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Jyotsna, Sarkar B, Yadav M, Deka A, Markandey M, Sanyal P, Nagarajan P, Gaikward N, Ahuja V, Mohanty D, Basak S, Gokhale RS. A hepatocyte-specific transcriptional program driven by Rela and Stat3 exacerbates experimental colitis in mice by modulating bile synthesis. eLife 2024; 12:RP93273. [PMID: 39137024 PMCID: PMC11321761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic factors secreted by the liver promote homeostasis and are pivotal for maintaining the liver-gut axis. Bile acid metabolism is one such example wherein, bile acid synthesis occurs in the liver and its biotransformation happens in the intestine. Dysfunctional interactions between the liver and the intestine stimulate varied pathological outcomes through its bidirectional portal communication. Indeed, aberrant bile acid metabolism has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these crosstalks that perpetuate intestinal permeability and inflammation remain obscure. Here, we identify a novel hepatic gene program regulated by Rela and Stat3 that accentuates the inflammation in an acute experimental colitis model. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of Rela and Stat3 reduces the levels of primary bile acids in both the liver and the gut and shows a restricted colitogenic phenotype. On supplementation of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), knock-out mice exhibit enhanced colitis-induced alterations. This study provides persuasive evidence for the development of multi-organ strategies for treating IBD and identifies a hepatocyte-specific Rela-Stat3 network as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Binayak Sarkar
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Mohit Yadav
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Alvina Deka
- System Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Manasvini Markandey
- Department of GastroEnterology, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Perumal Nagarajan
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of GastroEnterology, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Debasisa Mohanty
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Soumen Basak
- System Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- Immunometabolism Laboratory, National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPashanIndia
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2
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Xiang D, Yang J, Liu L, Yu H, Gong X, Liu D. The regulation of tissue-specific farnesoid X receptor on genes and diseases involved in bile acid homeostasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115606. [PMID: 37812893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids and vitamins and have also been identified as signaling molecules involved in regulating their own metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as immunity. Disturbances in BA homeostasis are associated with various enterohepatic and metabolic diseases, such as cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. As a key regulator, the nuclear orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) precisely regulates BA homeostasis by transcriptional regulation of genes involved in BA synthesis, metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation. FXR is widely regarded as the most potential therapeutic target. Obeticholic acid is the only FXR agonist approved to treat patients with primary biliary cholangitis, but its non-specific activation of systemic FXR also causes high-frequency side effects. In recent years, developing tissue-specific FXR-targeting drugs has become a research highlight. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of tissue-specific intestine/liver FXR in regulating genes involved in BA homeostasis and briefly discusses tissue-specific FXR as a therapeutic target for treating diseases. These findings provide the basis for the development of tissue-specific FXR modulators for the treatment of enterohepatic and metabolic diseases associated with BA dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hengyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuepeng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Ren Q, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Cai Z, Jiao S, Huang W, Wang B, Chen S, Wang W, Cao Z, Yang Z, Deng L, Hu L, Zhang L, Li Z. Discovery of the First-in-Class Intestinal Restricted FXR and FABP1 Dual Modulator ZLY28 for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6082-6104. [PMID: 37079895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing rapidly worldwide, and NASH has become a serious problem for human health. Recently, the selective activation of the intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was considered as a more promising strategy for the treatment of NASH with lesser side effects due to reduced systemic exposure. Moreover, the inhibition of intestinal fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1) alleviated obesity and NASH by reducing dietary fatty acid uptake. In this study, the first-in-class intestinal restricted FXR and FABP1 dual-target modulator ZLY28 was discovered by comprehensive multiparameter optimization studies. The reduced systemic exposure of ZLY28 might provide better safety by decreasing the on- and off-target side effects in vivo. In NASH mice, ZLY28 exerted robust anti-NASH effects by inhibiting FABP1 and activating the FXR-FGF15 signaling pathway in the ileum. With the above attractive efficacy and preliminary safety profiles, ZLY28 is worthy of further evaluation as a novel anti-NASH agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ya Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zongtao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zongyu Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shixuan Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wanqiu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Siliang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhongcheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Liming Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Repurposing FDA-approved drugs as FXR agonists: a structure based in silico pharmacological study. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:231090. [PMID: 35348180 PMCID: PMC9977715 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) modulates the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis and inflammatory processes. This nuclear receptor is likely a tumor suppressor in several cancers, but its molecular mechanism of suppression is still under study. Several studies reported that FXR agonism increases the survival of colorectal, biliary tract, and liver cancer patients. In addition, FXR expression was shown to be down-regulated in many diseases such as obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, glomerular inflammation, diabetes, proteinuria, and ulcerative colitis. Therefore, development of novel FXR agonists may have significant potential in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. In this scenario, computer-aided drug design procedures can be resourcefully applied for the rapid identification of promising drug candidates. In the present study, we applied the molecular docking method in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to find out potential agonists for FXR based on structural similarity with the drug that is currently used as FXR agonist, obeticholic acid. Our results showed that alvimopan and montelukast could be used as potent FXR activators and outperform the binding affinity of obeticholic acid by forming stable conformation with the protein in silico. However, further investigational studies and validations of the selected drugs are essential to figure out their suitability for preclinical and clinical trials.
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Ma ZH, Wang XM, Wu RH, Hao DL, Sun LC, Li P, Niu JQ. Serum metabolic profiling of targeted bile acids reveals potentially novel biomarkers for primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5764-5783. [PMID: 36338890 PMCID: PMC9627419 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i39.5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are two unexplained immune diseases. The golden standard for diagnosis of these diseases requires a liver biopsy. Liver biopsy is not widely accepted by patients because of its invasive nature, and atypical liver histology can confuse diagnosis. In view of the lack of effective diagnostic markers for PBC and AIH, combined with the increasingly mature metabolomics technologies, including full-contour metabolomics and target.
AIM To determine non-invasive, reliable, and sensitive biochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of PBC and AIH.
METHODS Serum samples from 54 patients with PBC, 26 patients with AIH and 30 healthy controls were analyzed by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry serum metabolomics. The metabolites and metabolic pathways were identified, and the metabolic changes, metabolic pathways and inter-group differences between PBC and AIH were analyzed. Fifteen kinds of target metabolites of bile acids (BAs) were quantitatively analyzed by SRM, and the differential metabolites related to the diagnosis of PBC were screened by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.
RESULTS We found the changes in the levels of amino acids, BAs, organic acids, phospholipids, choline, sugar, and sugar alcohols in patients with PBC and AIH. Furthermore, the SRM assay of BAs revealed the increased levels of chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid (LCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), and LCA + TLCA in the PBC group compared with those in the AIH group. The levels of BAs may be used as biomarkers to differentiate PBC from AIH diseases. The levels of glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic sulfate, and taurodeoxycholic acid were gradually elevated with the increase of Child-Pugh class, which was correlated with the severity of disease.
CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the levels of BAs could serve as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and assessment of the severity of PBC and AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Ma
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin 132011, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui-Hong Wu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Da-Lin Hao
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin 132011, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Chao Sun
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin 132011, Jilin Province, China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin 132011, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun-Qi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
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Wang R, Fan X, Lu Y, Chen D, Zhao Y, Qi K. Dietary acetic acid suppress high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by altering taurine conjugated bile acids metabolism. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1976-1984. [PMID: 36312883 PMCID: PMC9596597 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinegar is widely used in Chinese diet as a traditional condiment, and its functional component acetic acid has been proposed to prevent obesity, while its mechanism is still unclear. Bile acids (BAs) have been reported to have a protective effect on obesity. This study demonstrated that high-fat diet induced obesity (DIO) seriously disturbed BAs balance by significantly decreasing hepatic BAs synthesis and increasing fecal BAs excretion. However, acetate supplemented in the high-fat diet can restore BAs balance by mainly promoting hepatic taurine conjugated BAs (tauro-BAs) synthesis and decreasing fecal tauro-BAs excretion. The tauro-BAs, as the antagonists, inhibited the intestinal-liver farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15)-FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) signaling pathway, and negatively regulated the production of hepatic BAs. Present study provided important clues for further investigation of the mechanism of acetic acid inhibiting DIO. Obesity disturbed Bile acids (BAs) balance by decreasing hepatic BAs synthesis. Obesity disturbed BAs balance by increasing fecal BAs excretion. Acetate restored BAs by promoting hepatic synthesis and decreasing fecal excretion. The hepatic BAs inhibited FXR-SHP, negative feedback regulated BAs production. The ileal taurine conjugated BAs inhibited FXR-FGF15-FGFR4, regulated BAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiuqin Fan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Kemin Qi
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China,Corresponding author.
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7
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Bone C, Squires EJ. Nuclear Receptor Pathways Mediating the Development of Boar Taint. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090785. [PMID: 36144190 PMCID: PMC9503508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors PXR, CAR, and FXR are activated by various ligands and function as transcription factors to control the expression of genes that regulate the synthesis and metabolism of androstenone and skatole. These compounds are produced in entire male pigs and accumulate in the fat to cause the development of a meat quality issue known as boar taint. The extent of this accumulation is influenced by the synthesis and hepatic clearance of androstenone and skatole. For this reason, PXR, CAR, and FXR-mediated signaling pathways have garnered interest as potential targets for specialized treatments designed to reduce the development of boar taint. Recent research has also identified several metabolites produced by gut microbes that act as ligands for these nuclear receptors (e.g., tryptophan metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids); however, the connection between the gut microbiome and boar taint development is not clear. In this review, we describe the nuclear receptor signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and metabolism of boar taint compounds and outline the genes involved. We also discuss several microbial-derived metabolites and dietary additives that are known or suspected nuclear receptor ligands and suggest how these compounds could be used to develop novel treatments for boar taint.
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Cao Y, Li W, Gong X, Niu X, Zheng J, Yu J, Li J, Tu P, Song Y. Widely quasi-quantitative analysis enables temporal bile acids-targeted metabolomics in rat after oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1212:339885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang K, Yao Y, Wang M, Liu F, Wang Q, Ma H, Xie Y, Ma Y, Dai P, Zhu C, Lin C. A UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics analysis of the pharmacological mechanisms of rabdosia serra against cholestasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153683. [PMID: 34364160 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabdosia Serra, the dried aerial parts of Rabdosia serra (Maxim.) Hara (RS) from the Labiatae family, is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine called Xihuangcao. Although RS has been found to exert a therapeutic effect on cholestasis, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the pharmacological effect and mechanism of RS on cholestatic rats using metabolomics platform. METHODS Histopathology and biochemical evaluations were performed to determine the therapeutic effect of RS and developed a rapid metabolite detection technology method based on UPLC-MS/MS to perform metabolomics research. Further, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to study the effect of RS on the bile acid metabolism pathway at the transcriptional level. RESULTS RS significantly reduced the bile flow rates in cholestatic rats and decreased the levels of ALT, AST, TBA, T-BIL, and LDH, which were increased in the model group. Histological analysis showed that RS alleviated the liver injury induced by ANIT. Serum metabolomics results revealed 33 of the 37 biomarkers were found to be significantly altered by ANIT, and 26 were considerably changed following treatment with RS. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed four pathways such as primary bile acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and arachidonic acid and tryptophan metabolism. The bile acid secretion process and the inflammation and oxidative stress processes are the major biochemical reactions following treatment with ANIT and RS. Bile acid-targeted metabolomics study showed that TCA, GCA, GCDCA, and GDCA might be sensitive biomarkers that induced liver injury. we found that treatment with RS regulated the levels of bile acid in the serum and liver and restored the proportion of bile acids, especially CA and conjugated bile acids, such as TCA and GCA, in the bile duct. RS increased the mRNA expression levels of FXR, SHP, BSEP, and MRP2 in livers, and IBABP, OST-α, and OST-β in the ileum. CONCLUSION In this study, RS was found to protect the liver by regulating multiple metabolic pathways and promoting the excretion of bile acids. Simultaneously, RS played an essential role in reversing the imbalance of bile acids and protected against cholestasis by regulating the expression of transporters associated with bile acids. We demonstrated the correlation between molecular mechanisms and metabolites, provide a reference for the fabrication of extracts that can be used to treat cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fangle Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunxia Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pengyu Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.232 Waihuandong Rd, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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10
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Yan T, Yan N, Wang H, Yagai T, Luo Y, Takahashi S, Zhao M, Krausz KW, Wang G, Hao H, Gonzalez FJ. FXR-Deoxycholic Acid-TNF-α Axis Modulates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 181:273-284. [PMID: 33662127 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The idiosyncratic characteristics and severity of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced hepatotoxicity render identifying the predisposing factors and mechanisms of APAP-induced liver toxicity necessary and urgent. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) controls bile acid homeostasis and modulates the progression of various liver diseases. Although global FXR deficiency in mice enhances APAP intoxication, the mechanism remains elusive. In this study, an increased sensitivity to APAP-induced toxicity was found in global Fxr-null (Fxr-/-) mice, but was not observed in hepatocyte-specific or macrophage-specific Fxr-null mice, suggesting that global FXR deficiency enhances APAP hepatotoxicity via disruption of systematic bile acid homeostasis. Indeed, more bile acid accumulation was found in global Fxr-/- mice, while 2% cholestyramine diet feeding decreased serum bile acids and alleviated APAP hepatotoxicity in global Fxr-/- mice, suggesting that bile acid accumulation contributes to APAP toxicity. Bile acids were suspected to induce macrophage to release tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which is known to enhance the APAP hepatotoxicity. In vitro, deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid metabolite, significantly induced Tnfa mRNA and dose-dependently enhanced TNF-α release from macrophage, while the same dose of DCA did not directly potentiate APAP toxicity in cultured primary hepatocytes. In vivo, DCA enhanced TNF-α release and potentiated APAP toxicity, both of which were abolished by the specific TNF-α antagonist infliximab. These results reveal an FXR-DCA-TNF-α axis that potentiates APAP hepatotoxicity, which could guide the clinical safe use of APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Nana Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China.,Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, China
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Vats R, Liu S, Zhu J, Mukhi D, Tutuncuoglu E, Cardenes N, Singh S, Brzoska T, Kosar K, Bamne M, Jonassaint J, Michael AA, Watkins SC, Hillery C, Ma X, Nejak-Bowen K, Rojas M, Gladwin MT, Kato GJ, Ramakrishnan S, Sundd P, Monga SP, Pradhan-Sundd T. Impaired Bile Secretion Promotes Hepatobiliary Injury in Sickle Cell Disease. Hepatology 2020; 72:2165-2181. [PMID: 32190913 PMCID: PMC7923682 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic crisis is an emergent complication affecting patients with sickle cell disease (SCD); however, the molecular mechanism of sickle cell hepatobiliary injury remains poorly understood. Using the knock-in humanized mouse model of SCD and SCD patient blood, we sought to mechanistically characterize SCD-associated hepato-pathophysiology applying our recently developed quantitative liver intravital imaging, RNA sequence analysis, and biochemical approaches. APPROACH AND RESULTS SCD mice manifested sinusoidal ischemia, progressive hepatomegaly, liver injury, hyperbilirubinemia, and increased ductular reaction under basal conditions. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in the liver of SCD mice inhibited farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling and its downstream targets, leading to loss of canalicular bile transport and altered bile acid pool. Intravital imaging revealed impaired bile secretion into the bile canaliculi, which was secondary to loss of canalicular bile transport and bile acid metabolism, leading to intrahepatic bile accumulation in SCD mouse liver. Blocking NF-κB activation rescued FXR signaling and partially ameliorated liver injury and sinusoidal ischemia in SCD mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify that NF-κB/FXR-dependent impaired bile secretion promotes intrahepatic bile accumulation, which contributes to hepatobiliary injury of SCD. Improved understanding of these processes could potentially benefit the development of therapies to treat sickle cell hepatic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vats
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Egemen Tutuncuoglu
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nayra Cardenes
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tomasz Brzoska
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karis Kosar
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mikhil Bamne
- Sickle Cell Center for Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jude Jonassaint
- Sickle Cell Center for Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cheryl Hillery
- Sickle Cell Center for Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Sickle Cell Center for Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Sickle Cell Center for Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sadeesh Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Sickle Cell Center for Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Satdarshan Pal Monga
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Sickle Cell Center for Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Kroll T, Prescher M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Structure and Function of Hepatobiliary ATP Binding Cassette Transporters. Chem Rev 2020; 121:5240-5288. [PMID: 33201677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is beyond any doubt the most important metabolic organ of the human body. This function requires an intensive crosstalk within liver cellular structures, but also with other organs. Membrane transport proteins are therefore of upmost importance as they represent the sensors and mediators that shuttle signals from outside to the inside of liver cells and/or vice versa. In this review, we summarize the known literature of liver transport proteins with a clear emphasis on functional and structural information on ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are expressed in the human liver. These primary active membrane transporters form one of the largest families of membrane proteins. In the liver, they play an essential role in for example bile formation or xenobiotic export. Our review provides a state of the art and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of hepatobiliary ABC transporters. Clearly, our knowledge has improved with a breath-taking speed over the last few years and will expand further. Thus, this review will provide the status quo and will lay the foundation for new and exciting avenues in liver membrane transporter research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Prescher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tveter KM, Villa-Rodriguez JA, Cabales AJ, Zhang L, Bawagan FG, Duran RM, Roopchand DE. Polyphenol-induced improvements in glucose metabolism are associated with bile acid signaling to intestinal farnesoid X receptor. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001386. [PMID: 32771984 PMCID: PMC7418775 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bile acid (BA) biotransformation by gut bacteria impacts BA profile and signaling to nuclear receptors, such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulating glucose metabolism. Altered BA-FXR signaling was therefore investigated as a potential mechanism linking polyphenol-induced gut bacterial changes and improved glucose metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetic db/db were fed low-fat diet (LFD) or LFD supplemented with a proanthocyanidin-rich extract of grape polyphenols (LFD-GP) for 4 weeks. Metabolic phenotypes, serum BAs, gut microbiota composition, and gene expression markers relevant to gut barrier and glucose metabolism were assessed. Gut organoids were used to investigate effects of individual BAs on ileal FXR activity. RESULTS Compared with LFD-fed controls, GP supplemented db/db mice showed improved glucose metabolism, decreased relative abundance of gut bacteria associated with production of secondary BAs (SBAs), and depleted serum levels of SBAs taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA), ω-muricholic acid (ωMCA), and tauro-ω-muricholic acid (TωMCA). Serum levels of primary BAs (PBAs) increased, consistent with higher gene expression of PBA synthesis enzyme Cyp7a1. GP-induced BA changes associated with FXR inhibition as evidenced by reduced expression of FXR-responsive genes Shp, Fgf15, and Fabp6 in ileum tissue as well as hepatic Shp, which negatively regulates PBA synthesis. GP treatment did not affect expression of hepatic Fxr or expression of Abcb11, Slc51b, and Obp2a genes controlling BA transport. Ceramide biosynthesis genes Smpd3, Sptlc2, and Cers4 were decreased in liver and intestine suggesting lower tissue ceramides levels may contribute to improved glucose metabolism. THDCA, ωMCA, and TωMCA behaved as FXR agonists in ileal organoid experiments; therefore, their depletion in serum of GP-supplemented db/db and wild type (WT) mice was consistent with FXR inhibition. CONCLUSION These data suggest that by altering the gut microbiota, GPs modify BA-FXR signaling pathways to promote glucoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tveter
- Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jose A Villa-Rodriguez
- Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alrick J Cabales
- Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Branch, Beijing, China
| | - Fiona G Bawagan
- Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rocio M Duran
- Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Guzman M, Manithody C, Krebs J, Denton C, Besmer S, Rajalakshmi P, Jain S, Villalona GA, Jain AK. Impaired Gut-Systemic Signaling Drives Total Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Injury. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1493. [PMID: 32443928 PMCID: PMC7284746 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) provides all nutritional needs intravenously. Although lifesaving, enthusiasm is significantly tempered due to side effects of liver and gut injury, as well as lack of mechanistic understanding into drivers of TPN injury. We hypothesized that the state of luminal nutritional deprivation with TPN drives alterations in gut-systemic signaling, contributing to injury, and tested this hypothesis using our ambulatory TPN model. METHODS A total of 16 one-week-old piglets were allocated randomly to TPN (n = 8) or enteral nutrition (EN, n = 8) for 3 weeks. Liver, gut, and serum were analyzed. All tests were two-sided, with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS TPN resulted in significant hyperbilirubinemia and cholestatic liver injury, p = 0.034. Hepatic inflammation (cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) immunohistochemistry) was higher with TPN (p = 0.021). No significant differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or bile ductular proliferation were noted. TPN resulted in reduction of muscularis mucosa thickness and marked gut atrophy. Median and interquartile range for gut mass was 0.46 (0.30-0.58) g/cm in EN, and 0.19 (0.11-0.29) g/cm in TPN (p = 0.024). Key gut-systemic signaling regulators, liver farnesoid X receptor (FXR; p = 0.021), liver constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; p = 0.014), gut FXR (p = 0.028), G-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) (p = 0.003), epidermal growth factor (EGF; p = 0.016), organic anion transporter (OAT; p = 0.028), Mitogen-activated protein kinases-1 (MAPK1) (p = 0.037), and sodium uptake transporter sodium glucose-linked transporter (SGLT-1; p = 0.010) were significantly downregulated in TPN animals, whereas liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CyP7A1) was substantially higher with TPN (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION We report significant alterations in key hepatobiliary receptors driving gut-systemic signaling in a TPN piglet model. This presents a major advancement to our understanding of TPN-associated injury and suggests opportunities for strategic targeting of the gut-systemic axis, specifically, FXR, TGR5, and EGF in developing ameliorative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Guzman
- Department of Pathology at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Chandrashekhara Manithody
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Joseph Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Christine Denton
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Sherri Besmer
- Department of Pathology at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Pranjali Rajalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Villalona
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Ajay Kumar Jain
- Department of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital, 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.M.); (J.K.); (C.D.); (P.R.); (S.J.)
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15
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Feltrin C, Oliveira Simões CM. Reviewing the mechanisms of natural product-drug interactions involving efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108825. [PMID: 31553897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) and other worldwide health agencies have recently taken initiatives to encourage the use of traditional medicine and/or complementary/alternative medicine in order to promote well-being and public health. In this way, one of the WHO's concerns is the safe use of these therapies. Phytotherapy is a strategy consisting of the use of medicinal plants (MP) and/or herbal medicinal products (HMP) for medicinal purposes. The use of phytotherapy concomitantly with drugs may cause interactions compromising the expected pharmacological action or generating toxic effects. These interactions are complex processes that may occur with multiple medications targeting different metabolic pathways, and involving different compounds present in MP and HMP. Thus, the aim of this review was to summarize the main MP- and HMP-drug interactions that involve specific transporters (P-glycoprotein and BCRP) and CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6), which play relevant roles in the mechanisms of interactions. Firstly, multiple databases were used to search studies describing in vitro or in vivo MP and HMP-drug interactions and, after that, a systematic note-taking and appraisal of the literature was conducted. It was observed that several MP and HMP, metabolic pathways and transcription factors are involved in the transporters and enzymes expression or in the modulation of their activity having the potential to provide such interactions. Thus, the knowledge of MP- and HMP-drug interaction mechanisms could contribute to prevent harmful interactions and can ensure the safe use of these products to help the establishment of the therapeutic planning in order to certify the best treatment strategy to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Feltrin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Zhou D, Kong L, Jiang Y, Wang C, Ni Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Ruan J. UGT-dependent regioselective glucuronidation of ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid and selective transport of the consequent acyl glucuronides by OATP1B1 and 1B3. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The term blood-bile barrier (BBlB) refers to the physical structure within a hepatic lobule that compartmentalizes and hence segregates sinusoidal blood from canalicular bile. Thus, this barrier provides physiological protection in the liver, shielding the hepatocytes from bile toxicity and restricting the mixing of blood and bile. BBlB is primarily composed of tight junctions; however, adherens junction, desmosomes, gap junctions, and hepatocyte bile transporters also contribute to the barrier function of the BBlB. Recent findings also suggest that disruption of BBlB is associated with major hepatic diseases characterized by cholestasis and aberrations in BBlB thus may be a hallmark of many chronic liver diseases. Several molecular signaling pathways have now been shown to play a role in regulating the structure and function and eventually contribute to regulation of the BBlB function within the liver. In this review, we will discuss the structure and function of the BBlB, summarize the methods to assess the integrity and function of BBlB, discuss the role of BBlB in liver pathophysiology, and finally, discuss the mechanisms of BBlB regulation. Collectively, this review will demonstrate the significance of the BBlB in both liver homeostasis and hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- *Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satdarshan Pal Monga
- *Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
As plant-derived natural products, saponins have been widely applied for the dietary modification of metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of their preventive and therapeutic effects are still largely unclear. Nuclear receptors have been identified as potential pharmaceutical targets for treating various types of metabolic disorders. With similar structure to endogenous hormones, several saponins may serve as selective ligands for nuclear receptors. Recently, a series of saponins are proved to exert their physiological activities through binding to nuclear receptors. This review summarizes the biological and pharmacological activities of typical saponins mediated by some of the most well described nuclear receptors, including the classical steroid hormone receptors (ER, GR, MR, and AR) and the adopted orphan receptors (PPAR, LXR, FXR, and PXR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuning Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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New Insights in Genetic Cholestasis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:2313675. [PMID: 30148122 PMCID: PMC6083523 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2313675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is characterised by impaired bile secretion and accumulation of bile salts in the organism. Hereditary cholestasis is a heterogeneous group of rare autosomal recessive liver disorders, which are characterised by intrahepatic cholestasis, pruritus, and jaundice and caused by defects in genes related to the secretion and transport of bile salts and lipids. Phenotypic manifestation is highly variable, ranging from progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC)-with onset in early infancy and progression to end-stage liver disease-to a milder intermittent mostly nonprogressive form known as benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC). Cases have been reported of initially benign episodic cholestasis that subsequently transitions to a persistent progressive form of the disease. Therefore, BRIC and PFIC seem to represent two extremes of a continuous spectrum of phenotypes that comprise one disease. Thus far, five representatives of PFIC (named PFIC1-5) caused by pathogenic mutations present in both alleles of ATP8B1, ABCB11, ABCB4, TJP2, and NR1H4 have been described. In addition to familial intrahepatic cholestasis, partial defects in ATP8B1, ABCB11, and ABCB4 predispose patients to drug-induced cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy. This review summarises the current knowledge of the clinical manifestations, genetics, and molecular mechanisms of these diseases and briefly outlines the therapeutic options, both conservative and invasive, with an outlook for future personalised therapeutic strategies.
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Wei Y, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Zheng W, Guo F, Yao B, Xu S, Wang Y, Jin L, Li Y. Structural basis for the hepatoprotective effects of antihypertensive 1,4-dihydropyridine drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2261-2270. [PMID: 30048741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) are one of the most frequently prescribed classes of antihypertensive monotherapeutic agents worldwide. In addition to treating hypertension, DHPs also exert other beneficial effects, including hepatoprotective effects. However, the mechanism underlying the hepatoprotection remains unclear. METHODS Biochemical AlphaScreen and cell-based reporter assays were employed to detect the activities of DHPs towards FXR. A crystallographic analysis was adopted to study the binding modes of four DHPs in complex with FXR. Acetaminophen (APAP)-treated wild-type and FXR knockout mice were used to investigate the functional dependence of the effects of the selected DHPs on FXR. RESULTS A series of DHPs were uncovered as FXR ligands with different activities for FXR, suggesting FXR might serve as an alternative drug target for DHPs. The structural analysis illustrated the specific three-blade propeller binding modes of four DHPs to FXR and explained the detailed mechanisms by which DHPs bind to and are recognized by FXR. The results in mice demonstrated that cilnidipine protected the liver from APAP-induced injury in an FXR-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the crystal structures of FXR in complex with four DHPs, and confirms that DHPs exert hepatoprotection by targeting FXR. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our research not only reveals valuable insight for the design and development of next-generation Ca2+ blocker drugs to provide safer and more effective treatments for cardiovascular disorders but also provides a novel and safe structural template for the development of drugs targeting FXR. Moreover, DHPs might be potentially repurposed to treat FXR-mediated diseases other than hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yanlin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Weili Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Benqiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lihua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1-24. [PMID: 28393285 PMCID: PMC5847071 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1344] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays.
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22
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Andersson KE, Chawade A, Thuresson N, Rascon A, Öste R, Sterner O, Olsson O, Hellstrand P. Wholegrain oat diet changes the expression of genes associated with intestinal bile acid transport. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aakash Chawade
- Department of Plant Breeding; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp Sweden
| | | | - Ana Rascon
- Food for Health Science Centre; Lund University; Sweden
| | - Rickard Öste
- Food for Health Science Centre; Lund University; Sweden
| | - Olov Sterner
- Department of Chemistry; Lund University; Sweden
| | - Olof Olsson
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry; Lund University; Sweden
| | - Per Hellstrand
- Department of Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; Sweden
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Abstract
The human microbiome is a new frontier in biology and one that is helping to define what it is to be human. Recently, we have begun to understand that the "communication" between the host and its microbiome is via a metabolic superhighway. By interrogating and understanding the molecules involved we may start to know who the main players are, and how we can modulate them and the mechanisms of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia V Li
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational & Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational & Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational & Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Divison of Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital Campus, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK; Department of Surgery & Cancer, Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, UK.
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24
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Xiao YT, Cao Y, Zhou KJ, Lu LN, Cai W. Altered systemic bile acid homeostasis contributes to liver disease in pediatric patients with intestinal failure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39264. [PMID: 27976737 PMCID: PMC5157035 DOI: 10.1038/srep39264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure (IF)-associated liver disease (IFALD), as a major complication, contributes to significant morbidity in pediatric IF patients. However, the pathogenesis of IFALD is still uncertain. We here investigate the roles of bile acid (BA) dysmetabolism in the unclear pathogenesis of IFALD. It found that the histological evidence of pediatric IF patients exhibited liver injury, which was characterized by liver bile duct proliferation, inflammatory infiltration, hepatocyte apoptosis and different stages of fibrosis. The BA compositions were altered in serum and liver of pediatric IF patients, as reflected by a primary BA dominant composition. In IF patients, the serum FGF19 levels decreased significantly, and were conversely correlated with ileal inflammation grades (r = −0.50, p < 0.05). In ileum, the inflammation grades were inversely associated with farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression (r = −0.55, p < 0.05). In liver, the expression of induction of the rate-limiting enzyme in bile salt synthesis, cytochrome P450 7a1 (CYP7A1) increased evidently. In conclusion, ileum inflammation decreases FXR expression corresponding to reduce serum FGF19 concentration, along with increased hepatic bile acid synthesis, leading to liver damages in IF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Jun Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
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25
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Basson A, Trotter A, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Mucosal Interactions between Genetics, Diet, and Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27531998 PMCID: PMC4970383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reviews have discussed gut microbiota composition changes during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease (CD). However, most studies address the observed effects by focusing on studying the univariate connection between disease and dietary-induced alterations to gut microbiota composition. The possibility that these effects may reflect a number of other interconnected (i.e., pantropic) mechanisms, activated in parallel, particularly concerning various bacterial metabolites, is in the process of being elucidated. Progress seems, however, hampered by various difficult-to-study factors interacting at the mucosal level. Here, we highlight some of such factors that merit consideration, namely: (1) the contribution of host genetics and diet in altering gut microbiome, and in turn, the crosstalk among secondary metabolic pathways; (2) the interdependence between the amount of dietary fat, the fatty acid composition, the effects of timing and route of administration on gut microbiota community, and the impact of microbiota-derived fatty acids; (3) the effect of diet on bile acid composition, and the modulator role of bile acids on the gut microbiota; (4) the impact of endogenous and exogenous intestinal micronutrients and metabolites; and (5) the need to consider food associated toxins and chemicals, which can introduce confounding immune modulating elements (e.g., antioxidant and phytochemicals in oils and proteins). These concepts, which are not mutually exclusive, are herein illustrated paying special emphasis on physiologically inter-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Basson
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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26
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Schiöth HB, Boström A, Murphy SK, Erhart W, Hampe J, Moylan C, Mwinyi J. A targeted analysis reveals relevant shifts in the methylation and transcription of genes responsible for bile acid homeostasis and drug metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:462. [PMID: 27301979 PMCID: PMC4908840 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a high risk for liver cirrhosis and cancer. Recent studies demonstrate that NAFLD significantly impacts on the genome wide methylation and expression reporting top hit genes to be associated with e.g. diabetes mellitus. In a targeted analysis we specifically investigate to what extent NAFLD is associated with methylation and transcriptional changes in gene networks responsible for drug metabolism (DM) and bile acid (BA) homeostasis, which may trigger liver and system toxic events. Methods We performed a systematic analysis of 73 genes responsible for BA homeostasis and DM based on liver derived methylation and expression data from three cohort studies including 103 NAFLD and 75 non-NAFLD patients. Using multiple linear regression models, we detected methylation differences in proximity to the transcriptional start site of these genes in two NAFLD cohorts and correlated the methylation of significantly changed CpG sites to transcriptional expression in a third cohort using robust multiple linear regression approaches. Results We detected 64 genes involved in BA homeostasis and DM to be significantly differentially methylated. In 26 of these genes, methylation significantly correlated with RNA expression, detecting i.e. genes such as CYP27A1, OSTɑ, and SLC27A5 (BA homeostasis), and SLCO2B1, SLC47A1, and several UGT and CYP genes (DM) to be NAFLD dependently modulated. Conclusions NAFLD is associated with significant shifts in the methylation of key genes responsible for BA and DM that are associated with transcriptional modulations. These findings have implications for BA composition, BA regulated metabolic pathways and for drug safety and efficacy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2814-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrian Boström
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wiebke Erhart
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cynthia Moylan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Krattinger R, Boström A, Lee SML, Thasler WE, Schiöth HB, Kullak-Ublick GA, Mwinyi J. Chenodeoxycholic acid significantly impacts the expression of miRNAs and genes involved in lipid, bile acid and drug metabolism in human hepatocytes. Life Sci 2016; 156:47-56. [PMID: 27174168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bile acids (BAs) are important gut signaling hormones, influencing lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. The exact mechanisms behind these effects are not yet fully understood. Lately, they have come to the fore as putative therapeutics in metabolic diseases, such as e.g. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We elucidate to what extent BAs impacts on the mRNAome and microRNAome in hepatocytes to gather novel insights into the mechanisms behind metabolic and toxicologic effects of bile acids. MAIN METHODS Five batches of primary human hepatocytes were treated with 50μmol/l chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) for 24 or 48h. Total RNA was extracted, size fractionated and subjected to Next Generation Sequencing to generate mRNA and miRNA profiles. KEY FINDINGS Expression of 738 genes and 52 miRNAs were CDCA dependently decreased, whereas 1566 genes and 29 miRNAs were significantly increased in hepatocytes. Distinct gene clusters controlling BA and lipid homeostasis (FGF(R), APO and FABP family members, HMGCS2) and drug metabolism (CYP, UGT and SULT family members) were significantly modulated by CDCA. Importantly, CDCA affected distinct microRNAs, including miR-34a, -505, -885, -1260 and -552 that systematically correlated in expression with gene clusters responsible for bile acid, lipid and drug homeostasis incorporating genes, such as e.g. SLCO1B1, SLC22A7, FGF19, CYP2E1, CYP1A2, APO family members and FOXO3. SIGNIFICANCE Bile acids significantly modulate metabolic and drug associated gene networks that are connected to distinct shifts in the microRNAome These findings give novel insights on how BA enfold metabolic and system toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Krattinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Boström
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Serene M L Lee
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Thasler
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Nie YF, Hu J, Yan XH. Cross-talk between bile acids and intestinal microbiota in host metabolism and health. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:436-46. [PMID: 26055905 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via the biotransformation of primary BAs to secondary BAs, and subsequently regulate the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4). The BA-activated FXR plays important roles in BA synthesis and metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and even hepatic autophagy. BAs can also play a role in the interplays among intestinal microbes. In this review, we mainly discuss the interactions between BAs and intestinal microbiota and their roles in regulating host metabolism, and probably the autophagic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-fan Nie
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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29
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Uribe JH, Collado-Romero M, Zaldívar-López S, Arce C, Bautista R, Carvajal A, Cirera S, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Transcriptional analysis of porcine intestinal mucosa infected with Salmonella Typhimurium revealed a massive inflammatory response and disruption of bile acid absorption in ileum. Vet Res 2016; 47:11. [PMID: 26738723 PMCID: PMC4704413 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected pork meat is an important source of non-typhoidal human salmonellosis. Understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis is important for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies. Thus, hereby we study the transcriptional profiles along the porcine intestine during infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as post-transcriptional gene modulation by microRNAs (miRNA). Sixteen piglets were orally challenged with S. Typhimurium. Samples from jejunum, ileum and colon, collected 1, 2 and 6 days post infection (dpi) were hybridized to mRNA and miRNA expression microarrays and analyzed. Jejunum showed a reduced transcriptional response indicating mild inflammation only at 2 dpi. In ileum inflammatory genes were overexpressed (e.g., IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL1RAP, TNFα), indicating a strong immune response at all times of infection. Infection also down-regulated genes of the FXR pathway (e.g., NR1H4, FABP6, APOA1, SLC10A2), indicating disruption of the bile acid absorption in ileum. This result was confirmed by decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum of infected pigs. Ileal inflammatory gene expression changes peaked at 2 dpi and tended to resolve at 6 dpi. Furthermore, miRNA analysis of ileum at 2 dpi revealed 62 miRNAs potentially regulating target genes involved in this inflammatory process (e.g., miR-374 and miR-451). In colon, genes involved in epithelial adherence, proliferation and cellular reorganization were down-regulated at 2 and 6 dpi. In summary, here we show the transcriptional changes occurring at the intestine at different time points of the infection, which are mainly related to inflammation and disruption of the bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juber Herrera Uribe
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Melania Collado-Romero
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina Arce
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
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30
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Lian JS, Liu W, Hao SR, Chen DY, Wang YY, Yang JL, Jia HY, Huang JR. A serum metabolomic analysis for diagnosis and biomarker discovery of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:413-21. [PMID: 26256087 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the diversity of the clinical and laboratory manifestations, the diagnosis of autoimmune liver disease (AILD) remains a challenge in clinical practice. The value of metabolomics has been studied in the diagnosis of many diseases. The present study aimed to determine whether the metabolic profiles, based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), differed between autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), to identify specific metabolomic markers, and to establish a model for the diagnosis of AIH and PBC. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 20 patients with PBC, 19 patients with AIH, and 25 healthy individuals. UPLC-MS data of the samples were analyzed using principal component analysis, partial least squares discrimination analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis. RESULTS The partial least squares discrimination analysis model (R2Y=0.991, Q2=0.943) was established between the AIH and PBC groups and exhibited both sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Five groups of biomarkers were identified, including bile acids, free fatty acids, phosphatidylcholines, lysolecithins and sphingomyelin. Bile acids significantly increased in the AIH and PBC groups compared with the healthy control group. The other biomarkers decreased in the AIH and PBC groups compared with those in the healthy control group. In addition, the biomarkers were downregulated in the AIH group compared with the PBC group. CONCLUSIONS The biomarkers identified revealed the pathophysiological changes in AILD and helped to discriminate between AIH and PBC. The predictability of this method suggests its potential application in the diagnosis of AILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Shan Lian
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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31
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Kumar JA, Teckman JH. Controversies in the Mechanism of Total Parenteral Nutrition Induced Pathology. CHILDREN-BASEL 2015; 2:358-70. [PMID: 27417369 PMCID: PMC4928764 DOI: 10.3390/children2030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over 30,000 patients are permanently dependent on Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) for survival with several folds higher requiring TPN for a prolonged duration. Unfortunately, it can cause potentially fatal complications. TPN infusion results in impairment of gut mucosal integrity, enhanced inflammation, increased cytokine expression and trans-mucosal bacterial permeation. It also causes endotoxin associated down regulation of bile acid transporters and Parenteral Nutrition Associated Liver Disease (PNALD), which includes steatosis, disrupted glucose metabolism, disrupted lipid metabolism, cholestasis and liver failure. Despite multiple theories, its etiology and pathophysiology remains elusive and is likely multifactorial. An important cause for TPN related pathologies appears to be a disruption in the normal enterohepatic circulation due to a lack of feeding during such therapy. This is further validated by the fact that in clinical settings, once cholestasis sets in, its reversal occurs when a patient is receiving a major portion of calories enterally. There are several other postulated mechanisms including gut bacterial permeation predisposing to endotoxin associated down regulation of bile acid transporters. An additional potential mechanism includes toxicity of the TPN solution itself, such as lipid mediated hepatic toxicity. Prematurity, leading to a poor development of bile acid regulating nuclear receptors and transporters has also been implicated as a causative factor. This review presents the current controversies and research into mechanisms of TPN associated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jain Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Jeffery H Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, SSM Cardinal Glennon Hospital 1465 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine.
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32
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Zhang S, Pan X, Jeong H. GW4064, an agonist of farnesoid X receptor, represses CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes by inducing small heterodimer partner expression. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:743-8. [PMID: 25725071 PMCID: PMC4407707 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) functions as a regulator of bile acid and lipid homeostasis and is recognized as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. The biologic function of FXR is mediated in part by a small heterodimer partner (SHP); ligand-activated FXR enhances SHP expression, and SHP in turn represses the activity of multiple transcription factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of FXR activation on expression of the major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. The effects of 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-(3'-carboxy-2-chlorostilben-4-yl)oxymethyl-5-isopropylisoxazole (GW4064), a synthetic agonist of FXR, on the expression and activity of CYP3A4 were examined in primary human hepatocytes by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and S9 phenotyping. In human hepatocytes, treatment of GW4064 (1 μM) for 48 hours resulted in a 75% decrease in CYP3A4 mRNA expression and a 25% decrease in CYP3A4 activity, accompanied by ∼3-fold increase in SHP mRNA expression. In HepG2 cells, SHP repressed transactivation of CYP3A4 promoter by pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and glucocorticoid receptor. Interestingly, GW4064 did not repress expression of CYP2B6, another target gene of PXR and CAR; GW4064 enhanced CYP2B6 promoter activity. In conclusion, GW4064 represses CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes, potentially through upregulation of SHP expression and subsequent repression of CYP3A4 promoter activity. Clinically significant drug-drug interaction involving FXR agonists and CYP3A4 substrates may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.) and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (S.Z., X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xian Pan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.) and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (S.Z., X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.) and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (S.Z., X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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33
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Bharadwaj S, Gohel T, Deen OJ, DeChicco R, Shatnawei A. Fish oil-based lipid emulsion: current updates on a promising novel therapy for the management of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2015; 3:110-4. [PMID: 25858884 PMCID: PMC4423466 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gov011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure is characterized by loss of enteral function to absorb necessary nutrients and water to sustain life. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving therapeutic modality for patients with intestinal failure. Lifelong PN is also needed for patients who have short bowel syndrome due to extensive resection or a dysmotility disorder with malabsorption. However, prolonged PN is associated with short-term and long-term complications. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is one of the long-term complications associated with the use of an intravenous lipid emulsion to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency in these patients. PNALD affects 30-60% of the adult population on long-term PN. Further, PNALD is one of the indications for isolated liver or combined liver and intestinal transplantation. There is no consensus on how to manage PNALD, but fish oil-based lipid emulsion (FOBLE) has been suggested to play an important role both in its prevention and reversal. There is significant improvement in liver function in those who received FOBLE as lipid supplement compared with those who received soy-based lipid emulsion. Studies have also demonstrated that FOBLE reverses hepatic steatosis and reduces markers of inflammation in patients on long-term PN. Future prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further strengthen the positive role of FOBLE in PNALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishira Bharadwaj
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tushar Gohel
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Omer J Deen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert DeChicco
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abdullah Shatnawei
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile acids generates bile flow and facilitates hepatobiliary secretion of lipids, lipophilic metabolites, and xenobiotics. In the intestine, bile acids are essential for the absorption, transport, and metabolism of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Extensive research in the last 2 decades has unveiled new functions of bile acids as signaling molecules and metabolic integrators. The bile acid-activated nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor play critical roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and drug metabolism and detoxification. Bile acid synthesis exhibits a strong diurnal rhythm, which is entrained by fasting and refeeding as well as nutrient status and plays an important role for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent research revealed an interaction of liver bile acids and gut microbiota in the regulation of liver metabolism. Circadian disturbance and altered gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. Bile acids and their derivatives are potential therapeutic agents for treating metabolic diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
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Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides or OATPs are central transporters in the disposition of drugs and other xenobiotics. In addition, they mediate transport of a wide variety of endogenous substrates. The critical role of OATPs in drug disposition has spurred research both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. Translational aspects with clinical questions are the focus in academia, while the pharmaceutical industry tries to define and understand the role these transporters play in pharmacotherapy. The present overview summarizes our knowledge on the interaction of food constituents with OATPs and on the OATP transport mechanisms. Further, it gives an update on the available information on the structure-function relationship of the OATPs and, finally, covers the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of OATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Xu JY, Li ZP, Zhang L, Ji G. Recent insights into farnesoid X receptor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13493-13500. [PMID: 25309079 PMCID: PMC4188900 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent liver disorders worldwide. NAFLD can gradually progress to liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, and no efficient pharmaceutic treatments have yet been established for NAFLD. Accumulating data have shown that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays important roles not only in bile acid metabolism, but also in lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, inflammatory responses, among others. In this review, we aim to highlight the role of FXR in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD.
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Bile acids, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:573-83. [PMID: 25194176 PMCID: PMC4159616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are increasingly recognized as key regulators of systemic metabolism. While bile acids have long been known to play important and direct roles in nutrient absorption, bile acids also serve as signalling molecules. Bile acid interactions with the nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane receptor G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) can regulate incretin hormone and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) secretion, cholesterol metabolism, and systemic energy expenditure. Bile acid levels and distribution are altered in type 2 diabetes and increased following bariatric procedures, in parallel with reduced body weight and improved insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control. Thus, modulation of bile acid levels and signalling, using bile acid binding resins, TGR5 agonists, and FXR agonists, may serve as a potent therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other components of the metabolic syndrome in humans.
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Bailey AM, Zhan L, Maru D, Shureiqi I, Pickering CR, Kiriakova G, Izzo J, He N, Wei C, Baladandayuthapani V, Liang H, Kopetz S, Powis G, Guo GL. FXR silencing in human colon cancer by DNA methylation and KRAS signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G48-58. [PMID: 24177031 PMCID: PMC3920083 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00234.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid nuclear receptor described through mouse knockout studies as a tumor suppressor for the development of colon adenocarcinomas. This study investigates the regulation of FXR in the development of human colon cancer. We used immunohistochemistry of FXR in normal tissue (n = 238), polyps (n = 32), and adenocarcinomas, staged I-IV (n = 43, 39, 68, and 9), of the colon; RT-quantitative PCR, reverse-phase protein array, and Western blot analysis in 15 colon cancer cell lines; NR1H4 promoter methylation and mRNA expression in colon cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas; DNA methyltransferase inhibition; methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP); bisulfite sequencing; and V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) knockdown assessment to investigate FXR regulation in colon cancer development. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR revealed that expression and function of FXR was reduced in precancerous lesions and silenced in a majority of stage I-IV tumors. FXR expression negatively correlated with phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3 kinase signaling and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The NR1H4 promoter is methylated in ~12% colon cancer The Cancer Genome Atlas samples, and methylation patterns segregate with tumor subtypes. Inhibition of DNA methylation and KRAS silencing both increased FXR expression. FXR expression is decreased early in human colon cancer progression, and both DNA methylation and KRAS signaling may be contributing factors to FXR silencing. FXR potentially suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and other oncogenic signaling cascades, and restoration of FXR activity, by blocking silencing mechanisms or increasing residual FXR activity, represents promising therapeutic options for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Bailey
- 1Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; ,2Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;
| | - Le Zhan
- 2Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; ,10Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Dipen Maru
- 3Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- 4Department of Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | - Curtis R. Pickering
- 5Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | - Galina Kiriakova
- 1Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | - Julie Izzo
- 1Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | - Nan He
- 6Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;
| | - Caimiao Wei
- 7Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | | | - Han Liang
- 8Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | - Scott Kopetz
- 4Department of Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;
| | - Garth Powis
- 1Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; ,9Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Grace L. Guo
- 2Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; ,10Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Abstract
Bile acids are important physiological agents for intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids also are signaling molecules and metabolic regulators that activate nuclear receptors and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling to regulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis and maintain metabolic homeostasis. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids is critical for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and preventing accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and toxic metabolites, and injury in the liver and other organs. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids from the liver to intestine and back to the liver plays a central role in nutrient absorption and distribution, and metabolic regulation and homeostasis. This physiological process is regulated by a complex membrane transport system in the liver and intestine regulated by nuclear receptors. Toxic bile acids may cause inflammation, apoptosis, and cell death. On the other hand, bile acid-activated nuclear and GPCR signaling protects against inflammation in liver, intestine, and macrophages. Disorders in bile acid metabolism cause cholestatic liver diseases, dyslipidemia, fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Bile acids, bile acid derivatives, and bile acid sequestrants are therapeutic agents for treating chronic liver diseases, obesity, and diabetes in humans.
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The solute carrier family 10 (SLC10): beyond bile acid transport. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:252-69. [PMID: 23506869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) family 10 (SLC10) comprises influx transporters of bile acids, steroidal hormones, various drugs, and several other substrates. Because the seminal transporters of this family, namely, sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP; SLC10A1) and the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2), were primarily bile acid transporters, the term "sodium bile salt cotransporting family" was used for the SLC10 family. However, this notion became obsolete with the finding of other SLC10 members that do not transport bile acids. For example, the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT; SLC10A6) transports primarily sulfated steroids. Moreover, NTCP was shown to also transport steroids and xenobiotics, including HMG-CoA inhibitors (statins). The SLC10 family contains four additional members, namely, P3 (SLC10A3; SLC10A3), P4 (SLC10A4; SLC10A4), P5 (SLC10A5; SLC10A5) and SLC10A7 (SLC10A7), several of which were unknown or considered hypothetical until approximately a decade ago. While their substrate specificity remains undetermined, great progress has been made towards their characterization in recent years. Explicitly, SLC10A4 may participate in vesicular storage or exocytosis of neurotransmitters or mastocyte mediators, whereas SLC10A5 and SLC10A7 may be involved in solute transport and SLC10A3 may have a role as a housekeeping protein. Finally, the newly found role of bile acids in glucose and energy homeostasis, via the TGR5 receptor, sheds new light on the clinical relevance of ASBT and NTCP. The present mini-review provides a brief summary of recent progress on members of the SLC10 family.
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41
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Song X, Chen Y, Valanejad L, Kaimal R, Yan B, Stoner M, Deng R. Mechanistic insights into isoform-dependent and species-specific regulation of bile salt export pump by farnesoid X receptor. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3030-44. [PMID: 24002920 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) is regulated by the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway. Two FXR isoforms, FXRα1 and FXRα2, are predominantly expressed in human liver. We previously showed that human BSEP was isoform-dependently regulated by FXR and diminished with altered expression of FXRα1 and FXRα2 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we demonstrate that FXRα1 and FXRα2 regulate human BSEP through two distinct FXR responsive elements (FXRE): IR1a and IR1b. As the predominant regulator, FXRα2 potently transactivated human BSEP through IR1a, while FXRα1 weakly transactivated human BSEP through a newly identified IR1b. Relative expression of FXRα1 and FXRα2 affected human BSEP expression in vitro and in vivo. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the binding and recruitment of FXRα1 and FXRα2 to IR1b and IR1a. Sequence analysis concluded that IR1b was completely conserved among species, whereas IR1a exhibited apparent differences across species. Sequence variations in IR1a were responsible for the observed species difference in BSEP transactivation by FXRα1 and FXRα2. In conclusion, FXR regulates BSEP in an isoform-dependent and species-specific manner through two distinct FXREs, and alteration of relative FXR isoform expression may be a potential mechanism for FXR to precisely regulate human BSEP in response to various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
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Döring B, Lütteke T, Geyer J, Petzinger E. The SLC10 carrier family: transport functions and molecular structure. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013. [PMID: 23177985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394316-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10 family represents seven genes containing 1-12 exons that encode proteins in humans with sequence lengths of 348-477 amino acids. Although termed solute carriers (SLCs), only three out of seven (i.e. SLC10A1, SLC10A2, and SLC10A6) show sodium-dependent uptake of organic substrates across the cell membrane. These include the uptake of bile salts, sulfated steroids, sulfated thyroidal hormones, and certain statin drugs by SLC10A1 (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)), the uptake of bile salts by SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)), and uptake of sulfated steroids and sulfated taurolithocholate by SLC10A6 (sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT)). The other members of the family are orphan carriers not all localized in the cell membrane. The name "bile acid transporter family" arose because the first two SLC10 members (NTCP and ASBT) are carriers for bile salts that establish their enterohepatic circulation. In recent years, information has been obtained on their 2D and 3D membrane topology, structure-transport relationships, and on the ligand and sodium-binding sites. For SLC10A2, the putative 3D morphology was deduced from the crystal structure of a bacterial SLC10A2 analog, ASBT(NM). This information was used in this chapter to calculate the putative 3D structure of NTCP. This review provides first an introduction to recent knowledge about bile acid synthesis and newly found bile acid hormonal functions, and then describes step-by-step each individual member of the family in terms of expression, localization, substrate pattern, as well as protein topology with emphasis on the three functional SLC10 carrier members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- SLC10 family research group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Giessen, Germany
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Ballatori N, Christian WV, Wheeler SG, Hammond CL. The heteromeric organic solute transporter, OSTα-OSTβ/SLC51: a transporter for steroid-derived molecules. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:683-92. [PMID: 23506901 PMCID: PMC3827772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The organic solute transporter alpha-beta (OSTα-OSTβ) is one of the newest members of the solute carrier family, designated as SLC51, and arguably one of the most unique. The transporter is composed of two gene products encoded by SLC51A and SLC51B that heterodimerize to form the functional transporter complex. SLC51A encodes OSTα, a predicted 340-amino acid, 7-transmembrane (TM) domain protein, whereas SLC51B encodes OSTβ, a putative 128-amino acid, single-TM domain polypeptide. Heterodimerization of the two subunits increases the stability of the individual proteins, facilitates their post-translational modification, and is required for delivery of the functional transporter complex to the plasma membrane. There are no paralogues for SLC51A or SLC51B in any genome that has been examined. The transporter functions via a facilitated diffusion mechanism, and can mediate either efflux or uptake depending on the electrochemical gradient of its substrates. Overall, characterization of the transporter's substrate specificity, transport mechanism, tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and transcriptional regulation as well as the phenotype of the recently generated Slc51a-deficient mice have revealed that OSTα-OSTβ plays a central role in the transport of bile acids, conjugated steroids, and structurally-related molecules across the basolateral membrane of many epithelial cells. In particular, OSTα-OSTβ appears to be essential for intestinal bile acid absorption, and thus for dietary lipid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Ballatori
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Whitney V. Christian
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Sadie G. Wheeler
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Christine L. Hammond
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
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Borude P, Edwards G, Walesky C, Li F, Ma X, Kong B, Guo GL, Apte U. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of farnesoid X receptor delays but does not inhibit liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. Hepatology 2012; 56:2344-52. [PMID: 22730081 PMCID: PMC3469721 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the primary bile acid-sensing nuclear receptor, also plays a role in the stimulation of liver regeneration. Whole body deletion of FXR results in significant inhibition of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHX). FXR is expressed in the liver and intestines, and recent reports indicate that FXR regulates a distinct set of genes in a tissue-specific manner. These data raise a question about the relative contribution of hepatic and intestinal FXR in the regulation of liver regeneration. We studied liver regeneration after PHX in hepatocyte-specific FXR knockout (hepFXR-KO) mice over a time course of 0-14 days. Whereas the overall kinetics of liver regrowth in hepFXR-KO mice was unaffected, a delay in peak hepatocyte proliferation from day 2 to day 3 after PHX was observed in hepFXR-KO mice compared with Cre(-) control mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed decreased cyclin D1 expression and decreased association of cyclin D1 with CDK4 in hepFXR-KO mice after PHX, correlating with decreased phosphorylation of the Rb protein and delayed cell proliferation in the hepFXR-KO livers. The hepFXR-KO mice also exhibited delay in acute hepatic fat accumulation following PHX, which is associated with regulation of cell cycle. Further, a significant delay in hepatocyte growth factor-initiated signaling, including the AKT, c-myc, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathways, was observed in hepFXR-KO mice. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of hepatic bile acids indicated no difference in levels of bile acids in hepFXR-KO and control mice. CONCLUSION Deletion of hepatic FXR did not completely inhibit but delays liver regeneration after PHX secondary to delayed cyclin D1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Borude
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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45
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Martinez-Becerra P, Monte I, Romero M, Serrano M, Vaquero J, Macias R, Del Rio A, Grañé-Boladeras N, Jimenez F, San-Martin FG, Pastor-Anglada M, Marin J. Up-regulation of FXR isoforms is not required for stimulation of the expression of genes involved in the lack of response of colon cancer to chemotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:419-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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46
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Stojancevic M, Stankov K, Mikov M. The impact of farnesoid X receptor activation on intestinal permeability in inflammatory bowel disease. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2012; 26:631-7. [PMID: 22993736 PMCID: PMC3441172 DOI: 10.1155/2012/538452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most important function of the intestinal mucosa is to form a barrier that separates luminal contents from the intestine. Defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier have been observed in several intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies have identified a number of factors that contribute to development of IBD including environmental triggers, genetic factors, immunoregulatory defects and microbial exposure. The current review focuses on the influence of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on the inhibition of intestinal inflammation in patients with IBD. The development and investigation of FXR agonists provide strong support for the regulatory role of FXR in mucosal innate immunity. Activation of FXR in the intestinal tract decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1-beta, IL-2, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, thus contributing to a reduction in inflammation and epithelial permeability. In addition, intestinal FXR activation induces the transcription of multiple genes involved in enteroprotection and the prevention of bacterial translocation in the intestinal tract. These data suggest that FXR agonists are potential candidates for exploration as a novel therapeutic strategy for IBD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Stojancevic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova, Serbia.
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47
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Attinkara R, Mwinyi J, Truninger K, Regula J, Gaj P, Rogler G, Kullak-Ublick GA, Eloranta JJ. Association of genetic variation in the NR1H4 gene, encoding the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR, with inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:461. [PMID: 22929053 PMCID: PMC3517390 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), involves interaction between environmental factors and inappropriate immune responses in the intestine of genetically predisposed individuals. Bile acids and their nuclear receptor, FXR, regulate inflammatory responses and barrier function in the intestinal tract. Methods We studied the association of five variants (rs3863377, rs7138843, rs56163822, rs35724, rs10860603) of the NR1H4 gene encoding FXR with IBD. 1138 individuals (591 non-IBD, 203 UC, 344 CD) were genotyped for five NR1H4 genetic variants with TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. Results We observed that the NR1H4 SNP rs3863377 is significantly less frequent in IBD cases than in non-IBD controls (allele frequencies: P = 0.004; wild-type vs. SNP carrier genotype frequencies: P = 0.008), whereas the variant rs56163822 is less prevalent in non-IBD controls (allele frequencies: P = 0.027; wild-type vs. SNP carrier genotype frequencies: P = 0.035). The global haplotype distribution between IBD and control patients was significantly different (P = 0.003). This also held true for the comparison between non-IBD and UC groups (P = 0.004), but not for the comparison between non-IBD and CD groups (P = 0.079). Conclusions We show that genetic variation in FXR is associated with IBD, further emphasizing the link between bile acid signaling and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragam Attinkara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the liver is well known, and it can regenerate itself by a compensatory regrowth in response to partial hepatectomy or injury. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Bile acids are FXR physiological ligands. As a metabolic regulator, FXR plays key roles in regulating metabolism of bile acids, lipids and glucose. Recently, activation of intercellular signal transduction has been shown to play an important role in liver regeneration by binding of bile acids to their receptor FXR. Bile acid/FXR signaling pathway is required for normal liver regeneration. Furthermore, FXR promotes liver repair after injury, and activation of FXR is able to alleviate age-related defective liver regeneration. These novel findings suggest that FXR-mediated bile acid signaling is an important component of normal liver regeneration and highlight the potential use of FXR ligands to promote liver regeneration after segmental liver transplantation or resection of liver tumors. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the role of FXR in promoting liver regeneration.
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49
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Martinez-Becerra P, Vaquero J, Romero MR, Lozano E, Anadon C, Macias RIR, Serrano MA, Grañé-Boladeras N, Muñoz-Bellvis L, Alvarez L, Sangro B, Pastor-Anglada M, Marin JJG. No correlation between the expression of FXR and genes involved in multidrug resistance phenotype of primary liver tumors. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1693-704. [PMID: 22524153 DOI: 10.1021/mp300028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been recently reported to enhance chemoresistance through bile acid-independent mechanisms. Thus, FXR transfection plus activation with GW4064 resulted in reduced sensitivity to cisplatin-induced toxicity. This is interesting because primary tumors of the liver, an organ where FXR is expressed, exhibit marked refractoriness to pharmacological treatment. Here we have determined whether FXR is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CGC) and hepatoblastoma (HPB) and whether this is related with the expression of genes involved in mechanisms of chemoresistance. Using RT-QPCR and Taqman low density arrays we have analyzed biopsies from healthy livers or surgically removed tumors from naive patients and cell lines derived from HCC (SK-HEP-1, Alexander and Huh7), CGC (TFK1) and HPB (HepG2), before and after exposure to cisplatin at IC50 for 72 h. In liver tumors FXR expression was not enhanced but significantly decreased (healthy liver > HCC > HPB ≈ CGC). Except for CGC, this was not accompanied by changes in the proportions of FXR isoforms. Changes in 36 genes involved in drug uptake/efflux and metabolism, expression/function of molecular targets, and survival/apoptosis balance were found. Changes affecting SLC22A1, CYP2A1 and BIRC5 were shared by HCC, CGC and HPB. Similarity in gene expression profiles between cell lines and parent tumors was found. Pharmacological challenge with cisplatin induced changes that increased this resemblance. This was not dependent upon FXR expression. Thus, although FXR may play a role in inducing chemoresistance under certain circumstances, its upregulation does not seem to be involved in the multidrug resistance phenotype characteristic of HCC, CGC and HPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martinez-Becerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
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Balasubramaniyan N, Ananthanarayanan M, Suchy FJ. Direct methylation of FXR by Set7/9, a lysine methyltransferase, regulates the expression of FXR target genes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G937-47. [PMID: 22345554 PMCID: PMC3362072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00441.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand (bile acid)-dependent nuclear receptor that regulates target genes involved in every aspect of bile acid homeostasis. Upon binding of ligand, FXR recruits an array of coactivators and associated proteins, some of which have intrinsic enzymatic activity that modify histones or even components of the transcriptional complex. In this study, we show chromatin occupancy by the Set7/9 methyltransferase at the FXR response element (FXRE) and direct methylation of FXR in vivo and in vitro at lysine 206. siRNA depletion of Set7/9 in the Huh-7 liver cell line decreased endogenous mRNAs of the FXR target genes, the short heterodimer partner (SHP) and bile salt export pump (BSEP). Mutation of the methylation site at K206 of FXR to an arginine prevented methylation by Set7/9. A pan-methyllysine antibody recognized the wild-type FXR but not the K206R mutant form. An electromobility shift assay showed that methylation by Set7/9 enhanced binding of FXR/retinoic X receptor-α to the FXRE. Interaction between hinge domain of FXR (containing K206) and Set7/9 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation, GST pull down, and mammalian two-hybrid experiments. Set7/9 overexpression in Huh-7 cells significantly enhanced transactivation of the SHP and BSEP promoters in a ligand-dependent fashion by wild-type FXR but not the K206R mutant FXR. A Set7/9 mutant deficient in methyltransferase activity was also not effective in increasing transactivation of the BSEP promoter. These studies demonstrate that posttranslational methylation of FXR by Set7/9 contributes to the transcriptional activation of FXR-target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Balasubramaniyan
- 1Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Meena Ananthanarayanan
- 2Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Frederick J. Suchy
- 1Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
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