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Zhi X, Ren C, Li Q, Xi H, Li D, Chen Q, Lv X, Gao X, Wu X, Wang C, Jiang B, Mao Z, Jiang H, Liu K, Zhao X, Li Y. Therapeutic potential of Angelica sinensis in addressing organ fibrosis: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116429. [PMID: 38490157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis-related diseases (FRD) include conditions like myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and others. The impact of fibrosis can be severe, causing organ dysfunction, reduced functionality, and even organ failure, leading to significant health issues. Currently, there is a lack of effective modern anti-fibrosis drugs in clinical practice. However, Chinese medicine has a certain beneficial effect on the treatment of such diseases. Angelica sinensis, with its considerable medicinal value, has garnered attention for its anti-fibrosis properties in recent investigations. In the past few years, there has been a growing number of experimental inquiries into the impact of angelica polysaccharide (ASP), angelica water extract, angelica injection, and angelica compound preparation on fibrosis-associated ailments, piquing the interest of researchers. This paper aims to consolidate recent advances in the study of Angelica sinensis for the treatment of fibrosis-related disorders, offering insights for prospective investigations. Literature retrieval included core electronic databases, including Baidu Literature, CNKI, Google-Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. The applied search utilized specified keywords to extract relevant information on the pharmacological and phytochemical attributes of plants. The investigation revealed that Angelica sinensis has the potential to impede the advancement of fibrotic diseases by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, immune responses, and metabolism. ASP, Angelica sinensis extract, Angelica sinensis injection, and Angelica sinensis compound preparation were extensively examined and discussed. These constituents demonstrated significant anti-fibrosis activity. In essence, this review seeks to gain a profound understanding of the role of Angelica sinensis in treating fiber-related diseases. Organ fibrosis manifests in nearly all tissues and organs, posing a critical challenge to global public health due to its widespread occurrence, challenging early diagnosis, and unfavorable prognosis. Despite its prevalence, therapeutic options are limited, and their efficacy is constrained. Over the past few years, numerous studies have explored the protective effects of traditional Chinese medicine on organ fibrosis, with Angelica sinensis standing out as a multifunctional natural remedy. This paper provides a review of organ fibrosis pathogenesis and summarizes the recent two decades' progress in treating fibrosis in various organs such as the liver, lung, kidney, and heart. The review highlights the modulation of relevant signaling pathways through multiple targets and channels by the effective components of Angelica sinensis, whether used as a single medicine or in compound prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhi
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunzhen Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qianrong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huaqing Xi
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Li
- Qingyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingyang 745000, China
| | - Qilin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinfang Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; The second hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongnan Mao
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hugang Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinke Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yingdong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key clinical specialty of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Specialized Cardiovascular Laboratory National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Fortier SM, Walker NM, Penke LR, Baas JD, Shen Q, Speth JM, Huang SK, Zemans RL, Bennett AM, Peters-Golden M. MAPK phosphatase 1 inhibition of p38α within lung myofibroblasts is essential for spontaneous fibrosis resolution. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172826. [PMID: 38512415 PMCID: PMC11093610 DOI: 10.1172/jci172826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis following tissue injury is distinguished from normal repair by the accumulation of pathogenic and apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts (MFs), which arise primarily by differentiation from resident fibroblasts. Endogenous molecular brakes that promote MF dedifferentiation and clearance during spontaneous resolution of experimental lung fibrosis may provide insights that could inform and improve the treatment of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in patients. MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP1) influences the cellular phenotype and fate through precise and timely regulation of MAPK activity within various cell types and tissues, yet its role in lung fibroblasts and pulmonary fibrosis has not been explored. Using gain- and loss-of-function studies, we found that MKP1 promoted lung MF dedifferentiation and restored the sensitivity of these cells to apoptosis - effects determined to be mainly dependent on MKP1's dephosphorylation of p38α MAPK (p38α). Fibroblast-specific deletion of MKP1 following peak bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis largely abrogated its subsequent spontaneous resolution. Such resolution was restored by treating these transgenic mice with the p38α inhibitor VX-702. We conclude that MKP1 is a critical antifibrotic brake whose inhibition of pathogenic p38α in lung fibroblasts is necessary for fibrosis resolution following lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Fortier
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Natalie M. Walker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Loka R. Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jared D. Baas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qinxue Shen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jennifer M. Speth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven K. Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anton M. Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Imaduddin UK, Berbudi A, Rohmawaty E. The Effect of Physalis angulata L. Administration on Gene Expressions Related to Lung Fibrosis Resolution in Mice-Induced Bleomycin. J Exp Pharmacol 2024; 16:49-60. [PMID: 38317831 PMCID: PMC10840535 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s439932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the potential therapeutic effects of Physalis angulata L. (Ciplukan) extract on lung fibrosis resolution in a Bleomycin-induced mouse model, researchers conducted a comprehensive study. The study focused on key genes associated with fibrosis progression, including Nox4, Mmp8, Klf4, and FAS, and assessed their mRNA expression levels following the administration of Ciplukan extract. Methods A Bleomycin-induced mice model was divided into seven groups to investigate the effects of ciplukan extract on fibrosis-related gene expressions. Mice were induced with subcutaneously injected Bleomycin to generate lung fibrosis and given different doses of the Ciplukan extract for four weeks. Lung fibrosis mRNA expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative PCR for Nox4, Klf4, Mmp8, and FAS. Results The administration of ciplukan extract resulted in a significant decrease in mRNA expression of Nox4 with p-value=0.000, Mmp8 with p-value =0.002, and Klf4 with p-value =0.007, indicating potential antifibrotic effects. However, FAS expression remained unchanged (p-value=0.127). Conclusion Ciplukan extract exhibited promising effects on fibrosis-related gene expressions, particularly Nox4, Mmp8, and Klf4. This study suggests that the extract has the potential to intervene in fibrosis progression, offering a potential avenue for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummul Khair Imaduddin
- Graduate School of Master Program in Anti Aging and Aesthetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Afiat Berbudi
- Parasitology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Enny Rohmawaty
- Pharmacology & Therapy Division, Departement of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Noble A, Qubrosi R, Cariba S, Favaro K, Payne SL. Neural dependency in wound healing and regeneration. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:181-203. [PMID: 37638700 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to injury, humans and many other mammals form a fibrous scar that lacks the structure and function of the original tissue, whereas other vertebrate species can spontaneously regenerate damaged tissues and structures. Peripheral nerves have been identified as essential mediators of wound healing and regeneration in both mammalian and nonmammalian systems, interacting with the milieu of cells and biochemical signals present in the post-injury microenvironment. This review examines the diverse functions of peripheral nerves in tissue repair and regeneration, specifically during the processes of wound healing, blastema formation, and organ repair. We compare available evidence in mammalian and nonmammalian models, identifying critical nerve-mediated mechanisms for regeneration and providing future perspectives toward integrating these mechanisms into a therapeutic framework to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noble
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rozana Qubrosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Solsa Cariba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla Favaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha L Payne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Salminen A. AMPK signaling inhibits the differentiation of myofibroblasts: impact on age-related tissue fibrosis and degeneration. Biogerontology 2024; 25:83-106. [PMID: 37917219 PMCID: PMC10794430 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an accumulation of fibrotic lesions within tissues are two of the distinctive hallmarks of the aging process. Tissue fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which display an impressive plasticity in the regulation of ECM integrity and thus on tissue homeostasis. Single-cell transcriptome studies have revealed that tissue fibroblasts exhibit a remarkable heterogeneity with aging and in age-related diseases. Excessive stress and inflammatory insults induce the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which are fusiform contractile cells and abundantly secrete the components of the ECM and proteolytic enzymes as well as many inflammatory mediators. Detrimental stresses can also induce the transdifferentiation of certain mesenchymal and myeloid cells into myofibroblasts. Interestingly, many age-related stresses, such as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, ECM stiffness, inflammatory mediators, telomere shortening, and several alarmins from damaged cells are potent inducers of myofibroblast differentiation. Intriguingly, there is convincing evidence that the signaling pathways stimulated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are potent inhibitors of myofibroblast differentiation and accordingly AMPK signaling reduces fibrotic lesions within tissues, e.g., in age-related cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. AMPK signaling is not only an important regulator of energy metabolism but it is also able to control cell fate determination and many functions of the immune system. It is known that AMPK signaling can delay the aging process via an integrated signaling network. AMPK signaling inhibits myofibroblast differentiation, e.g., by suppressing signaling through the TGF-β, NF-κB, STAT3, and YAP/TAZ pathways. It seems that AMPK signaling can alleviate age-related tissue fibrosis and degeneration by inhibiting the differentiation of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Jardin B, Epstein JA. Emerging mRNA therapies for cardiac fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C107-C111. [PMID: 38047297 PMCID: PMC11192469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00504.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis remains an unmet clinical need that has so far proven difficult to eliminate using current therapies. As such, novel technologies are needed that can target the pathological fibroblasts responsible for fibrosis and adverse tissue remodeling. mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is an emerging technology that could offer a solution to this problem. Indeed, this strategy has already shown clinical success with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. In this AJP perspective, we discuss how this technology can be leveraged to specifically target cardiac fibrosis via several complementary strategies. First, we discuss the successful preclinical studies in a mouse model of cardiac injury to use T cell-targeted LNPs to produce anti-fibroblast chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells in vivo that could effectively reduce cardiac fibrosis. Next, we discuss how these T cell-targeted LNPs could be used to generate T regulatory cells (T-regs), which could migrate to areas of active fibrosis and dampen inflammation through paracrine effects as an alternative to active fibroblast killing by CAR T cells. Finally, we conclude with thoughts on directly targeting pathological fibroblasts to deliver RNAs that could interfere with fibroblast activation and activity. We hope this discussion serves as a catalyst for finding approaches that harness the power of mRNA and LNPs to eliminate cardiac fibrosis and treat other fibrotic diseases amenable to such interventions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cardiac fibrosis has few specific interventions available for effective treatment. mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles could provide a novel solution for treating cardiac fibrosis. This AJP perspective discusses what possible strategies could rely on this technology, from in vivo-produced CAR T cells that kill pathological fibroblasts to in vivo-produced T regulatory cells that dampen the concomitant profibrotic inflammatory cells contributing to remodeling, directly targeting fibroblasts and eliminating them or silencing profibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Jardin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Tsai CF, Chen YC, Li YZ, Wu CT, Chang PC, Yeh WL. Imperatorin ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via GDF15 expression. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1292137. [PMID: 38111379 PMCID: PMC10725920 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1292137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary fibrosis features in damaged pulmonary structure or over-produced extracellular matrix and impaired lung function, leading to respiratory failure and eventually death. Fibrotic lungs are characterized by the secretion of pro-fibrotic factors, transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, and accumulation of matrix proteins. Hypothesis/purpose: Imperatorin shows anti-inflammatory effects on alveolar macrophages against acute lung injury. We attempt to evaluate the properties of imperatorin on the basis of fibroblasts. Methods: In in vitro, zymosan was introduced to provoke pro-fibrotic responses in NIH/3T3 or MRC-5 pulmonary fibroblasts. Imperatorin was given for examining its effects against fibrosis. The mice were stimulated by bleomycin, and imperatorin was administered to evaluate the prophylactic potential in vivo. Results: The upregulated expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen protein due to zymosan introduction was decreased by imperatorin in fibroblasts. Zymosan induced the activity of transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) and lysyl oxidase (LOX), which was also inhibited by the administration of imperatorin. Imperatorin alone enhanced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) secretion in fibroblasts via LKB1/AMPK/CREB pathways. In addition, GDF15 exerted a beneficial effect by reducing the protein expression of CTGF, α-SMA, and collagen and the activities of TGase and LOX. Moreover, orally administered imperatorin showed prophylactic effects on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Conclusion: Imperatorin reduces fibrotic marker expression in fibroblasts and also increases GDF15 secretion via the LKB1/AMPK/CREB pathway, attenuating pro-fibrotic responses in vitro. Imperatorin also alleviates pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Zhen Li
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Teng Wu
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhang J, Jiang X, Li X, Sun H, Wang M, Zhang W, Li H, Wang H, Zhuang M, Zhang L, Lu L, Tang J. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:910. [PMID: 37999562 PMCID: PMC10675078 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine disinfectants are important chemical agents with a broad spectrum of activity that are effective against most microorganisms. Chlorhexidine, one of the most used guanidine disinfectants, is added to shampoo and mouthwash and applied in medical device sterilization. During the use of chlorhexidine, aerosols with micron particle size may be formed, which may cause inhalation toxicity. To assess the toxicity of inhaled chlorhexidine aerosol, mice underwent the intratracheal instillation of different concentrations of chlorhexidine (0, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) using a MicroSprayer Aerosolizer. The mice were exposed for eight weeks and then sacrificed to obtain lung tissue for subsequent experiments. Histopathology staining revealed damaged lung tissues and increased collagen exudation. At the same time, pulmonary function tests showed that chlorhexidine exposure could cause restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, consistent with pulmonary fibrosis. The results of transcriptome analyses suggest that chlorhexidine may trigger an inflammatory response and promote the activation of pathways related to extracellular matrix deposition. Further, we identified that chlorhexidine exposure might enhance mucus secretion by up-regulating Muc5b and Muc5ac genes, thereby inducing fibrosis-like injury. These findings underscore the need for standardized use of disinfectants and the assessment of their inhalation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xinmin Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - He Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (H.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Min Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (H.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Lin Lu
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
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Salminen A. The role of immunosuppressive myofibroblasts in the aging process and age-related diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1169-1189. [PMID: 37606688 PMCID: PMC10560181 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which control the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibroblasts possess a remarkable plasticity to allow them to adapt to the changes in the microenvironment and thus maintain tissue homeostasis. Several stresses, also those associated with the aging process, convert quiescent fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which not only display fibrogenic properties but also act as immune regulators cooperating both with tissue-resident immune cells and those immune cells recruited into affected tissues. TGF-β cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major inducers of myofibroblast differentiation in pathological conditions either from quiescent fibroblasts or via transdifferentiation from certain other cell types, e.g., macrophages, adipocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Intriguingly, TGF-β and ROS are also important signaling mediators between immunosuppressive cells, such as MDSCs, Tregs, and M2 macrophages. It seems that in pathological states, myofibroblasts are able to interact with the immunosuppressive network. There is clear evidence that a low-grade chronic inflammatory state in aging tissues is counteracted by activation of compensatory immunosuppression. Interestingly, common enhancers of the aging process, such as oxidative stress, loss of DNA integrity, and inflammatory insults, are inducers of myofibroblasts, whereas anti-aging treatments with metformin and rapamycin suppress the differentiation of myofibroblasts and thus prevent age-related tissue fibrosis. I will examine the reciprocal interactions between myofibroblasts and immunosuppressive cells within aging tissues. It seems that the differentiation of myofibroblasts with age-related harmful stresses enhances the activity of the immunosuppressive network which promotes tissue fibrosis and degeneration in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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10
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Macias-Ceja DC, Mendoza-Ballesteros MT, Ortega-Albiach M, Barrachina MD, Ortiz-Masià D. Role of the epithelial barrier in intestinal fibrosis associated with inflammatory bowel disease: relevance of the epithelial-to mesenchymal transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1258843. [PMID: 37822869 PMCID: PMC10562728 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1258843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to tissue damage and remodelling, which can ultimately result in fibrosis. Prolonged injury and inflammation can trigger the activation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. As fibrosis progresses, the tissue becomes increasingly stiff and less functional, which can lead to complications such as intestinal strictures, obstructive symptoms, and eventually, organ dysfunction. Epithelial cells play a key role in fibrosis, as they secrete cytokines and growth factors that promote fibroblast activation and ECM deposition. Additionally, epithelial cells can undergo a process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in which they acquire a more mesenchymal-like phenotype and contribute directly to fibroblast activation and ECM deposition. Overall, the interactions between epithelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts play a critical role in the development and progression of fibrosis in IBD. Understanding these complex interactions may provide new targets for therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat fibrosis in IBD. In this review, we have collected and discussed the recent literature highlighting the contribution of epithelial cells to the pathogenesis of the fibrotic complications of IBD, including evidence of EMT, the epigenetic control of the EMT, the potential influence of the intestinal microbiome in EMT, and the possible therapeutic strategies to target EMT. Finally we discuss the pro-fibrotic interactions epithelial-immune cells and epithelial-fibroblasts cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce C. Macias-Ceja
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBEREHD, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - M. Dolores Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBEREHD, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masià
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBEREHD, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Mebratu YA, Soni S, Rosas L, Rojas M, Horowitz JC, Nho R. The aged extracellular matrix and the profibrotic role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C565-C579. [PMID: 37486065 PMCID: PMC10511170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible and fatal lung disease that is primarily found in the elderly population, and several studies have demonstrated that aging is the major risk factor for IPF. IPF is characterized by the presence of apoptosis-resistant, senescent fibroblasts that generate an excessively stiff extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM profoundly affects cellular functions and tissue homeostasis, and an aberrant ECM is closely associated with the development of lung fibrosis. Aging progressively alters ECM components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction through the expression of factors linked to a senescence-associated secretary phenotype (SASP). There is growing evidence that SASP factors affect various cell behaviors and influence ECM turnover in lung tissue through autocrine and/or paracrine signaling mechanisms. Since life expectancy is increasing worldwide, it is important to elucidate how aging affects ECM dynamics and turnover via SASP and thereby promotes lung fibrosis. In this review, we will focus on the molecular properties of SASP and its regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the pathophysiological process of ECM remodeling by SASP factors and the influence of an altered ECM from aged lungs on the development of lung fibrosis will be highlighted. Finally, recent attempts to target ECM alteration and senescent cells to modulate fibrosis will be introduced.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging is the most prominent nonmodifiable risk factor for various human diseases including Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Aging progressively alters extracellular matrix components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the pathological impact of aging and senescence on lung fibrosis via senescence-associated secretary phenotype factors and potential therapeutic approaches to limit the progression of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lorena Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Richard Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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12
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Takenaka T, Hasan A, Marumo T, Inoue T, Miyazaki T, Suzuki H, Kurosaki Y, Ishii N, Nishiyama A, Hayashi M. Klotho Supplementation Reverses Renal Dysfunction and Interstitial Fibrosis in Remnant Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:326-337. [PMID: 37019097 DOI: 10.1159/000530469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While recent investigations show that klotho exerts renoprotective actions, it has not been fully addressed whether klotho protein supplementation reverses renal damage. METHODS The impacts of subcutaneous klotho supplementation on rats with subtotal nephrectomy were examined. Animals were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (short remnant [SR]): remnant kidney for 4 weeks, group 2 (long remnant [LR]): remnant kidney for 12 weeks, and group 3 (klotho supplementation [KL]): klotho protein (20 μg/kg/day) supplementation on the remnant kidney. Blood pressure, blood and urine compositions with conventional methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, kidney histology, and renal expressions of various genes were analyzed. In vitro studies were also performed to support in vivo findings. RESULTS Klotho protein supplementation decreased albuminuria (-43%), systolic blood pressure (-16%), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 (-51%) and serum phosphate levels (-19%), renal angiotensin II concentration (-43%), fibrosis index (-70%), renal expressions of collagen I (-55%), and transforming growth factor β (-59%) (p < 0.05 for all). Klotho supplementation enhanced fractional excretion of phosphate (+45%), glomerular filtration rate (+76%), renal expressions of klotho (+148%), superoxide dismutase (+124%), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 (+174%) (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Our data indicated that klotho protein supplementation inactivated renal renin-angiotensin system, reducing blood pressure and albuminuria in remnant kidney. Furthermore, exogenous klotho protein supplementation elevated endogenous klotho expression to increase phosphate excretion with resultant reductions in FGF23 and serum phosphate. Finally, klotho supplementation reversed renal dysfunction and fibrosis in association with improved BMP7 in remnant kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Takenaka
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arif Hasan
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Marumo
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazaki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | | | - Naohito Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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13
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McElhinney K, Irnaten M, O’Brien C. p53 and Myofibroblast Apoptosis in Organ Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076737. [PMID: 37047710 PMCID: PMC10095465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis represents a dysregulated, maladaptive wound repair response that results in progressive disruption of normal tissue architecture leading to detrimental deterioration in physiological function, and significant morbidity/mortality. Fibrosis is thought to contribute to nearly 50% of all deaths in the Western world with current treatment modalities effective in slowing disease progression but not effective in restoring organ function or reversing fibrotic changes. When physiological wound repair is complete, myofibroblasts are programmed to undergo cell death and self-clearance, however, in fibrosis there is a characteristic absence of myofibroblast apoptosis. It has been shown that in fibrosis, myofibroblasts adopt an apoptotic-resistant, highly proliferative phenotype leading to persistent myofibroblast activation and perpetuation of the fibrotic disease process. Recently, this pathological adaptation has been linked to dysregulated expression of tumour suppressor gene p53. In this review, we discuss p53 dysregulation and apoptotic failure in myofibroblasts and demonstrate its consistent link to fibrotic disease development in all types of organ fibrosis. An enhanced understanding of the role of p53 dysregulation and myofibroblast apoptosis may aid in future novel therapeutic and/or diagnostic strategies in organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan McElhinney
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustapha Irnaten
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O’Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Sarkar A, Das S, Bone H, DeVengencie I, Prasad J, Farkas D, Londino JD, Nho RS, Rojas M, Horowitz JC. Regulation of Mesenchymal Cell Fate by Transfer of Active Gasdermin-D via Monocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:832-841. [PMID: 36688687 PMCID: PMC9998362 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by inappropriately persistent myofibroblast accumulation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition with the disruption of tissue architecture and organ dysfunction. Regulated death of reparative mesenchymal cells is critical for normal wound repair, but profibrotic signaling promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptotic stimuli. A complex interplay between immune cells and structural cells underlies lung fibrogenesis. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on how these cell populations interact to orchestrate physiologic and pathologic repair of the injured lung. In this context, gasdermin-D (GsdmD) is a cytoplasmic protein that is activated following cleavage by inflammatory caspases and induces regulated cell death by forming pores in cell membranes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of human (Thp-1) monocyte-derived extracellular vesicles and GsdmD on human lung fibroblast death. Our data show that active GsdmD delivered by monocyte-derived extracellular vesicles induces caspase-independent fibroblast and myofibroblast death. This cell death was partly mediated by GsdmD-independent induction of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP-2) in the recipient fibroblast population. Our findings, to our knowledge, define a novel paradigm by which inflammatory monocytes may orchestrate the death of mesenchymal cells in physiologic wound healing, illustrating the potential to leverage this mechanism to eliminate mesenchymal cells and facilitate the resolution of fibrotic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Sarkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Srabani Das
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Hannah Bone
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ivana DeVengencie
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jayendra Prasad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - James D Londino
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard S Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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15
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Caligiuri G, Tuveson DA. Activated fibroblasts in cancer: Perspectives and challenges. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:434-449. [PMID: 36917949 PMCID: PMC11022589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Activated fibroblasts in tumors, or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), have become a popular research area over the past decade. As important players in many aspects of tumor biology, with functions ranging from collagen deposition to immunosuppression, CAFs have been the target of clinical and pre-clinical studies that have revealed their potential pro- and anti-tumorigenic dichotomy. In this review, we describe the important role of CAFs in the tumor microenvironment and the technological advances that made these discoveries possible, and we detail the models that are currently available for CAF investigation. Additionally, we present evidence to support the value of encompassing CAF investigation as a future therapeutic avenue alongside immune and cancer cells while highlighting the challenges that must be addressed for successful clinical translation of new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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16
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Lung fibrosis: Post-COVID-19 complications and evidences. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109418. [PMID: 36736220 PMCID: PMC9633631 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID 19, a lethal viral outbreak that devastated lives and the economy across the globe witnessed non-compensable respiratory illnesses in patients. As been evaluated in reports, patients receiving long-term treatment are more prone to acquire Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF). Repetitive damage and repair of alveolar tissues increase oxidative stress, inflammation and elevated production of fibrotic proteins ultimately disrupting normal lung physiology skewing the balance towards the fibrotic milieu. AIM In the present work, we have discussed several important pathways which are involved in post-COVID PF. Further, we have also highlighted the rationale for the use of antifibrotic agents for post-COVID PF to decrease the burden and improve pulmonary functions in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION Based on the available literature and recent incidences, it is crucial to monitor COVID-19 patients over a period of time to rule out the possibility of residual effects. There is a need for concrete evidence to deeply understand the mechanisms responsible for PF in COVID-19 patients.
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17
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Cooley JC, Javkhlan N, Wilson JA, Foster DG, Edelman BL, Ortiz LA, Schwartz DA, Riches DW, Redente EF. Inhibition of antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins with ABT-263 induces fibroblast apoptosis, reversing persistent pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163762. [PMID: 36752201 PMCID: PMC9977433 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (PF-ILDs) carry a poor prognosis and have limited therapeutic options. A hallmark feature is fibroblast resistance to apoptosis, leading to their persistence, accumulation, and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. A complex balance of the B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein family controlling the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and fibroblast reliance on antiapoptotic proteins has been hypothesized to contribute to this resistant phenotype. Examination of lung tissue from patients with PF-ILD (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and silicosis) and mice with PF-ILD (repetitive bleomycin and silicosis) showed increased expression of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members in α-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts, suggesting that fibroblasts from fibrotic lungs may exhibit increased susceptibility to inhibition of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members BCL-2, BCL-XL, and BCL-W with the BH3 mimetic ABT-263. We used 2 murine models of PF-ILD to test the efficacy of ABT-263 in reversing established persistent pulmonary fibrosis. Treatment with ABT-263 induced fibroblast apoptosis, decreased fibroblast numbers, and reduced lung collagen levels, radiographic disease, and histologically evident fibrosis. Our studies provide insight into how fibroblasts gain resistance to apoptosis and become sensitive to the therapeutic inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins. By targeting profibrotic fibroblasts, ABT-263 offers a promising therapeutic option for PF-ILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Cooley
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nomin Javkhlan
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jasmine A. Wilson
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel G. Foster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Edelman
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Luis A. Ortiz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A. Schwartz
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David W.H. Riches
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Redente
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Arnhold J. Host-Derived Cytotoxic Agents in Chronic Inflammation and Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033016. [PMID: 36769331 PMCID: PMC9918110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At inflammatory sites, cytotoxic agents are released and generated from invading immune cells and damaged tissue cells. The further fate of the inflammation highly depends on the presence of antagonizing principles that are able to inactivate these host-derived cytotoxic agents. As long as the affected tissues are well equipped with ready-to-use protective mechanisms, no damage by cytotoxic agents occurs and resolution of inflammation is initiated. However, long-lasting and severe immune responses can be associated with the decline, exhaustion, or inactivation of selected antagonizing principles. Hence, cytotoxic agents are only partially inactivated and contribute to damage of yet-unperturbed cells. Consequently, a chronic inflammatory process results. In this vicious circle of permanent cell destruction, not only novel cytotoxic elements but also novel alarmins and antigens are liberated from affected cells. In severe cases, very low protection leads to organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock. In this review, the major classes of host-derived cytotoxic agents (reactive species, oxidized heme proteins and free heme, transition metal ions, serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases, and pro-inflammatory peptides), their corresponding protective principles, and resulting implications on the pathogenesis of diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Raslan AA, Pham TX, Lee J, Hong J, Schmottlach J, Nicolas K, Dinc T, Bujor AM, Caporarello N, Thiriot A, von Andrian UH, Huang SK, Nicosia RF, Trojanowska M, Varelas X, Ligresti G. Single Cell Transcriptomics of Fibrotic Lungs Unveils Aging-associated Alterations in Endothelial and Epithelial Cell Regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.523179. [PMID: 36712020 PMCID: PMC9882122 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.523179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung regeneration deteriorates with aging leading to increased susceptibility to pathologic conditions, including fibrosis. Here, we investigated bleomycin-induced lung injury responses in young and aged mice at single-cell resolution to gain insights into the cellular and molecular contributions of aging to fibrosis. Analysis of 52,542 cells in young (8 weeks) and aged (72 weeks) mice identified 15 cellular clusters, many of which exhibited distinct injury responses that associated with age. We identified Pdgfra + alveolar fibroblasts as a major source of collagen expression following bleomycin challenge, with those from aged lungs exhibiting a more persistent activation compared to young ones. We also observed age-associated transcriptional abnormalities affecting lung progenitor cells, including ATII pneumocytes and general capillary (gCap) endothelial cells (ECs). Transcriptional analysis combined with lineage tracing identified a sub-population of gCap ECs marked by the expression of Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase B (TrkB) that appeared in bleomycin-injured lungs and accumulated with aging. This newly emerged TrkB + EC population expressed common gCap EC markers but also exhibited a distinct gene expression signature associated with aberrant YAP/TAZ signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hypoxia. Finally, we defined ACKR1 + venous ECs that exclusively emerged in injured lungs of aged animals and were closely associated with areas of collagen deposition and inflammation. Immunostaining and FACS analysis of human IPF lungs demonstrated that ACKR1 + venous ECs were dominant cells within the fibrotic regions and accumulated in areas of myofibroblast aggregation. Together, these data provide high-resolution insights into the impact of aging on lung cell adaptability to injury responses.
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20
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Justet C, Hernández JA, Chifflet S. Roles of early events in the modifications undergone by bovine corneal endothelial cells during wound healing. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:89-102. [PMID: 35729299 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A mechanical injury in bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells in culture induces: (1) a fast calcium wave (FCW); (2) slow increases in cytosolic sodium and calcium, critical for the healing process, and (3) a rise in the apoptotic rate with respect to quiescent cells. In order to investigate the nature of the stimuli that determine the ionic changes and apoptotic response, we performed here studies on a non-injury model of tissue restitution in BCE monolayers. For this, we employed cell cultures grown to confluence in the presence of a Parafilm strip. We observed that, previously to strip removal, most of the border cells had already developed the slow ionic modifications, while in the scratch wounds these changes gradually occur after several hours of healing. This finding suggests that, in BCE cells, the presence of a free edge is sufficient to trigger ionic modifications necessary for wound healing and to elicit an augmented apoptotic response. The apoptotic index of the migrating cells in the Parafilm model (PF) was determined to be approximately two-fold the one of scratch wounds, a result that, in agreement with our previous observations, we attributed to the absence of the FCW in the PF experiments. The findings of this work further contribute to the understanding of epithelial wound healing, a crucial adaptive, and homeostatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Justet
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Julio A Hernández
- Sección Biofísica y Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá s/n esq. Mataojo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Chifflet
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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21
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Liu Y, Li Y, Xue L, Xiao J, Li P, Xue W, Li C, Guo H, Chen Y. The effect of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes signaling pathway on organ inflammatory injury and fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1033982. [PMID: 36545321 PMCID: PMC9762484 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1033982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes signal transduction pathway is critical in innate immunity, infection, and inflammation. In response to pathogenic microbial infections and other conditions, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes abnormal DNA and initiates a downstream type I interferon response. This paper reviews the pathogenic mechanisms of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in different organs, including changes in fibrosis-related biomarkers, intending to systematically investigate the effect of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes signal transduction in inflammation and fibrosis processes. The effects of stimulator of interferon genes in related auto-inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are described in this article, in addition to the application of stimulator of interferon genes-related drugs in treating fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yihui Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Pengyong Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wanlin Xue
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haipeng Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Haipeng Guo, ; Yuguo Chen,
| | - Yuguo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Haipeng Guo, ; Yuguo Chen,
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22
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Farkas L, Horowitz JC, Mora AL. How a fibroblast ages: a role for bone morphogenetic protein 4 in protecting lung fibroblasts from senescence in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2201702. [PMID: 36522139 PMCID: PMC10210359 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01702-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ana L Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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23
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Lv K, Wang Y, Lou P, Liu S, Zhou P, Yang L, Lu Y, Cheng J, Liu J. Extracellular vesicles as advanced therapeutics for the resolution of organ fibrosis: Current progress and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042983. [PMCID: PMC9630482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a serious health challenge worldwide, and its global incidence and medical burden are increasing dramatically each year. Fibrosis can occur in nearly all major organs and ultimately lead to organ dysfunction. However, current clinical treatments cannot slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis to end-stage organ failure, and thus advanced anti-fibrotic therapeutics are urgently needed. As a type of naturally derived nanovesicle, native extracellular vesicles (EVs) from multiple cell types (e.g., stem cells, immune cells, and tissue cells) have been shown to alleviate organ fibrosis in many preclinical models through multiple effective mechanisms, such as anti-inflammation, pro-angiogenesis, inactivation of myofibroblasts, and fibrinolysis of ECM components. Moreover, the therapeutic potency of native EVs can be further enhanced by multiple engineering strategies, such as genetic modifications, preconditionings, therapeutic reagent-loadings, and combination with functional biomaterials. In this review, we briefly introduce the pathology and current clinical treatments of organ fibrosis, discuss EV biology and production strategies, and particularly focus on important studies using native or engineered EVs as interventions to attenuate tissue fibrosis. This review provides insights into the development and translation of EV-based nanotherapies into clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lv
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingya Zhou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jingping Liu,
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24
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Rangarajan S, Locy ML, Chanda D, Kurundkar A, Kurundkar D, Larson‐Casey JL, Londono P, Bagchi RA, Deskin B, Elajaili H, Nozik ES, Deshane JS, Zmijewski JW, Eickelberg O, Thannickal VJ. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 reprograms metabolism to induce oxidative stress and myofibroblast senescence in age-associated lung fibrosis. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13674. [PMID: 35934931 PMCID: PMC9470902 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with age-related diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We provide evidence that implicates chronic elevation of the mitochondrial anion carrier protein, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), in increased generation of reactive oxygen species, altered redox state and cellular bioenergetics, impaired fatty acid oxidation, and induction of myofibroblast senescence. This pro-oxidant senescence reprogramming occurs in concert with conventional actions of UCP2 as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation with dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. UCP2 is highly expressed in human IPF lung myofibroblasts and in aged fibroblasts. In an aging murine model of lung fibrosis, the in vivo silencing of UCP2 induces fibrosis regression. These studies indicate a pro-fibrotic function of UCP2 in chronic lung disease and support its therapeutic targeting in age-related diseases associated with impaired tissue regeneration and organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunad Rangarajan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Morgan L. Locy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Diptiman Chanda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Ashish Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Deepali Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Larson‐Casey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Pilar Londono
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Rushita A. Bagchi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Brian Deskin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Hanan Elajaili
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Eva S. Nozik
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Jessy S. Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Jaroslaw W. Zmijewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- John W. Deming Department of MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
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25
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Promises and Challenges of Cell-Based Therapies to Promote Lung Regeneration in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162595. [PMID: 36010671 PMCID: PMC9406501 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung epithelium is constantly exposed to harmful agents present in the air that we breathe making it highly susceptible to damage. However, in instances of injury to the lung, it exhibits a remarkable capacity to regenerate injured tissue thanks to the presence of distinct stem and progenitor cell populations along the airway and alveolar epithelium. Mechanisms of repair are affected in chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive life-threatening disorder characterized by the loss of alveolar structures, wherein excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components cause the distortion of tissue architecture that limits lung function and impairs tissue repair. Here, we review the most recent findings of a study of epithelial cells with progenitor behavior that contribute to tissue repair as well as the mechanisms involved in mouse and human lung regeneration. In addition, we describe therapeutic strategies to promote or induce lung regeneration and the cell-based strategies tested in clinical trials for the treatment of IPF. Finally, we discuss the challenges, concerns and limitations of applying these therapies of cell transplantation in IPF patients. Further research is still required to develop successful strategies focused on cell-based therapies to promote lung regeneration to restore lung architecture and function.
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26
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Towards Treatable Traits for Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081275. [PMID: 36013224 PMCID: PMC9410230 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, of which many have the potential to lead to progressive pulmonary fibrosis. A distinction is usually made between primarily inflammatory ILD and primarily fibrotic ILD. As recent studies show that anti-fibrotic drugs can be beneficial in patients with primarily inflammatory ILD that is characterized by progressive pulmonary fibrosis, treatment decisions have become more complicated. In this perspective, we propose that the ‘treatable trait’ concept, which is based on the recognition of relevant exposures, various treatable phenotypes (disease manifestations) or endotypes (shared molecular mechanisms) within a group of diseases, can be applied to progressive pulmonary fibrosis. These targets for medical intervention can be identified through validated biomarkers and are not necessarily related to specific diagnostic labels. Proposed treatable traits are: cigarette smoking, occupational, allergen or drug exposures, excessive (profibrotic) auto- or alloimmunity, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, tuberculosis, exercise intolerance, exertional hypoxia, and anxiety and depression. There are also several potential traits that have not been associated with relevant outcomes or for which no effective treatment is available at present: air pollution, mechanical stress, viral infections, bacterial burden in the lungs, surfactant-related pulmonary fibrosis, telomere-related pulmonary fibrosis, the rs35705950 MUC5B promoter polymorphism, acute exacerbations, gastro-esophageal reflux, dyspnea, and nocturnal hypoxia. The ‘treatable traits’ concept can be applied in new clinical trials for patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis and could be used for developing new treatment strategies.
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27
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Research Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Fibrotic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5042762. [PMID: 35677107 PMCID: PMC9168133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5042762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of chronic injuries, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in organs, as seen in most chronic inflammatory diseases. At present, there is an increasing tendency of the morbidity and mortality of diseases caused by fibrosis, but the treatment measures for fibrosis are still limited. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily, which also has the name endocrine FGFs because of their endocrine manner. In recent years, it has been found that plasma FGF21 level is significantly correlated with fibrosis progression. Furthermore, there is evidence that FGF21 has a pronounced antifibrotic effect in a variety of fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this factor and fibrosis disease, highlighting emerging insights that warrant further research.
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28
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Cyanidin-3-galactoside ameliorates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast differentiation via Nrf2/p38/Akt/NOX4. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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29
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Nho RS, Ballinger MN, Rojas MM, Ghadiali SN, Horowitz JC. Biomechanical Force and Cellular Stiffness in Lung Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:750-761. [PMID: 35183510 PMCID: PMC9088200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by the continuous accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins produced by apoptosis-resistant (myo)fibroblasts. Lung epithelial injury promotes the recruitment and activation of fibroblasts, which are necessary for tissue repair and restoration of homeostasis. However, under pathologic conditions, a vicious cycle generated by profibrotic growth factors/cytokines, multicellular interactions, and matrix-associated signaling propagates the wound repair response and promotes lung fibrosis characterized not only by increased quantities of ECM proteins but also by changes in the biomechanical properties of the matrix. Importantly, changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of the matrix itself can serve to perpetuate fibroblast activity and propagate fibrosis, even in the absence of the initial stimulus of injury. The development of novel experimental models and methods increasingly facilitates our ability to interrogate fibrotic processes at the cellular and molecular levels. The goal of this review is to discuss the impact of ECM conditions in the development of lung fibrosis and to introduce new approaches to more accurately model the in vivo fibrotic microenvironment. This article highlights the pathologic roles of ECM in terms of mechanical force and the cellular interactions while reviewing in vitro and ex vivo models of lung fibrosis. The improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that contribute to lung fibrosis holds promise for identification of new therapeutic targets and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mauricio M Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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30
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Qin R, Zhao Q, Han B, Zhu HP, Peng C, Zhan G, Huang W. Indole-Based Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845892. [PMID: 35250597 PMCID: PMC8888875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole alkaloids are widely distributed in nature and have been particularly studied because of their diverse biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities. Many kinds of indole alkaloids have been applied to clinical practice, proving that indole alkaloids are beneficial scaffolds and occupy a crucial position in the development of novel agents. Fibrosis is an end-stage pathological condition of most chronic inflammatory diseases and is characterized by excessive deposition of fibrous connective tissue components, ultimately resulting in organ dysfunction and even failure with significant morbidity and mortality. Indole alkaloids and indole derivatives can alleviate pulmonary, myocardial, renal, liver, and islet fibrosis through the suppression of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, TGF-β/Smad pathway, and other signaling pathways. Natural indole alkaloids, such as isorhynchophylline, evodiamine, conophylline, indirubin, rutaecarpine, yohimbine, and vincristine, are reportedly effective in organ fibrosis treatment. In brief, indole alkaloids with a wide range of pharmacological bioactivities are important candidate drugs for organ fibrosis treatment. The present review discusses the potential of natural indole alkaloids, semi-synthetic indole alkaloids, synthetic indole derivatives, and indole-contained metabolites in organ fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Gu Zhan,
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Gu Zhan,
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31
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Parry D, Allison K. Is the future scarless? - Fibroblasts as targets for scarless wound healing: a narrative review. Scars Burn Heal 2022; 8:20595131221095348. [PMID: 36082315 PMCID: PMC9445533 DOI: 10.1177/20595131221095348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Scarless healing is the ideal outcome of wound healing and is exhibited in some species. This narrative review assembles the current understanding of fibroblast heterogenicity along with the latest fibroblast-related targets for scar reduction therapies. Human regenerative wound healing is deemed possible due to the wound regeneration already seen in the early gestation foetus. Methods: This literature narrative review was undertaken by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar to find articles concerning the fibroblast involvement in wound healing. We evaluated and collated these articles to form a consensus of the current understanding of the field. Discussion: This article describes current understanding of fibroblast heterogenicity and involvement in wound healing, focusing on the role of fibroblasts during physiological scarring. We also present the current most promising targets involving fibroblasts in the reduction of scarring and how we can manipulate the behaviour of fibroblasts to mimic the wound regeneration models in the human foetus. These targets include the pro-fibrotic EN1 positive fibroblast lineage, TGFβ1 inhibition, and genetic therapies utilising miRNAs and siRNAs. Conclusion: No therapies are currently available to eradicate scarring; however, treatment options are available to reduce the appearance of scarring. Further research into the heterogenicity and interactions of fibroblasts in both the foetus and adult is needed, and this may lead to the development of novel treatments against scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Parry
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Allison
- South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
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32
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Staab-Weijnitz CA. Fighting the Fiber: Targeting Collagen in Lung Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 66:363-381. [PMID: 34861139 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0342tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is characterized by epithelial injury and aberrant tissue repair, where activated effector cells, mostly fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, excessively deposit collagen into the extracellular matrix. Fibrosis frequently results in organ failure and has been estimated to contribute to at least one third of all global deaths. Also lung fibrosis, in particular idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is a fatal disease with rising incidence worldwide. As current treatment options targeting fibrogenesis are insufficient, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. During the last decade, several studies have proposed to target intra- and extracellular components of the collagen biosynthesis, maturation, and degradation machinery. This includes intra- and extracellular targets directly acting on collagen gene products, but also such that anabolize essential building blocks of collagen, in particular glycine and proline biosynthetic enzymes. Collagen, however, is a ubiquitous molecule in the body and fulfils essential functions as a macromolecular scaffold, growth factor reservoir, and receptor binding site in virtually every tissue. This review summarizes recent advances and future directions in this field. Evidence for the proposed therapeutic targets and where they currently stand in terms of clinical drug development for treatment of fibrotic disease is provided. The drug targets are furthermore discussed in light of (1) specificity for collagen biosynthesis, maturation and degradation, and (2) specificity for disease-associated collagen. As therapeutic success and safety of these drugs may largely depend on targeted delivery, different strategies for specific delivery to the main effector cells and to the extracellular matrix are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, 9150, Comprehensive Pneumology Center/Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), München, Germany;
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33
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Grant MP, Henley N, Dubuissez M, Chen N, Hartmann U, Royal V, Barbier O, Pichette V, Gerarduzzi C. Sub-chronic oral exposure of tungsten induces markers of kidney injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 322:C205-C217. [PMID: 34852206 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00277.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten is a naturally occurring transition element used in a broad range of applications. As a result of its extensive use, we are increasingly exposed to tungsten from our environment, including potable water, since tungsten can become bioaccessible in ground sources. The kidneys are particularly susceptible to tungsten exposure as this is the main site for tungsten excretion. In this study, we investigated the prolonged effects of tungsten on the kidneys and how this may impact injury and function. When mice were exposed to tungsten in their drinking water for 1-month, kidney function had not significantly changed. Following 3-month exposure, mice were presented with deterioration in kidney function as determined by serum and urine creatinine levels. During 3-months of tungsten exposure, murine kidneys demonstrated significant increases in the myofibroblast marker ⍺SMA, and extracellular matrix products: fibronectin, collagen, and matricellular proteins. In addition, Masson's trichrome and H&E staining revealed an increase in fibrotic tissue and vacuolization of tubular epithelial cells, respectively, from kidneys of tungsten-treated mice, indicative of renal injury. In vitro treatment of kidney fibroblasts with tungsten led to increased proliferation and upregulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGFβ1), which was consistent with the appearance of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT) markers. Our data suggest that continuous exposure to tungsten impairs kidney function that may lead to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Grant
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Henley
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Faculté de Médecine, Centre affilié à l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marion Dubuissez
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Faculté de Médecine, Centre affilié à l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nan Chen
- Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ursula Hartmann
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Virginie Royal
- Départment de Pathologie, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Vincent Pichette
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Faculté de Médecine, Centre affilié à l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Casimiro Gerarduzzi
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Faculté de Médecine, Centre affilié à l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Montreal, Canada
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Fatty acid nitroalkene reversal of established lung fibrosis. Redox Biol 2021; 50:102226. [PMID: 35150970 PMCID: PMC8844680 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs in response to dysregulated metabolism, pro-inflammatory signaling and tissue repair reactions. For example, lungs exposed to environmental toxins, cancer therapies, chronic inflammation and other stimuli manifest a phenotypic shift to activated myofibroblasts and progressive and often irreversible lung tissue scarring. There are no therapies that stop or reverse fibrosis. The 2 FDA-approved anti-fibrotic drugs at best only slow the progression of fibrosis in humans. The present study was designed to test whether a small molecule electrophilic nitroalkene, nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA), could reverse established pulmonary fibrosis induced by the intratracheal administration of bleomycin in C57BL/6 mice. After 14 d of bleomycin-induced fibrosis development in vivo, lungs were removed, sectioned and precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from control and bleomycin-treated mice were cultured ex vivo for 4 d with either vehicle or NO2-OA (5 μM). Biochemical and morphological analyses showed that over a 4 d time frame, NO2-OA significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory mediator and growth factor expression and reversed key indices of fibrosis (hydroxyproline, collagen 1A1 and 3A1, fibronectin-1). Quantitative image analysis of PCLS immunohistology reinforced these observations, revealing that NO2-OA suppressed additional hallmarks of the fibrotic response, including alveolar epithelial cell loss, myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation, collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression. NO2-OA also accelerated collagen degradation by resident macrophages. These effects occurred in the absence of the recognized NO2-OA modulation of circulating and migrating immune cell activation. Thus, small molecule nitroalkenes may be useful agents for reversing pathogenic fibrosis of lung and other organs. Small molecule electrophiles, pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drugs. NO2-OA inhibits activated myofibroblasts, induces dedifferentiation to fibroblasts. NO2-OA activates extracellular matrix degradation by macrophages. NO2-OA promotes proliferation of alveolar type 1 and 2 epithelial cells. NO2-OA reverses established lung fibrosis in murine lung slices.
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Development and Characterization of Alkaline Phosphatase-Positive Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113011. [PMID: 34831233 PMCID: PMC8616437 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs), harvested from human umbilical cord perivascular tissue, show potential for future use as an alternative to mesenchymal stromal cells. Here, we present the results for the characterization of the properties alkaline phosphatase-positive HUCPVCs (ALP(+)-HUCPVCs). These ALP(+)-HUCPVCs were created from HUCPVCs in this study by culturing in the presence of activated vitamin D3, an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein signaling and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1). The morphological characteristics, cell proliferation, gene expression, and mineralization-inducing ability of ALP(+)-HUCPVCs were investigated at the morphological, biological, and genetic levels. ALP(+)-HUCPVCs possess high ALP gene expression and activity in cells and a slow rate of cell growth. The morphology of ALP(+)-HUCPVCs is fibroblast-like, with an increase in actin filaments containing alpha-smooth muscle actin. In addition to ALP expression, the gene expression levels of type I collagen, osteopontin, elastin, fibrillin-1, and cluster of differentiation 90 are increased in ALP(+)-HUCPVCs. ALP(+)-HUCPVCs do not have the ability to induce mineralization nodules, which may be due to the restriction of phosphate uptake into matrix vesicles. Moreover, ALP(+)-HUCPVCs may produce anti-mineralization substances. We conclude that ALP(+)-HUCPVCs induced from HUCPVCs by a TGF-β1 stimulation possess myofibroblast-like properties that have little mineralization-inducing ability.
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Pehrsson M, Mortensen JH, Manon-Jensen T, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Davies MJ. Enzymatic cross-linking of collagens in organ fibrosis - resolution and assessment. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1049-1064. [PMID: 34330194 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1962711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Enzymatic cross-linking of the collagens within the extracellular matrix (ECM) catalyzed by enzymes such as lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase like-enzymes 1-4 (LOXL), transglutaminase 2 (TG2), and peroxidasin (PXDN) contribute to fibrosis progression through extensive collagen cross-linking. Studies in recent years have begun elucidating the important role of collagen cross-linking in perpetuating progression of organ fibrosis independently of inflammation through an increasingly stiff and noncompliant ECM. Therefore, collagen cross-linking and the cross-linking enzymes have become new targets in anti-fibrotic therapy as well as targets of novel biomarkers to properly assess resolution of the fibrotic ECM.Areas covered: The enzymatic actions of enzymes catalyzing collagen cross-linking and their relevance in organ fibrosis. Potential biomarkers specifically quantifying proteolytic fragments of collagen cross-linking is discussed based on Pubmed search done in November 2020 as well as the authors knowledge.Expert opinion: Current methods for the assessment of fibrosis involve the use of invasive and/or cumbersome and expensive methods such as tissue biopsies. Thus, an unmet need exists for the development and validation of minimally invasive biomarkers of proteolytic fragments of cross-linked collagens. These biomarkers may aid in the development and proper assessment of fibrosis resolution in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pehrsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biomarkers & Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
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Samarelli AV, Tonelli R, Marchioni A, Bruzzi G, Gozzi F, Andrisani D, Castaniere I, Manicardi L, Moretti A, Tabbì L, Cerri S, Beghè B, Dominici M, Clini E. Fibrotic Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease: The Molecular and Cellular Key Players. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8952. [PMID: 34445658 PMCID: PMC8396471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) that are known as diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) lead to the damage of alveolar epithelium and lung parenchyma, culminating in inflammation and widespread fibrosis. ILDs that account for more than 200 different pathologies can be divided into two groups: ILDs that have a known cause and those where the cause is unknown, classified as idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). IIPs include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) known also as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD), and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). In this review, our aim is to describe the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to the onset and progression of the different IIPs, starting from IPF as the most studied, in order to find both the common and standalone molecular and cellular key players among them. Finally, a deeper molecular and cellular characterization of different interstitial lung diseases without a known cause would contribute to giving a more accurate diagnosis to the patients, which would translate to a more effective treatment decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valeria Samarelli
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marchioni
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giulia Bruzzi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Filippo Gozzi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Dario Andrisani
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Ivana Castaniere
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Linda Manicardi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Luca Tabbì
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Stefania Cerri
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Bianca Beghè
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Clini
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
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Myofibroblast Functions in Tissue Repair and Fibrosis: An Introduction. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2299:9-15. [PMID: 34028732 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1382-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of myofibroblast biology has advanced over the past two decades, and the seemingly antagonistic roles of these cells in both normal tissue repair and fibrotic diseases are better reconciled. An age-related loss of cellular plasticity that results in impaired capacity for de-differentiation and apoptosis susceptibility may predispose individuals to non-resolving and progressive fibrotic disorders involving diverse organ systems.
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Johnson LA, Rodansky ES, Tran A, Collins SG, Eaton KA, Malamet B, Steiner CA, Huang S, Spence JR, Higgins PDR. Effect of ABT-263 on Intestinal Fibrosis in Human Myofibroblasts, Human Intestinal Organoids, and the Mouse Salmonella typhimurium Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:161-175. [PMID: 34302470 PMCID: PMC9017142 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis and subsequent intestinal obstruction are common complications of Crohn's disease (CD). Current therapeutics combat inflammation, but no pharmacological therapy exists for fibrostenotic disease. Pathological persistence of activated intestinal myofibroblasts is a key driver of fibrosis in CD. In other organ systems, BH-3 mimetic drugs that affect Bcl-2 apoptotic pathways induce apoptosis in activated myofibroblasts and reduce fibrogenic gene expression, thereby reducing fibrosis. METHODS We evaluated the proapoptotic and antifibrotic efficacy of several classes of BH-3 mimetics in 2 in vitro fibrogenesis models. The candidate molecule, ABT-263, was advanced to a 3-dimensional human intestinal organoid (HIO) model. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of ABT-263 was evaluated in the mouse Salmonella typhimurium intestinal fibrosis model. RESULTS The BH-3 mimetics induced apoptosis, repressed fibrotic protein expression, and reduced fibrogenic gene expression in normal human intestinal myofibroblasts. The BH-3 mimetics that target Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl demonstrated the greatest efficacy in vitro. The ABT-199 and ABT-263 induced apoptosis and ameliorated fibrogenesis in the in vitro myofibroblast models. In the HIO model, ABT-263 inhibited fibrogenesis and induced apoptosis. In the mouse S. typhimurium model, dose-dependent reduction in macroscopic pathology, histological inflammation, inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression, and extracellular matrix protein expression indicated ABT-263 may reduce intestinal fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS In vitro, the antifibrotic efficacy of BH-3 mimetics identifies the Bcl-2 pathway as a druggable target and BH-3 mimetics as putative therapeutics. Reduction of inflammation and fibrosis in the mouse intestinal fibrosis model by ABT-263 indicates BH-3 mimetics as potential, novel antifibrotic therapeutics for Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Eva S Rodansky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Anhdao Tran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Stephen G Collins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Kathryn A Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Malamet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Calen A Steiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter D R Higgins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA,Address correspondence to: Peter Higgins, MD, PhD, MS, Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, SPC 5682, 1150 West Medical Center
Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ()
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Samarelli AV, Tonelli R, Heijink I, Martin Medina A, Marchioni A, Bruzzi G, Castaniere I, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Manicardi L, Moretti A, Cerri S, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Nani C, Mastrolia I, Weiss DJ, Dominici M, Clini E. Dissecting the Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Cause or Solution. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:692551. [PMID: 34290610 PMCID: PMC8287856 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most aggressive forms of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, characterized by chronic and progressive fibrosis subverting the lung's architecture, pulmonary functional decline, progressive respiratory failure, and high mortality (median survival 3 years after diagnosis). Among the mechanisms associated with disease onset and progression, it has been hypothesized that IPF lungs might be affected either by a regenerative deficit of the alveolar epithelium or by a dysregulation of repair mechanisms in response to alveolar and vascular damage. This latter might be related to the progressive dysfunction and exhaustion of the resident stem cells together with a process of cellular and tissue senescence. The role of endogenous mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) resident in the lung in the homeostasis of these mechanisms is still a matter of debate. Although endogenous MSCs may play a critical role in lung repair, they are also involved in cellular senescence and tissue ageing processes with loss of lung regenerative potential. In addition, MSCs have immunomodulatory properties and can secrete anti-fibrotic factors. Thus, MSCs obtained from other sources administered systemically or directly into the lung have been investigated for lung epithelial repair and have been explored as a potential therapy for the treatment of lung diseases including IPF. Given these multiple potential roles of MSCs, this review aims both at elucidating the role of resident lung MSCs in IPF pathogenesis and the role of administered MSCs from other sources for potential IPF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valeria Samarelli
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Irene Heijink
- University of Groningen, Departments of Pathology & Medical Biology and Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aina Martin Medina
- IdISBa (Institut d’Investigacio Sanitaria Illes Balears), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Alessandro Marchioni
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bruzzi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ivana Castaniere
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Dario Andrisani
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Gozzi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Linda Manicardi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Cerri
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Fantini
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Tabbì
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Nani
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ilenia Mastrolia
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Program of Cell Therapy and Immuno-Oncology, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Clini
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- University Hospital of Modena, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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41
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Virk HS, Biddle MS, Smallwood DT, Weston CA, Castells E, Bowman VW, McCarthy J, Amrani Y, Duffy SM, Bradding P, Roach KM. TGFβ1 induces resistance of human lung myofibroblasts to cell death via down-regulation of TRPA1 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2948-2962. [PMID: 33786825 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE TGFβ1-mediated myofibroblast activation contributes to pathological fibrosis in many diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), where myofibroblast resistance to oxidant-mediated apoptosis is also evident. We therefore investigated the involvement of redox-sensitive TRPA1 ion channels on human lung myofibroblasts (HLMFs) cell death and TGFβ1-mediated pro-fibrotic responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of TGFβ1 stimulation on TRPA1 expression and cell viability was studied in HLMFs derived from IPF patients and non-fibrotic patients. We also examined a model of TGFβ1-dependent fibrogenesis in human lung. We used qRT-PCR, immunofluorescent assays, overexpression with lentiviral vectors and electrophysiological methods. KEY RESULTS TRPA1 mRNA, protein and ion currents were expressed in HLMFs derived from both non-fibrotic patient controls and IPF patients, and expression was reduced by TGFβ1. TRPA1 mRNA was also down-regulated by TGFβ1 in a model of lung fibrogenesis in human lung. TRPA1 over-expression or activation induced HLMF apoptosis, and activation of TRPA1 channel activation by H2 O2 induced necrosis. TRPA1 inhibition following TGFβ1 down-regulation or pharmacological inhibition, protected HLMFs from both apoptosis and necrosis. Lentiviral vector mediated TRPA1 expression was also found to induce sensitivity to H2 O2 induced cell death in a TRPA1-negative HEK293T cell line. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS TGFβ1 induces resistance of HLMFs to TRPA1 agonist- and H2 O2 -mediated cell death via down-regulation of TRPA1 channels. Our data suggest that therapeutic strategies which prevent TGFβ1-dependent down-regulation of TRPA1 may reduce myofibroblast survival in IPF and therefore improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder S Virk
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael S Biddle
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dawn T Smallwood
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Cathryn A Weston
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Emily Castells
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Viona W Bowman
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Jamie McCarthy
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yassine Amrani
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S Mark Duffy
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Peter Bradding
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Katy M Roach
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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42
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Schuster R, Rockel JS, Kapoor M, Hinz B. The inflammatory speech of fibroblasts. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:126-146. [PMID: 33987902 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of fibroblasts is a key event during normal tissue repair after injury and the dysregulated repair processes that result in organ fibrosis. To most researchers, fibroblasts are rather unremarkable spindle-shaped cells embedded in the fibrous collagen matrix of connective tissues and/or deemed useful to perform mechanistic studies with adherent cells in culture. For more than a century, fibroblasts escaped thorough classification due to the lack of specific markers and were treated as the leftovers after all other cells have been identified from a tissue sample. With novel cell lineage tracing and single cell transcriptomics tools, bona fide fibroblasts emerge as only one heterogeneous sub-population of a much larger group of partly overlapping cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells, fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells, pericytes, and/or perivascular cells. All these cells are activated to contribute to tissue repair after injury and/or chronic inflammation. "Activation" can entail various functions, such as enhanced proliferation, migration, instruction of inflammatory cells, secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and organizing enzymes, and acquisition of a contractile myofibroblast phenotype. We provide our view on the fibroblastic cell types and activation states playing a role during physiological and pathological repair and their crosstalk with inflammatory macrophages. Inflammation and fibrosis of the articular synovium during rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are used as specific examples to discuss inflammatory fibroblast phenotypes. Ultimately, delineating the precursors and functional roles of activated fibroblastic cells will contribute to better and more specific intervention strategies to treat fibroproliferative and fibrocontractive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Schuster
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,PhenomicAI, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason S Rockel
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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43
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Qu J, Yang SZ, Zhu Y, Guo T, Thannickal VJ, Zhou Y. Targeting mechanosensitive MDM4 promotes lung fibrosis resolution in aged mice. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202033. [PMID: 33688918 PMCID: PMC7953267 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a strong risk factor and an independent prognostic factor for progressive human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Aged mice develop nonresolving pulmonary fibrosis following lung injury. In this study, we found that mouse double minute 4 homolog (MDM4) is highly expressed in the fibrotic lesions of human IPF and experimental pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice. We identified MDM4 as a matrix stiffness-regulated endogenous inhibitor of p53. Reducing matrix stiffness down-regulates MDM4 expression, resulting in p53 activation in primary lung myofibroblasts isolated from IPF patients. Gain of p53 function activates a gene program that sensitizes lung myofibroblasts to apoptosis and promotes the clearance of apoptotic myofibroblasts by macrophages. Destiffening of the fibrotic lung matrix by targeting nonenzymatic cross-linking or genetic ablation of Mdm4 in lung (myo)fibroblasts activates the Mdm4-p53 pathway and promotes lung fibrosis resolution in aged mice. These findings suggest that mechanosensitive MDM4 is a molecular target with promising therapeutic potential against persistent lung fibrosis associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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44
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Fortier SM, Penke LR, King D, Pham TX, Ligresti G, Peters-Golden M. Myofibroblast dedifferentiation proceeds via distinct transcriptomic and phenotypic transitions. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144799. [PMID: 33561015 PMCID: PMC8026183 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are the major cellular source of collagen, and their accumulation - via differentiation from fibroblasts and resistance to apoptosis - is a hallmark of tissue fibrosis. Clearance of myofibroblasts by dedifferentiation and restoration of apoptosis sensitivity has the potential to reverse fibrosis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and mitogens such as FGF2 have each been shown to dedifferentiate myofibroblasts, but - to our knowledge - the resultant cellular phenotypes have neither been comprehensively characterized or compared. Here, we show that PGE2 elicited dedifferentiation of human lung myofibroblasts via cAMP/PKA, while FGF2 utilized MEK/ERK. The 2 mediators yielded transitional cells with distinct transcriptomes, with FGF2 promoting but PGE2 inhibiting proliferation and survival. The gene expression pattern in fibroblasts isolated from the lungs of mice undergoing resolution of experimental fibrosis resembled that of myofibroblasts treated with PGE2 in vitro. We conclude that myofibroblast dedifferentiation can proceed via distinct programs exemplified by treatment with PGE2 and FGF2, with dedifferentiation occurring in vivo most closely resembling the former.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loka R. Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Dana King
- BCRF Bioinformatics Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tho X. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Sassoli C, Nistri S, Chellini F, Bani D. Human Recombinant Relaxin (Serelaxin) as Anti-fibrotic Agent: Pharmacology, Limitations and Actual Perspectives. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:196-208. [PMID: 33687895 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666210309113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin (recombinant human relaxin-2 hormone; RLX-2; serelaxin) had raised expectations as a new medication for fibrotic diseases. A plethora of in vitro and in vivo studies have offered convincing demonstrations that relaxin promotes remodelling of connective tissue extracellular matrix mediated by inhibition of multiple fibrogenic pathways, especially the downstream signalling of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a major pro-fibrotic cytokine, and the recruitment and activation of myofibroblast, the main fibrosis-generating cells. However, all clinical trials with relaxin in patients with fibrotic diseases gave inconclusive results. In this review, we have summarized the molecular mechanisms of fibrosis, highlighting those which can be effectively targeted by relaxin. Then, we have performed a critical reappraisal of the clinical trials performed to-date with relaxin as anti-fibrotic drug, in order to highlight their key points of strength and weakness and to identify some future opportunities for the therapeutic use of relaxin, or its analogues, in fibrotic diseases and pathologic scarring which, in our opinion, deserve to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Human Anatomy. Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Human Anatomy. Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
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46
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Rehan M, Kurundkar D, Kurundkar AR, Logsdon NJ, Smith SR, Chanda D, Bernard K, Sanders YY, Deshane JS, Dsouza KG, Rangarajan S, Zmijewski JW, Thannickal VJ. Restoration of SIRT3 gene expression by airway delivery resolves age-associated persistent lung fibrosis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:205-217. [PMID: 34386777 PMCID: PMC8357317 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for progressive fibrotic disorders involving diverse organ systems, including the lung. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, an age-associated degenerative lung disorder, is characterized by persistence of apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts. In this report, we demonstrate that sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, is downregulated in lungs of IPF human subjects and in mice subjected to lung injury. Over-expression of the SIRT3 cDNA via airway delivery restored capacity for fibrosis resolution in aged mice, in association with activation of the forkhead box transcription factor, FoxO3a, in fibroblasts, upregulation of pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, and recovery of apoptosis susceptibility. While transforming growth factor-β1 reduced levels of SIRT3 and FoxO3a in lung fibroblasts, cell non-autonomous effects involving macrophage secreted products were necessary for SIRT3-mediated activation of FoxO3a. Together, these findings reveal a novel role of SIRT3 in pro-resolution macrophage functions that restore susceptibility to apoptosis in fibroblasts via a FoxO3a-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rehan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Deepali Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ashish R Kurundkar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Naomi J Logsdon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samuel R Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Diptiman Chanda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Karen Bernard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yan Y Sanders
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kevin G Dsouza
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sunad Rangarajan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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47
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Younesi FS, Son DO, Firmino J, Hinz B. Myofibroblast Markers and Microscopy Detection Methods in Cell Culture and Histology. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2299:17-47. [PMID: 34028733 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1382-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The identification of myofibroblasts is essential for mechanistic in vitro studies, cell-based drug tests, and to assess the level of fibrosis in experimental animal or human fibrosis. The name myo-fibroblast was chosen in 1971 to express that the formation of contractile features-stress fibers is the essential criterion to define these cells. Additional neo-expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in stress fibers has become the most widely used molecular marker. Here, we briefly introduce the concept of different myofibroblast activation states, of which the highly contractile α-SMA-positive phenotype represents a most advanced functional stage. We provide targeted immunofluorescence protocols to assess this phenotype, and publicly accessible image analysis tools to quantify the level of myofibroblast activation in culture and in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh S Younesi
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joao Firmino
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Collaborative Advanced Microscopy Laboratories of Dentistry (CAMiLoD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Collaborative Advanced Microscopy Laboratories of Dentistry (CAMiLoD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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48
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Goliwas KF, Deshane JS. Extracellular Vesicles: Bidirectional Accelerators of Cellular Senescence in Fibrosis? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:547-548. [PMID: 32780980 PMCID: PMC7605167 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0313ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla F Goliwas
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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49
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Yang ZL, Chen C, Huang L, Zhou SC, Hu YN, Xia LM, Li Y. Fibrotic Changes Depicted by Thin-Section CT in Patients With COVID-19 at the Early Recovery Stage: Preliminary Experience. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:605088. [PMID: 33330571 PMCID: PMC7732534 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.605088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To analyze follow-up CTs of patients recovering from COVID-19 in Wuhan, focusing on fibrotic change and its relevant risk factors. Methods: From January 13 to February 27, 2020, 166 hospitalized patients meeting our criteria were included. The scores of fibrotic patterns on follow-up CT were evaluated. Patients were designated as group 1 (with CT evidence of fibrotic pattern) and group 2 (without CT evidence of fibrotic pattern). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to explore risk factors for fibrotic change in patients with COVID-19. Results: The follow-up CTs were obtained on 56 days (median, IQR 51–63 days) after symptom onset. Of the 166 patients (mean age, 57 ± 15 years; 69/166 male), 46% (76/166) had CT evidence of fibrotic change and 77% (127/166) were severe or critical cases. Among patients with fibrotic change on CT, 84% (64/76) got a minimal or mild score of fibrosis. The high total score on peak CT, peak eosinophils, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and advancing age were related to lung fibrotic change in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: Forty six percentages of patients (mainly severe or critical cases) with COVID-19 showed fibrotic change on follow-up CT at early recovery phase, while the extent of fibrosis was not large. The advancing age, high total score on peak CT, peak eosinophils and ESR were associated with fibrotic change depicted by CT in patients recovering from COVID-19. An extended follow up by CT imaging and pulmonary function testing is necessary to fully assess the sequela of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu Yang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Chang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Na Hu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Ming Xia
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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50
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Atabai K, Yang CD, Podolsky MJ. You Say You Want a Resolution (of Fibrosis). Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:424-435. [PMID: 32640171 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0182tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathological fibrosis, aberrant tissue remodeling with excess extracellular matrix leads to organ dysfunction and eventual morbidity. Diseases of fibrosis create significant global health and economic burdens and are often deadly. Although fibrosis has traditionally been thought of as an irreversible process, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that organ fibrosis can reverse in certain circumstances, especially if an underlying cause of injury can be removed. This body of evidence has uncovered more and more contributors to persistent and nonresolving tissue fibrosis. Here, we review the present knowledge on resolution of organ fibrosis and restoration of near-normal tissue architecture. We emphasize three critical areas of tissue homeostasis that are necessary for fibrosis resolution, namely, the elimination of matrix-producing cells, the clearance of excess matrix, and the regeneration of normal tissue constituents. In so doing, we also highlight how profibrotic pathways interact with one another and where there may be therapeutic opportunities to intervene and remediate pathological persistent fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Atabai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Michael J Podolsky
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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