1
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Franciosa F, Acuña MA, Nevian NE, Nevian T. A cellular mechanism contributing to pain-induced analgesia. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00640. [PMID: 38968393 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a crucial role in the perception of pain. It is consistently activated by noxious stimuli and its hyperactivity in chronic pain indicates plasticity in the local neuronal network. However, the way persistent pain effects and modifies different neuronal cell types in the ACC and how this contributes to sensory sensitization is not completely understood. This study confirms the existence of 2 primary subtypes of pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the rostral, agranular ACC, which we could classify as intratelencephalic (IT) and cortico-subcortical (SC) projecting neurons, similar to other cortical brain areas. Through retrograde labeling, whole-cell patch-clamp recording, and morphological analysis, we thoroughly characterized their different electrophysiological and morphological properties. When examining the effects of peripheral inflammatory pain on these neuronal subtypes, we observed time-dependent plastic changes in excitability. During the acute phase, both subtypes exhibited reduced excitability, which normalized to pre-inflammatory levels after day 7. Daily conditioning with nociceptive stimuli during this period induced an increase in excitability specifically in SC neurons, which was correlated with a decrease in mechanical sensitization. Subsequent inhibition of the activity of SC neurons projecting to the periaqueductal gray with in vivo chemogenetics, resulted in reinstatement of the hypersensitivity. Accordingly, it was sufficient to enhance the excitability of these neurons chemogenetically in the inflammatory pain condition to induce hypoalgesia. These findings suggest a cell type-specific effect on the descending control of nociception and a cellular mechanism for pain-induced analgesia. Furthermore, increased excitability in this neuronal population is hypoalgesic rather than hyperalgesic.
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2
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Mahon S. Variation and convergence in the morpho-functional properties of the mammalian neocortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2024; 18:1413780. [PMID: 38966330 PMCID: PMC11222651 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2024.1413780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Man's natural inclination to classify and hierarchize the living world has prompted neurophysiologists to explore possible differences in brain organisation between mammals, with the aim of understanding the diversity of their behavioural repertoires. But what really distinguishes the human brain from that of a platypus, an opossum or a rodent? In this review, we compare the structural and electrical properties of neocortical neurons in the main mammalian radiations and examine their impact on the functioning of the networks they form. We discuss variations in overall brain size, number of neurons, length of their dendritic trees and density of spines, acknowledging their increase in humans as in most large-brained species. Our comparative analysis also highlights a remarkable consistency, particularly pronounced in marsupial and placental mammals, in the cell typology, intrinsic and synaptic electrical properties of pyramidal neuron subtypes, and in their organisation into functional circuits. These shared cellular and network characteristics contribute to the emergence of strikingly similar large-scale physiological and pathological brain dynamics across a wide range of species. These findings support the existence of a core set of neural principles and processes conserved throughout mammalian evolution, from which a number of species-specific adaptations appear, likely allowing distinct functional needs to be met in a variety of environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Mahon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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3
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Jedrasiak-Cape I, Rybicki-Kler C, Brooks I, Ghosh M, Brennan EK, Kailasa S, Ekins TG, Rupp A, Ahmed OJ. Cell-type-specific cholinergic control of granular retrosplenial cortex with implications for angular velocity coding across brain states. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597341. [PMID: 38895393 PMCID: PMC11185600 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Cholinergic receptor activation enables the persistent firing of cortical pyramidal neurons, providing a key cellular basis for theories of spatial navigation involving working memory, path integration, and head direction encoding. The granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG) is important for spatially-guided behaviors, but how acetylcholine impacts RSG neurons is unknown. Here, we show that a transcriptomically, morphologically, and biophysically distinct RSG cell-type - the low-rheobase (LR) neuron - has a very distinct expression profile of cholinergic muscarinic receptors compared to all other neighboring excitatory neuronal subtypes. LR neurons do not fire persistently in response to cholinergic agonists, in stark contrast to all other principal neuronal subtypes examined within the RSG and across midline cortex. This lack of persistence allows LR neuron models to rapidly compute angular head velocity (AHV), independent of cholinergic changes seen during navigation. Thus, LR neurons can consistently compute AHV across brain states, highlighting the specialized RSG neural codes supporting navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Rybicki-Kler
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Isla Brooks
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Megha Ghosh
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ellen K.W. Brennan
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sameer Kailasa
- Dept. of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tyler G. Ekins
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alan Rupp
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Omar J. Ahmed
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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4
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Saxon D, Alderman PJ, Sorrells SF, Vicini S, Corbin JG. Neuronal Subtypes and Connectivity of the Adult Mouse Paralaminar Amygdala. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0119-24.2024. [PMID: 38811163 PMCID: PMC11208988 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0119-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The paralaminar nucleus of the amygdala (PL) comprises neurons that exhibit delayed maturation. PL neurons are born during gestation but mature during adolescent ages, differentiating into excitatory neurons. These late-maturing PL neurons contribute to the increase in size and cell number of the amygdala between birth and adulthood. However, the function of the PL upon maturation is unknown, as the region has only recently begun to be characterized in detail. In this study, we investigated key defining features of the adult mouse PL; the intrinsic morpho-electric properties of its neurons, and its input and output circuit connectivity. We identify two subtypes of excitatory neurons in the PL based on unsupervised clustering of electrophysiological properties. These subtypes are defined by differential action potential firing properties and dendritic architecture, suggesting divergent functional roles. We further uncover major axonal inputs to the adult PL from the main olfactory network and basolateral amygdala. We also find that axonal outputs from the PL project reciprocally to these inputs and to diverse targets including the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. Thus, the adult mouse PL is centrally placed to play a major role in the integration of olfactory sensory information, to coordinate affective and autonomic behavioral responses to salient odor stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saxon
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Pia J Alderman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Joshua G Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011
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5
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Kim HH, Bonekamp KE, Gillie GR, Autio DM, Keller T, Crandall SR. Functional Dynamics and Selectivity of Two Parallel Corticocortical Pathways from Motor Cortex to Layer 5 Circuits in Somatosensory Cortex. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0154-24.2024. [PMID: 38834298 PMCID: PMC11209671 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0154-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In the rodent whisker system, active sensing and sensorimotor integration are mediated in part by the dynamic interactions between the motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory cortex (S1). However, understanding these dynamic interactions requires knowledge about the synapses and how specific neurons respond to their input. Here, we combined optogenetics, retrograde labeling, and electrophysiology to characterize the synaptic connections between M1 and layer 5 (L5) intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons in S1 of mice (both sexes). We found that M1 synapses onto IT cells displayed modest short-term depression, whereas synapses onto PT neurons showed robust short-term facilitation. Despite M1 inputs to IT cells depressing, their slower kinetics resulted in summation and a response that increased during short trains. In contrast, summation was minimal in PT neurons due to the fast time course of their M1 responses. The functional consequences of this reduced summation, however, were outweighed by the strong facilitation at these M1 synapses, resulting in larger response amplitudes in PT neurons than IT cells during repetitive stimulation. To understand the impact of facilitating M1 inputs on PT output, we paired trains of inputs with single backpropagating action potentials, finding that repetitive M1 activation increased the probability of bursts in PT cells without impacting the time dependence of this coupling. Thus, there are two parallel but dynamically distinct systems of M1 synaptic excitation in L5 of S1, each defined by the short-term dynamics of its synapses, the class of postsynaptic neurons, and how the neurons respond to those inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kelly E Bonekamp
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Grant R Gillie
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Dawn M Autio
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Tryton Keller
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Shane R Crandall
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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6
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Qin M, Xu M, Zhang S, Ma G. Organization of corticocortical and thalamocortical top-down inputs in the primary visual cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4495. [PMID: 38802410 PMCID: PMC11130321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Unified visual perception requires integration of bottom-up and top-down inputs in the primary visual cortex (V1), yet the organization of top-down inputs in V1 remains unclear. Here, we used optogenetics-assisted circuit mapping to identify how multiple top-down inputs from higher-order cortical and thalamic areas engage V1 excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Top-down inputs overlap in superficial layers yet segregate in deep layers. Inputs from the medial secondary visual cortex (V2M) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACA) converge on L6 Pyrs, whereas ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex (ORBvl) and lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (LP) inputs are processed in parallel in Pyr-type-specific subnetworks (Pyr←ORBvl and Pyr←LP) and drive mutual inhibition between them via local interneurons. Our study deepens understanding of the top-down modulation mechanisms of visual processing and establishes that V2M and ACA inputs in L6 employ integrated processing distinct from the parallel processing of LP and ORBvl inputs in L5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Liu
- Songjiang Hospital and Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Songjiang Hospital and Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhishan Jiang
- Songjiang Hospital and Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Songjiang Hospital and Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Guofen Ma
- Songjiang Hospital and Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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7
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Kim HH, Bonekamp KE, Gillie GR, Autio DM, Keller T, Crandall SR. Functional dynamics and selectivity of two parallel corticocortical pathways from motor cortex to layer 5 circuits in somatosensory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.11.579810. [PMID: 38405888 PMCID: PMC10888929 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.11.579810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In the rodent whisker system, active sensing and sensorimotor integration are mediated in part by the dynamic interactions between the motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory cortex (S1). However, understanding these dynamic interactions requires knowledge about the synapses and how specific neurons respond to their input. Here, we combined optogenetics, retrograde labeling, and electrophysiology to characterize the synaptic connections between M1 and layer 5 (L5) intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons in S1 of mice (both sexes). We found that M1 synapses onto IT cells displayed modest short-term depression, whereas synapses onto PT neurons showed robust short-term facilitation. Despite M1 inputs to IT cells depressing, their slower kinetics resulted in summation and a response that increased during short trains. In contrast, summation was minimal in PT neurons due to the fast time course of their M1 responses. The functional consequences of this reduced summation, however, were outweighed by the strong facilitation at these M1 synapses, resulting in larger response amplitudes in PT neurons than IT cells during repetitive stimulation. To understand the impact of facilitating M1 inputs on PT output, we paired trains of inputs with single backpropagating action potentials, finding that repetitive M1 activation increased the probability of bursts in PT cells without impacting the time-dependence of this coupling. Thus, there are two parallel but dynamically distinct systems of M1 synaptic excitation in L5 of S1, each defined by the short-term dynamics of its synapses, the class of postsynaptic neurons, and how the neurons respond to those inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kelly E. Bonekamp
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Grant R. Gillie
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dawn M. Autio
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tryton Keller
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shane R. Crandall
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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8
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Namgung JY, Park Y, Park Y, Kim CY, Park BY. Diffusion time-related structure-function coupling reveals differential association with inter-individual variations in body mass index. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120590. [PMID: 38548036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) is an indicator of obesity, and recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that inter-individual variations in BMI are associated with altered brain structure and function. However, the mechanism underlying the alteration of structure-function correspondence according to BMI is under-investigated. In this study, we studied structural and functional connectivity derived from diffusion MRI tractography and inter-regional correlations of functional MRI time series, respectively. We combined the structural and functional connectivity information using the Riemannian optimization approach. First, the low-dimensional principal eigenvectors (i.e., gradients) of the structural connectivity were generated by applying diffusion map embedding with varying diffusion times. A transformation was identified so that the structural and functional embeddings share the same coordinate system, and subsequently, the functional connectivity matrix was simulated. Then, we generated gradients from the simulated functional connectivity matrix. We found the most apparent cortical hierarchical organization differentiating between low-level sensory and higher-order transmodal regions in the middle of the diffusion time, indicating that the hierarchical organization of the brain may reflect the intermediate mechanisms of mono- and polysynaptic communications. Associations between the functional gradients and BMI were strongest when the hierarchical structure was the most evident. Moreover, the gradient-BMI association map was related to the microstructural features, and the findings indicated that the BMI-related structure-function coupling was significantly associated with brain microstructure, particularly in higher-order transmodal areas. Finally, transcriptomic association analysis revealed the potential biological underpinnings specifying gene enrichment in the striatum, hypothalamus, and cortical cells. Our findings provide evidence that structure-function correspondence is strongly coupled with BMI when hierarchical organization is the most apparent and that the associations are related to the multiscale properties of the brain, leading to an advanced understanding of the neural mechanisms related to BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeongjun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseo Park
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Yeon Kim
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yong Park
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Iezzi D, Cáceres-Rodríguez A, Strauss B, Chavis P, Manzoni OJ. Sexual differences in neuronal and synaptic properties across subregions of the mouse insular cortex. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:29. [PMID: 38561860 PMCID: PMC10983634 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insular cortex (IC) plays a pivotal role in processing interoceptive and emotional information, offering insights into sex differences in behavior and cognition. The IC comprises two distinct subregions: the anterior insular cortex (aIC), that processes emotional and social signals, and the posterior insular cortex (pIC), specialized in interoception and perception of pain. Pyramidal projection neurons within the IC integrate multimodal sensory inputs, influencing behavior and cognition. Despite previous research focusing on neuronal connectivity and transcriptomics, there has been a gap in understanding pyramidal neurons characteristics across subregions and between sexes. METHODS Adult male and female C57Bl/6J mice were sacrificed and tissue containing the IC was collected for ex vivo slice electrophysiology recordings that examined baseline sex differences in synaptic plasticity and transmission within aIC and pIC subregions. RESULTS Clear differences emerged between aIC and pIC neurons in both males and females: aIC neurons exhibited distinctive features such as larger size, increased hyperpolarization, and a higher rheobase compared to their pIC counterparts. Furthermore, we observed variations in neuronal excitability linked to sex, with male pIC neurons displaying a greater level of excitability than their female counterparts. We also identified region-specific differences in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity and the balance between excitation and inhibition in both male and female mice. Adult females demonstrated greater synaptic strength and maximum response in the aIC compared to the pIC. Lastly, synaptic long-term potentiation occurred in both subregions in males but was specific to the aIC in females. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that there are sex differences in synaptic plasticity and excitatory transmission in IC subregions, and that distinct properties of IC pyramidal neurons between sexes could contribute to differences in behavior and cognition between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iezzi
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Benjamin Strauss
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Chavis
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier J Manzoni
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
- INMED, INSERM U901, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, BP13 13273, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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10
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Hanson MA, Bibi N, Safa A, Nagarajan D, Marshall AH, Johantges AC, Wester JC. Development of differential sublaminar feedforward inhibitory circuits in CA1 hippocampus requires Satb2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576902. [PMID: 38328190 PMCID: PMC10849736 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pyramidal cells (PCs) in CA1 hippocampus can be classified by their radial position as deep or superficial and organize into subtype-specific circuits necessary for differential information processing. Specifically, superficial PCs receive fewer inhibitory synapses from parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons than deep PCs, resulting in weaker feedforward inhibition of input from CA3 Schaffer collaterals. Using mice, we investigated mechanisms underlying PC differentiation and the development of this inhibitory circuit motif. We found that expression of the transcriptional regulator SATB2 is biased towards superficial PCs during early postnatal development and necessary to suppress PV+ interneuron synapse formation. In the absence of SATB2, the number of PV+ interneuron synaptic puncta surrounding superficial PCs increases during development to match deep PCs. This results in equivalent inhibitory current strength observed in paired whole-cell recordings, and equivalent feedforward inhibition of Schaffer collateral input. Thus, SATB2 is necessary for superficial PC differentiation and biased feedforward inhibition in CA1.
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11
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Pressl C, Mätlik K, Kus L, Darnell P, Luo JD, Paul MR, Weiss AR, Liguore W, Carroll TS, Davis DA, McBride J, Heintz N. Selective vulnerability of layer 5a corticostriatal neurons in Huntington's disease. Neuron 2024; 112:924-941.e10. [PMID: 38237588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The properties of the cell types that are selectively vulnerable in Huntington's disease (HD) cortex, the nature of somatic CAG expansions of mHTT in these cells, and their importance in CNS circuitry have not been delineated. Here, we employed serial fluorescence-activated nuclear sorting (sFANS), deep molecular profiling, and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of motor-cortex samples from thirteen predominantly early stage, clinically diagnosed HD donors and selected samples from cingulate, visual, insular, and prefrontal cortices to demonstrate loss of layer 5a pyramidal neurons in HD. Extensive mHTT CAG expansions occur in vulnerable layer 5a pyramidal cells, and in Betz cells, layers 6a and 6b neurons that are resilient in HD. Retrograde tracing experiments in macaque brains identify layer 5a neurons as corticostriatal pyramidal cells. We propose that enhanced somatic mHTT CAG expansion and altered synaptic function act together to cause corticostriatal disconnection and selective neuronal vulnerability in HD cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pressl
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kert Mätlik
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Kus
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ji-Dung Luo
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Paul
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison R Weiss
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William Liguore
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jodi McBride
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Rvachev MM. An operating principle of the cerebral cortex, and a cellular mechanism for attentional trial-and-error pattern learning and useful classification extraction. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1280604. [PMID: 38505865 PMCID: PMC10950307 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1280604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A feature of the brains of intelligent animals is the ability to learn to respond to an ensemble of active neuronal inputs with a behaviorally appropriate ensemble of active neuronal outputs. Previously, a hypothesis was proposed on how this mechanism is implemented at the cellular level within the neocortical pyramidal neuron: the apical tuft or perisomatic inputs initiate "guess" neuron firings, while the basal dendrites identify input patterns based on excited synaptic clusters, with the cluster excitation strength adjusted based on reward feedback. This simple mechanism allows neurons to learn to classify their inputs in a surprisingly intelligent manner. Here, we revise and extend this hypothesis. We modify synaptic plasticity rules to align with behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity (BTSP) observed in hippocampal area CA1, making the framework more biophysically and behaviorally plausible. The neurons for the guess firings are selected in a voluntary manner via feedback connections to apical tufts in the neocortical layer 1, leading to dendritic Ca2+ spikes with burst firing, which are postulated to be neural correlates of attentional, aware processing. Once learned, the neuronal input classification is executed without voluntary or conscious control, enabling hierarchical incremental learning of classifications that is effective in our inherently classifiable world. In addition to voluntary, we propose that pyramidal neuron burst firing can be involuntary, also initiated via apical tuft inputs, drawing attention toward important cues such as novelty and noxious stimuli. We classify the excitations of neocortical pyramidal neurons into four categories based on their excitation pathway: attentional versus automatic and voluntary/acquired versus involuntary. Additionally, we hypothesize that dendrites within pyramidal neuron minicolumn bundles are coupled via depolarization cross-induction, enabling minicolumn functions such as the creation of powerful hierarchical "hyperneurons" and the internal representation of the external world. We suggest building blocks to extend the microcircuit theory to network-level processing, which, interestingly, yields variants resembling the artificial neural networks currently in use. On a more speculative note, we conjecture that principles of intelligence in universes governed by certain types of physical laws might resemble ours.
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Saxon D, Alderman PJ, Sorrells SF, Vicini S, Corbin JG. Neuronal subtypes and connectivity of the adult mouse paralaminar amygdala. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575250. [PMID: 38260244 PMCID: PMC10802617 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The paralaminar nucleus of the amygdala (PL) is comprised of neurons which exhibit delayed maturation. PL neurons are born during gestation but mature during adolescent ages, differentiating into excitatory neurons. The PL is prominent in the adult amygdala, contributing to its increased neuron number and relative size compared to childhood. However, the function of the PL is unknown, as the region has only recently begun to be characterized in detail. In this study, we investigated key defining features of the adult PL; the intrinsic morpho-electric properties of its neurons, and its input and output connectivity. We identify two subtypes of excitatory neurons in the PL based on unsupervised clustering of electrophysiological properties. These subtypes are defined by differential action potential firing properties and dendritic architecture, suggesting divergent functional roles. We further uncover major axonal inputs to the adult PL from the main olfactory network and basolateral amygdala. We also find that axonal outputs from the PL project reciprocally to major inputs, and to diverse targets including the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. Thus, the adult PL is centrally placed to play a major role in the integration of olfactory sensory information, likely coordinating affective and autonomic behavioral responses to salient odor stimuli. Significance Statement Mammalian amygdala development includes a growth period from childhood to adulthood, believed to support emotional and social learning. This amygdala growth is partly due to the maturation of neurons during adolescence in the paralaminar amygdala. However, the functional properties of these neurons are unknown. In our recent studies, we characterized the paralaminar amygdala in the mouse. Here, we investigate the properties of the adult PL in the mouse, revealing the existence of two neuronal subtypes that may play distinct functional roles in the adult brain. We further reveal the brain-wide input and output connectivity of the PL, indicating that the PL combines olfactory cues for emotional processing and delivers information to regions associated with reward and autonomic states.
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Plateau V, Baufreton J, Le Bon-Jégo M. Age-Dependent Modulation of Layer V Pyramidal Neuron Excitability in the Mouse Primary Motor Cortex by D1 Receptor Agonists and Antagonists. Neuroscience 2024; 536:21-35. [PMID: 37952579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) receives dopaminergic (DAergic) projections from the midbrain which play a key role in modulating motor and cognitive processes, such as motor skill learning. However, little is known at the level of individual neurons about how dopamine (DA) and its receptors modulate the intrinsic properties of the different neuronal subpopulations in M1 and if this modulation depends on age. Using immunohistochemistry, we first mapped the cells expressing the DA D1 receptor across the different layers in M1, and quantified the number of pyramidal neurons (PNs) expressing the D1 receptor in the different layers, in young and adult mice. This work reveals that the spatial distribution and the molecular profile of D1 receptor-expressing neurons (D1+) across M1 layers do not change with age. Then, combining whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and pharmacology, we explored ex vivo in young and adult mice the impact of activation or blockade of D1 receptors on D1+ PN intrinsic properties. While the bath application of the D1 receptor agonist induced an increase in the excitability of layer V PNs both in young and adult, we identified a distinct modulation of intrinsic electrical properties of layer V D1+ PNs by D1 receptor antagonist depending on the age of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Plateau
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Morgane Le Bon-Jégo
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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Ellwood IT. Short-term Hebbian learning can implement transformer-like attention. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011843. [PMID: 38277432 PMCID: PMC10849393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transformers have revolutionized machine learning models of language and vision, but their connection with neuroscience remains tenuous. Built from attention layers, they require a mass comparison of queries and keys that is difficult to perform using traditional neural circuits. Here, we show that neurons can implement attention-like computations using short-term, Hebbian synaptic potentiation. We call our mechanism the match-and-control principle and it proposes that when activity in an axon is synchronous, or matched, with the somatic activity of a neuron that it synapses onto, the synapse can be briefly strongly potentiated, allowing the axon to take over, or control, the activity of the downstream neuron for a short time. In our scheme, the keys and queries are represented as spike trains and comparisons between the two are performed in individual spines allowing for hundreds of key comparisons per query and roughly as many keys and queries as there are neurons in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T. Ellwood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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16
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Liu J, He Y, Lavoie A, Bouvier G, Liu BH. A direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway adaptively modulates innate behaviors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8467. [PMID: 38123558 PMCID: PMC10733370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices modulate innate behaviors through corticofugal projections targeting phylogenetically-old brainstem nuclei. However, the principles behind the functional connectivity of these projections remain poorly understood. Here, we show that in mice visual cortical neurons projecting to the optic-tract and dorsal-terminal nuclei (NOT-DTN) possess distinct response properties and anatomical connectivity, supporting the adaption of an essential innate eye movement, the optokinetic reflex (OKR). We find that these corticofugal neurons are enriched in specific visual areas, and they prefer temporo-nasal visual motion, matching the direction bias of downstream NOT-DTN neurons. Remarkably, continuous OKR stimulation selectively enhances the activity of these temporo-nasally biased cortical neurons, which can efficiently promote OKR plasticity. Lastly, we demonstrate that silencing downstream NOT-DTN neurons, which project specifically to the inferior olive-a key structure in oculomotor plasticity, impairs the cortical modulation of OKR and OKR plasticity. Our results unveil a direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway that adaptively modulates innate behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Yingtian He
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Andreanne Lavoie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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Brousse B, Mercier O, Magalon K, Gubellini P, Malapert P, Cayre M, Durbec P. Characterization of a new mouse line triggering transient oligodendrocyte progenitor depletion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21959. [PMID: 38081969 PMCID: PMC10713661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are the main proliferative cells in the healthy adult brain. They produce new myelinating oligodendrocytes to ensure physiological myelin remodeling and regeneration after various pathological insults. Growing evidence suggests that OPC have other functions. Here, we aimed to develop an experimental model that allows the specific ablation of OPC at the adult stage to unravel possible new functions. We generated a transgenic mouse expressing a floxed human diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the PDGFRa promoter, crossed with an Olig2Cre mouse to limit the recombination to the oligodendrocyte lineage in the central nervous system. We determined a diphtheria toxin dose to substantially decrease OPC density in the cortex and the corpus callosum without triggering side toxicity after a few daily injections. OPC density was normalized 7 days post-treatment, showing high repopulation capacity from few surviving OPC. We took advantage of this strong but transient depletion to show that OPC loss was associated with behavioral impairment, which was restored by OPC recovery, as well as disruption of the excitation/inhibition balance in the sensorimotor cortex, reinforcing the hypothesis of a neuromodulatory role of OPC in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brousse
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - O Mercier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - K Magalon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - P Gubellini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC UMR7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - P Malapert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - M Cayre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC UMR7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - P Durbec
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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Zhang YZ, Sapantzi S, Lin A, Doelfel SR, Connors BW, Theyel BB. Activity-dependent ectopic action potentials in regular-spiking neurons of the neocortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1267687. [PMID: 38034593 PMCID: PMC10685889 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1267687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Action potentials usually travel orthodromically along a neuron's axon, from the axon initial segment (AIS) toward the presynaptic terminals. Under some circumstances action potentials also travel in the opposite direction, antidromically, after being initiated at a distal location. Given their initiation at an atypical site, we refer to these events as "ectopic action potentials." Ectopic action potentials (EAPs) were initially observed in pathological conditions including seizures and nerve injury. Several studies have described regular-spiking (RS) pyramidal neurons firing EAPs in seizure models. Under nonpathological conditions, EAPs were reported in a few populations of neurons, and our group has found that EAPs can be induced in a large proportion of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the neocortex. Nevertheless, to our knowledge there have been no prior reports of ectopic firing in the largest population of neurons in the neocortex, pyramidal neurons, under nonpathological conditions. Methods We performed in vitro recordings utilizing the whole-cell patch clamp technique. To elicit EAPs, we triggered orthodromic action potentialswith either long, progressively increasing current steps, or with trains of brief pulses at 30, 60, or 100 Hz delivered in 3 different ways, varying in stimulus and resting period duration. Results We found that a large proportion (72.7%) of neocortical RS cells from mice can fire EAPs after a specific stimulus in vitro, and that most RS cells (56.1%) are capable of firing EAPs across a broad range of stimulus conditions. Of the 37 RS neurons in which we were able to elicit EAPs, it took an average of 863.8 orthodromic action potentials delivered over the course of an average of ~81.4 s before the first EAP was seen. We observed that some cells responded to specific stimulus frequencies while less selective, suggesting frequency tuning in a subset of the cells. Discussion Our findings suggest that pyramidal cells can integrate information over long time-scales before briefly entering a mode of self-generated firing that originates in distal axons. The surprising ubiquity of EAP generation in RS cells raises interesting questions about the potential roles of ectopic spiking in information processing, cortical oscillations, and seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Z. Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stella Sapantzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alice Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Barry W. Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brian B. Theyel
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Lezzi D, Céceres-Rodríguez A, Strauss B, Chavis P, Manzoni O. Sexual differences in neuronal and synaptic properties across subregions of the mouse insular cortex. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3431502. [PMID: 37961241 PMCID: PMC10635310 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3431502/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The insular cortex (IC) plays a pivotal role in processing interoceptive and emotional Information, offering insights into sex differences in behavior and cognition. The IC comprises two distinct subregions: the anterior insular cortex (alC), that processes emotional and social signals, and the posterior insular cortex (pIC), specialized in interoception and perception of pain. Pyramidal projection neurons within the IC integrate multimodal sensory inputs, influencing behavior and cognition. Despite previous research focusing on neuronal connectivity and transcriptomics, there has been a gap in understanding pyramidal neurons characteristics across subregions and between sexes. Methods Adult male and female C57BI/6J mice were sacrificed and tissue containing the IC was collected for ex vivo slice electrophysiology recordings that examined baseline sex differences in synaptic plasticity and transmission within alC and pIC subregions. Results Clear differences emerged between alC and pIC neurons In both males and females: alC neurons exhibited distinctive features such as larger size, increased hyperpolarizatlon, and a higher rheobase compared to their pIC counterparts. Furthermore, we observed variations in neuronal excitability linked to sex, with male pIC neurons displaying a greater level of excitability than their female counterparts. We also identified region-specific differences in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity and the balance between excitation and inhibition in both male and female mice. Adult females demonstrated greater synaptic strength and maximum response in the alC compared to the pIC. Lastly, synaptic long-term potentiation occurred in both subregions in males but was specific to the alC in females. Conclusions We conclude that there are sex differences in synaptic plasticity and excitatory transmission in IC subregions, and that distinct properties of IC pyramidal neurons between sexes could contribute to differences in behavior and cognition between males and females.
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Iezzi D, Cáceres-Rodríguez A, Strauss B, Chavis P, Manzoni OJ. Sexual differences in neuronal and synaptic properties across subregions of the mouse insular cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562844. [PMID: 37905125 PMCID: PMC10614858 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The insular cortex (IC) plays a pivotal role in processing interoceptive and emotional information, offering insights into sex differences in behavior and cognition. The IC comprises two distinct subregions: the anterior insular cortex (aIC), that processes emotional and social signals, and the posterior insular cortex (pIC), specialized in interoception and perception of pain. Pyramidal projection neurons within the IC integrate multimodal sensory inputs, influencing behavior and cognition. Despite previous research focusing on neuronal connectivity and transcriptomics, there has been a gap in understanding pyramidal neurons characteristics across subregions and between sexes. Methods Adult male and female C57Bl/6J mice were sacrificed and tissue containing the IC was collected for ex vivo slice electrophysiology recordings that examined baseline sex differences in synaptic plasticity and transmission within aIC and pIC subregions. Results Clear differences emerged between aIC and pIC neurons in both males and females: aIC neurons exhibited distinctive features such as larger size, increased hyperpolarization, and a higher rheobase compared to their pIC counterparts. Furthermore, we observed variations in neuronal excitability linked to sex, with male pIC neurons displaying a greater level of excitability than their female counterparts. We also identified region-specific differences in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity and the balance between excitation and inhibition in both male and female mice. Adult females demonstrated greater synaptic strength and maximum response in the aIC compared to the pIC. Lastly, synaptic long-term potentiation occurred in both subregions in males but was specific to the aIC in females. Conclusions We conclude that there are sex differences in synaptic plasticity and excitatory transmission in IC subregions, and that distinct properties of IC pyramidal neurons between sexes could contribute to differences in behavior and cognition between males and females. Highlights - Distinctions specific to sex are present within subregions of the insular cortex (IC) in C57Bl/6J mice.- Pyramidal neurons in the anterior IC (aIC) exhibited larger size and distinct electrical properties. Adult females exhibited stronger synaptic responses in the aIC.- Conversely, male posterior insular cortex neurons displayed increased excitability.- Synaptic long-term potentiation was observed in both subregions in males, but it was exclusive to the aIC in females.- Sex-based variations in various aspects of excitatory transmission within IC subregions could contribute to differences in behavior and cognition between males and females. Plain language summary This study investigates differences in the insular cortex (IC), a region of the brain responsible for emotions and sensory perceptions, between male and female mice. The IC has two parts: the front (aIC) deals with emotions and social cues, while the back (pIC) is focused on sensing pain and bodily sensations. We examined specific brain cells called pyramidal neurons in both aIC and pIC and discovered noteworthy distinctions between these neurons in adult male and female mice. Firstly, aIC neurons were larger and had unique electrical properties in both male and female mice. Males had more excitable pIC neurons compared to females, indicating that their neurons were more likely to transmit signals. We also explored how these neurons communicate with each other through connections known as synapses. In adult females, the aIC had stronger connections than the pIC. Finally, we observed that specific types of basic synaptic learning occurred exclusively in males in the aIC.These findings underscore significant disparities in the IC between males and females, offering valuable insights into the potential reasons behind variations in behaviors and emotions between sexes.
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Pressl C, Mätlik K, Kus L, Darnell P, Luo JD, Paul MR, Weiss AR, Liguore W, Carroll TS, Davis DA, McBride J, Heintz N. Selective Vulnerability of Layer 5a Corticostriatal Neurons in Huntington's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538096. [PMID: 37162977 PMCID: PMC10168234 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the cell types that are selectively vulnerable in Huntington's disease (HD) cortex, the nature of somatic CAG expansions of mHTT in these cells, and their importance in CNS circuitry have not been delineated. Here we employed serial fluorescence activated nuclear sorting (sFANS), deep molecular profiling, and single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) to demonstrate that layer 5a pyramidal neurons are vulnerable in primary motor cortex and other cortical areas of HD donors. Extensive mHTT -CAG expansions occur in vulnerable layer 5a pyramidal cells, and in Betz cells, layer 6a, layer 6b neurons that are resilient in HD. Retrograde tracing experiments in macaque brains identify the vulnerable layer 5a neurons as corticostriatal pyramidal cells. We propose that enhanced somatic mHTT -CAG expansion and altered synaptic function act together to cause corticostriatal disconnection and selective neuronal vulnerability in the HD cerebral cortex.
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Kelley C, Antic SD, Carnevale NT, Kubie JL, Lytton WW. Simulations predict differing phase responses to excitation vs. inhibition in theta-resonant pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:910-924. [PMID: 37609720 PMCID: PMC10648938 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00160.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic activity is ubiquitous in neural systems, with theta-resonant pyramidal neurons integrating rhythmic inputs in many cortical structures. Impedance analysis has been widely used to examine frequency-dependent responses of neuronal membranes to rhythmic inputs, but it assumes that the neuronal membrane is a linear system, requiring the use of small signals to stay in a near-linear regime. However, postsynaptic potentials are often large and trigger nonlinear mechanisms (voltage-gated ion channels). The goals of this work were to 1) develop an analysis method to evaluate membrane responses in this nonlinear domain and 2) explore phase relationships between rhythmic stimuli and subthreshold and spiking membrane potential (Vmemb) responses in models of theta-resonant pyramidal neurons. Responses in these output regimes were asymmetrical, with different phase shifts during hyperpolarizing and depolarizing half-cycles. Suprathreshold theta-rhythmic stimuli produced nonstationary Vmemb responses. Sinusoidal inputs produced "phase retreat": action potentials occurred progressively later in cycles of the input stimulus, resulting from adaptation. Sinusoidal current with increasing amplitude over cycles produced "phase advance": action potentials occurred progressively earlier. Phase retreat, phase advance, and subthreshold phase shifts were modulated by multiple ion channel conductances. Our results suggest differential responses of cortical neurons depending on the frequency of oscillatory input, which will play a role in neuronal responses to shifts in network state. We hypothesize that intrinsic cellular properties complement network properties and contribute to in vivo phase-shift phenomena such as phase precession, seen in place and grid cells, and phase roll, also observed in hippocampal CA1 neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We augmented electrical impedance analysis to characterize phase shifts between large-amplitude current stimuli and nonlinear, asymmetric membrane potential responses. We predict different frequency-dependent phase shifts in response excitation vs. inhibition, as well as shifts in spike timing over multiple input cycles, in theta-resonant pyramidal neurons. We hypothesize that these effects contribute to navigation-related phenomena such as phase precession and phase roll. Our neuron-level hypothesis complements, rather than falsifies, prior network-level explanations of these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Kelley
- Program in Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University and NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Srdjan D Antic
- Institute of Systems Genomics, Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
| | - Nicholas T Carnevale
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - John L Kubie
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - William W Lytton
- Program in Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University and NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Neurology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
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Issa LK, Sekaran NVC, Llano DA. Highly branched and complementary distributions of layer 5 and layer 6 auditory corticofugal axons in mouse. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9566-9582. [PMID: 37386697 PMCID: PMC10431747 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex exerts a powerful, yet heterogeneous, effect on subcortical targets. Auditory corticofugal projections emanate from layers 5 and 6 and have complementary physiological properties. While several studies suggested that layer 5 corticofugal projections branch widely, others suggested that multiple independent projections exist. Less is known about layer 6; no studies have examined whether the various layer 6 corticofugal projections are independent. Therefore, we examined branching patterns of layers 5 and 6 auditory corticofugal neurons, using the corticocollicular system as an index, using traditional and novel approaches. We confirmed that dual retrograde injections into the mouse inferior colliculus and auditory thalamus co-labeled subpopulations of layers 5 and 6 auditory cortex neurons. We then used an intersectional approach to relabel layer 5 or 6 corticocollicular somata and found that both layers sent extensive branches to multiple subcortical structures. Using a novel approach to separately label layers 5 and 6 axons in individual mice, we found that layers 5 and 6 terminal distributions partially spatially overlapped and that giant terminals were only found in layer 5-derived axons. Overall, the high degree of branching and complementarity in layers 5 and 6 axonal distributions suggest that corticofugal projections should be considered as 2 widespread systems, rather than collections of individual projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina K Issa
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nathiya V C Sekaran
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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24
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Oberle HM, Ford AN, Czarny JE, Rogalla MM, Apostolides PF. Recurrent Circuits Amplify Corticofugal Signals and Drive Feedforward Inhibition in the Inferior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5642-5655. [PMID: 37308295 PMCID: PMC10401644 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0626-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) is a midbrain hub critical for perceiving complex sounds, such as speech. In addition to processing ascending inputs from most auditory brainstem nuclei, the IC receives descending inputs from auditory cortex that control IC neuron feature selectivity, plasticity, and certain forms of perceptual learning. Although corticofugal synapses primarily release the excitatory transmitter glutamate, many physiology studies show that auditory cortical activity has a net inhibitory effect on IC neuron spiking. Perplexingly, anatomy studies imply that corticofugal axons primarily target glutamatergic IC neurons while only sparsely innervating IC GABA neurons. Corticofugal inhibition of the IC may thus occur largely independently of feedforward activation of local GABA neurons. We shed light on this paradox using in vitro electrophysiology in acute IC slices from fluorescent reporter mice of either sex. Using optogenetic stimulation of corticofugal axons, we find that excitation evoked with single light flashes is indeed stronger in presumptive glutamatergic neurons compared with GABAergic neurons. However, many IC GABA neurons fire tonically at rest, such that sparse and weak excitation suffices to significantly increase their spike rates. Furthermore, a subset of glutamatergic IC neurons fire spikes during repetitive corticofugal activity, leading to polysynaptic excitation in IC GABA neurons owing to a dense intracollicular connectivity. Consequently, recurrent excitation amplifies corticofugal activity, drives spikes in IC GABA neurons, and generates substantial local inhibition in the IC. Thus, descending signals engage intracollicular inhibitory circuits despite apparent constraints of monosynaptic connectivity between auditory cortex and IC GABA neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Descending "corticofugal" projections are ubiquitous across mammalian sensory systems, and enable the neocortex to control subcortical activity in a predictive or feedback manner. Although corticofugal neurons are glutamatergic, neocortical activity often inhibits subcortical neuron spiking. How does an excitatory pathway generate inhibition? Here we study the corticofugal pathway from auditory cortex to inferior colliculus (IC), a midbrain hub important for complex sound perception. Surprisingly, cortico-collicular transmission was stronger onto IC glutamatergic compared with GABAergic neurons. However, corticofugal activity triggered spikes in IC glutamate neurons with local axons, thereby generating strong polysynaptic excitation and feedforward spiking of GABAergic neurons. Our results thus reveal a novel mechanism that recruits local inhibition despite limited monosynaptic convergence onto inhibitory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Oberle
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
| | - Alexander N Ford
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
| | - Jordyn E Czarny
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
| | - Meike M Rogalla
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
| | - Pierre F Apostolides
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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25
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Schmitt TTX, Andrea KMA, Wadle SL, Hirtz JJ. Distinct topographic organization and network activity patterns of corticocollicular neurons within layer 5 auditory cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1210057. [PMID: 37521334 PMCID: PMC10372447 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1210057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex (AC) modulates the activity of upstream pathways in the auditory brainstem via descending (corticofugal) projections. This feedback system plays an important role in the plasticity of the auditory system by shaping response properties of neurons in many subcortical nuclei. The majority of layer (L) 5 corticofugal neurons project to the inferior colliculus (IC). This corticocollicular (CC) pathway is involved in processing of complex sounds, auditory-related learning, and defense behavior. Partly due to their location in deep cortical layers, CC neuron population activity patterns within neuronal AC ensembles remain poorly understood. We employed two-photon imaging to record the activity of hundreds of L5 neurons in anesthetized as well as awake animals. CC neurons are broader tuned than other L5 pyramidal neurons and display weaker topographic order in core AC subfields. Network activity analyses revealed stronger clusters of CC neurons compared to non-CC neurons, which respond more reliable and integrate information over larger distances. However, results obtained from secondary auditory cortex (A2) differed considerably. Here CC neurons displayed similar or higher topography, depending on the subset of neurons analyzed. Furthermore, specifically in A2, CC activity clusters formed in response to complex sounds were spatially more restricted compared to other L5 neurons. Our findings indicate distinct network mechanism of CC neurons in analyzing sound properties with pronounced subfield differences, demonstrating that the topography of sound-evoked responses within AC is neuron-type dependent.
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26
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Kokane SS, Cole RD, Bordieanu B, Ray CM, Haque IA, Otis JM, McGinty JF. Increased Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity of Drd1- and Drd2-Expressing Prelimbic Neurons Projecting to Nucleus Accumbens after Heroin Abstinence Are Reversed by Cue-Induced Relapse and Protein Kinase A Inhibition. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4019-4032. [PMID: 37094933 PMCID: PMC10255008 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0108-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the input from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) contributes to cue-induced opioid seeking but the heterogeneity in, and regulation of, prelimbic (PL)-PFC to NAc (PL->NAc) neurons that are altered has not been comprehensively explored. Recently, baseline and opiate withdrawal-induced differences in intrinsic excitability of Drd1+ (D1+) versus Drd2+ (D2+) PFC neurons have been demonstrated. Thus, here we investigated physiological adaptations of PL->NAc D1+ versus D2+ neurons after heroin abstinence and cue-induced relapse. Drd1-Cre+ and Drd2-Cre+ transgenic male Long-Evans rats with virally labeled PL->NAc neurons were trained to self-administer heroin followed by 1 week of forced abstinence. Heroin abstinence significantly increased intrinsic excitability in D1+ and D2+ PL->NAc neurons and increased postsynaptic strength selectively in D1+ neurons. These changes were normalized by cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking. Based on protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of plasticity-related proteins in the PL cortex during abstinence and cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking, we assessed whether the electrophysiological changes in D1+ and D2+ PL->NAc neurons during heroin abstinence were regulated by PKA. In heroin-abstinent PL slices, application of the PKA antagonist (R)-adenosine, cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogenphosphorothioate) triethylammonium (RP-cAMPs) reversed intrinsic excitability in both D1+ and D2+ neurons and postsynaptic strength in only D1+ neurons. Additionally, in vivo bilateral intra-PL infusion of RP-cAMPs after abstinence from heroin inhibited cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking. These data reveal that PKA activity in D1+ and D2+ PL->NAc neurons is not only required for abstinence-induced physiological adaptations but is also required for cue-induced relapse to heroin seeking.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex is thought to underlie relapse to drug seeking, yet the subpopulation of neurons that express this plasticity to functionally guide relapse is unclear. Here we show cell type-specific adaptations in Drd1-expressing versus Drd2-expressing prelimbic pyramidal neurons with efferent projections to nucleus accumbens. These adaptations are bidirectionally regulated during abstinence versus relapse and involve protein kinase A (PKA) activation. Furthermore, we show that disruption of the abstinence-associated adaptations via site-specific PKA inhibition abolishes relapse. These data reveal the promising therapeutic potential of PKA inhibition for preventing relapse to heroin seeking and suggest that cell type-specific pharmacologies that target subpopulations of prefrontal neurons would be ideal for future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Kokane
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Robert D Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Bogdan Bordieanu
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Chevin M Ray
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ishraq A Haque
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - James M Otis
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Jacqueline F McGinty
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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27
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Valakh V, Wise D, Zhu XA, Sha M, Fok J, Van Hooser SD, Schectman R, Cepeda I, Kirk R, O'Toole SM, Nelson SB. A transcriptional constraint mechanism limits the homeostatic response to activity deprivation in mammalian neocortex. eLife 2023; 12:e74899. [PMID: 36749029 PMCID: PMC10010687 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy neuronal networks rely on homeostatic plasticity to maintain stable firing rates despite changing synaptic drive. These mechanisms, however, can themselves be destabilizing if activated inappropriately or excessively. For example, prolonged activity deprivation can lead to rebound hyperactivity and seizures. While many forms of homeostasis have been described, whether and how the magnitude of homeostatic plasticity is constrained remains unknown. Here, we uncover negative regulation of cortical network homeostasis by the PARbZIP family of transcription factors. In cortical slice cultures made from knockout mice lacking all three of these factors, the network response to prolonged activity withdrawal measured with calcium imaging is much stronger, while baseline activity is unchanged. Whole-cell recordings reveal an exaggerated increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory synaptic currents reflecting enhanced upregulation of recurrent excitatory synaptic transmission. Genetic analyses reveal that two of the factors, Hlf and Tef, are critical for constraining plasticity and for preventing life-threatening seizures. These data indicate that transcriptional activation is not only required for many forms of homeostatic plasticity but is also involved in restraint of the response to activity deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Valakh
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Derek Wise
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Xiaoyue Aelita Zhu
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Mingqi Sha
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Jaidyn Fok
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Stephen D Van Hooser
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Robin Schectman
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Isabel Cepeda
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Ryan Kirk
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Sean M O'Toole
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Sacha B Nelson
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
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28
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Kida H, Kawakami R, Sakai K, Otaku H, Imamura K, Han TZ, Sakimoto Y, Mitsushima D. Motor training promotes both synaptic and intrinsic plasticity of layer V pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex. J Physiol 2023; 601:335-353. [PMID: 36515167 DOI: 10.1113/jp283755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer V neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) are important for motor skill learning. Since pretreatment of either CNQX or APV in rat M1 layer V impaired rotor rod learning, we analysed training-induced synaptic plasticity by whole-cell patch-clamp technique in acute brain slices. Rats trained for 1 day showed a decrease in small inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) frequency and an increase in the paired-pulse ratio of evoked IPSCs, suggesting a transient decrease in presynaptic GABA release in the early phase. Rats trained for 2 days showed an increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitudes/frequency and elevated AMPA/NMDA ratios, suggesting a long-term strengthening of AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory synapses. Importantly, rotor rod performance in trained rats was correlated with the mean mEPSC amplitude and the frequency obtained from that animal. In current-clamp analysis, 1-day-trained rats transiently decreased the current-induced firing rate, while 2-day-trained rats returned to pre-training levels, suggesting dynamic changes in intrinsic properties. Furthermore, western blot analysis of layer V detected decreased phosphorylation of Ser408-409 in GABAA receptor β3 subunits in 1-day-trained rats, and increased phosphorylation of Ser831 in AMPA receptor GluA1 subunits in 2-day-trained rats. Finally, live-imaging analysis of Thy1-YFP transgenic mice showed that the training rapidly recruited a substantial number of spines for long-term plasticity in M1 layer V neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that motor training induces complex and diverse plasticity in M1 layer V pyramidal neurons. KEY POINTS: Here we examined motor training-induced synaptic and intrinsic plasticity of layer V pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex. The training reduced presynaptic GABA release in the early phase, but strengthened AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory synapses in the later phase: acquired motor performance after training correlated with the strength of excitatory synapses rather than inhibitory synapses. As to the intrinsic property, the training transiently decreased the firing rate in the early phase, but returned to pre-training levels in the later phase. Western blot analysis detected decreased phosphorylation of Ser408-409 in GABAA receptor β3 subunits in the acute phase, and increased phosphorylation of Ser831 in AMPA receptor GluA1 subunits in the later phase. Live-imaging analysis of Thy1-YFP transgenic mice showed rapid and long-term spine plasticity in M1 layer V neurons, suggesting training-induced increases in self-entropy per spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kida
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - R Kawakami
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - K Sakai
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - H Otaku
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - K Imamura
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Thiri-Zin Han
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Y Sakimoto
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Dai Mitsushima
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.,The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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29
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Rindner DJ, Proddutur A, Lur G. Cell-type-specific integration of feedforward and feedback synaptic inputs in the posterior parietal cortex. Neuron 2022; 110:3760-3773.e5. [PMID: 36087582 PMCID: PMC9671855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The integration of feedforward (sensory) and feedback (top-down) neuronal signals is a principal function of the neocortex. Yet, we have limited insight into how these information streams are combined by individual neurons. Using a two-color optogenetic strategy, we found that layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the posterior parietal cortex receive monosynaptic dual innervation, combining sensory inputs with top-down signals. Subclasses of layer 5 pyramidal neurons integrated these synapses with distinct temporal dynamics. Specifically, regular spiking cells exhibited supralinear enhancement of delayed-but not coincident-inputs, while intrinsic burst-firing neurons selectively boosted coincident synaptic events. These subthreshold integration characteristics translated to a nonlinear summation of action potential firing. Complementing electrophysiology with computational modeling, we found that distinct integration profiles arose from a cell-type-specific interaction of ionic mechanisms and feedforward inhibition. These data provide insight into the cellular properties that guide the nonlinear interaction of distinct long-range afferents in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rindner
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1215 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Archana Proddutur
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1215 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gyorgy Lur
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1215 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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30
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Staiger JF, Sachkova A, Möck M, Guy J, Witte M. Repetitively burst-spiking neurons in reeler mice show conserved but also highly variable morphological features of layer Vb-fated “thick-tufted” pyramidal cells. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1000107. [DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large extracellular glycoprotein that is secreted by Cajal-Retzius cells during embryonic development to regulate neuronal migration and cell proliferation but it also seems to regulate ion channel distribution and synaptic vesicle release properties of excitatory neurons well into adulthood. Mouse mutants with a compromised reelin signaling cascade show a highly disorganized neocortex but the basic connectional features of the displaced excitatory principal cells seem to be relatively intact. Very little is known, however, about the intrinsic electrophysiological and morphological properties of individual cells in the reeler cortex. Repetitive burst-spiking (RB) is a unique property of large, thick-tufted pyramidal cells of wild-type layer Vb exclusively, which project to several subcortical targets. In addition, they are known to possess sparse but far-reaching intracortical recurrent collaterals. Here, we compared the electrophysiological properties and morphological features of neurons in the reeler primary somatosensory cortex with those of wild-type controls. Whereas in wild-type mice, RB pyramidal cells were only detected in layer Vb, and the vast majority of reeler RB pyramidal cells were found in the superficial third of the cortical depth. There were no obvious differences in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties and basic morphological features (such as soma size or the number of dendrites) were also well preserved. However, the spatial orientation of the entire dendritic tree was highly variable in the reeler neocortex, whereas it was completely stereotyped in wild-type mice. It seems that basic quantitative features of layer Vb-fated RB pyramidal cells are well conserved in the highly disorganized mutant neocortex, whereas qualitative morphological features vary, possibly to properly orient toward the appropriate input pathways, which are known to show an atypical oblique path through the reeler cortex. The oblique dendritic orientation thus presumably reflects a re-orientation of dendritic input domains toward spatially highly disorganized afferent projections.
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31
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Moberg S, Takahashi N. Neocortical layer 5 subclasses: From cellular properties to roles in behavior. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:1006773. [DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1006773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer 5 (L5) serves as the main output layer of cortical structures, where long-range projecting pyramidal neurons broadcast the columnar output to other cortical and extracortical regions of the brain. L5 pyramidal neurons are grouped into two subclasses based on their projection targets; while intratelencephalic (IT) neurons project to cortical areas and the striatum, extratelencephalic (ET) neurons project to subcortical areas such as the thalamus, midbrain, and brainstem. Each L5 subclass possesses distinct morphological and electrophysiological properties and is incorporated into a unique synaptic network. Thanks to recent advances in genetic tools and methodologies, it has now become possible to distinguish between the two subclasses in the living brain. There is increasing evidence indicating that each subclass plays a unique role in sensory processing, decision-making, and learning. This review first summarizes the anatomical and physiological properties as well as the neuromodulation of IT and ET neurons in the rodent neocortex, and then reviews recent literature on their roles in sensory processing and rodent behavior. Our ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of each subclass in cortical function by examining their operational regimes based on their cellular properties.
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32
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Differences in temporal processing speeds between the right and left auditory cortex reflect the strength of recurrent synaptic connectivity. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001803. [PMID: 36269764 PMCID: PMC9629599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain asymmetry in the sensitivity to spectrotemporal modulation is an established functional feature that underlies the perception of speech and music. The left auditory cortex (ACx) is believed to specialize in processing fast temporal components of speech sounds, and the right ACx slower components. However, the circuit features and neural computations behind these lateralized spectrotemporal processes are poorly understood. To answer these mechanistic questions we use mice, an animal model that captures some relevant features of human communication systems. In this study, we screened for circuit features that could subserve temporal integration differences between the left and right ACx. We mapped excitatory input to principal neurons in all cortical layers and found significantly stronger recurrent connections in the superficial layers of the right ACx compared to the left. We hypothesized that the underlying recurrent neural dynamics would exhibit differential characteristic timescales corresponding to their hemispheric specialization. To investigate, we recorded spike trains from awake mice and estimated the network time constants using a statistical method to combine evidence from multiple weak signal-to-noise ratio neurons. We found longer temporal integration windows in the superficial layers of the right ACx compared to the left as predicted by stronger recurrent excitation. Our study shows substantial evidence linking stronger recurrent synaptic connections to longer network timescales. These findings support speech processing theories that purport asymmetry in temporal integration is a crucial feature of lateralization in auditory processing.
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33
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Sinopoulou E, Rosenzweig ES, Conner JM, Gibbs D, Weinholtz CA, Weber JL, Brock JH, Nout-Lomas YS, Ovruchesky E, Takashima Y, Biane JS, Kumamaru H, Havton LA, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Tuszynski MH. Rhesus macaque versus rat divergence in the corticospinal projectome. Neuron 2022; 110:2970-2983.e4. [PMID: 35917818 PMCID: PMC9509478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We used viral intersectional tools to map the entire projectome of corticospinal neurons associated with fine distal forelimb control in Fischer 344 rats and rhesus macaques. In rats, we found an extraordinarily diverse set of collateral projections from corticospinal neurons to 23 different brain and spinal regions. Remarkably, the vast weighting of this "motor" projection was to sensory systems in both the brain and spinal cord, confirmed by optogenetic and transsynaptic viral intersectional tools. In contrast, rhesus macaques exhibited far heavier and narrower weighting of corticospinal outputs toward spinal and brainstem motor systems. Thus, corticospinal systems in macaques primarily constitute a final output system for fine motor control, whereas this projection in rats exerts a multi-modal integrative role that accesses far broader CNS regions. Unique structural-functional correlations can be achieved by mapping and quantifying a single neuronal system's total axonal output and its relative weighting across CNS targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Sinopoulou
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James M Conner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Gibbs
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chase A Weinholtz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janet L Weber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric Ovruchesky
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshio Takashima
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Biane
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiromi Kumamaru
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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34
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Nandi A, Chartrand T, Van Geit W, Buchin A, Yao Z, Lee SY, Wei Y, Kalmbach B, Lee B, Lein E, Berg J, Sümbül U, Koch C, Tasic B, Anastassiou CA. Single-neuron models linking electrophysiology, morphology, and transcriptomics across cortical cell types. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111176. [PMID: 35947954 PMCID: PMC9793758 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Which cell types constitute brain circuits is a fundamental question, but establishing the correspondence across cellular data modalities is challenging. Bio-realistic models allow probing cause-and-effect and linking seemingly disparate modalities. Here, we introduce a computational optimization workflow to generate 9,200 single-neuron models with active conductances. These models are based on 230 in vitro electrophysiological experiments followed by morphological reconstruction from the mouse visual cortex. We show that, in contrast to current belief, the generated models are robust representations of individual experiments and cortical cell types as defined via cellular electrophysiology or transcriptomics. Next, we show that differences in specific conductances predicted from the models reflect differences in gene expression supported by single-cell transcriptomics. The differences in model conductances, in turn, explain electrophysiological differences observed between the cortical subclasses. Our computational effort reconciles single-cell modalities that define cell types and enables causal relationships to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Nandi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas Chartrand
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Werner Van Geit
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland,These authors contributed equally
| | - Anatoly Buchin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Soo Yeun Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yina Wei
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA,Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Brian Kalmbach
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jim Berg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Uygar Sümbül
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Costas A. Anastassiou
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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35
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Ierusalimsky VN, Balaban PM, Nikitin ES. Nav1.6 but not KCa3.1 channels contribute to heterogeneity in coding abilities and dynamics of action potentials in the L5 neocortical pyramidal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 615:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Pandey A, Hardingham N, Fox K. Differentiation of Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity mechanisms within layer 5 visual cortex neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110892. [PMID: 35649371 PMCID: PMC9637998 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical layer 5 contains two major types of projection neuron known as IB (intrinsic bursting) cells that project sub-cortically and RS (regular spiking) cells that project between cortical areas. This study describes the plasticity properties of RS and IB cells in the mouse visual cortex during the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity. We find that RS neurons exhibit synaptic depression in response to both dark exposure (DE) and monocular deprivation (MD), and their homeostatic recovery from depression is dependent on TNF-α. In contrast, IB cells demonstrate opposite responses to DE and MD, potentiating to DE and depressing to MD. IB cells' potentiation depends on CaMKII-autophosphorylation and not TNF-α. IB cells show mature synaptic properties at the start of the critical period while RS cells mature during the critical period. Together with observations in somatosensory cortex, these results suggest that differences in RS and IB plasticity mechanisms are a general cortical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Pandey
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Neil Hardingham
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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37
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Onodera K, Kato HK. Translaminar recurrence from layer 5 suppresses superficial cortical layers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2585. [PMID: 35546553 PMCID: PMC9095870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Information flow in the sensory cortex has been described as a predominantly feedforward sequence with deep layers as the output structure. Although recurrent excitatory projections from layer 5 (L5) to superficial L2/3 have been identified by anatomical and physiological studies, their functional impact on sensory processing remains unclear. Here, we use layer-selective optogenetic manipulations in the primary auditory cortex to demonstrate that feedback inputs from L5 suppress the activity of superficial layers regardless of the arousal level, contrary to the prediction from their excitatory connectivity. This suppressive effect is predominantly mediated by translaminar circuitry through intratelencephalic neurons, with an additional contribution of subcortical projections by pyramidal tract neurons. Furthermore, L5 activation sharpened tone-evoked responses of superficial layers in both frequency and time domains, indicating its impact on cortical spectro-temporal integration. Together, our findings establish a translaminar inhibitory recurrence from deep layers that sharpens feature selectivity in superficial cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koun Onodera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki K Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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38
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Otor Y, Achvat S, Cermak N, Benisty H, Abboud M, Barak O, Schiller Y, Poleg-Polsky A, Schiller J. Dynamic compartmental computations in tuft dendrites of layer 5 neurons during motor behavior. Science 2022; 376:267-275. [PMID: 35420959 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuft dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons form specialized compartments important for motor learning and performance, yet their computational capabilities remain unclear. Structural-functional mapping of the tuft tree from the motor cortex during motor tasks revealed two morphologically distinct populations of layer 5 pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) that exhibit specific tuft computational properties. Early bifurcating and large nexus PTNs showed marked tuft functional compartmentalization, representing different motor variable combinations within and between their two tuft hemi-trees. By contrast, late bifurcating and smaller nexus PTNs showed synchronous tuft activation. Dendritic structure and dynamic recruitment of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-spiking mechanism explained the differential compartmentalization patterns. Our findings support a morphologically dependent framework for motor computations, in which independent amplification units can be combinatorically recruited to represent different motor sequences within the same tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Otor
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Shay Achvat
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Nathan Cermak
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Hadas Benisty
- Yale University School of Medicine; Bethany, CT, USA
| | - Maisan Abboud
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Omri Barak
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Schiller
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Alon Poleg-Polsky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue MS8307, Aurora, CO 8004, USA
| | - Jackie Schiller
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
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39
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Im S, Ueta Y, Otsuka T, Morishima M, Youssef M, Hirai Y, Kobayashi K, Kaneko R, Morita K, Kawaguchi Y. Corticocortical innervation subtypes of layer 5 intratelencephalic cells in the murine secondary motor cortex. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:50-67. [PMID: 35396593 PMCID: PMC9758586 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback projections from the secondary motor cortex (M2) to the primary motor and sensory cortices are essential for behavior selection and sensory perception. Intratelencephalic (IT) cells in layer 5 (L5) contribute feedback projections to diverse cortical areas. Here we show that L5 IT cells participating in feedback connections to layer 1 (L1) exhibit distinct projection patterns, genetic profiles, and electrophysiological properties relative to other L5 IT cells. An analysis of the MouseLight database found that L5 IT cells preferentially targeting L1 project broadly to more cortical regions, including the perirhinal and auditory cortices, and innervate a larger volume of striatum than the other L5 IT cells. We found experimentally that in upper L5 (L5a), ER81 (ETV1) was found more often in L1-preferring IT cells, and in IT cells projecting to perirhinal/auditory regions than those projecting to primary motor or somatosensory regions. The perirhinal region-projecting L5a IT cells were synaptically connected to each other and displayed lower input resistance than contra-M2 projecting IT cells including L1-preferring and nonpreferring cells. Our findings suggest that M2-L5a IT L1-preferring cells exhibit stronger ER81 expression and broader cortical/striatal projection fields than do cells that do not preferentially target L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Im
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takeshi Otsuka
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Mieko Morishima
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan
| | - Mohammed Youssef
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan,KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Morita
- Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Corresponding author: Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University Machida, Tokyo 1948610, Japan.
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40
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Kuang H, Liu T, Jiao C, Wang J, Wu S, Wu J, Peng S, Davidson AM, Zeng SX, Lu H, Mostany R. Genetic Deficiency of p53 Leads to Structural, Functional, and Synaptic Deficits in Primary Somatosensory Cortical Neurons of Adult Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:871974. [PMID: 35465090 PMCID: PMC9021533 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.871974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a crucial role in embryonic neuron development and neurite growth, and its involvement in neuronal homeostasis has been proposed. To better understand how the lack of the p53 gene function affects neuronal activity, spine development, and plasticity, we examined the electrophysiological and morphological properties of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex barrel field (S1BF) by using in vitro whole-cell patch clamp and in vivo two-photon imaging techniques in p53 knockout (KO) mice. We found that the spiking frequency, excitatory inputs, and sag ratio were decreased in L5 pyramidal neurons of p53KO mice. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo morphological analyses demonstrated that dendritic spine density in the apical tuft is decreased in L5 pyramidal neurons of p53KO mice. Furthermore, chronic imaging showed that p53 deletion decreased dendritic spine turnover in steady-state conditions, and prevented the increase in spine turnover associated with whisker stimulation seen in wildtype mice. In addition, the sensitivity of whisker-dependent texture discrimination was impaired in p53KO mice compared with wildtype controls. Together, these results suggest that p53 plays an important role in regulating synaptic plasticity by reducing neuronal excitability and the number of excitatory synapses in S1BF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Kuang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu Hua Lu Ricardo Mostany
| | - Cui Jiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shinan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sicong Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Andrew M. Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shelya X. Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu Hua Lu Ricardo Mostany
| | - Ricardo Mostany
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Tao Liu Hua Lu Ricardo Mostany
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41
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Markert F, Storch A. Hyperoxygenation During Mid-Neurogenesis Accelerates Cortical Development in the Fetal Mouse Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:732682. [PMID: 35372333 PMCID: PMC8969024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.732682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen tension is well-known to affect cortical development. Fetal brain hyperoxygenation during mid-neurogenesis in mice (embryonic stage E14.5. to E16.5) increases brain size evoked through an increase of neuroprecursor cells. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether these effects can lead to persistent morphological changes within the highly orchestrated brain development. To shed light on this, we used our model of controlled fetal brain hyperoxygenation in time-pregnant C57BL/6J mice housed in a chamber with 75% atmospheric oxygen from E14.5 to E16.5 and analyzed the brains from E14.5, E16.5, P0.5, and P3.5 mouse embryos and pups via immunofluorescence staining. Mid-neurogenesis hyperoxygenation led to an acceleration of cortical development by temporal expansion of the cortical plate with increased NeuN+ neuron counts in hyperoxic brains only until birth. More specifically, the number of Ctip2+ cortical layer 5 (L5) neurons was increased at E16.5 and at birth in hyperoxic brains but normalized in the early postnatal stage (P3.5). The absence of cleaved caspase 3 within the extended Ctip2+ L5 cell population largely excluded apoptosis as a major compensatory mechanism. Timed BrdU/EdU analyses likewise rule out a feedback mechanism. The normalization was, on the contrary, accompanied by an increase of active microglia within L5 targeting Ctip2+ neurons without any signs of apoptosis. Together, hyperoxygenation during mid-neurogenesis phase of fetal brain development provoked a specific transient overshoot of cortical L5 neurons leading to an accelerated cortical development without detectable persistent changes. These observations provide insight into cortical and L5 brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Markert
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Storch,
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42
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Caubit X, Gubellini P, Roubertoux PL, Carlier M, Molitor J, Chabbert D, Metwaly M, Salin P, Fatmi A, Belaidouni Y, Brosse L, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Fasano L. Targeted Tshz3 deletion in corticostriatal circuit components segregates core autistic behaviors. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:106. [PMID: 35292625 PMCID: PMC8924251 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously linked TSHZ3 haploinsufficiency to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and showed that embryonic or postnatal Tshz3 deletion in mice results in behavioral traits relevant to the two core domains of ASD, namely social interaction deficits and repetitive behaviors. Here, we provide evidence that cortical projection neurons (CPNs) and striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCINs) are two main and complementary players in the TSHZ3-linked ASD syndrome. In the cerebral cortex, TSHZ3 is expressed in CPNs and in a proportion of GABAergic interneurons, but not in cholinergic interneurons or glial cells. In the striatum, TSHZ3 is expressed in all SCINs, while its expression is absent or partial in the other main brain cholinergic systems. We then characterized two new conditional knockout (cKO) models generated by crossing Tshz3flox/flox with Emx1-Cre (Emx1-cKO) or Chat-Cre (Chat-cKO) mice to decipher the respective role of CPNs and SCINs. Emx1-cKO mice show altered excitatory synaptic transmission onto CPNs and impaired plasticity at corticostriatal synapses, with neither cortical neuron loss nor abnormal layer distribution. These animals present social interaction deficits but no repetitive patterns of behavior. Chat-cKO mice exhibit no loss of SCINs but changes in the electrophysiological properties of these interneurons, associated with repetitive patterns of behavior without social interaction deficits. Therefore, dysfunction in either CPNs or SCINs segregates with a distinct ASD behavioral trait. These findings provide novel insights onto the implication of the corticostriatal circuitry in ASD by revealing an unexpected neuronal dichotomy in the biological background of the two core behavioral domains of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Caubit
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Gubellini
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre L. Roubertoux
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, UMR1251 Marseille, France
| | - Michèle Carlier
- grid.463724.00000 0004 0385 2989Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPC, UMR7290 Marseille, France
| | - Jordan Molitor
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Dorian Chabbert
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Metwaly
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed Fatmi
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Yasmine Belaidouni
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | - Lucie Brosse
- grid.462081.90000 0004 0598 4854Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Laurent Fasano
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR7288, Marseille, France.
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43
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Input rate encoding and gain control in dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110382. [PMID: 35172157 PMCID: PMC8967317 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how neurons encode network activity is essential to understanding how the brain processes information. Neocortical pyramidal cells receive excitatory input onto spines distributed along dendritic branches. Local dendritic branch nonlinearities can boost the response to spatially clustered and synchronous input, but how this translates into the integration of patterns of ongoing activity remains unclear. To examine dendritic integration under naturalistic stimulus regimes, we use two-photon glutamate uncaging to repeatedly activate multiple dendritic spines at random intervals. In the proximal dendrites of two populations of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse motor cortex, spatially restricted synchrony is not a prerequisite for dendritic boosting. Branches encode afferent inputs with distinct rate sensitivities depending upon cell and branch type. Thus, inputs distributed along a dendritic branch can recruit supralinear boosting and the window of this nonlinearity may provide a mechanism by which dendrites can preferentially amplify slow-frequency network oscillations.
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44
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Whilden CM, Chevée M, An SY, Brown SP. The synaptic inputs and thalamic projections of two classes of layer 6 corticothalamic neurons in primary somatosensory cortex of the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3751-3771. [PMID: 33908623 PMCID: PMC8551307 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although corticothalamic neurons (CThNs) represent the largest source of synaptic input to thalamic neurons, their role in regulating thalamocortical interactions remains incompletely understood. CThNs in sensory cortex have historically been divided into two types, those with cell bodies in Layer 6 (L6) that project back to primary sensory thalamic nuclei and those with cell bodies in Layer 5 (L5) that project to higher-order thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures. Recently, diversity among L6 CThNs has increasingly been appreciated. In the rodent somatosensory cortex, two major classes of L6 CThNs have been identified: one projecting to the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM-only L6 CThNs) and one projecting to both VPM and the posterior medial nucleus (VPM/POm L6 CThNs). Using rabies-based tracing methods in mice, we asked whether these L6 CThN populations integrate similar synaptic inputs. We found that both types of L6 CThNs received local input from somatosensory cortex and thalamic input from VPM and POm. However, VPM/POm L6 CThNs received significantly more input from a number of additional cortical areas, higher order thalamic nuclei, and subcortical structures. We also found that the two types of L6 CThNs target different functional regions within the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Together, our results indicate that these two types of L6 CThNs represent distinct information streams in the somatosensory cortex and suggest that VPM-only L6 CThNs regulate, via their more restricted circuits, sensory responses related to a cortical column while VPM/POm L6 CThNs, which are integrated into more widespread POm-related circuits, relay contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Michelle Whilden
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maxime Chevée
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seong Yeol An
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Solange Pezon Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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45
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Rayêe D, Iack PM, Christoff RR, Lourenço MR, Bonifácio C, Boltz J, Lent R, Garcez PP. The Dynamics of Axon Bifurcation Development in the Cerebral Cortex of Typical and Acallosal Mice. Neuroscience 2021; 477:14-24. [PMID: 34601063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is a major interhemispheric commissure of placental mammals. Early steps of CC formation rely on guidance strategies, such as axonal branching and collateralization. Here we analyze the time-course dynamics of axonal bifurcation during typical cortical development or in a CC dysgenesis mouse model. We use Swiss mice as a typical CC mouse model and find that axonal bifurcation rates rise in the cerebral cortex from embryonic day (E)17 and are reduced by postnatal day (P)9. Since callosal neurons populate deep and superficial cortical layers, we compare the axon bifurcation ratio between those neurons by electroporating ex vivo brains at E13 and E15, using eGFP reporter to label the newborn neurons on organotypic slices. Our results suggest that deep layer neurons bifurcate 32% more than superficial ones. To investigate axonal bifurcation in CC dysgenesis, we use BALB/c mice as a spontaneous CC dysgenesis model. BALB/c mice present a typical layer distribution of SATB2 callosal cells, despite the occurrence of callosal anomalies. However, using anterograde DiI tracing, we find that BALB/c mice display increased rates of axonal bifurcations during early and late cortical development in the medial frontal cortex. Midline guidepost cells adjacent to the medial frontal cortex are significant reduced in the CC dysgenesis mouse model. Altogether these data suggest that callosal collateral axonal exuberance is maintained in the absence of midline guidepost signaling and might facilitate aberrant connections in the CC dysgenesis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rayêe
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raissa R Christoff
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele R Lourenço
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jürgen Boltz
- Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute D'Or for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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46
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Beaulieu-Laroche L, Brown NJ, Hansen M, Toloza EHS, Sharma J, Williams ZM, Frosch MP, Cosgrove GR, Cash SS, Harnett MT. Allometric rules for mammalian cortical layer 5 neuron biophysics. Nature 2021; 600:274-278. [PMID: 34759318 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biophysical properties of neurons are the foundation for computation in the brain. Neuronal size is a key determinant of single neuron input-output features and varies substantially across species1-3. However, it is unknown whether different species adapt neuronal properties to conserve how single neurons process information4-7. Here we characterize layer 5 cortical pyramidal neurons across 10 mammalian species to identify the allometric relationships that govern how neuronal biophysics change with cell size. In 9 of the 10 species, we observe conserved rules that control the conductance of voltage-gated potassium and HCN channels. Species with larger neurons, and therefore a decreased surface-to-volume ratio, exhibit higher membrane ionic conductances. This relationship produces a conserved conductance per unit brain volume. These size-dependent rules result in large but predictable changes in somatic and dendritic integrative properties. Human neurons do not follow these allometric relationships, exhibiting much lower voltage-gated potassium and HCN conductances. Together, our results in layer 5 neurons identify conserved evolutionary principles for neuronal biophysics in mammals as well as notable features of the human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Beaulieu-Laroche
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Norma J Brown
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marissa Hansen
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Enrique H S Toloza
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jitendra Sharma
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziv M Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark T Harnett
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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47
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Yi JH, Choe SY, Jung MW. Variations in Commissural Input Processing Across Different Types of Cortical Projection Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2508-2520. [PMID: 34607355 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how incoming cortical inputs are processed by different types of cortical projection neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, we compared intrinsic physiological properties of and commissural excitatory/inhibitory influences on layer 5 intratelencephalic (IT), layer 5 pyramidal tract (PT), and layers 2/3 IT projection neurons. We found that intrinsic physiological properties and commissural synaptic transmission varied across the three types of projection neurons. The rank order of intrinsic excitability was layer 5 PT > layer 5 IT > layers 2/3 IT neurons. Commissural connectivity was higher in layers 2/3 than layer 5 projection neurons, but commissural excitatory influence was stronger on layer 5 than layers 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Paired-pulse ratio was also greater in PT than IT neurons. These results indicate that commissural inputs activate deep layer PT neurons most preferentially and superficial layer IT neurons least preferentially. Deep layer PT neurons might faithfully transmit cortical input signals to downstream subcortical structures for reliable control of behavior, whereas superficial layer IT neurons might integrate cortical input signals from diverse sources in support of higher-order cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Yi
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Choe
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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48
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Kalmbach BE, Hodge RD, Jorstad NL, Owen S, de Frates R, Yanny AM, Dalley R, Mallory M, Graybuck LT, Radaelli C, Keene CD, Gwinn RP, Silbergeld DL, Cobbs C, Ojemann JG, Ko AL, Patel AP, Ellenbogen RG, Bakken TE, Daigle TL, Dee N, Lee BR, McGraw M, Nicovich PR, Smith K, Sorensen SA, Tasic B, Zeng H, Koch C, Lein ES, Ting JT. Signature morpho-electric, transcriptomic, and dendritic properties of human layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons. Neuron 2021; 109:2914-2927.e5. [PMID: 34534454 PMCID: PMC8570452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the neocortex, subcerebral axonal projections originate largely from layer 5 (L5) extratelencephalic-projecting (ET) neurons. The unique morpho-electric properties of these neurons have been mainly described in rodents, where retrograde tracers or transgenic lines can label them. Similar labeling strategies are infeasible in the human neocortex, rendering the translational relevance of findings in rodents unclear. We leveraged the recent discovery of a transcriptomically defined L5 ET neuron type to study the properties of human L5 ET neurons in neocortical brain slices derived from neurosurgeries. Patch-seq recordings, where transcriptome, physiology, and morphology were assayed from the same cell, revealed many conserved morpho-electric properties of human and rodent L5 ET neurons. Divergent properties were often subtler than differences between L5 cell types within these two species. These data suggest a conserved function of L5 ET neurons in the neocortical hierarchy but also highlight phenotypic divergence possibly related to functional specialization of human neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Kalmbach
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | - Scott Owen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matt Mallory
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ryder P Gwinn
- Epilepsy Surgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Daniel L Silbergeld
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles Cobbs
- The Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Andrew L Ko
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Anoop P Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Medea McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; The Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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49
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Mease RA, Gonzalez AJ. Corticothalamic Pathways From Layer 5: Emerging Roles in Computation and Pathology. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:730211. [PMID: 34566583 PMCID: PMC8458899 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.730211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Large portions of the thalamus receive strong driving input from cortical layer 5 (L5) neurons but the role of this important pathway in cortical and thalamic computations is not well understood. L5-recipient "higher-order" thalamic regions participate in cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuits that are increasingly recognized to be (1) anatomically and functionally distinct from better-studied "first-order" CTC networks, and (2) integral to cortical activity related to learning and perception. Additionally, studies are beginning to elucidate the clinical relevance of these networks, as dysfunction across these pathways have been implicated in several pathological states. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding L5 CTC networks across sensory modalities and brain regions, particularly studies leveraging cell-type-specific tools that allow precise experimental access to L5 CTC circuits. We aim to provide a focused and accessible summary of the anatomical, physiological, and computational properties of L5-originating CTC networks, and outline their underappreciated contribution in pathology. We particularly seek to connect single-neuron and synaptic properties to network (dys)function and emerging theories of cortical computation, and highlight information processing in L5 CTC networks as a promising focus for computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Mease
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Biophysics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Newkirk GS, Guan D, Dembrow N, Armstrong WE, Foehring RC, Spain WJ. Kv2.1 Potassium Channels Regulate Repetitive Burst Firing in Extratelencephalic Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1055-1076. [PMID: 34435615 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coincidence detection and cortical rhythmicity are both greatly influenced by neurons' propensity to fire bursts of action potentials. In the neocortex, repetitive burst firing can also initiate abnormal neocortical rhythmicity (including epilepsy). Bursts are generated by inward currents that underlie a fast afterdepolarization (fADP) but less is known about outward currents that regulate bursting. We tested whether Kv2 channels regulate the fADP and burst firing in labeled layer 5 PNs from motor cortex of the Thy1-h mouse. Kv2 block with guangxitoxin-1E (GTx) converted single spike responses evoked by dendritic stimulation into multispike bursts riding on an enhanced fADP. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Thy1-h PNs expressed Kv2.1 (not Kv2.2) channels perisomatically (not in the dendrites). In somatic macropatches, GTx-sensitive current was the largest component of outward current with biophysical properties well-suited for regulating bursting. GTx drove ~40% of Thy1 PNs stimulated with noisy somatic current steps to repetitive burst firing and shifted the maximal frequency-dependent gain. A network model showed that reduction of Kv2-like conductance in a small subset of neurons resulted in repetitive bursting and entrainment of the circuit to seizure-like rhythmic activity. Kv2 channels play a dominant role in regulating onset bursts and preventing repetitive bursting in Thy1 PNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Newkirk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dongxu Guan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nikolai Dembrow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Epilepsy Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - William E Armstrong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert C Foehring
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - William J Spain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Epilepsy Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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