in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:287-306. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bretón-Romero R, Wang N, Palmisano J, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Mitchell GF, Benjamin EJ, Vita JA, Hamburg NM. Cross-Sectional Associations of Flow Reversal, Vascular Function, and Arterial Stiffness in the Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2452-2459. [PMID: 27789476 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental studies link oscillatory flow accompanied by flow reversal to impaired endothelial cell function. The relation of flow reversal with vascular function and arterial stiffness remains incompletely defined. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured brachial diastolic flow patterns along with vasodilator function in addition to tonometry-based central and peripheral arterial stiffness in 5708 participants (age 47±13 years, 53% women) in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third Generation cohorts. Brachial artery diastolic flow reversal was present in 35% of the participants. In multivariable regression models, the presence of flow reversal was associated with lower flow-mediated dilation (3.9±0.2 versus 5.0±0.2%; P<0.0001) and reactive hyperemic flow velocity (50±0.99 versus 57±0.93 cm/s; P<0.0001). The presence of flow reversal (compared with absence) was associated with higher central aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity 9.3±0.1 versus 8.9±0.1 m/s), lower muscular artery stiffness (carotid-radial pulse wave velocity 9.6±0.1 versus 9.8±0.1 m/s), and higher forearm vascular resistance (5.32±0.03 versus 4.66±0.02 log dyne/s/cm5; P<0.0001). The relations of diastolic flow velocity with flow-mediated dilation, aortic stiffness, and forearm vascular resistance were nonlinear, with a steeper decline in vascular function associated with increasing magnitude of flow reversal. CONCLUSIONS In our large, community-based sample, brachial artery flow reversal was common and associated with impaired vasodilator function and higher aortic stiffness. Our findings are consistent with the concept that flow reversal may contribute to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bretón-Romero
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Na Wang
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Joseph Palmisano
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Martin G Larson
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Gary F Mitchell
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Joseph A Vita
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.)
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- From the Boston University's and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), MA; Cardiology (R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.) and Preventive Medicine Sections (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine (R.B.-R., R.S.V., E.J.B., J.A.V., N.M.H.), School of Public Health (N.W., J.P., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, MA; and Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (G.F.M.).
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Reynolds LJ, Credeur DP, Manrique C, Padilla J, Fadel PJ, Thyfault JP. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and impaired insulin-stimulated blood flow: role of skeletal muscle NO synthase and endothelin-1. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:38-47. [PMID: 27789766 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00286.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) and reduced endothelial nitric oxide phosphorylation (peNOS) are hypothesized to reduce insulin-stimulated blood flow in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but studies examining these links in humans are limited. We sought to assess basal and insulin-stimulated endothelial signaling proteins (ET-1 and peNOS) in skeletal muscle from T2D patients. Ten obese T2D [glucose disposal rate (GDR): 6.6 ± 1.6 mg·kg lean body mass (LBM)-1·min-1] and 11 lean insulin-sensitive subjects (Lean GDR: 12.9 ± 1.2 mg·kg LBM-1·min-1) underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with vastus lateralis biopsies taken before and 60 min into the clamp. Basal biopsies were also taken in 11 medication-naïve, obese, non-T2D subjects. ET-1, peNOS (Ser1177), and eNOS protein and mRNA were measured from skeletal muscle samples containing native microvessels. Femoral artery blood flow was assessed by duplex Doppler ultrasound. Insulin-stimulated blood flow was reduced in obese T2D (Lean: +50.7 ± 6.5% baseline, T2D: +20.8 ± 5.2% baseline, P < 0.05). peNOS/eNOS content was higher in Lean under basal conditions and, although not increased by insulin, remained higher in Lean during the insulin clamp than in obese T2D (P < 0.05). ET-1 mRNA and peptide were 2.25 ± 0.50- and 1.52 ± 0.11-fold higher in obese T2D compared with Lean at baseline, and ET-1 peptide remained 2.02 ± 1.9-fold elevated in obese T2D after insulin infusion (P < 0.05) but did not increase with insulin in either group (P > 0.05). Obese non-T2D subjects tended to also display elevated basal ET-1 (P = 0.06). In summary, higher basal skeletal muscle expression of ET-1 and reduced peNOS/eNOS may contribute to a reduced insulin-stimulated leg blood flow response in obese T2D patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although impairments in endothelial signaling are hypothesized to reduce insulin-stimulated blood flow in type 2 diabetes (T2D), human studies examining these links are limited. We provide the first measures of nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 expression from skeletal muscle tissue containing native microvessels in individuals with and without T2D before and during insulin stimulation. Higher basal skeletal muscle expression of endothelin-1 and reduced endothelial nitric oxide phosphorylation (peNOS)/eNOS may contribute to reduced insulin-stimulated blood flow in obese T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leryn J Reynolds
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Daniel P Credeur
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique
- Department of Medicine-Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
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Coolbaugh CL, Bush EC, Caskey CF, Damon BM, Towse TF. FloWave.US: validated, open-source, and flexible software for ultrasound blood flow analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:849-857. [PMID: 27516540 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00819.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated software improves the accuracy and reliability of blood velocity, vessel diameter, blood flow, and shear rate ultrasound measurements, but existing software offers limited flexibility to customize and validate analyses. We developed FloWave.US-open-source software to automate ultrasound blood flow analysis-and demonstrated the validity of its blood velocity (aggregate relative error, 4.32%) and vessel diameter (0.31%) measures with a skeletal muscle ultrasound flow phantom. Compared with a commercial, manual analysis software program, FloWave.US produced equivalent in vivo cardiac cycle time-averaged mean (TAMean) velocities at rest and following a 10-s muscle contraction (mean bias <1 pixel for both conditions). Automated analysis of ultrasound blood flow data was 9.8 times faster than the manual method. Finally, a case study of a lower extremity muscle contraction experiment highlighted the ability of FloWave.US to measure small fluctuations in TAMean velocity, vessel diameter, and mean blood flow at specific time points in the cardiac cycle. In summary, the collective features of our newly designed software-accuracy, reliability, reduced processing time, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility-offer advantages over existing proprietary options. Further, public distribution of FloWave.US allows researchers to easily access and customize code to adapt ultrasound blood flow analysis to a variety of vascular physiology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Coolbaugh
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Emily C Bush
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Charles F Caskey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bruce M Damon
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Theodore F Towse
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Reynolds LJ, Credeur DP, Holwerda SW, Leidy HJ, Fadel PJ, Thyfault JP. Acute inactivity impairs glycemic control but not blood flow to glucose ingestion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1087-94. [PMID: 25207931 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-stimulated increases in skeletal muscle blood flow play a role in glucose disposal. Indeed, 7 d of aerobic exercise in patients with Type 2 diabetes increased blood flow responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and improved insulin sensitivity. More recent work suggests that reduced daily physical activity impairs glycemic control (GC) in healthy individuals. Herein, we sought to determine whether an acute reduction in daily activity (from >10,000 to <5000 steps per day) for 5 d (RA5) in healthy individuals reduced insulin-stimulated blood flow and GC in parallel and if a 1-d return to activity (RTA1) improved these outcomes. METHODS OGTT were performed as a stimulus to increase insulin in 14 healthy, recreationally active men (24 ± 1.1 yr) at baseline, RA5, and RTA1. Measures of insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and femoral and brachial artery blood flow were made during the OGTT. Free-living measures of GC including peak postprandial glucose (peak PPG) were also made via continuous glucose monitoring. RESULTS Femoral and brachial artery blood flow increased during the OGTT but neither was significantly impacted by changes in physical activity (P > 0.05). However, insulin sensitivity was decreased by RA5 (11.3 ± 1.5 to 8.0 ± 1.0, P < 0.05). Likewise, free-living GC measures of peak PPG (113 ± 3 to 123 ± 5 mg·dL(-1), P < 0.05) was significantly increased at RA5. Interestingly, insulin sensitivity and GC as assessed by peak PPG were not restored after RTA1 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thus, acute reductions in physical activity impaired GC and insulin sensitivity; however, blood flow responses to an OGTT were not affected. Further, a 1-d return to activity was not sufficient to normalize GC after 5 d of reduced daily physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leryn J Reynolds
- 1Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 2Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and 3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Buono MJ, Krippes T, Kolkhorst FW, Williams AT, Cabrales P. Increases in core temperature counterbalance effects of haemoconcentration on blood viscosity during prolonged exercise in the heat. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:332-42. [PMID: 26682653 PMCID: PMC4738148 DOI: 10.1113/ep085504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of exercise-induced haemoconcentration and hyperthermia on blood viscosity. What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise-induced haemoconcentration, increased plasma viscosity and increased blood aggregation, all of which increased blood viscosity, were counterbalanced by increased red blood cell (RBC) deformability (e.g. RBC membrane shear elastic modulus and elongation index) caused by the hyperthermia. Thus, blood viscosity remained unchanged following prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in the heat. Previous studies have reported that blood viscosity is significantly increased following exercise. However, these studies measured both pre- and postexercise blood viscosity at 37 °C even though core and blood temperatures would be expected to have increased during the exercise. Consequently, the effect of exercise-induced hyperthermia on mitigating change in blood viscosity may have been missed. The purpose of this study was to isolate the effects of exercise-induced haemoconcentration and hyperthermia and to determine their combined effects on blood viscosity. Nine subjects performed 2 h of moderate-intensity exercise in the heat (37 °C, 40% relative humidity), which resulted in significant increases from pre-exercise values for rectal temperature (from 37.11 ± 0.35 to 38.76 ± 0.13 °C), haemoconcentration (haematocrit increased from 43.6 ± 3.6 to 45.6 ± 3.5%) and dehydration (change in body weight = -3.6 ± 0.7%). Exercise-induced haemoconcentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased blood viscosity by 9% (from 3.97 to 4.33 cP at 300 s(-1)), whereas exercise-induced hyperthermia significantly decreased blood viscosity by 7% (from 3.97 to 3.69 cP at 300 s(-1)). When both factors were considered together, there was no overall change in blood viscosity (from 3.97 to 4.03 cP at 300 s(-1)). The effects of exercise-induced haemoconcentration, increased plasma viscosity and increased red blood cell aggregation, all of which increased blood viscosity, were counterbalanced by increased red blood cell deformability (e.g. red blood cell membrane shear elastic modulus and elongation index) caused by the hyperthermia. Thus, blood viscosity remained unchanged following prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Buono
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182
| | - Taylor Krippes
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182
| | - Fred W. Kolkhorst
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182
| | - Alexander T. Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093
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Atkinson CL, Lewis NCS, Carter HH, Thijssen DHJ, Ainslie PN, Green DJ. Impact of sympathetic nervous system activity on post-exercise flow-mediated dilatation in humans. J Physiol 2015; 593:5145-56. [PMID: 26437709 PMCID: PMC4666994 DOI: 10.1113/jp270946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient reduction in vascular function following systemic large muscle group exercise has previously been reported in humans. The mechanisms responsible are currently unknown. We hypothesised that sympathetic nervous system activation, induced by cycle ergometer exercise, would contribute to post-exercise reductions in flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Ten healthy male subjects (28 ± 5 years) undertook two 30 min sessions of cycle exercise at 75% HR(max). Prior to exercise, individuals ingested either a placebo or an α1-adrenoreceptor blocker (prazosin; 0.05 mg kg(-1)). Central haemodynamics, brachial artery shear rate (SR) and blood flow profiles were assessed throughout each exercise bout and in response to brachial artery FMD, measured prior to, immediately after and 60 min after exercise. Cycle exercise increased both mean and antegrade SR (P < 0.001) with retrograde SR also elevated under both conditions (P < 0.001). Pre-exercise FMD was similar on both occasions, and was significantly reduced (27%) immediately following exercise in the placebo condition (t-test, P = 0.03). In contrast, FMD increased (37%) immediately following exercise in the prazosin condition (t-test, P = 0.004, interaction effect P = 0.01). Post-exercise FMD remained different between conditions after correction for baseline diameters preceding cuff deflation and also post-deflation SR. No differences in FMD or other variables were evident 60 min following recovery. Our results indicate that sympathetic vasoconstriction competes with endothelium-dependent dilator activity to determine post-exercise arterial function. These findings have implications for understanding the chronic impacts of interventions, such as exercise training, which affect both sympathetic activity and arterial shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri L Atkinson
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Nia C S Lewis
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Howard H Carter
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Iwamoto E, Katayama K, Ishida K. Exercise intensity modulates brachial artery retrograde blood flow and shear rate during leg cycling in hypoxia. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12423. [PMID: 26038470 PMCID: PMC4510625 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of exercise intensity on retrograde blood flow and shear rate (SR) in an inactive limb during exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The subjects performed two maximal exercise tests on a semi-recumbent cycle ergometer to estimate peak oxygen uptake (O2peak) while breathing normoxic (inspired oxygen fraction [FIO2 = 0.21]) and hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.12 or 0.13) gas mixtures. Subjects then performed four exercise bouts at the same relative intensities (30 and 60% O2peak) for 30 min under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were simultaneously recorded, using Doppler ultrasonography. Retrograde SR was enhanced with increasing exercise intensity under both conditions at 10 min of exercise. Thereafter, retrograde blood flow and SR in normoxia returned to pre-exercise levels, with no significant differences between the two exercise intensities. In contrast, retrograde blood flow and SR in hypoxia remained significantly elevated above baseline and was significantly greater at 60% than at 30% O2peak. We conclude that differences in exercise intensity affect brachial artery retrograde blood flow and SR during prolonged exercise under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Benda NMM, Seeger JPH, van Lier DPT, Bellersen L, van Dijk APJ, Hopman MTE, Thijssen DHJ. Heart failure patients demonstrate impaired changes in brachial artery blood flow and shear rate pattern during moderate-intensity cycle exercise. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:463-74. [PMID: 25655515 DOI: 10.1113/ep085040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We explored whether heart failure (HF) patients demonstrate different exercise-induced brachial artery shear rate patterns compared with control subjects. What is the main finding and its importance? Moderate-intensity cycle exercise in HF patients is associated with an attenuated increase in brachial artery anterograde and mean shear rate and skin temperature. Differences between HF patients and control subjects cannot be explained fully by differences in workload. HF patients demonstrate a less favourable shear rate pattern during cycle exercise compared with control subjects. Repeated elevations in shear rate (SR) in conduit arteries, which occur during exercise, represent a key stimulus to improve vascular function. We explored whether heart failure (HF) patients demonstrate distinct changes in SR in response to moderate-intensity cycle exercise compared with healthy control subjects. We examined brachial artery SR during 40 min of cycle exercise at a work rate equivalent to 65% peak oxygen uptake in 14 HF patients (65 ± 7 years old, 13 men and one woman) and 14 control subjects (61 ± 5 years old, 12 men and two women). Brachial artery diameter, SR and oscillatory shear index (OSI) were assessed using ultrasound at baseline and during exercise. The HF patients demonstrated an attenuated increase in mean and anterograde brachial artery SR during exercise compared with control subjects (time × group interaction, P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively). Retrograde SR increased at the onset of exercise and remained increased throughout the exercise period in both groups (time × group interaction, P = 0.11). In control subjects, the immediate increase in OSI during exercise (time, P < 0.001) was normalized after 35 min of cycling. In contrast, the increase in OSI after the onset of exercise did not normalize in HF patients (time × group interaction, P = 0.029). Subgroup analysis of five HF patients and five control subjects with comparable workload (97 ± 13 versus 90 ± 22 W, P = 0.59) confirmed the presence of distinct changes in mean SR during exercise (time × group interaction, P = 0.030). Between-group differences in anterograde/retrograde SR or OSI did not reach statistical significance (time × group interactions, P > 0.05). In conclusion, HF patients demonstrate a less favourable SR pattern during cycle exercise than control subjects, characterized by an attenuated mean and anterograde SR and by increased OSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M M Benda
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fairfax ST, Padilla J, Vianna LC, Holwerda SW, Davis MJ, Fadel PJ. Myogenic responses occur on a beat-to-beat basis in the resting human limb. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H59-67. [PMID: 25362138 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00609.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of human myogenic responses typically use maneuvers that evoke robust changes in transmural pressure. Although this strategy has demonstrated peripheral myogenic responsiveness in the limbs, particularly in glabrous skin of the hand or foot, it has not considered the potential influence of the myogenic mechanism in beat-to-beat blood flow (BF) control during unprovoked rest. In the present study, we examined the interactions of spontaneous beat-to-beat mean arterial pressure (MAP; Finapres) with BF (Doppler ultrasound) supplying the forearm (brachial artery), lower leg (popliteal artery), and hand (ulnar artery) during 10 min of supine rest in healthy young men. Cross-correlation analyses revealed a negative association between MAP and BF, which was more prominent in the forearm than lower leg. The strongest correlation resulted when a -2-heart beat offset of MAP was applied (R=-0.53±0.04 in the forearm and -0.23±0.05 in the leg, P<0.05), suggesting an ∼2-s delay from instances of high/low MAP to low/high BF. Negatively associated episodes (high MAP/low BF and low MAP/high BF) outnumbered positively associated data (P<0.05). BF during low MAP values was greater than the steady-state average BF and vice versa. Wrist and ankle occlusion blunted the strength of correlations, homogenized the incidence of MAP and BF pairings, and reduced the magnitude of deviation from steady-state values. In contrast, these relationships were matched or accentuated for hand BF. Overall, these results suggest that myogenic responses are present and occur rapidly in human limbs during rest, overwhelm perfusion pressure gradient influences, and are primarily mediated by the distal limb circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth T Fairfax
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- Department of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Seth W Holwerda
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Michael J Davis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Harris E, Rakobowchuk M, Birch KM. Sprint interval and sprint continuous training increases circulating CD34+ cells and cardio-respiratory fitness in young healthy women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108720. [PMID: 25265043 PMCID: PMC4181657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The improvement of vascular health in the exercising limb can be attained by sprint interval training (SIT). However, the effects on systemic vascular function and on circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) which may contribute to endothelial repair have not been investigated. Additionally, a comparison between SIT and sprint continuous training (SCT) which is less time committing has not been made. Methods 12 women (22±2 yrs) completed 12 sessions of either SIT (n = 6) or work-matched SCT (n = 6) on 3 days/week. Pre and post-training assessments included brachial artery endothelial function and peripheral blood analysis for CAC number (CD34+/CD34+CD45dim). CAC function was measured by migration and adhesion assays. Cardio-respiratory fitness, carotid arterial stiffness and carotid-radial and brachial-foot pulse wave velocity (PWV) were also evaluated. Results CD34+ CACs increased following training in both groups but CD34+CD45dim did not (Pre CD34+: 40±21/105 leukocytes, Post CD34+: 56±24/105 leukocytes, main time effect p<0.05). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) increased following SIT but SCT had no effect (Pre SIT: 5.0±3.4%, Post SIT: 5.9±3.0%, Pre SCT: 7.2±2.7%, Post SCT: 6.5±2.9%; group x time interaction p = 0.08). increased in both training groups (Pre: 34.6±4.6 ml•kg•ml−1, Post: 36.9±5.4 ml•kg•ml−1, main time effect p<0.05). CAC function, carotid arterial stiffness and PWV did not change after training (p>0.05). Discussion SCT involving little time commitment is comparable to SIT in increasing CD34+ cell number and . An increased mobilisation of CD34+ CACs suggests that sprint training may be an effective method to enhance vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Harris
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- School of Sport and Education, Brunel University, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Birch
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Katayama K, Yamashita S, Iwamoto E, Ishida K. Flow-mediated dilation in the inactive limb following acute hypoxic exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 36:60-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health; Physical Fitness and Sports; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Shin Yamashita
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health Sciences; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health; Physical Fitness and Sports; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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Influence of exercise intensity on respiratory muscle fatigue and brachial artery blood flow during cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1767-77. [PMID: 24846680 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During high intensity exercise, both respiratory muscle fatigue and cardiovascular reflexes occur; however, it is not known how inactive limb blood flow is influenced. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of moderate and high exercise intensity on respiratory muscle fatigue and inactive limb muscle and cutaneous blood flow during exercise. METHODS Twelve men cycled at 70 and 85 % [Formula: see text] for 20 min. Subjects also performed a second 85 % [Formula: see text] test after ingesting 1,800 mg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which has been shown to reduce respiratory muscle fatigue (RMF). Maximum inspiratory pressures (P Imax), brachial artery blood flow (BABF), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), and mean arterial pressure were measured at rest and during exercise. RESULTS Significant RMF occurred with 85 % [Formula: see text] (P Imax, -12.8 ± 9.8 %), but not with 70 % [Formula: see text] (P Imax, -5.0 ± 5.9 %). BABF and BA vascular conductance were significantly lower at end exercise of the 85 % [Formula: see text] test compared to the 70 % [Formula: see text] test. CVC during exercise was not different (p > 0.05) between trials. With NAC, RMF was reduced (p < 0.05) and BABF was significantly higher (~30 %) compared to 85 % [Formula: see text] (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that heavy whole-body exercise at 85 % [Formula: see text] leads to RMF, decreases in inactive arm blood flow, and vascular conductance, but not cutaneous blood flow.
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Muller MD, Seo Y, Kim CH, Ryan EJ, Pollock BS, Burns KJ, Glickman EL. Cold habituation does not improve manual dexterity during rest and exercise in 5 °C. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:383-394. [PMID: 23389249 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to a cold environment, a barehanded person experiences pain, cold sensation, and reduced manual dexterity. Both acute (e.g. exercise) and chronic (e.g. cold acclimatization or habituation) processes might lessen these negative effects. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of cold habituation on physiology, perception, and manual dexterity during rest, exercise, and recovery in 5 °C. Six cold weather athletes (CWA) and eight non habituated men (NON) volunteered to participate in a repeated measures cross-over design. The protocol was conducted in 5 °C and was 90 min of resting cold exposure, 30 min of cycle ergometry exercise (50 % VO2 peak), and 60 min of seated recovery. Core and finger skin temperature, metabolic rate, Purdue Pegboard dexterity performance, hand pain, thermal sensation, and mood were quantified. Exercise-induced finger rewarming (EIFRW) was calculated for each hand. During 90 min of resting exposure to 5 °C, the CWA had a smaller reduction in finger temperature, a lower metabolic rate, less hand pain, and less negative mood. Despite this cold habituation, dexterity performance was not different between groups. In response to cycle ergometry, EIFRW was greater in CWA (~12 versus 7 °C) and occurred at lower core temperatures (37.02 versus 37.31 °C) relative to NON but dexterity was not greater during post-exercise recovery. The current data indicate that cold habituated men (i.e., CWA) do not perform better on the Purdue Pegboard during acute cold exposure. Furthermore, despite augmented EIFRW in CWA, dexterity during post-exercise recovery was similar between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Muller
- Exercise and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Gym Annex 167, Kent, OH, 44242, USA,
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Credeur DP, Holwerda SW, Boyle LJ, Vianna LC, Jensen AK, Fadel PJ. Effect of aging on carotid baroreflex control of blood pressure and leg vascular conductance in women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1417-25. [PMID: 24682393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00036.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that β-adrenergic vasodilation offsets α-adrenergic vasoconstriction in young women, but this effect is lost after menopause. Given these age-related vascular changes, we tested the hypothesis that older women would exhibit a greater change in vascular conductance following baroreflex perturbation compared with young women. In 10 young (21 ± 1 yr) and 10 older (62 ± 2 yr) women, mean arterial pressure (MAP; Finometer), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO; Modelflow), total vascular conductance (TVC), and leg vascular conductance (LVC, duplex-Doppler ultrasound) were continuously measured in response to 5-s pulses of neck suction (NS; -60 Torr) and neck pressure (NP; +40 Torr) to simulate carotid hypertension and hypotension, respectively. Following NS, decreases in MAP were similar between groups; however, MAP peak response latency was slower in older women (P < 0.05). Moreover, at the time of peak MAP, increases in LVC (young, -11.5 ± 3.9%LVC vs. older, +19.1 ± 7.0%LVC; P < 0.05) and TVC were greater in older women, whereas young women exhibited larger decreases in HR and CO (young, -10 ± 3% CO vs. older, +0.8 ± 2% CO; P < 0.05). Following NP, increases in MAP were blunted (young, +14 ± 1 mmHg vs. older, +8 ± 1 mmHg; P < 0.05) in older women, whereas MAP response latencies were similar. Interestingly, decreases in LVC and TVC were similar between groups, but HR and CO (young, +7.0 ± 2% CO vs. older, -4.0 ± 2% CO; P < 0.05) responses were attenuated in older women. These findings suggest that older women have greater reliance on vascular conductance to modulate MAP via carotid baroreflex, whereas young women rely more on cardiac responsiveness. Furthermore, older women demonstrate a blunted ability to increase MAP to hypotensive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lauro C Vianna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paul J Fadel
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
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Swift DL, Weltman JY, Patrie JT, Saliba SA, Gaesser GA, Barrett EJ, Weltman A. Predictors of improvement in endothelial function after exercise training in a diverse sample of postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 23:260-6. [PMID: 24299160 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2013.4420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction measured via flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is associated with greater risk of future hypertension and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Aerobic exercise training has been shown to improve endothelial function in Caucasian populations, but has not been evaluated specifically in African Americans. This has clinical importance due to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in African Americans. METHODS In the present pilot study, 8 African American (age: 55.8±1.7 years, peak oxygen uptake [VO2 peak]: 21.0±3.9 mL/kg/minute, body mass index [BMI]: 30.1± 6.3 kg/m(2)) and 16 Caucasian (age: 57.2±5.9 years, VO2 peak: 21.8±3.7 mL/kg/minute, BMI: 29.3±5.2 kg/m(2)) sedentary postmenopausal women underwent brachial artery FMD measurements before and after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training. FMD was quantified by comparing B-mode ultrasound images of the brachial artery at rest and following reactive hyperemia after 5 minutes of forearm occlusion. Participants performed aerobic exercise training 4 days per week for 12 weeks. RESULTS Despite improvements in fitness in both groups, aerobic exercise training did not significantly improve FMD in African American (5.8% to 5.7%, p=0.950) or Caucasian postmenopausal women (5.7% to 6.6%, p=0.267). In women with the greatest impairment in endothelial function at baseline (FMD<4.5%), a significant improvement in FMD was observed, independent of race, following exercise training (2.2% to 6.2%, p=0.007). CONCLUSION The benefits of aerobic exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women are most pronounced in women with endothelial dysfunction prior to training and do not appear to be affected by race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon L Swift
- 1 Department of Human Services, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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Limberg JK, Johansson RE, McBride PE, Schrage WG. Increased leg blood flow and improved femoral artery shear patterns in metabolic syndrome after a diet and exercise programme. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:282-9. [PMID: 24237709 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered vascular shear profiles may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Physical activity promotes anti-atherogenic shear patterns, resulting in reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Adults with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) are at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Thus, we hypothesized that conduit artery antegrade shear rate (ASR) would increase and retrograde shear rate (RSR) and oscillatory shear indices (OSI) would decrease in MetSyn patients (n = 16, 51 ± 2 years) after participation in a diet and exercise programme (DEP). METHODS Blood flow (Doppler ultrasound, brachial and femoral arteries) was measured, and shear rates were calculated in MetSyn patients before and after 12 weeks of DEP participation. In addition, plasma samples were collected to measure atherogenic markers. RESULTS Diet and exercise programme participation increased resting leg blood flow and femoral artery ASR (P ≤ 0·05), and tended to decrease OSI (P = 0·09); RSR did not change (P>0·05). No changes in resting arm blood flow or ASR were observed (P>0·05), and both RSR and OSI increased after participation (P≤0·05). DEP participation reduced plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 (P = 0·03), with a trend for reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 (P = 0·09) (i.e. atherogenic markers). CONCLUSION Modest changes in diet and physical activity result in limb-specific improvements in vascular shear profiles and reduced systemic markers of atherosclerotic risk in MetSyn patients. These data provide novel physiologic insight into adaptations that may limit the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with MetSyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Boyle LJ, Credeur DP, Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Leidy HJ, Thyfault JP, Fadel PJ. Impact of reduced daily physical activity on conduit artery flow-mediated dilation and circulating endothelial microparticles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1519-25. [PMID: 24072406 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00837.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, few data exist examining the vascular consequences of short-term reductions in daily physical activity. Thus we tested the hypothesis that popliteal and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) would be reduced and concentrations of endothelial microparticles (EMPs) would be elevated following reduced daily physical activity. To examine this, popliteal and brachial artery FMD and plasma levels of EMPs suggestive of apoptotic and activated endothelial cells (CD31(+)/CD42b(-) and CD62E(+) EMPs, respectively) were measured at baseline and during days 1, 3, and 5 of reduced daily physical activity in 11 recreationally active men (25 ± 2 yr). Subjects were instructed to reduce daily physical activity by taking <5,000 steps/day and refraining from planned exercise. Popliteal artery FMD decreased with reduced activity (baseline: 4.7 ± 0.98%, reduced activity day 5: 1.72 ± 0.68%, P < 0.05), whereas brachial artery FMD was unchanged. In contrast, baseline (pre-FMD) popliteal artery diameter did not change, whereas brachial artery diameter decreased (baseline: 4.35 ± 0.12, reduced activity day 5: 4.12 ± 0.11 P < 0.05) following 5 days of reduced daily physical activity. CD31(+)/CD42b(-) EMPs were significantly elevated with reduced activity (baseline: 17.6 ± 9.4, reduced activity day 5: 104.1 ± 43.1 per μl plasma, P < 0.05), whereas CD62E(+) EMPs were unaltered. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the early and robust deleterious impact of reduced daily activity on vascular function and highlight the vulnerability of the vasculature to a sedentary lifestyle.
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Dawson EA, Green DJ, Cable NT, Thijssen DHJ. Effects of acute exercise on flow-mediated dilatation in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1589-98. [PMID: 24030665 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00450.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of exercise training on vascular function have been well studied, less is known about the effects of acute exercise bouts. This synthesis summarizes and integrates knowledge derived from papers relating acute impacts of exercise on artery function, specifically endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). We propose that an immediate decrease in FMD ("nadir") occurs soon after exercise cessation and that this is followed by a (supra)normalization response. The magnitude of the nadir and (supra)normalization and duration of this biphasic pattern of response appears to be influenced by numerous factors, including the nature of the exercise stimulus (e.g., type, duration, intensity), the subject population (e.g., trained vs. untrained), and various methodological factors. The impact of these factors on the biphasic pattern are most likely mediated through stimuli that underpin altered FMD postexercise, including shear and oxidative stress, changes in arterial diameter, and antioxidant status. We propose that a combination of these stimuli act synergistically to balance the vasomotor responses postexercise. Finally, we discuss the potential (clinical) relevance of the biphasic response after acute exercise, as the immediate nadir may represent an essential response for subsequent training-induced adaptations but may also represent a transient period of increased cardiovascular risk leading to the "exercise paradox."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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