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Voss M. Proteolytic cleavage of Golgi glycosyltransferases by SPPL3 and other proteases and its implications for cellular glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130668. [PMID: 38992482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2024.130668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins and lipids is of fundamental importance in multicellular eukaryotes. The vast diversity of glycan structures observed is generated in the Golgi apparatus by the concerted activity of >100 distinct enzymes, which include glycosyltransferases and other glycan-modifying enzymes. Well-known for decades, the majority of these enzymes is released from the Golgi apparatus and subsequently secreted into the extracellular space following endoproteolytic cleavage, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and the physiological implications have remained unexplored. This review will summarize our current knowledge of Golgi enzyme proteolysis and secretion and will discuss its conceptual implications for the regulation of cellular glycosylation and the organization of the Golgi apparatus. A particular focus will lie on the intramembrane protease SPPL3, which recently emerged as key protease facilitating Golgi enzyme release and has since been shown to affect a multitude of glycosylation-dependent physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Voss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Pogačar K, Grundner M, Žigon P, Coll A, Panevska A, Lukan T, Petek M, Razinger J, Gruden K, Sepčić K. Protein complexes from edible mushrooms as a sustainable potato protection against coleopteran pests. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2518-2529. [PMID: 38733093 PMCID: PMC11331795 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Protein complexes from edible oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sp.) composed of pleurotolysin A2 (PlyA2) and pleurotolysin B (PlyB) exert toxicity in feeding tests against Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae, acting through the interaction with insect-specific membrane sphingolipid. Here we present a new strategy for crop protection, based on in planta production of PlyA2/PlyB protein complexes, and we exemplify this strategy in construction of transgenic potato plants of cv Désirée. The transgenics in which PlyA2 was directed to the vacuole and PlyB to the endoplasmic reticulum are effectively protected from infestation by CPB larvae without impacting plant performance. These transgenic plants showed a pronounced effect on larval feeding rate, the larvae feeding on transgenic plants being on average five to six folds lighter than larvae feeding on controls. Further, only a fraction (11%-37%) of the larvae that fed on transgenic potato plants completed their life cycle and developed into adult beetles. Moreover, gene expression analysis of CPB larvae exposed to PlyA2/PlyB complexes revealed the response indicative of a general stress status of larvae and no evidence of possibility of developing resistance due to the functional inactivation of PlyA2/PlyB sphingolipid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen Pogačar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems BiologyNational Institute of BiologyLjubljanaSlovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Maja Grundner
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Primož Žigon
- Plant Protection DepartmentAgricultural Institute of SloveniaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Anna Coll
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems BiologyNational Institute of BiologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Tjaša Lukan
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems BiologyNational Institute of BiologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems BiologyNational Institute of BiologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Plant Protection DepartmentAgricultural Institute of SloveniaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems BiologyNational Institute of BiologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
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3
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Bergeman MH, Velarde K, Hargis HL, Glenn HL, Hogue IB. The Rab6 post-Golgi secretory pathway contributes to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) egress. J Virol 2024:e0059924. [PMID: 39136459 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00599-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an alpha herpesvirus that infects a majority of the world population. The mechanisms and cellular host factors involved in the intracellular transport and exocytosis of HSV-1 particles are not fully understood. To elucidate these late steps in the replication cycle, we developed a live-cell fluorescence microscopy assay of HSV-1 virion intracellular trafficking and exocytosis. This method allows us to track individual virus particles and identify the precise moment and location of particle exocytosis using a pH-sensitive reporter. We show that HSV-1 uses the host cell's post-Golgi secretory pathway during egress. The small GTPase, Rab6, binds to nascent secretory vesicles at the trans-Golgi network and plays important, but non-essential, roles in vesicle traffic and exocytosis at the plasma membrane, therefore making it a useful marker of the Golgi and post-Golgi secretory pathway. We show that HSV-1 particles colocalize with Rab6a in the region of the Golgi, cotraffic with Rab6a to the cell periphery, and undergo exocytosis from Rab6a vesicles. Consistent with previous reports, we find that HSV-1 particles accumulate at preferential egress sites in infected cells. The secretory pathway mediates this preferential/polarized egress, since Rab6a vesicles accumulate near the plasma membrane similarly in uninfected cells. These data suggest that, following particle envelopment, HSV-1 egress follows a pre-existing cellular secretory pathway to exit infected cells rather than novel, virus-induced mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects a majority of people. It establishes a life-long latent infection and occasionally reactivates, typically causing characteristic oral or genital lesions. Rarely in healthy natural hosts, but more commonly in zoonotic infections and in elderly, newborn, or immunocompromised patients, HSV-1 can cause severe herpes encephalitis. The precise cellular mechanisms used by HSV-1 remain an important area of research. In particular, the egress pathways that newly assembled virus particles use to exit from infected cells are unclear. In this study, we used fluorescence microscopy to visualize individual virus particles exiting from cells and found that HSV-1 particles use the pre-existing cellular secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Hailee L Hargis
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Honor L Glenn
- Center for Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ian B Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Bhat M, Nambiar A, Edakkandiyil L, Abraham IM, Sen R, Negi M, Manjithaya R. A genetically-encoded fluorescence-based reporter to spatiotemporally investigate mannose-6-phosphate pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:mr6. [PMID: 38888935 PMCID: PMC11321044 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a pool of active lysosomes with acidic pH and degradative hydrolases is crucial for cell health. Abnormalities in lysosomal function are closely linked to diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders, neurodegeneration, intracellular infections, and cancer among others. Emerging body of research suggests the malfunction of lysosomal hydrolase trafficking pathway to be a common denominator of several disease pathologies. However, available conventional tools to assess lysosomal hydrolase trafficking are insufficient and fail to provide a comprehensive picture about the trafficking flux and location of lysosomal hydrolases. To address some of the shortcomings, we designed a genetically-encoded fluorescent reporter containing a lysosomal hydrolase tandemly tagged with pH sensitive and insensitive fluorescent proteins, which can spatiotemporally trace the trafficking of lysosomal hydrolases. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that the reporter can detect perturbations in hydrolase trafficking, that are induced by pharmacological manipulations and pathophysiological conditions like intracellular protein aggregates. This reporter can effectively serve as a probe for mapping the mechanistic intricacies of hydrolase trafficking pathway in health and disease and is a utilitarian tool to identify genetic and pharmacological modulators of this pathway, with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Bhat
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Akshaya Nambiar
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | | | - Irine Maria Abraham
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Ritoprova Sen
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Mamta Negi
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
- Professor and chair, Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India
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Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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6
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Pantelopulos GA, Abraham CB, Straub JE. Cholesterol and Lipid Rafts in the Biogenesis of Amyloid-β Protein and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:455-486. [PMID: 38382114 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-062823-023436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been conjectured to be a modulator of the amyloid cascade, the mechanism that produces the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides implicated in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cholesterol impacts the genesis of Aβ not through direct interaction with proteins in the bilayer, but indirectly by inducing the liquid-ordered phase and accompanying liquid-liquid phase separations, which partition proteins in the amyloid cascade to different lipid domains and ultimately to different endocytotic pathways. We explore the full process of Aβ genesis in the context of liquid-ordered phases induced by cholesterol, including protein partitioning into lipid domains, mechanisms of endocytosis experienced by lipid domains and secretases, and pH-controlled activation of amyloid precursor protein secretases in specific endocytotic environments. Outstanding questions on the essential role of cholesterol in the amyloid cascade are identified for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor B Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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7
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Andersen HM, Tai HC, Rubakhin SS, Yau PM, Sweedler JV. A novel series of metazoan L/D peptide isomerases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107458. [PMID: 38857862 PMCID: PMC11277431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of endogenous cell-cell signaling peptides relies on their interactions with cognate receptors, which in turn are influenced by the peptides' structures, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the suite of post-translational modifications of the peptide. Herein, we report the initial characterization of putative peptide isomerase enzymes extracted from R. norvegicus, A. californica, and B. taurus tissues. These enzymes are both tissue and substrate-specific across all three organisms. Notably, the lungs of the mammalian species, and the central nervous system of the mollusk displayed the highest isomerase activity among the examined tissues. In vitro enzymatic conversion was observed for several endogenous peptides, such as the tetrapeptide GFFD in A. californica, and mammalian neuropeptide FF in R. norvegicus and B. taurus. To understand their mode of action, we explored the effects of several inhibitors on these enzymes, which suggest common active site residues. While further characterization of these enzymes is required, the investigations emphasize a widespread and overlooked enzyme activity related to the creation of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey M Andersen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hua-Chia Tai
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter M Yau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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8
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Wang XF, Duan YF, Zhu YQ, Liu ZJ, Wu YC, Liu TH, Zhang L, Wei JF, Liu GC. An Insulin-Modified pH-Responsive Nanopipette Based on Ion Current Rectification. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4264. [PMID: 39001043 PMCID: PMC11244478 DOI: 10.3390/s24134264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The properties of nanopipettes largely rely on the materials introduced onto their inner walls, which allow for a vast extension of their sensing capabilities. The challenge of simultaneously enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of nanopipettes for pH sensing remains, hindering their practical applications. Herein, we report insulin-modified nanopipettes with excellent pH response performances, which were prepared by introducing insulin onto their inner walls via a two-step reaction involving silanization and amidation. The pH response intensity based on ion current rectification was significantly enhanced by approximately 4.29 times when utilizing insulin-modified nanopipettes compared with bare ones, demonstrating a linear response within the pH range of 2.50 to 7.80. In addition, insulin-modified nanopipettes featured good reversibility and selectivity. The modification processes were monitored using the I-V curves, and the relevant mechanisms were discussed. The effects of solution pH and insulin concentration on the modification results were investigated to achieve optimal insulin introduction. This study showed that the pH response behavior of nanopipettes can be greatly improved by introducing versatile molecules onto the inner walls, thereby contributing to the development and utilization of pH-responsive nanopipettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Fan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China;
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yi-Fan Duan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China;
| | - Yue-Qian Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China;
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Zi-Jing Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yu-Chen Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China;
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Tian-Hao Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China;
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jian-Feng Wei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Guo-Chang Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (X.-F.W.); (Y.-F.D.); (Y.-Q.Z.); (Z.-J.L.); (T.-H.L.); (L.Z.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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Debnath K, Qayoom I, O'Donnell S, Ekiert J, Wang C, Sanborn MA, Liu C, Rivera A, Cho IS, Saichellappa S, Toth PT, Mehta D, Rehman J, Du X, Gao Y, Shin JW. Matrimeres are systemic nanoscale mediators of tissue integrity and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586585. [PMID: 38585943 PMCID: PMC10996590 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Tissue barriers must be rapidly restored after injury to promote regeneration. However, the mechanism behind this process is unclear, particularly in cases where the underlying extracellular matrix is still compromised. Here, we report the discovery of matrimeres as constitutive nanoscale mediators of tissue integrity and function. We define matrimeres as non-vesicular nanoparticles secreted by cells, distinguished by a primary composition comprising at least one matrix protein and DNA molecules serving as scaffolds. Mesenchymal stromal cells assemble matrimeres from fibronectin and DNA within acidic intracellular compartments. Drawing inspiration from this biological process, we have achieved the successful reconstitution of matrimeres without cells. This was accomplished by using purified matrix proteins, including fibronectin and vitronectin, and DNA molecules under optimal acidic pH conditions, guided by the heparin-binding domain and phosphate backbone, respectively. Plasma fibronectin matrimeres circulate in the blood at homeostasis but exhibit a 10-fold decrease during systemic inflammatory injury in vivo . Exogenous matrimeres rapidly restore vascular integrity by actively reannealing endothelial cells post-injury and remain persistent in the host tissue matrix. The scalable production of matrimeres holds promise as a biologically inspired platform for regenerative nanomedicine.
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10
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Das PK, Gonzalez PA, Jangra RK, Yin P, Kielian M. A single-point mutation in the rubella virus E1 glycoprotein promotes rescue of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus. mBio 2024; 15:e0237323. [PMID: 38334805 PMCID: PMC10936182 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02373-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RuV) is an enveloped plus-sense RNA virus and a member of the Rubivirus genus. RuV infection in pregnant women can lead to miscarriage or an array of severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. Novel rubiviruses were recently discovered in various mammals, highlighting the spillover potential of other rubiviruses to humans. Many features of the rubivirus infection cycle remain unexplored. To promote the study of rubivirus biology, here, we generated replication-competent recombinant VSV-RuV (rVSV-RuV) encoding the RuV transmembrane glycoproteins E2 and E1. Sequencing of rVSV-RuV showed that the RuV glycoproteins acquired a single-point mutation W448R in the E1 transmembrane domain. The E1 W448R mutation did not detectably alter the intracellular expression, processing, glycosylation, colocalization, or dimerization of the E2 and E1 glycoproteins. Nonetheless, the mutation enhanced the incorporation of RuV E2/E1 into VSV particles, which bud from the plasma membrane rather than the RuV budding site in the Golgi. Neutralization by E1 antibodies, calcium dependence, and cell tropism were comparable between WT-RuV and either rVSV-RuV or RuV containing the E1 W448R mutation. However, the E1 W448R mutation strongly shifted the threshold for the acid pH-triggered virus fusion reaction, from pH 6.2 for the WT RuV to pH 5.5 for the mutant. These results suggest that the increased resistance of the mutant RuV E1 to acidic pH promotes the ability of viral envelope proteins to generate infectious rVSV and provide insights into the regulation of RuV fusion during virus entry and exit.IMPORTANCERubella virus (RuV) infection in pregnant women can cause miscarriage or severe fetal birth defects. While a highly effective vaccine has been developed, RuV cases are still a significant problem in areas with inadequate vaccine coverage. In addition, related viruses have recently been discovered in mammals, such as bats and mice, leading to concerns about potential virus spillover to humans. To facilitate studies of RuV biology, here, we generated and characterized a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus encoding the RuV glycoproteins (rVSV-RuV). Sequence analysis of rVSV-RuV identified a single-point mutation in the transmembrane region of the E1 glycoprotein. While the overall properties of rVSV-RuV are similar to those of WT-RuV, the mutation caused a marked shift in the pH dependence of virus membrane fusion. Together, our studies of rVSV-RuV and the identified W448R mutation expand our understanding of rubivirus biology and provide new tools for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Kumar Das
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peiqi Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Saddam Hussain M, Khetan R, Clulow AJ, Ganesan R, MacMillan A, Robinson N, Ahmed-Cox A, Krasowska M, Albrecht H, Blencowe A. Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks: A Global Approach to Enhancing the Cytotoxicity of Drug-Loaded, Non-responsive Micelles Using Oligoelectrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9736-9748. [PMID: 38349780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles have been extensively studied as vectors for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs for the treatment of cancers and other diseases. Despite intensive research, few formulations provide significant benefits, and even fewer have been clinically approved. While many traditional non-responsive micelles have excellent safety profiles, they lack the ability to respond to the intracellular environment and release their cargo in a spatiotemporally defined manner to effectively deliver large doses of cytotoxic drugs into the cytosol of cells that overwhelm efflux pumps. As a novel and adaptable strategy, we hypothesized that well-established non-responsive polymeric micelles could be augmented with a pH-trigger via the co-encapsulation of cytocompatible oligoelectrolytes, which would allow rapid cargo release in the endosome, leading to increased cytotoxicity. Herein, we demonstrate how this strategy can be applied to render non-responsive micelles pH-responsive, resulting in abrupt cargo release at specific and tunable pH values compatible with endosomal delivery, which significantly increased their cytotoxicity up to 3-fold in an ovarian adenocarcinoma (SKOV-3) cell line compared to non-responsive micelles. In comparison, the oligoelectrolyte-loaded micelles were significantly less toxic to healthy 3T3 fibroblasts, indicating a selective cargo release in cancer cell lines. Oligoelectrolytes can be co-encapsulated in the micelles along with drugs at high encapsulation efficiency percentages, which are both ejected from the micelle core upon oligoelectrolyte ionization. Mechanistically, the increase in cytotoxicity appears to also result from the accelerated endosomal escape of the cargo caused by disruption of the endosomal membrane by the simultaneous release of the oligoelectrolytes from the micelles. Furthermore, we show how this approach is broadly applicable to non-responsive micelles regardless of their composition and various classes of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics. The preliminary studies presented here reveal the versatility and wide scope of oligoelectrolyte-mediated, pH-triggered drug release as a compelling and powerful strategy to enhance the cytotoxicity of non-responsive polymeric micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saddam Hussain
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Riya Khetan
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Alexander MacMillan
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2033, Australia
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Aria Ahmed-Cox
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2033, Australia
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2750, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Surface Interactions and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Bergeman MH, Hernandez MQ, Diefenderfer J, Drewes JA, Velarde K, Tierney WM, Enow JA, Glenn HL, Rahman MM, Hogue IB. Individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) particles exit by exocytosis and accumulate at preferential egress sites. J Virol 2024; 98:e0178523. [PMID: 38193690 PMCID: PMC10883806 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population. While the generalities of alpha herpesvirus assembly and egress pathways are known, the precise molecular and spatiotemporal details remain unclear. In order to study this aspect of HSV-1 infection, we engineered a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing a pH-sensitive reporter, gM-pHluorin. Using a variety of fluorescent microscopy modalities, we can detect individual virus particles undergoing intracellular transport and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. We show that particles exit from epithelial cells individually, not bulk release of many particles at once, as has been reported for other viruses. In multiple cell types, HSV-1 particles accumulate over time at the cell periphery and cell-cell contacts. We show that this accumulation effect is the result of individual particles undergoing exocytosis at preferential sites and that these egress sites can contribute to cell-cell spread. We also show that the viral membrane proteins gE, gI, and US9, which have important functions in intracellular transport in neurons, are not required for preferential egress and clustering in non-neuronal cells. Importantly, by comparing HSV-1 to a related alpha herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus, we show that this preferential exocytosis and clustering effect are cell type dependent, not virus dependent. This preferential egress and clustering appear to be the result of the arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as virus particles co-accumulate at the same cell protrusions as an exogenous plus end-directed kinesin motor.IMPORTANCEAlpha herpesviruses produce lifelong infections in their human and animal hosts. The majority of people in the world are infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which typically causes recurrent oral or genital lesions. However, HSV-1 can also spread to the central nervous system, causing severe encephalitis, and might also contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Many of the steps of how these viruses infect and replicate inside host cells are known in depth, but the final step, exiting from the infected cell, is not fully understood. In this study, we engineered a novel variant of HSV-1 that allows us to visualize how individual virus particles exit from infected cells. With this imaging assay, we investigated preferential egress site formation in certain cell types and their contribution to the cell-cell spread of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michaella Q. Hernandez
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jake A. Drewes
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wesley M. Tierney
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Junior A. Enow
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Honor L. Glenn
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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13
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Gupta N, Waas B, Austin D, De Mazière AM, Kujala P, Stockwell AD, Li T, Yaspan BL, Klumperman J, Scales SJ. Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) renal risk variant-mediated podocyte cytotoxicity depends on African haplotype and surface expression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3765. [PMID: 38355600 PMCID: PMC10866943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Homozygous Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) variants G1 and G2 cause APOL1-mediated kidney disease, purportedly acting as surface cation channels in podocytes. APOL1-G0 exhibits various single nucleotide polymorphisms, most commonly haplotype E150K, M228I and R255K ("KIK"; the Reference Sequence is "EMR"), whereas variants G1 and G2 are mostly found in a single "African" haplotype background ("EIK"). Several labs reported cytotoxicity with risk variants G1 and G2 in KIK or EIK background haplotypes, but used HEK-293 cells and did not verify equal surface expression. To see if haplotype matters in a more relevant cell type, we induced APOL1-G0, G1 and G2 EIK, KIK and EMR at comparable surface levels in immortalized podocytes. G1 and G2 risk variants (but not G0) caused dose-dependent podocyte death within 48h only in their native African EIK haplotype and correlated with K+ conductance (thallium FLIPR). We ruled out differences in localization and trafficking, except for possibly greater surface clustering of cytotoxic haplotypes. APOL1 surface expression was required, since Brefeldin A rescued cytotoxicity; and cytoplasmic isoforms vB3 and vC were not cytotoxic. Thus, APOL1-EIK risk variants kill podocytes in a dose and haplotype-dependent manner (as in HEK-293 cells), whereas unlike in HEK-293 cells the KIK risk variants did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Bridget Waas
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Austin
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ann M De Mazière
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pekka Kujala
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amy D Stockwell
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tianbo Li
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Brian L Yaspan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzie J Scales
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Bunel L, Pincet L, Malhotra V, Raote I, Pincet F. A model for collagen secretion by intercompartmental continuities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310404120. [PMID: 38147551 PMCID: PMC10769856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized secretory proteins are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at specialized subcompartments called exit sites (ERES). Cargoes like procollagen are too large for export by the standard COPII-coated vesicle of 60 nm average diameter. We have previously suggested that procollagen is transported from the ER to the next secretory organelle, the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), in TANGO1-dependent interorganelle tunnels. In the theoretical model presented here, we suggest that intrinsically disordered domains of TANGO1 in the ER lumen induce an entropic contraction, which exerts a force that draws procollagen toward the ERES. Within this framework, molecular gradients of pH and/or HSP47 between the ER and ERGIC create a force in the order of tens of femto-Newtons. This force is substantial enough to propel procollagen from the ER at a speed of approximately 1 nm · s-1. This calculated speed and the quantities of collagen secreted are similar to its observed physiological secretion rate in fibroblasts, consistent with the proposal that ER export is the rate-limiting step for procollagen secretion. Hence, the mechanism we propose is theoretically adequate to explain how cells can utilize molecular gradients and export procollagens at a rate commensurate with physiological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bunel
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École normale supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005Paris, France
| | - Lancelot Pincet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Vivek Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona08010, Spain
| | - Ishier Raote
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École normale supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005Paris, France
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15
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Bergeman MH, Velarde K, Glenn HL, Hogue IB. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Uses the Rab6 Post-Golgi Secretory Pathway For Viral Egress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571414. [PMID: 38168379 PMCID: PMC10760111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) is an alpha herpesvirus that infects a majority of the world population. The mechanisms and cellular host factors involved in the intracellular transport and exocytosis of HSV-1 particles are not fully understood. To elucidate these late steps in the replication cycle, we developed a live-cell fluorescence microscopy assay of HSV-1 virion intracellular trafficking and exocytosis. This method allows us to track individual virus particles, and identify the precise moment and location of particle exocytosis using a pH-sensitive reporter. We show that HSV-1 uses the host Rab6 post-Golgi secretory pathway during egress. The small GTPase, Rab6, binds to nascent secretory vesicles at the trans-Golgi network and regulates vesicle trafficking and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. HSV-1 particles colocalize with Rab6a in the region of the Golgi, cotraffic with Rab6a to the cell periphery, and undergo exocytosis from Rab6a vesicles. Consistent with previous reports, we find that HSV-1 particles accumulate at preferential egress sites in infected cells. The Rab6a secretory pathway mediates this preferential/polarized egress, since Rab6a vesicles accumulate near the plasma membrane similarly in uninfected cells. These data suggest that, following particle envelopment, HSV-1 egress follows a pre-existing cellular secretory pathway to exit infected cells rather than novel, virus-induced mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Honor L. Glenn
- Center for Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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16
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Medeiros-Silva J, Dregni AJ, Somberg NH, Duan P, Hong M. Atomic structure of the open SARS-CoV-2 E viroporin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi9007. [PMID: 37831764 PMCID: PMC10575589 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus forms cation-conducting channels in the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) of infected cells. The calcium channel activity of E is associated with the inflammatory responses of COVID-19. Using solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy, we have determined the open-state structure of E's transmembrane domain (ETM) in lipid bilayers. Compared to the closed state, open ETM has an expansive water-filled amino-terminal chamber capped by key glutamate and threonine residues, a loose phenylalanine aromatic belt in the middle, and a constricted polar carboxyl-terminal pore filled with an arginine and a threonine residue. This structure gives insights into how protons and calcium ions are selected by ETM and how they permeate across the hydrophobic gate of this viroporin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurelio J. Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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17
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Alghalayini A, Hossain KR, Moghaddasi S, Turkewitz DR, D’Amario C, Wallach M, Valenzuela SM. In Vitro Enzymatic Studies Reveal pH and Temperature Sensitive Properties of the CLIC Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1394. [PMID: 37759794 PMCID: PMC10526857 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular ion channel (CLIC) proteins exist as both soluble and integral membrane proteins, with CLIC1 capable of shifting between two distinct structural conformations. New evidence has emerged indicating that members of the CLIC family act as moonlighting proteins, referring to the ability of a single protein to carry out multiple functions. In addition to their ion channel activity, CLIC family members possess oxidoreductase enzymatic activity and share significant structural and sequence homology, along with varying overlaps in their tissue distribution and cellular localization. In this study, the 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) assay system was used to characterize kinetic properties, as well as the temperature and pH profiles of three CLIC protein family members (CLIC1, CLIC3, CLIC4). We also assessed the effects of the drugs rapamycin and amphotericin B, on the three CLIC proteins' enzymatic activity in the HEDS assay. Our results demonstrate CLIC1 to be highly heat-sensitive, with optimal enzymatic activity observed at neutral pH7 and at a temperature of 37 °C, while CLIC3 had higher oxidoreductase activity in more acidic pH5 and was found to be relatively heat stable. CLIC4, like CLIC1, was temperature sensitive with optimal enzymatic activity observed at 37 °C; however, it showed optimal activity in more alkaline conditions of pH8. Our current study demonstrates individual differences in the enzymatic activity between the three CLIC proteins, suggesting each CLIC protein is likely regulated in discrete ways, involving changes in the subcellular milieu and microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alghalayini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Khondker Rufaka Hossain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Saba Moghaddasi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Daniel R. Turkewitz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Claudia D’Amario
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wallach
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Stella M. Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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18
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Bergeman MH, Hernandez MQ, Diefenderfer J, Drewes JA, Velarde K, Tierney WM, Enow JA, Glenn HL, Rahman MM, Hogue IB. LIVE-CELL FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF HSV-1 CELLULAR EGRESS BY EXOCYTOSIS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530373. [PMID: 36909512 PMCID: PMC10002666 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population. While the generalities of alpha herpesvirus assembly and egress pathways are known, the precise molecular and spatiotemporal details remain unclear. In order to study this aspect of HSV-1 infection, we engineered a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing a pH-sensitive reporter, gM-pHluorin. Using a variety of fluorescent microscopy modalities, we can detect individual virus particles undergoing intracellular transport and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. We show that particles exit from epithelial cells individually, not bulk release of many particles at once, as has been reported for other viruses. In multiple cell types, HSV-1 particles accumulate over time at the cell periphery and cell-cell contacts. We show that this accumulation effect is the result of individual particles undergoing exocytosis at preferential sites and that these egress sites can contribute to cell-cell spread. We also show that the viral membrane proteins gE, gI, and US9, which have important functions in intracellular transport in neurons, are not required for preferential egress and clustering in non-neuronal cells. Importantly, by comparing HSV-1 to a related alpha herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus, we show that this preferential exocytosis and clustering effect is cell type-dependent, not virus dependent. This preferential egress and clustering appears to be the result of the arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as virus particles co-accumulate at the same cell protrusions as an exogenous plus end-directed kinesin motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Michaella Q Hernandez
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Jenna Diefenderfer
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Jake A Drewes
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Wesley M Tierney
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Junior A Enow
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Honor L Glenn
- Biodesign Center for Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Ian B Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
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19
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Xing H, Zhu Y, Xu D, Wu R, Xing X, Li LS. DNA tetrahedron-mediated triplex molecular switch for extracellular pH monitoring. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1265:341336. [PMID: 37230576 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to construct a novel DNA triplex molecular switch modified with DNA tetrahedron (DTMS-DT) with sensitive response to extracellular pH using a DNA tetrahedron as the anchoring unit and DNA triplex as the response unit. The results showed that the DTMS-DT had desirable pH sensitivity, excellent reversibility, outstanding anti-interference ability, and good biocompatibility. Confocal laser scanning microscopy suggested that the DTMS-DT could not only be stably anchored on the cell membrane but also be employed to dynamically monitor the change in extracellular pH. Compared with the reported probes for extracellular pH monitoring, the designed DNA tetrahedron-mediated triplex molecular switch exhibited higher cell surface stability and brought the pH-responsive unit closer to the cell membrane surface, making the results more reliable. In general, developing the DNA tetrahedron-based DNA triplex molecular switch is helpful for understanding and illustrating the pH dependent cell behaviors and disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xing
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yazhen Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Dangdang Xu
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Ruili Wu
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaojing Xing
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China.
| | - Lin Song Li
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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20
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Wang H, Rubinstein JL. CryoEM of V-ATPases: Assembly, disassembly, and inhibition. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102592. [PMID: 37272327 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are responsible for the acidification of intracellular compartments in almost all eukaryotic cells, while in some specialized cells they acidify the extracellular environment. As ubiquitous proton pumps, these large membrane-embedded enzymes are involved in many fundamental cellular processes that require tight control of pH. Consequently, V-ATPase malfunction or aberrant activity has been linked to numerous diseases. In the past ten years, electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) of yeast V-ATPases has revealed the architecture and rotary catalytic mechanism of these macromolecular machines. More recently, studies have revealed the structures of V-ATPases in animals and plants, uncovered aspects of how V-ATPases are assembled and regulated by reversible dissociation, and shown how V-ATPase activity can be modulated by proteins and small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we highlight these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Wang
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 0A4, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, M5G 1L7, Toronto, Canada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 0A4, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, M5G 1L7, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Stiasny K, Medits I, Roßbacher L, Heinz FX. Impact of structural dynamics on biological functions of flaviviruses. FEBS J 2023; 290:1973-1985. [PMID: 35246954 PMCID: PMC10952610 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses comprise a number of mosquito- or tick-transmitted human pathogens of global public health importance. Advances in structural biology techniques have contributed substantially to our current understanding of the life cycle of these small enveloped RNA viruses and led to deep insights into details of virus assembly, maturation and cell entry. In addition to large-scale conformational changes and oligomeric rearrangements of envelope proteins during these processes, there is increasing evidence that smaller-scale protein dynamics (referred to as virus "breathing") can confer extra flexibility to these viruses for the fine-tuning of their interactions with the immune system and possibly with cellular factors they encounter in their complex ecological cycles in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. In this review, we discuss how work with tick-borne encephalitis virus has extended our view on flavivirus breathing, leading to the identification of a novel mechanism of antibody-mediated infection enhancement and demonstrating breathing intermediates of the envelope protein in the process of membrane fusion. These data are discussed in the context of other flaviviruses and the perspective of a potential role of virus breathing to cope with the requirements of adaptation and replication in evolutionarily very different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Stiasny
- Center for VirologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
| | - Iris Medits
- Center for VirologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
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22
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Adachi J, Oda H, Fukushima T, Lestari B, Kimura H, Sugai H, Shiraki K, Hamaguchi R, Sato K, Kinbara K. Dense and Acidic Organelle-Targeted Visualization in Living Cells: Application of Viscosity-Responsive Fluorescence Utilizing Restricted Access to Minimum Energy Conical Intersection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5196-5204. [PMID: 36930819 PMCID: PMC10061370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-imaging methods with functional fluorescent probes are an indispensable technique to evaluate physical parameters in cellular microenvironments. In particular, molecular rotors, which take advantage of the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) process, have helped evaluate microviscosity. However, the involvement of charge-separated species in the fluorescence process potentially limits the quantitative evaluation of viscosity. Herein, we developed viscosity-responsive fluorescent probes for cell imaging that are not dependent on the TICT process. We synthesized AnP2-H and AnP2-OEG, both of which contain 9,10-di(piperazinyl)anthracene, based on 9,10-bis(N,N-dialkylamino)anthracene that adopts a nonflat geometry at minimum energy conical intersection. AnP2-H and AnP2-OEG exhibited enhanced fluorescence as the viscosity increased, with sensitivities comparable to those of conventional molecular rotors. In living cell systems, AnP2-OEG showed low cytotoxicity and, reflecting its viscosity-responsive property, allowed specific visualization of dense and acidic organelles such as lysosomes, secretory granules, and melanosomes under washout-free conditions. These results provide a new direction for developing functional fluorescent probes targeting dense organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Adachi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Oda
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Beni Lestari
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroka Sugai
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Rei Hamaguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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23
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Datta G, Miller NM, Chen X. 17⍺-Estradiol Protects against HIV-1 Tat-Induced Endolysosome Dysfunction and Dendritic Impairments in Neurons. Cells 2023; 12:813. [PMID: 36899948 PMCID: PMC10000619 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat continues to play an important role in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which persist in 15-55% of people living with HIV even with virological control. In the brain, Tat is present on neurons, where Tat exerts direct neuronal damaging effects by, at least in part, disrupting endolysosome functions, a pathological feature present in HAND. In this study, we determined the protective effects of 17α-estradiol (17αE2), the predominant form of estrogen in the brain, against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and dendritic impairment in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. We demonstrated that pre-treatment with 17αE2 protected against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and reduction in dendritic spine density. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) knockdown impairs the ability of 17αE2 to protect against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and reduction in dendritic spine density. Furthermore, over-expressing an ERα mutant that fails to localize on endolysosomes impairs 17αE2's protective effects against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and reduction in dendritic spine density. Our findings demonstrate that 17αE2 protects against Tat-induced neuronal injury via a novel ERα-mediated and endolysosome-dependent pathway, and such a finding might lead to the development of novel adjunct therapeutics against HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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24
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Begum RA, Messenger DJ, Fry SC. Making and breaking of boron bridges in the pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan-II at apoplastic pH in vivo and in vitro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1310-1329. [PMID: 36658763 PMCID: PMC10952590 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of the cell-wall pectin domain rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) via boron bridges between apiose residues is essential for normal plant growth and development, but little is known about its mechanism or reversibility. We characterized the making and breaking of boron bridges in vivo and in vitro at 'apoplastic' pH. RG-II (13-26 μm) was incubated in living Rosa cell cultures and cell-free media with and without 1.2 mm H3 BO3 and cationic chaperones (Ca2+ , Pb2+ , polyhistidine, or arabinogalactan-protein oligopeptides). The cross-linking status of RG-II was monitored electrophoretically. Dimeric RG-II was stable at pH 2.0-7.0 in vivo and in vitro. In-vitro dimerization required a 'catalytic' cation at all pHs tested (1.75-7.0); thus, merely neutralizing the negative charge of RG-II (at pH 1.75) does not enable boron bridging. Pb2+ (20-2500 μm) was highly effective at pH 1.75-4.0, but not 4.75-7.0. Cationic peptides were effective at approximately 1-30 μm; higher concentrations caused less dimerization, probably because two RG-IIs then rarely bonded to the same peptide molecule. Peptides were ineffective at pH 1.75, their pH optimum being 2.5-4.75. d-Apiose (>40 mm) blocked RG-II dimerization in vitro, but did not cleave existing boron bridges. Rosa cells did not take up d-[U-14 C]apiose; therefore, exogenous apiose would block only apoplastic RG-II dimerization in vivo. In conclusion, apoplastic pH neither broke boron bridges nor prevented their formation. Thus boron-starved cells cannot salvage boron from RG-II, and 'acid growth' is not achieved by pH-dependent monomerization of RG-II. Divalent metals and cationic peptides catalyse RG-II dimerization via co-ordinate and ionic bonding respectively (possible and impossible, respectively, at pH 1.75). Exogenous apiose may be useful to distinguish intra- and extra-protoplasmic dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara Begum
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of DhakaCurzon HallDhaka1000Bangladesh
| | - David J. Messenger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Unilever U.K. Central Resources LimitedColworth Science ParkSharnbrookMK44 1LQUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
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25
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Liu B, Chen R, Zhang Y, Huang J, Luo Y, Rosthøj S, Zhao C, Jäättelä M. Cationic amphiphilic antihistamines inhibit STAT3 via Ca 2+-dependent lysosomal H + efflux. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112137. [PMID: 36807142 PMCID: PMC9989825 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly used antihistamines and other cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) are emerging as putative cancer drugs. Their unique chemical structure enables CADs to accumulate rapidly inside lysosomes, where they increase lysosomal pH, alter lysosomal lipid metabolism, and eventually cause lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Here, we show that CAD-induced rapid elevation in lysosomal pH is caused by a lysosomal H+ efflux that requires P2RX4-mediated lysosomal Ca2+ release and precedes the lysosomal membrane permeabilization. The subsequent cytosolic acidification triggers the dephosphorylation, lysosomal translocation, and inactivation of the oncogenic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) transcription factor. Moreover, CAD-induced lysosomal H+ efflux sensitizes cancer cells to apoptosis induced by STAT3 inhibition and acts synergistically with STAT3 inhibition in restricting the tumor growth of A549 non-small cell lung carcinoma xenografts. These findings identify lysosomal H+ efflux and STAT3 inhibition as anticancer mechanisms of CADs and reinforce the repurposing of safe and inexpensive CADs as cancer drugs with a drug combination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ran Chen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yidan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jinrong Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Yonglun Luo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susanne Rosthøj
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Ocean warming and acidification affect the transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecular accumulation in the harmful raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. Commun Biol 2023; 6:151. [PMID: 36747020 PMCID: PMC9902392 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increase in ocean warming and acidification that is expected to increase the number of harmful algal species worldwide, the population of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo has been reported to be reduced. However, how this species physically and metabolically modifies transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecule accumulation is unknown. Considering 1st, 10th, and 20th culture generations under present (low-temperature; low-carbon-dioxide [LTLC] 21 °C; pCO2 400 ppm) and future (high-temperature; high-carbon-dioxide [HTHC] 25 °C; pCO2 1000 ppm) ocean conditions, we examined transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecule level changes and performed transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that compared to 1st generation cells, 20th generation cells under HTHC conditions showed a large decrease in carbon quota (QC: 34%), nitrogen quota (QN: 36%), and phosphorus quota (QP: 32%), which were reflected in an overall reduction in DNA and RNA quantity. Decreased activation of photosynthetic, carbon fixation and lipid metabolic pathways coincided with changes in photosynthetic efficiency, carbon concentration, and lipid accumulation after long-term (20th generation) exposure to HTHC conditions. We observed that these variations in internal metabolic pathways were caused by external changes in temperature, which activated the (Ca+) signaling pathway, and external changes in pCO2, which altered proton exchange pathways. Our results suggest that H. akashiwo in a temperate environment will undergo profound changes in C:N:P ratio and macromolecular properties, leading to programmed cell death, in the future.
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27
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Arno MC, Simpson JD, Blackman LD, Brannigan RP, Thurecht KJ, Dove AP. Enhanced drug delivery to cancer cells through a pH-sensitive polycarbonate platform. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:908-915. [PMID: 36533676 PMCID: PMC9890502 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01626e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-drug conjugates are widely investigated to enhance the selectivity of therapeutic drugs to cancer cells, as well as increase circulation lifetime and solubility of poorly soluble drugs. In order to direct these structures selectively to cancer cells, targeting agents are often conjugated to the nanoparticle surface as a strategy to limit drug accumulation in non-cancerous cells and therefore reduce systemic toxicity. Here, we report a simple procedure to generate biodegradable polycarbonate graft copolymer nanoparticles that allows for highly efficient conjugation and intracellular release of S-(+)-camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor widely used in cancer therapy. The drug-polymer conjugate showed strong efficacy in inhibiting cell proliferation across a range of cancer cell lines over non-cancerous phenotypes, as a consequence of the increased intracellular accumulation and subsequent drug release specifically in cancer cells. The enhanced drug delivery towards cancer cells in vitro demonstrates the potential of this platform for selective treatments without the addition of targeting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Arno
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua D Simpson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lewis D Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ruairí P Brannigan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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28
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Kwok ACM, Chan WS, Wong JTY. Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020070. [PMID: 36827111 PMCID: PMC9959387 DOI: 10.3390/md21020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a major aquatic protist group with amphiesma, multiple cortical membranous "cell wall" layers that contain large circum-cortical alveolar sacs (AVs). AVs undergo extensive remodeling during cell- and life-cycle transitions, including ecdysal cysts (ECs) and resting cysts that are important in some harmful algal bloom initiation-termination. AVs are large cortical vesicular compartments, within which are elaborate cellulosic thecal plates (CTPs), in thecate species, and the pellicular layer (PL). AV-CTPs provide cellular mechanical protection and are targets of vesicular transport that are replaced during EC-swarmer cell transition, or with increased deposition during the cellular growth cycle. AV-PL exhibits dynamical-replacement with vesicular trafficking that are orchestrated with amphiesmal chlortetracycline-labeled Ca2+ stores signaling, integrating cellular growth with different modes of cell division cycle/progression. We reviewed the dynamics of amphiesma during different cell division cycle modes and life cycle stages, and its multifaceted regulations, focusing on the regulatory and functional readouts, including the coral-zooxanthellae interactions.
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29
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Parchure A, Tian M, Stalder D, Boyer CK, Bearrows SC, Rohli KE, Zhang J, Rivera-Molina F, Ramazanov BR, Mahata SK, Wang Y, Stephens SB, Gershlick DC, von Blume J. Liquid-liquid phase separation facilitates the biogenesis of secretory storage granules. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202206132. [PMID: 36173346 PMCID: PMC9526250 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is synthesized by pancreatic β-cells and stored into secretory granules (SGs). SGs fuse with the plasma membrane in response to a stimulus and deliver insulin to the bloodstream. The mechanism of how proinsulin and its processing enzymes are sorted and targeted from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to SGs remains mysterious. No cargo receptor for proinsulin has been identified. Here, we show that chromogranin (CG) proteins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) at a mildly acidic pH in the lumen of the TGN, and recruit clients like proinsulin to the condensates. Client selectivity is sequence-independent but based on the concentration of the client molecules in the TGN. We propose that the TGN provides the milieu for converting CGs into a "cargo sponge" leading to partitioning of client molecules, thus facilitating receptor-independent client sorting. These findings provide a new receptor-independent sorting model in β-cells and many other cell types and therefore represent an innovation in the field of membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Parchure
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Meng Tian
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Danièle Stalder
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cierra K. Boyer
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Shelby C. Bearrows
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kristen E. Rohli
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Felix Rivera-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Bulat R. Ramazanov
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Samuel B. Stephens
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - David C. Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia von Blume
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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30
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Chen G, Andrade-Talavera Y, Zhong X, Hassan S, Biverstål H, Poska H, Abelein A, Leppert A, Kronqvist N, Rising A, Hebert H, Koeck PJB, Fisahn A, Johansson J. Abilities of the BRICHOS domain to prevent neurotoxicity and fibril formation are dependent on a highly conserved Asp residue. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1342-1358. [PMID: 36349220 PMCID: PMC9627735 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins can self-assemble into amyloid fibrils or amorphous aggregates and thereby cause disease. Molecular chaperones can prevent both these types of protein aggregation, but to what extent the respective mechanisms are overlapping is not fully understood. The BRICHOS domain constitutes a disease-associated chaperone family, with activities against amyloid neurotoxicity, fibril formation, and amorphous protein aggregation. Here, we show that the activities of BRICHOS against amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and fibril formation, respectively, are oppositely dependent on a conserved aspartate residue, while the ability to suppress amorphous protein aggregation is unchanged by Asp to Asn mutations. The Asp is evolutionarily highly conserved in >3000 analysed BRICHOS domains but is replaced by Asn in some BRICHOS families. The conserved Asp in its ionized state promotes structural flexibility and has a pK a value between pH 6.0 and 7.0, suggesting that chaperone effects can be differently affected by physiological pH variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gefei Chen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - Yuniesky Andrade-Talavera
- Neuronal Oscillations Laboratory, Center for Alzheimer Research, Departments of NVS and KBH, Karolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xueying Zhong
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - Sameer Hassan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - Henrik Biverstål
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Riga LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Helen Poska
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University Tallinn Estonia
| | - Axel Abelein
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - Axel Leppert
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - Nina Kronqvist
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - Anna Rising
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hans Hebert
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - Philip J B Koeck
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
| | - André Fisahn
- Neuronal Oscillations Laboratory, Center for Alzheimer Research, Departments of NVS and KBH, Karolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet 141 52 Huddinge Sweden
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31
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Koda K, Keller S, Kojima R, Kamiya M, Urano Y. Measuring the pH of Acidic Vesicles in Live Cells with an Optimized Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Probe. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11264-11271. [PMID: 35913787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acidification of intracellular vesicles, such as endosomes and lysosomes, is a key pathway for regulating the function of internal proteins. Most conventional methods of measuring pH are not satisfactory for quantifying the pH inside these vesicles. Here, we investigated the molecular requirements for a fluorescence probe to measure the intravesicular acidic pH in living cells by means of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The developed probe, m-DiMeNAF488, exhibits a pH-dependent equilibrium between highly fluorescent and moderately fluorescent forms, which has distinct and detectable fluorescence lifetimes of 4.36 and 0.58 ns, respectively. The pKa(τ) value of m-DiMeNAF488 was determined to be 4.58, which would be favorable for evaluating the pH in the acidic vesicles. We were able to monitor the pH changes in phagosomes during phagocytosis by means of FLIM using m-DiMeNAF488. This probe is expected to be a useful tool for investigating acidic pH-regulated biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryosuke Kojima
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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32
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Lauth LM, Voigt B, Bhatia T, Machner L, Balbach J, Ott M. Heparin promotes rapid fibrillation of the basic Parathyroid Hormone at physiological pH. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2928-2939. [PMID: 35903816 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In acidic secretory granules of mammalian cells, peptide hormones including the parathyroid hormone (PTH) are presumably stored in the form of functional amyloid fibrils. Mature PTH, however, is considerably positively charged in acidic environments, a condition known to impede unassisted self-aggregation into fibrils. Here, we studied the role of the polyanion heparin on promoting fibril formation of PTH. Employing ITC, CD spectroscopy, NMR, SAXS and fluorescence-based assays we could demonstrate that heparin binds PTH with submicromolar affinity and facilitates its conversion into fibrillar seeds, enabling rapid formation of amyloid fibrils under acidic conditions. In absence of heparin, PTH remained in a soluble monomeric state. We suspect that heparin-like surfaces are required in vivo to convert PTH efficiently into fibrillar deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Lauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bruno Voigt
- Department of Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Twinkle Bhatia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Machner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Department of Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Maria Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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33
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Jia C, Wang X, Zan Q, Yang Q, Wang Y, Yu X, Zhang Y, Dong C, Fan L. A water-soluble 1, 8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent pH probe for distinguishing tumorous tissues and inflammation mice. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1395-1403. [PMID: 35724987 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble fluorescent probe BPN, by introducing a piperazine as the pH-sensitive fluorescence signaling motif to the hydrophilic propionic acid-substituted 1, 8-naphthalimide fluorophore, is highly sensitive to pH changes within cytoplasm matrix in living cells, as well as pH-related diseases models. Owing to the protonation-induced inhibition of the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from piperazine to naphthalimide fluorophore, BPN displayed a significant fluorescence enhancement (more than 131-fold) upon the pH decreasing from 11.0 to 3.0. The linear rang was between pH 6.4 to 8.0 with a pKa value of 6.69 near the physiological pH, which was suitable for cytosolic pH research. Furthermore, BPN exhibited a large Stokes shift (142 nm), good water solubility, excellent photostability, high selectivity and low cytotoxicity. All these advantages were particularly beneficial for intracellular pH imaging. Using BPN, we demonstrated the real-time monitoring of cytosolic pH changes in living cells. Most importantly, BPN has not only been successfully applied for distinguishing inflammation mice, but also the surgical specimens of cancer tissue, making it of great potential application in the cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Jia
- Shanxi Coal Central Hospital, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zan
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
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34
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Assies L, Mercier V, López-Andarias J, Roux A, Sakai N, Matile S. The Dynamic Range of Acidity: Tracking Rules for the Unidirectional Penetration of Cellular Compartments. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200192. [PMID: 35535626 PMCID: PMC9400975 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Labeled ammonium cations with pKa∼7.4 accumulate in acidic organelles because they can be neutralized transiently to cross the membrane at cytosolic pH 7.2 but not at their internal pH<5.5. Retention in early endosomes with less acidic internal pH was achieved recently using weaker acids of up to pKa 9.8. We report here that primary ammonium cations with higher pKa 10.6, label early endosomes more efficiently. This maximized early endosome tracking coincides with increasing labeling of Golgi networks with similarly weak internal acidity. Guanidinium cations with pKa 13.5 cannot cross the plasma membrane in monomeric form and label the plasma membrane with selectivity for vesicles embarking into endocytosis. Self‐assembled into micelles, guanidinium cations enter cells like arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides and, driven by their membrane potential, penetrate mitochondria unidirectionally despite their high inner pH. The resulting tracking rules with an approximated dynamic range of pKa change ∼3.5 are expected to be generally valid, thus enabling the design of chemistry tools for biology research in the broadest sense. From a practical point of view, most relevant are two complementary fluorescent flipper probes that can be used to image the mechanics at the very beginning of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Assies
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Vincent Mercier
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Aurelien Roux
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Naomi Sakai
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science: Universite de Geneve Faculte des Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Stefan Matile
- University of Geneva, Department of Organic Chemistry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
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35
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Liu C, Liu Q, Cai S, He S, Zhao L, Zeng X, Gong J. Near-infrared fluorescent probe for sensing local microscopic extreme acidity and its application in mitochondria. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Medeiros-Silva J, Somberg NH, Wang HK, McKay MJ, Mandala VS, Dregni AJ, Hong M. pH- and Calcium-Dependent Aromatic Network in the SARS-CoV-2 Envelope Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6839-6850. [PMID: 35380805 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a membrane-bound viroporin that conducts cations across the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) membrane of the host cell to cause virus pathogenicity. The structure of the closed state of the E transmembrane (TM) domain, ETM, was recently determined using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. However, how the channel pore opens to mediate cation transport is unclear. Here, we use 13C and 19F solid-state NMR spectroscopy to investigate the conformation and dynamics of ETM at acidic pH and in the presence of calcium ions, which mimic the ERGIC and lysosomal environment experienced by the E protein in the cell. Acidic pH and calcium ions increased the conformational disorder of the N- and C-terminal residues and also increased the water accessibility of the protein, indicating that the pore lumen has become more spacious. ETM contains three regularly spaced phenylalanine (Phe) residues in the center of the peptide. 19F NMR spectra of para-fluorinated Phe20 and Phe26 indicate that both residues exhibit two sidechain conformations, which coexist within each channel. These two Phe conformations differ in their water accessibility, lipid contact, and dynamics. Channel opening by acidic pH and Ca2+ increases the population of the dynamic lipid-facing conformation. These results suggest an intricate aromatic network that regulates the opening of the ETM channel pore. This aromatic network may be a target for E inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Medeiros-Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Noah H Somberg
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Harrison K Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew J McKay
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Venkata S Mandala
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aurelio J Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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37
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Pang H, Li J, Li SJ. Role of the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 in insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:593-601. [PMID: 35353324 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by an absolutely inadequate insulin secretion (type 1 diabetes mellitus) or a relative deficit in insulin secretion due to insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes mellitus), both of which result in elevated blood glucose. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of diabetes could lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches. The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is an ion channel with specific selectivity for protons, which is regulated by membrane potential and intracellular pH. Recently, our studies showed that Hv1 is expressed in β cells of the endocrine pancreas. Knockout of Hv1 reduces insulin secretion and results in hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, but not insulin resistance. Furthermore, knockout of Hv1 leads to diet-induced obesity due to inflammation and hepatic steatosis. Increasing evidence suggests that Hv1 plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. This review aims to summarize advances made so far in our understanding of the roles of Hv1 in the regulation of insulin secretion in β cells, glucose homeostasis, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Pang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Physics, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Physics, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Jie Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Physics, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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38
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A SURF4-to-proteoglycan relay mechanism that mediates the sorting and secretion of a tagged variant of sonic hedgehog. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113991119. [PMID: 35271396 PMCID: PMC8931250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113991119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceSonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a key signaling molecule that plays important roles in embryonic patterning, cell differentiation, and organ development. Although fundamentally important, the molecular mechanisms that regulate secretion of newly synthesized Shh are still unclear. Our study reveals a role for the cargo receptor, SURF4, in facilitating export of Shh from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via a ER export signal. In addition, our study provides evidence suggesting that proteoglycans promote the dissociation of SURF4 from Shh at the Golgi, suggesting a SURF4-to-proteoglycan relay mechanism. These analyses provide insight into an important question in cell biology: how do cargo receptors capture their clients in one compartment, then disengage at their destination?
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39
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Jabeen Z, Irshad F, Hussain N, Han Y, Zhang G. NHX-Type Na +/H + Antiporter Gene Expression Under Different Salt Levels and Allelic Diversity of HvNHX in Wild and Cultivated Barleys. Front Genet 2022; 12:809988. [PMID: 35273633 PMCID: PMC8902669 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.809988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity tolerance is a multifaceted trait attributed to various mechanisms. Wild barley is highly specialized to grow under severe environmental conditions of Tibet and is well-known for its diverse germplasm with high tolerance to abiotic stresses. The present study focused on determining the profile of the expression of isoforms of the HvNHX gene in 36 wild and two cultivated barley under salt stress. Our findings revealed that in leaves and roots, expression of HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 in XZ16 and CM72 was upregulated at all times as compared with sensitive ones. The HvNHX2 and HvNHX4 isoforms were also induced by salt stress, although not to the same extent as HvNHX1 and HvNHX3. Gene expression analysis revealed that HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 are the candidate genes that could have the function of regulators of ions by sequestration of Na+ in the vacuole. HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 showed a wide range of sequence variations in an amplicon, identified via single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Evaluation of the sequencing data of 38 barley genotypes, including Tibetan wild and cultivated varieties, showed polymorphisms, including SNPs, and small insertion and deletion (INDEL) sites in the targeted genes HvNHX1 and HvNHX3. Comprehensive analysis of the results revealed that Tibetan wild barley has distinctive alleles of HvNHX1 and HvNHX3 which confer tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, less sodium accumulation was observed in the root of XZ16 than the other genotypes as visualized by CoroNa-Green, a sodium-specific fluorophore. XZ16 is the tolerant genotype, showing least reduction of root and leaf dry weight under moderate (150 mM) and severe (300 mM) NaCl stress. Evaluation of genetic variation and identification of salt tolerance mechanism in wild barley could be promoting approaches to unravel the novel alleles involved in salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jabeen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Faiza Irshad
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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40
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors to vertebrate hosts. The surface of the virion contains 80 glycoprotein spikes embedded in the membrane, and these spikes mediate attachment to the host cell and initiate viral fusion. Each spike consists of a trimer of E2-E1 heterodimers. These heterodimers interact at the following two interfaces: (i) the intradimer interactions between E2 and E1 of the same heterodimer and (ii) the interdimer interactions between E2 of one heterodimer and E1 of the adjacent heterodimer (E1'). We hypothesized that the interdimer interactions are essential for trimerization of the E2-E1 heterodimers into a functional spike. In this work, we made a mutant virus (chikungunya piggyback [CPB]) where we replaced six interdimeric residues in the E2 protein of Sindbis virus (wild-type [WT] SINV) with those from the E2 protein from chikungunya virus and studied its effect in both mammalian and mosquito cell lines. CPB produced fewer infectious particles in mammalian cells than in mosquito cells, relative to WT SINV. When CPB virus was purified from mammalian cells, particles showed reduced amounts of glycoproteins relative to the capsid protein and contained defects in particle morphology compared with virus derived from mosquito cells. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined that the spikes of CPB had a different conformation than WT SINV. Last, we identified two revertants, E2-H333N and E1-S247L, that restored particle growth and assembly to different degrees. We conclude the interdimer interface is critical for spike trimerization and is a novel target for potential antiviral drug design. IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses, which can cause disease when spread to humans by mosquitoes, have been classified as emerging pathogens, with infections occurring worldwide. The spikes on the surface of the alphavirus particle are absolutely required for the virus to enter a new host cell and initiate an infection. Using a structure-guided approach, we made a mutant virus that alters spike assembly in mammalian cells but not mosquito cells. This finding is important because it identifies a region in the spike that could be a target for antiviral drug design.
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41
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Katz M, Weinstein J, Eilon-Ashkenazy M, Gehring K, Cohen-Dvashi H, Elad N, Fleishman SJ, Diskin R. Structure and receptor recognition by the Lassa virus spike complex. Nature 2022; 603:174-179. [PMID: 35173332 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is a human pathogen, causing substantial morbidity and mortality1,2. Similar to other Arenaviridae, it presents a class-I spike complex on its surface that facilitates cell entry. The virus's cellular receptor is matriglycan, a linear carbohydrate that is present on α-dystroglycan3,4, but the molecular mechanism that LASV uses to recognize this glycan is unknown. In addition, LASV and other arenaviruses have a unique signal peptide that forms an integral and functionally important part of the mature spike5-8; yet the structure, function and topology of the signal peptide in the membrane remain uncertain9-11. Here we solve the structure of a complete native LASV spike complex, finding that the signal peptide crosses the membrane once and that its amino terminus is located in the extracellular region. Together with a double-sided domain-switching mechanism, the signal peptide helps to stabilize the spike complex in its native conformation. This structure reveals that the LASV spike complex is preloaded with matriglycan, suggesting the mechanism of binding and rationalizing receptor recognition by α-dystroglycan-tropic arenaviruses. This discovery further informs us about the mechanism of viral egress and may facilitate the rational design of novel therapeutics that exploit this binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Katz
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Weinstein
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Eilon-Ashkenazy
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Katrin Gehring
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nadav Elad
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarel J Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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42
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Banik D, Manna SK, Maiti A, Mahapatra AK. Recent Advancements in Colorimetric and Fluorescent pH Chemosensors: From Design Principles to Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1313-1373. [PMID: 35086371 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the immense biological significance of pH in diverse living systems, the design, synthesis, and development of pH chemosensors for pH monitoring has been a very active research field in recent times. In this review, we summarize the designing strategies, sensing mechanisms, biological and environmental applications of fluorogenic and chromogenic pH chemosensors of the last three years (2018-2020). We categorized these pH probes into seven types based on their applications, including 1) Cancer cell discriminating pH probes; 2) Lysosome targetable pH probes; 3) Mitochondria targetable pH probes; 4) Golgi body targetable pH probes; 5) Endoplasmic reticulum targetable pH probes; 6) pH probes used in nonspecific cell imaging; and 7) pH probes without cell imaging. All these different categories exhibit diverse applications of pH probes in biological and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Banik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Saikat Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Haldia Government College, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Anwesha Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
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43
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Linders PTA, Ioannidis M, ter Beest M, van den Bogaart G. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of pH along the Secretory Pathway. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:240-251. [PMID: 35000377 PMCID: PMC8787756 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many cellular processes
are dependent on correct pH levels, and
this is especially important for the secretory pathway. Defects in
pH homeostasis in distinct organelles cause a wide range of diseases,
including disorders of glycosylation and lysosomal storage diseases.
Ratiometric imaging of the pH-sensitive mutant of green fluorescent
protein, pHLuorin, has allowed for targeted pH measurements in various
organelles, but the required sequential image acquisition is intrinsically
slow and therefore the temporal resolution is unsuitable to follow
the rapid transit of cargo between organelles. Therefore, we applied
fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to measure intraorganellar
pH with just a single excitation wavelength. We first validated this
method by confirming the pH in multiple compartments along the secretory
pathway and compared the pH values obtained by the FLIM-based measurements
with those obtained by conventional ratiometric imaging. Then, we
analyzed the dynamic pH changes within cells treated with Bafilomycin
A1, to block the vesicular ATPase, and Brefeldin A, to block endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)–Golgi trafficking. Finally, we followed the
pH changes of newly synthesized molecules of the inflammatory cytokine
tumor necrosis factor-α while they were in transit from the
ER via the Golgi to the plasma membrane. The toolbox we present here
can be applied to measure intracellular pH with high spatial and temporal
resolution and can be used to assess organellar pH in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. A. Linders
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melina Ioannidis
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
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44
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Yoon MC, Ames J, Mosier C, Jiang Z, Podvin S, O’Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Distinct Dibasic Cleavage Specificities of Neuropeptide-Producing Cathepsin L and Cathepsin V Cysteine Proteases Compared to PC1/3 and PC2 Serine Proteases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:245-256. [PMID: 34986304 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides, functioning as peptide neurotransmitters and hormones, are generated from proneuropeptide precursors by proteolytic processing at dibasic residue sites (i.e., KR, RK, KK, RR). The cysteine proteases cathepsin L and cathepsin V, combined with the serine proteases proprotein convertases 1 and 2 (PC1/3 and PC2), participate in proneuropeptide processing to generate active neuropeptides. To compare the dibasic cleavage properties of these proteases, this study conducted global, unbiased substrate profiling of these processing proteases using a diverse peptide library in multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS) assays. MSP-MS utilizes a library of 228 14-mer peptides designed to contain all possible protease cleavage sites, including the dibasic residue sites of KR, RK, KK, and RR. The comprehensive MSP-MS analyses demonstrated that cathepsin L and cathepsin V cleave at the N-terminal side and between the dibasic residues (e.g., ↓K↓R, ↓R↓K, and K↓K), with a preference for hydrophobic residues at the P2 position of the cleavage site. In contrast, the serine proteases PC1/3 and PC2 displayed cleavage at the C-terminal side of dibasic residues of a few peptide substrates. Further analyses with a series of dipeptide-AMC and tripeptide-AMC substrates containing variant dibasic sites with hydrophobic P2 residues indicated the preferences of cathepsin L and cathepsin V to cleave between dibasic residue sites with preferences for flanking hydrophobic residues at the P2 position consisting of Leu, Trp, Phe, and Tyr. Such hydrophobic amino acids reside in numerous proneuropeptides such as pro-NPY and proenkephalin that are known to be processed by cathepsin L. Notably, cathepsin L displayed the highest specific activity that was 10-, 64-, and 1268-fold greater than cathepsin V, PC1/3, and PC2, respectively. Peptide-AMC substrates with dibasic residues confirmed that PC1/3 and P2 cleaved almost exclusively at the C-terminal side of dibasic residues. These data demonstrate distinct dibasic cleavage site properties and a broad range of proteolytic activities of cathepsin L and cathepsin V, compared to PC1/3 and PC2, which participate in producing neuropeptides for cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Janneca Ames
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Li H, Musayev FN, Yang J, Su J, Liu Q, Wang W, Fang X, Zhou L, Liu Q. A novel and unique ATP hydrolysis to AMP by a human Hsp70 Binding immunoglobin protein (BiP). Protein Sci 2021; 31:797-810. [PMID: 34941000 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70s are ubiquitous and highly conserved molecular chaperones. They play crucial roles in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis. It is well established that Hsp70s use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to ADP to power the chaperone activity regardless of the cellular locations and isoforms. Binding immunoglobin protein (BiP), the major member of Hsp70s in the endoplasmic reticulum, is essential for protein folding and quality control. Unexpectedly, our structural analysis of BiP demonstrated a novel ATP hydrolysis to AMP during crystallization under the acidic conditions. Our biochemical studies confirmed this newly discovered ATP to AMP hydrolysis in solutions. Unlike the canonical ATP to ADP hydrolysis observed for Hsp70s, this ATP hydrolysis to AMP depends on the substrate-binding domain of BiP and is inhibited by the binding of a peptide substrate. Intriguingly, this ATP to AMP hydrolysis is unique to BiP, not shared by two representative Hsp70 proteins from the cytosol. Taken together, this novel and unique ATP to AMP hydrolysis may provide a potentially new direction for understanding the activity and cellular function of BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Faik N Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jiayue Su
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Qingdai Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Qinglian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Sirés-Campos J, Lambertos A, Delevoye C, Raposo G, Bennett DC, Sviderskaya E, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C, García-Borrón JC. Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 regulates pigmentation by controlling the pH of melanosomes in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:47. [PMID: 34921635 PMCID: PMC8738503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 (MGRN1) is an E3-ubiquitin ligase absent in dark-furred mahoganoid mice. We investigated the mechanisms of hyperpigmentation in Mgrn1-null melan-md1 melanocytes, Mgrn1-KO cells obtained by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of Mgrn1 in melan-a6 melanocytes, and melan-a6 cells depleted of MGRN1 by siRNA treatment. Mgrn1-deficient melanocytes showed higher melanin content associated with increased melanosome abundance and higher fraction of melanosomes in highly melanized maturation stages III-IV. Expression, post-translational processing and enzymatic activity of the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase measured in cell-free extracts were comparable in control and MGRN1-depleted cells. However, tyrosinase activity measured in situ in live cells and expression of genes associated with regulation of pH increased upon MGRN1 repression. Using pH-sensitive fluorescent probes, we found that downregulation of MGRN1 expression in melanocytes and melanoma cells increased the pH of acidic organelles, including melanosomes, strongly suggesting a previously unknown role of MGRN1 in the regulation of melanosomal pH. Among the pH regulatory genes upregulated by Mgrn1 knockdown, we identified those encoding several subunits of the vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase V-ATPase (mostly Atp6v0d2) and a calcium channel of the transient receptor potential channel family, Mucolipin 3 (Mcoln3). Manipulation of expression of the Mcoln3 gene showed that overexpression of Mcoln3 played a significant role in neutralization of the pH of acidic organelles and activation of tyrosinase in MGRN1-depleted cells. Therefore, lack of MGRN1 led to cell-autonomous stimulation of pigment production in melanocytes mostly by increasing tyrosinase specific activity through neutralization of the melanosomal pH in a MCOLN3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sirés-Campos
- University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institut Curie, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena Sviderskaya
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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Ion Channels and Pumps in Autophagy: A Reciprocal Relationship. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123537. [PMID: 34944044 PMCID: PMC8700256 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of cellular self-degradation, is intrinsically tied to the degradative function of the lysosome. Several diseases have been linked to lysosomal degradative defects, including rare lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Ion channels and pumps play a major regulatory role in autophagy. Importantly, calcium signaling produced by TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily) has been shown to regulate autophagic progression through biogenesis of autophagic-lysosomal organelles, activation of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) and degradation of autophagic cargo. ER calcium channels such as IP3Rs supply calcium for the lysosome, and lysosomal function is severely disrupted in the absence of lysosomal calcium replenishment by the ER. TRPML1 function is also regulated by LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) and mTORC1, two critical components of the autophagic network. Here we provide an overview of the current knowledge about ion channels and pumps-including lysosomal V-ATPase (vacuolar proton-ATPase), which is required for acidification and hence proper enzymatic activity of lysosomal hydrolases-in the regulation of autophagy, and discuss how functional impairment of some of these leads to diseases.
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48
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Zhu J, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, Duan E, Wang Y, Liu F, Wu M, Pan T, Wang Y, Hu T, Hao Y, Teng X, Zhu X, Lei J, Jing R, Yu Y, Sun Y, Bao X, Bao Y, Wang Y, Wan J. Subunit E isoform 1 of vacuolar H+-ATPase OsVHA enables post-Golgi trafficking of rice seed storage proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2192-2208. [PMID: 33624820 PMCID: PMC8644829 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dense vesicles (DVs) are Golgi-derived plant-specific carriers that mediate post-Golgi transport of seed storage proteins in angiosperms. How this process is regulated remains elusive. Here, we report a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, named glutelin precursor accumulation8 (gpa8) that abnormally accumulates 57-kDa proglutelins in the mature endosperm. Cytological analyses of the gpa8 mutant revealed that proglutelin-containing DVs were mistargeted to the apoplast forming electron-dense aggregates and paramural bodies in developing endosperm cells. Differing from previously reported gpa mutants with post-Golgi trafficking defects, the gpa8 mutant showed bent Golgi bodies, defective trans-Golgi network (TGN), and enlarged DVs, suggesting a specific role of GPA8 in DV biogenesis. We demonstrated that GPA8 encodes a subunit E isoform 1 of vacuolar H+-ATPase (OsVHA-E1) that mainly localizes to TGN and the tonoplast. Further analysis revealed that the luminal pH of the TGN and vacuole is dramatically increased in the gpa8 mutant. Moreover, the colocalization of GPA1 and GPA3 with TGN marker protein in gpa8 protoplasts was obviously decreased. Our data indicated that OsVHA-E1 is involved in endomembrane luminal pH homeostasis, as well as maintenance of Golgi morphology and TGN required for DV biogenesis and subsequent protein trafficking in rice endosperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanfang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yinglun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiuhao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
- Author for communication: ,
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ding F. A buried glutamate in the cross-β core renders β-endorphin fibrils reversible. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19593-19603. [PMID: 34812835 PMCID: PMC8674924 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional amyloids are abundant in living organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes playing diverse biological roles. In contrast to the irreversible aggregation of most known pathological amyloids, we postulate that naturally-occurring functional amyloids are reversible under evolutionary pressure to be able to modulate the fibrillization process, reuse the composite peptides, or perform their biological functions. β-Endorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide hormone, forms such kinds of reversible amyloid fibrils in secretory granules for efficient storage and returns to the functional state of monomers upon release into the blood. The environmental change between low pH in secretory granules and neutral pH in extracellular spaces is believed to drive the reversible fibrillization of β-endorphin. Here, we investigate the critical role of a buried glutamate, Glu8, in the pH-responsive disassembly of β-endorphin fibrils using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations along with structure-based pKa prediction. The fibril was stable at pH 5.5 or lower with all the buried Glu8 residues protonated and neutrally charged. After switching to neutral pH, the Glu8 residues of peptides at the outer layers of the ordered fibrils became deprotonated due to partial solvent exposure, causing sheet-to-coil conformational changes and subsequent exposure of adjacent Glu8 residues in the inner chains. Via iterative deprotonation of Glu8 and induced structural disruption, all Glu8 residues would be progressively deprotonated. Electrostatic repulsion between deprotonated Glu8 residues along with their high solvation tendency disrupted the hydrogen bonding between the β1 strands and increased the solvent exposure of those otherwise buried residues in the cross-β core. Overall, our computational study reveals that the strategic positioning of ionizable residues into the cross-β core is a potential approach for designing reversible amyloid fibrils as pH-responsive smart bio-nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yunxiang Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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50
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He W, Wang L, Lin Q, Yu F. Rice seed storage proteins: Biosynthetic pathways and the effects of environmental factors. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1999-2019. [PMID: 34581486 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop for at least half of the world's population. Due to improved living standards, the cultivation of high-quality rice for different purposes and markets has become a major goal. Rice quality is determined by the presence of many nutritional components, including seed storage proteins (SSPs), which are the second most abundant nutrient components of rice grains after starch. Rice SSP biosynthesis requires the participation of multiple organelles and is influenced by the external environment, making it challenging to understand the molecular details of SSP biosynthesis and improve rice protein quality. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of rice SSP biosynthesis, including a detailed description of the key molecules involved in rice SSP biosynthetic processes and the major environmental factors affecting SSP biosynthesis. The effects of these factors on SSP accumulation and their contribution to rice quality are also discussed based on recent findings. This recent knowledge suggests not only new research directions for exploring rice SSP biosynthesis but also innovative strategies for breeding high-quality rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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