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Dill H, Liewald JF, Becker M, Seidenthal M, Gottschalk A. Neuropeptidergic regulation of neuromuscular signaling in larval zebrafish alters swimming behavior and synaptic transmission. iScience 2024; 27:110687. [PMID: 39252958 PMCID: PMC11381845 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical synaptic transmission is modulated to accommodate different activity levels, thus enabling homeostatic scaling in pre- and postsynaptic compartments. In nematodes, cholinergic neurons use neuropeptide signaling to modulate synaptic vesicle content. To explore if this mechanism is conserved in vertebrates, we studied the involvement of neuropeptides in cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of larval zebrafish. Optogenetic stimulation by photoactivated adenylyl cyclase evoked locomotion. We generated mutants lacking the neuropeptide-processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E (cpe), and the most abundant neuropeptide precursor in motor neurons, tachykinin (tac1). Both mutants showed exaggerated locomotion after photostimulation. Recording excitatory postsynaptic currents demonstrated overall larger amplitudes in the wild type. Exaggerated locomotion in the mutants thus reflected upscaling of postsynaptic excitability. Both mutant muscles expressed more nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on their surface; thus, neuropeptide signaling regulates synaptic transmitter output in zebrafish motor neurons, and muscle cells homeostatically regulate nAChR surface expression, compensating reduced presynaptic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Dill
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jana F Liewald
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michelle Becker
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marius Seidenthal
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Schubert T, Schaaf CP. MAGEL2 (patho-)physiology and Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38950199 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by autism spectrum disorder, joint contractures, and profound hypothalamic dysfunction. SYS is caused by variants in MAGEL2, a gene within the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) locus on chromosome 15. In this review, we consolidate decades of research on MAGEL2 to elucidate its physiological functions. Moreover, we synthesize current knowledge on SYS, suggesting that while MAGEL2 loss-of-function seems to underlie several SYS and PWS phenotypes, additional pathomechanisms probably contribute to the distinct and severe phenotype observed in SYS. In addition, we highlight recent therapeutic advances and identify promising avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schubert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Zhang D, Hugo W, Bergsneider M, Wang MB, Kim W, Han K, Vinters HV, Heaney AP. Cabergoline targets multiple pathways to inhibit PRL secretion and increases stromal fibrosis. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:467-478. [PMID: 38781434 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unravel the potential mechanism(s) of the on- and off-target actions of dopamine agonist therapy in both human prolactinoma tumors and neighboring stromal and immune cells. DESIGN AND METHODS Five surgically resected prolactinomas (PRLomas) from 3 cabergoline (CBG)-treated patients and 2 treatment-naive patients were analyzed by using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to compare the cellular composition and transcriptional landscape. RESULTS Six major cell populations, namely tumor (88.2%), immune (5.6%), stromal (4.9%), progenitor cells (0.6%), proliferating cells (0.4%), and erythrocytes (0.2%), were observed. Tumor cells from CBG-treated patients expressed lower levels of genes that regulated hormone secretion, such as SCG2, VGF, TIMP1, NNAT, and CALD1, consistent with the inhibitory effects of CBG on hormone processing and secretion. Interestingly, we also observed an increased number of CD8+ T cells in the CBG-treated tissues. These cytotoxic CD8+ T cells expressed killing granule components such as perforin and the granzymes GZMB, GNLY, and KLRD1 as well as the inflammatory cytokine CCL5. Immune cell activation of these CD8+ T cells was further analyzed in a compartment-specific manner, and increased CD25 (IL2R) expression was noted in the CD8+ T cells from the CBG-treated samples. Additionally, and confirming prior reports, we noted a higher stromal cell population in the CBG-treated samples. CONCLUSIONS Our scRNA-seq studies revealed key differences in the transcriptomic features of CBG-treated and CBG-untreated PRLomas in both tumor and microenvironment cellular constituents, and for the first time, describe the previously unknown activation of CD8+ T cells following CBG treatment, which may play a role in the tumoricidal actions of CBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Willy Hugo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marvin Bergsneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marilene B Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karam Han
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony P Heaney
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Szenci G, Glatz G, Takáts S, Juhász G. The Ykt6-Snap29-Syx13 SNARE complex promotes crinophagy via secretory granule fusion with Lamp1 carrier vesicles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3200. [PMID: 38331993 PMCID: PMC10853563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Drosophila larval salivary gland, developmentally programmed fusions between lysosomes and secretory granules (SGs) and their subsequent acidification promote the maturation of SGs that are secreted shortly before puparium formation. Subsequently, ongoing fusions between non-secreted SGs and lysosomes give rise to degradative crinosomes, where the superfluous secretory material is degraded. Lysosomal fusions control both the quality and quantity of SGs, however, its molecular mechanism is incompletely characterized. Here we identify the R-SNARE Ykt6 as a novel regulator of crinosome formation, but not the acidification of maturing SGs. We show that Ykt6 localizes to Lamp1+ carrier vesicles, and forms a SNARE complex with Syntaxin 13 and Snap29 to mediate fusion with SGs. These Lamp1 carriers represent a distinct vesicle population that are functionally different from canonical Arl8+, Cathepsin L+ lysosomes, which also fuse with maturing SGs but are controlled by another SNARE complex composed of Syntaxin 13, Snap29 and Vamp7. Ykt6- and Vamp7-mediated vesicle fusions also determine the fate of SGs, as loss of either of these SNAREs prevents crinosomes from acquiring endosomal PI3P. Our results highlight that fusion events between SGs and different lysosome-related vesicle populations are critical for fine regulation of the maturation and crinophagic degradation of SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző Szenci
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Glatz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takáts
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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5
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Kirchner MK, Althammer F, Donaldson KJ, Cox DN, Stern JE. Changes in neuropeptide large dense core vesicle trafficking dynamics contribute to adaptive responses to a systemic homeostatic challenge. iScience 2023; 26:108243. [PMID: 38026155 PMCID: PMC10654599 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are packed into large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) that are transported from the soma out into their processes. Limited information exists regarding mechanisms regulating LDCV trafficking, particularly during challenges to bodily homeostasis. Addressing this gap, we used 2-photon imaging in an ex vivo preparation to study LDCVs trafficking dynamics in vasopressin (VP) neurons, which traffic and release neuropeptide from their dendrites and axons. We report a dynamic bidirectional trafficking of VP-LDCVs with important differences in speed and directionality between axons and dendrites. Acute, short-lasting stimuli known to alter VP firing activity and axonal/dendritic release caused modest changes in VP-LDCVs trafficking dynamics. Conversely, chronic/sustained systemic osmotic challenges upregulated VP-LDCVs trafficking dynamic, with a larger effect in dendrites. These results support differential regulation of dendritic and axonal LDCV trafficking, and that changes in trafficking dynamics constitute a novel mechanism by which peptidergic neurons can efficiently adapt to conditions of increased hormonal demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Kirchner
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ferdinand Althammer
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin J. Donaldson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Center for Neuromics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Center for Neuromics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Javier E. Stern
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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6
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Štepihar D, Florke Gee RR, Hoyos Sanchez MC, Fon Tacer K. Cell-specific secretory granule sorting mechanisms: the role of MAGEL2 and retromer in hypothalamic regulated secretion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1243038. [PMID: 37799273 PMCID: PMC10548473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1243038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein trafficking and sorting are extremely arduous in endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, which synthesize and secrete on-demand substantial quantities of proteins. To ensure that neuroendocrine secretion operates correctly, each step in the secretion pathways is tightly regulated and coordinated both spatially and temporally. At the trans-Golgi network (TGN), intrinsic structural features of proteins and several sorting mechanisms and distinct signals direct newly synthesized proteins into proper membrane vesicles that enter either constitutive or regulated secretion pathways. Furthermore, this anterograde transport is counterbalanced by retrograde transport, which not only maintains membrane homeostasis but also recycles various proteins that function in the sorting of secretory cargo, formation of transport intermediates, or retrieval of resident proteins of secretory organelles. The retromer complex recycles proteins from the endocytic pathway back to the plasma membrane or TGN and was recently identified as a critical player in regulated secretion in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, melanoma antigen protein L2 (MAGEL2) was discovered to act as a tissue-specific regulator of the retromer-dependent endosomal protein recycling pathway and, by doing so, ensures proper secretory granule formation and maturation. MAGEL2 is a mammalian-specific and maternally imprinted gene implicated in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang neurodevelopmental syndromes. In this review, we will briefly discuss the current understanding of the regulated secretion pathway, encompassing anterograde and retrograde traffic. Although our understanding of the retrograde trafficking and sorting in regulated secretion is not yet complete, we will review recent insights into the molecular role of MAGEL2 in hypothalamic neuroendocrine secretion and how its dysregulation contributes to the symptoms of Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang patients. Given that the activation of many secreted proteins occurs after they enter secretory granules, modulation of the sorting efficiency in a tissue-specific manner may represent an evolutionary adaptation to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Štepihar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Maria Camila Hoyos Sanchez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
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7
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Priest MF, Freda SN, Rieth IJ, Badong D, Dumrongprechachan V, Kozorovitskiy Y. Peptidergic and functional delineation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112992. [PMID: 37594894 PMCID: PMC10512657 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neuronal populations that release fast-acting excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain also contain slower-acting neuropeptides. These facultative peptidergic cell types are common, but it remains uncertain whether neurons that solely release peptides exist. Our fluorescence in situ hybridization, genetically targeted electron microscopy, and electrophysiological characterization suggest that most neurons of the non-cholinergic, centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus in mice are obligately peptidergic. We further show, using anterograde projection mapping, monosynaptic retrograde tracing, angled-tip fiber photometry, and chemogenetic modulation and genetically targeted ablation in conjunction with canonical assays for anxiety, that this peptidergic population activates in response to loss of motor control and promotes anxiety responses. Together, these findings elucidate an integrative, ethologically relevant role for the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and functionally align the nucleus with the periaqueductal gray, where it resides. This work advances our understanding of peptidergic modulation of anxiety and provides a framework for future investigations of peptidergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Priest
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sara N Freda
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Isabelle J Rieth
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Deanna Badong
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vasin Dumrongprechachan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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8
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Weimershaus M, Carvalho C, Rignault R, Waeckel-Enee E, Dussiot M, van Endert P, Maciel TT, Hermine O. Mast cell-mediated inflammation relies on insulin-regulated aminopeptidase controlling cytokine export from the Golgi. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023:S0091-6749(23)00090-8. [PMID: 36708814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On activation, mast cells rapidly release preformed inflammatory mediators from large cytoplasmic granules via regulated exocytosis. This acute degranulation is followed by a late activation phase involving synthesis and secretion of cytokines, growth factors, and other inflammatory molecules via the constitutive pathway that remains ill defined. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role for an insulin-responsive vesicle-like endosomal compartment, marked by insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), in the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in mast cells and macrophages. METHODS Murine knockout (KO) mouse models (IRAP-KO and kit-Wsh/sh) were used to study inflammatory disease models and to measure and mechanistically investigate cytokine secretion and degranulation in bone marrow-derived mast cells in vitro. RESULTS IRAP-KO mice are protected from TNF-α-dependent kidney injury and inflammatory arthritis. In the absence of IRAP, TNF-α and IL-6 but not IL-10 fail to be efficiently secreted. Moreover, chemical targeting of IRAP endosomes reduced proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Mechanistically, impaired TNF-α export from the Golgi and reduced colocalization of vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) 3-positive TNF-α transport vesicles with syntaxin 4 (aka Stx4) was observed in IRAP-KO mast cells, while VAMP8-dependent exocytosis of secretory granules was facilitated. CONCLUSION IRAP plays a novel role in mast cell-mediated inflammation through the regulation of exocytic trafficking of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Weimershaus
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, INSERM U1163, F-75015, Paris, France.
| | - Caroline Carvalho
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, INSERM U1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Rignault
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, INSERM U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael Dussiot
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, INSERM U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- INSERM UMR 1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thiago Trovati Maciel
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, INSERM U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, INSERM U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France; Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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9
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Ai LS, Yu YB. Role of Paneth cells-associated Crohn's disease susceptibility genes in development of Crohn's disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:1009-1015. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i23.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory digestive tract disease, and its pathogenesis involves many factors such as genetics, environment, and flora. In terms of genetic factors, many susceptibility genes and pathogenic pathways of CD are associated with Paneth cells (PCs). Numerous studies have demonstrated that PCs are involved in the pathogenesis of CD by affecting the gut microbiota and inducing intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and immune abnormalities. These advances provide new ideas for the prevention of CD and potential therapeutic targets for this disease. This article reviews the role of PCs-associated CD susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Si Ai
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (First Clinical College), Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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10
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Vti1a/b support distinct aspects of TGN and cis-/medial Golgi organization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20870. [PMID: 36460703 PMCID: PMC9718741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde trafficking towards the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is important for dense core vesicle (DCV) biogenesis. Here, we used Vti1a/b deficient neurons to study the impact of disturbed retrograde trafficking on Golgi organization and cargo sorting. In Vti1a/b deficient neurons, staining intensity of cis-/medial Golgi proteins (e.g., GM130 and giantin) was increased, while the intensity of two recycling TGN proteins, TGN38 and TMEM87A, was decreased and the TGN-resident protein Golgin97 was normal. Levels and localization of DCV cargo markers, LAMP1 and KDEL were also altered. This phenotype was not caused by reduced Golgi size or absence of a TGN compartment. The phenotype was partially phenocopied by disturbing sphingolipid homeostasis, but was not rescued by overexpression of sphingomyelin synthases or the sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor myriocin. We conclude that Vti1a/b are important for distinct aspects of TGN and cis-/medial Golgi organization. Our data underline the importance of retrograde trafficking for Golgi organization, DCV cargo sorting and the distribution of proteins of the regulated secretory pathway.
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11
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Lin Z, Li Y, Hang Y, Wang C, Liu B, Li J, Yin L, Jiang X, Du X, Qiao Z, Zhu F, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhou Z. Tuning the Size of Large Dense-Core Vesicles and Quantal Neurotransmitter Release via Secretogranin II Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202263. [PMID: 35896896 PMCID: PMC9507364 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) are larger in volume than synaptic vesicles, and are filled with multiple neuropeptides, hormones, and neurotransmitters that participate in various physiological processes. However, little is known about the mechanism determining the size of LDCVs. Here, it is reported that secretogranin II (SgII), a vesicle matrix protein, contributes to LDCV size regulation through its liquid-liquid phase separation in neuroendocrine cells. First, SgII undergoes pH-dependent polymerization and the polymerized SgII forms phase droplets with Ca2+ in vitro and in vivo. Further, the Ca2+ -induced SgII droplets recruit reconstituted bio-lipids, mimicking the LDCVs biogenesis. In addition, SgII knockdown leads to significant decrease of the quantal neurotransmitter release by affecting LDCV size, which is differently rescued by SgII truncations with different degrees of phase separation. In conclusion, it is shown that SgII is a unique intravesicular matrix protein undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation, and present novel insights into how SgII determines LDCV size and the quantal neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Yinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Yuqi Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Changhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Lili Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Xingyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zhongjun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Feipeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Quanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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12
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Casello SM, Flores RJ, Yarur HE, Wang H, Awanyai M, Arenivar MA, Jaime-Lara RB, Bravo-Rivera H, Tejeda HA. Neuropeptide System Regulation of Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:796443. [PMID: 35800635 PMCID: PMC9255232 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.796443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides, a diverse class of signaling molecules in the nervous system, modulate various biological effects including membrane excitability, synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis, gene expression, and glial cell architecture and function. To date, most of what is known about neuropeptide action is limited to subcortical brain structures and tissue outside of the central nervous system. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in our understanding of neuropeptide function within cortical circuits. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of various families of neuropeptides and their cognate receptors that are expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, we highlight dynorphin, enkephalin, corticotropin-releasing factor, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Further, we review the implication of neuropeptide signaling in prefrontal cortical circuit function and use as potential therapeutic targets. Together, this review summarizes established knowledge and highlights unknowns of neuropeptide modulation of neural function underlying various biological effects while offering insights for future research. An increased emphasis in this area of study is necessary to elucidate basic principles of the diverse signaling molecules used in cortical circuits beyond fast excitatory and inhibitory transmitters as well as consider components of neuropeptide action in the PFC as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. Therefore, this review not only sheds light on the importance of cortical neuropeptide studies, but also provides a comprehensive overview of neuropeptide action in the PFC to serve as a roadmap for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M. Casello
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rodolfo J. Flores
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hector E. Yarur
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Huikun Wang
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Monique Awanyai
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Miguel A. Arenivar
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rosario B. Jaime-Lara
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hector Bravo-Rivera
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hugo A. Tejeda
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Hugo A. Tejeda,
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13
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Zhang D, Hugo W, Bergsneider M, Wang MB, Kim W, Vinters HV, Heaney AP. Single-cell RNA sequencing in silent corticotroph tumors confirms impaired POMC processing and provides new insights into their invasive behavior. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:49-64. [PMID: 35521707 PMCID: PMC9248914 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Provide insights into the defective POMC processing and invasive behavior in silent pituitary corticotroph tumors. Design and methods Single-cell RNAseq was used to compare the cellular makeup and transcriptome of silent and active corticotroph tumors. Results A series of transcripts related to hormone processing peptidases and genes involved in the structural organization of secretory vesicles were reduced in silent compared to active corticotroph tumors. Most relevant to their invasive behavior, silent corticotroph tumors exhibited several features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, with increased expression of mesenchymal genes along with the loss of transcripts that regulate hormonal biogenesis and secretion. Silent corticotroph tumor vascular smooth muscle cell and pericyte stromal cell populations also exhibited plasticity in their mesenchymal features. Conclusions Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of impaired POMC processing and invasion in silent corticotroph tumors and suggest that a common transcriptional reprogramming mechanism simultaneously impairs POMC processing and activates tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Willy Hugo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Marvin Bergsneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Marilene B. Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Harry V. Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Anthony P. Heaney
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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14
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Cai N, Lai ACK, Liao K, Corridon PR, Graves DJ, Chan V. Recent Advances in Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching for Decoupling Transport and Kinetics of Biomacromolecules in Cellular Physiology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1913. [PMID: 35567083 PMCID: PMC9105003 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the new molecular tools available to scientists and engineers, some of the most useful include fluorescently tagged biomolecules. Tools, such as green fluorescence protein (GFP), have been applied to perform semi-quantitative studies on biological signal transduction and cellular structural dynamics involved in the physiology of healthy and disease states. Such studies focus on drug pharmacokinetics, receptor-mediated endocytosis, nuclear mechanobiology, viral infections, and cancer metastasis. In 1976, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), which involves the monitoring of fluorescence emission recovery within a photobleached spot, was developed. FRAP allowed investigators to probe two-dimensional (2D) diffusion of fluorescently-labelled biomolecules. Since then, FRAP has been refined through the advancements of optics, charged-coupled-device (CCD) cameras, confocal microscopes, and molecular probes. FRAP is now a highly quantitative tool used for transport and kinetic studies in the cytosol, organelles, and membrane of a cell. In this work, the authors intend to provide a review of recent advances in FRAP. The authors include epifluorescence spot FRAP, total internal reflection (TIR)/FRAP, and confocal microscope-based FRAP. The underlying mathematical models are also described. Finally, our understanding of coupled transport and kinetics as determined by FRAP will be discussed and the potential for future advances suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cai
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan 430073, China;
| | - Alvin Chi-Keung Lai
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Kin Liao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - David J. Graves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
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15
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He X, Ewing AG. Simultaneous Counting of Molecules in the Halo and Dense-Core of Nanovesicles by Regulating Dynamics of Vesicle Opening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116217. [PMID: 35129861 PMCID: PMC9306628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery that in the presence of chaotropic anions (SCN- ) the opening of nanometer biological vesicles at an electrified interface often becomes a two-step process (around 30 % doublet peaks). We have then used this to independently count molecules in each subvesicular compartment, the halo and protein dense-core, and the fraction of catecholamine binding to the dense-core is 68 %. Moreover, we differentiated two distinct populations of large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) and quantified their content, which might correspond to immature (43 %) and mature (30 %) LDCVs, to reveal differences in their biogenesis. We speculate this is caused by an increase in the electrostatic attraction between protonated catecholamine and the negatively charged dense-core following adsorption of SCN- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan He
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
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16
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Mittal A, Chauhan A. Aspects of Biological Replication and Evolution Independent of the Central Dogma: Insights from Protein-Free Vesicular Transformations and Protein-Mediated Membrane Remodeling. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:185-209. [PMID: 35333977 PMCID: PMC8951669 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological membrane remodeling is central to living systems. In spite of serving as “containers” of whole-living systems and functioning as dynamic compartments within living systems, biological membranes still find a “blue collar” treatment compared to the “white collar” nucleic acids and proteins in biology. This may be attributable to the fact that scientific literature on biological membrane remodeling is only 50 years old compared to ~ 150 years of literature on proteins and a little less than 100 years on nucleic acids. However, recently, evidence for symbiotic origins of eukaryotic cells from data only on biological membranes was reported. This, coupled with appreciation of reproducible amphiphilic self-assemblies in aqueous environments (mimicking replication), has already initiated discussions on origins of life beyond nucleic acids and proteins. This work presents a comprehensive compilation and meta-analyses of data on self-assembly and vesicular transformations in biological membranes—starting from model membranes to establishment of Influenza Hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion as a prototypical remodeling system to a thorough comparison between enveloped mammalian viruses and cellular vesicles. We show that viral membrane fusion proteins, in addition to obeying “stoichiometry-driven protein folding”, have tighter compositional constraints on their amino acid occurrences than general-structured proteins, regardless of type/class. From the perspective of vesicular assemblies and biological membrane remodeling (with and without proteins) we find that cellular vesicles are quite different from viruses. Finally, we propose that in addition to pre-existing thermodynamic frameworks, kinetic considerations in de novo formation of metastable membrane structures with available “third-party” constituents (including proteins) were not only crucial for origins of life but also continue to offer morphological replication and/or functional mechanisms in modern life forms, independent of the central dogma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mittal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India. .,Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (SCFBio), IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Akanksha Chauhan
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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17
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He X, Ewing AG. Simultaneous Counting of Molecules in the Halo and Dense‐Core of Nanovesicles by Regulating Dynamics of Vesicle Opening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan He
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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18
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Li W, Hao CJ, Hao ZH, Ma J, Wang QC, Yuan YF, Gong JJ, Chen YY, Yu JY, Wei AH. New insights into the pathogenesis of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:290-302. [PMID: 35129281 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is characterized by defects of multiple tissue-specific lysosome-related organelles (LROs), typically manifesting with oculocutaneous albinism or ocular albinism, bleeding tendency, and in some cases with pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease or immunodeficiency, neuropsychological disorders. Eleven HPS subtypes in humans and at least 15 subtypes in mice have been molecularly identified. Current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HPS is focusing on the defective biogenesis of LROs. Compelling evidences have shown that HPS protein-associated complexes (HPACs) function in cargo transport, cargo recycling, and cargo removal to maintain LRO homeostasis. Further investigation on the molecular and cellular mechanism of LRO biogenesis and secretion will be helpful for better understanding of its pathogenesis and for the precise intervention of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan-Juan Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Feng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan-Juan Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Ishii J, Sato-Yazawa H, Kashiwagi K, Nakadate K, Iwamoto M, Kohno K, Miyata-Hiramatsu C, Masawa M, Onozaki M, Noda S, Miyazawa T, Takagi M, Yazawa T. Endocrine secretory granule production is caused by a lack of REST and intragranular secretory content and accelerated by PROX1. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:437-448. [PMID: 35094211 PMCID: PMC9117388 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine secretory granules (ESGs) are morphological characteristics of endocrine/neuroendocrine cells and store peptide hormones/neurotransmitters. ESGs contain prohormones and ESG-related molecules, mainly chromogranin/secretogranin family proteins. However, the precise mechanism of ESG formation has not been elucidated. In this study, we experimentally induced ESGs in the non-neuroendocrine lung cancer cell line H1299. Since repressive element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) are closely associated with the expression of ESG-related molecules, we edited the REST gene and/or transfected PROX1 and then performed molecular biology, immunocytochemistry, and electron and immunoelectron microscopy assays to determine whether ESG-related molecules and ESGs were induced in H1299 cells. Although chromogranin/secretogranin family proteins were induced in H1299 cells by knockout of REST and the induction was accelerated by the PROX1 transgene, the ESGs could not be defined by electron microscopy. However, a small number of ESGs were detected in the H1299 cells lacking REST and expressing pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) by electron microscopy. Furthermore, many ESGs were produced in the REST-lacking and PROX1- and POMC-expressing H1299 cells. These findings suggest that a lack of REST and the expression of genes related to ESG content are indispensable for ESG production and that PROX1 accelerates ESG production. Trial registration: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hanako Sato-Yazawa
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Korehito Kashiwagi
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakadate
- Education Research Center, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Iwamoto
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kakeru Kohno
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
- Institute of Life Innovation Studies, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chie Miyata-Hiramatsu
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Meitetsu Masawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masato Onozaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Noda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadasuke Miyazawa
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Megumi Takagi
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan.
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20
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Reck J, Beuret N, Demirci E, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Spiess M. Small disulfide loops in peptide hormones mediate self-aggregation and secretory granule sorting. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/5/e202101279. [PMID: 35086936 PMCID: PMC8807871 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike constitutively secreted proteins, peptide hormones are stored in densely packed secretory granules, before regulated release upon stimulation. Secretory granules are formed at the TGN by self-aggregation of prohormones as functional amyloids. The nonapeptide hormone vasopressin, which forms a small disulfide loop, was shown to be responsible for granule formation of its precursor in the TGN as well as for toxic fibrillar aggregation of unfolded mutants in the ER. Several other hormone precursors also contain similar small disulfide loops suggesting their function as a general device to mediate aggregation for granule sorting. To test this hypothesis, we studied the capacity of small disulfide loops of different hormone precursors to mediate aggregation in the ER and the TGN. They indeed induced ER aggregation in Neuro-2a and COS-1 cells. Fused to a constitutively secreted reporter protein, they also promoted sorting into secretory granules, enhanced stimulated secretion, and increased Lubrol insolubility in AtT20 cells. These results support the hypothesis that small disulfide loops act as novel signals for sorting into secretory granules by self-aggregation.
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21
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Yoon MC, Ames J, Mosier C, Jiang Z, Podvin S, O’Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Distinct Dibasic Cleavage Specificities of Neuropeptide-Producing Cathepsin L and Cathepsin V Cysteine Proteases Compared to PC1/3 and PC2 Serine Proteases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:245-256. [PMID: 34986304 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides, functioning as peptide neurotransmitters and hormones, are generated from proneuropeptide precursors by proteolytic processing at dibasic residue sites (i.e., KR, RK, KK, RR). The cysteine proteases cathepsin L and cathepsin V, combined with the serine proteases proprotein convertases 1 and 2 (PC1/3 and PC2), participate in proneuropeptide processing to generate active neuropeptides. To compare the dibasic cleavage properties of these proteases, this study conducted global, unbiased substrate profiling of these processing proteases using a diverse peptide library in multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS) assays. MSP-MS utilizes a library of 228 14-mer peptides designed to contain all possible protease cleavage sites, including the dibasic residue sites of KR, RK, KK, and RR. The comprehensive MSP-MS analyses demonstrated that cathepsin L and cathepsin V cleave at the N-terminal side and between the dibasic residues (e.g., ↓K↓R, ↓R↓K, and K↓K), with a preference for hydrophobic residues at the P2 position of the cleavage site. In contrast, the serine proteases PC1/3 and PC2 displayed cleavage at the C-terminal side of dibasic residues of a few peptide substrates. Further analyses with a series of dipeptide-AMC and tripeptide-AMC substrates containing variant dibasic sites with hydrophobic P2 residues indicated the preferences of cathepsin L and cathepsin V to cleave between dibasic residue sites with preferences for flanking hydrophobic residues at the P2 position consisting of Leu, Trp, Phe, and Tyr. Such hydrophobic amino acids reside in numerous proneuropeptides such as pro-NPY and proenkephalin that are known to be processed by cathepsin L. Notably, cathepsin L displayed the highest specific activity that was 10-, 64-, and 1268-fold greater than cathepsin V, PC1/3, and PC2, respectively. Peptide-AMC substrates with dibasic residues confirmed that PC1/3 and P2 cleaved almost exclusively at the C-terminal side of dibasic residues. These data demonstrate distinct dibasic cleavage site properties and a broad range of proteolytic activities of cathepsin L and cathepsin V, compared to PC1/3 and PC2, which participate in producing neuropeptides for cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Janneca Ames
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0657, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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22
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Göcz B, Takács S, Skrapits K, Rumpler É, Solymosi N, Póliska S, Colledge WH, Hrabovszky E, Sárvári M. Estrogen differentially regulates transcriptional landscapes of preoptic and arcuate kisspeptin neuron populations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:960769. [PMID: 36093104 PMCID: PMC9454256 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.960769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin neurons residing in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (KPRP3V) and the arcuate nucleus (KPARC) mediate positive and negative estrogen feedback, respectively. Here, we aim to compare transcriptional responses of KPRP3V and KPARC neurons to estrogen. Transgenic mice were ovariectomized and supplemented with either 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle. Fluorescently tagged KPRP3V neurons collected by laser-capture microdissection were subjected to RNA-seq. Bioinformatics identified 222 E2-dependent genes. Four genes encoding neuropeptide precursors (Nmb, Kiss1, Nts, Penk) were robustly, and Cartpt was subsignificantly upregulated, suggesting putative contribution of multiple neuropeptides to estrogen feedback mechanisms. Using overrepresentation analysis, the most affected KEGG pathways were neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and dopaminergic synapse. Next, we re-analyzed our previously obtained KPARC neuron RNA-seq data from the same animals using identical bioinformatic criteria. The identified 1583 E2-induced changes included suppression of many neuropeptide precursors, granins, protein processing enzymes, and other genes related to the secretory pathway. In addition to distinct regulatory responses, KPRP3V and KPARC neurons exhibited sixty-two common changes in genes encoding three hormone receptors (Ghsr, Pgr, Npr2), GAD-65 (Gad2), calmodulin and its regulator (Calm1, Pcp4), among others. Thirty-four oppositely regulated genes (Kiss1, Vgf, Chrna7, Tmem35a) were also identified. The strikingly different transcriptional responses in the two neuron populations prompted us to explore the transcriptional mechanism further. We identified ten E2-dependent transcription factors in KPRP3V and seventy in KPARC neurons. While none of the ten transcription factors interacted with estrogen receptor-α, eight of the seventy did. We propose that an intricate, multi-layered transcriptional mechanism exists in KPARC neurons and a less complex one in KPRP3V neurons. These results shed new light on the complexity of estrogen-dependent regulatory mechanisms acting in the two functionally distinct kisspeptin neuron populations and implicate additional neuropeptides and mechanisms in estrogen feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - William H. Colledge
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
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Wen G, Pang H, Wu X, Jiang E, Zhang X, Zhan X. Proteomic characterization of secretory granules in dopaminergic neurons indicates chromogranin/secretogranin-mediated protein processing impairment in Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20335-20358. [PMID: 34420933 PMCID: PMC8436928 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an aging disorder related to vesicle transport dysfunctions and neurotransmitter secretion. Secretory granules (SGs) are large dense-core vesicles for the biosynthesis of neuropeptides and hormones. At present, the involvement of SGs impairment in PD remains unclear. In the current study, we found that the number of SGs in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and the marker proteins secretogranin III (Scg3) significantly decreased in the substantia nigra and striatum regions of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposed mice. Proteomic study of SGs purified from the dopaminergic SH-sy5Y cells under 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatments (ProteomeXchange PXD023937) identified 536 significantly differentially expressed proteins. The result indicated that disabled lysosome and peroxisome, lipid and energy metabolism disorders are three characteristic features. Protein-protein interaction analysis of 56 secretory proteins and 140 secreted proteins suggested that the peptide processing mediated by chromogranin/secretogranin in SGs was remarkably compromised, accompanied by decreased candidate proteins and peptides neurosecretory protein (VGF), neuropeptide Y, apolipoprotein E, and an increased level of proenkephalin. The current study provided an extensive proteinogram of SGs in PD. It is helpful to understand the molecular mechanisms in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehua Wen
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Hao Pang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Enzhu Jiang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xique Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiaoni Zhan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
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24
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Jiang Z, Lietz CB, Podvin S, Yoon MC, Toneff T, Hook V, O’Donoghue AJ. Differential Neuropeptidomes of Dense Core Secretory Vesicles (DCSV) Produced at Intravesicular and Extracellular pH Conditions by Proteolytic Processing. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2385-2398. [PMID: 34153188 PMCID: PMC8267839 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
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Neuropeptides mediate
cell–cell signaling in the nervous
and endocrine systems. The neuropeptidome is the spectrum of peptides
generated from precursors by proteolysis within dense core secretory
vesicles (DCSV). DCSV neuropeptides and contents are released to the
extracellular environment where further processing for neuropeptide
formation may occur. To assess the DCSV proteolytic capacity for production
of neuropeptidomes at intravesicular pH 5.5 and extracellular pH 7.2,
neuropeptidomics, proteomics, and protease assays were conducted using
chromaffin granules (CG) purified from adrenal medulla. CG are an
established model of DCSV. The CG neuropeptidome consisted of 1239
unique peptides derived from 15 proneuropeptides that were colocalized
with 64 proteases. Distinct CG neuropeptidomes were generated at the
internal DCSV pH of 5.5 compared to the extracellular pH of 7.2. Class-specific
protease inhibitors differentially regulated neuropeptidome production
involving aspartic, cysteine, serine, and metallo proteases. The substrate
cleavage properties of CG proteases were assessed by multiplex substrate
profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS) that uses a synthetic peptide
library containing diverse cleavage sites for endopeptidases and exopeptidases.
Parallel inhibitor-sensitive cleavages for neuropeptidome production
and peptide library proteolysis led to elucidation of six CG proteases
involved in neuropeptidome production, represented by cathepsins A,
B, C, D, and L and carboxypeptidase E (CPE). The MSP-MS profiles of
these six enzymes represented the majority of CG proteolytic cleavages
utilized for neuropeptidome production. These findings provide new
insight into the DCSV proteolytic system for production of distinct
neuropeptidomes at the internal CG pH of 5.5 and at the extracellular
pH of 7.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Thomas Toneff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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25
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Lange F, Agüi-Gonzalez P, Riedel D, Phan NTN, Jakobs S, Rizzoli SO. Correlative fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry (CLEM-SIMS) for cellular imaging. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240768. [PMID: 33970908 PMCID: PMC8109779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) has been employed for decades to analyze cell structure. To also analyze the positions and functions of specific proteins, one typically relies on immuno-EM or on a correlation with fluorescence microscopy, in the form of correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM). Nevertheless, neither of these procedures is able to also address the isotopic composition of cells. To solve this, a correlation with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) would be necessary. SIMS has been correlated in the past to EM or to fluorescence microscopy in biological samples, but not to CLEM. We achieved this here, using a protocol based on transmission EM, conventional epifluorescence microscopy and nanoSIMS. The protocol is easily applied, and enables the use of all three technologies at high performance parameters. We suggest that CLEM-SIMS will provide substantial information that is currently beyond the scope of conventional correlative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lange
- Research Group Mitochondrial Structure and Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paola Agüi-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jakobs
- Research Group Mitochondrial Structure and Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SOR)
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SOR)
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26
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Moro A, van Nifterick A, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Dynamin controls neuropeptide secretion by organizing dense-core vesicle fusion sites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf0659. [PMID: 34020952 PMCID: PMC8139595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicles (SVs) release neurotransmitters at specialized active zones, but release sites and organizing principles for the other major secretory pathway, neuropeptide/neuromodulator release from dense-core vesicles (DCVs), remain elusive. We identify dynamins, yeast Vps1 orthologs, as DCV fusion site organizers in mammalian neurons. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of all three dynamins strongly impaired DCV exocytosis, while SV exocytosis remained unaffected. Wild-type dynamin restored normal exocytosis but not guanosine triphosphatase-deficient or membrane-binding mutants that cause neurodevelopmental syndromes. During prolonged stimulation, repeated use of the same DCV fusion location was impaired in dynamin 1-3 triple knockout neurons. The syntaxin-1 staining efficiency, but not its expression level, was reduced. αSNAP (α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein) expression restored this. We conclude that mammalian dynamins organize DCV fusion sites, downstream of αSNAP, by regulating the equilibrium between fusogenic and non-fusogenic syntaxin-1 promoting its availability for SNARE (SNAP receptor) complex formation and DCV exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Moro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne van Nifterick
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruud F Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Tokuo H, Komaba S, Coluccio LM. In pancreatic β-cells myosin 1b regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by modulating an early step in insulin granule trafficking from the Golgi. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1210-1220. [PMID: 33826361 PMCID: PMC8351557 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin, which controls blood glucose levels, and defects in insulin secretion are responsible for diabetes mellitus. The actin cytoskeleton and some myosins support insulin granule trafficking and release, although a role for the class I myosin Myo1b, an actin- and membrane-associated load-sensitive motor, in insulin biology is unknown. We found by immunohistochemistry that Myo1b is expressed in islet cells of the rat pancreas. In cultured rat insulinoma 832/13 cells, Myo1b localized near actin patches, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) marker TGN38, and insulin granules in the perinuclear region. Myo1b depletion by small interfering RNA in 832/13 cells reduced intracellular proinsulin and insulin content and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and led to the accumulation of (pro)insulin secretory granules (SGs) at the TGN. Using an in situ fluorescent pulse-chase strategy to track nascent proinsulin, Myo1b depletion in insulinoma cells reduced the number of (pro)insulin-containing SGs budding from the TGN. The studies indicate for the first time that in pancreatic β-cells Myo1b controls GSIS at least in part by mediating an early stage in insulin granule trafficking from the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokuo
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2518
| | - Shigeru Komaba
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2518
| | - Lynne M Coluccio
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2518
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28
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Götz TWB, Puchkov D, Lysiuk V, Lützkendorf J, Nikonenko AG, Quentin C, Lehmann M, Sigrist SJ, Petzoldt AG. Rab2 regulates presynaptic precursor vesicle biogenesis at the trans-Golgi. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211946. [PMID: 33822845 PMCID: PMC8025234 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable delivery of presynaptic material, including active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins from neuronal somata to synaptic terminals, is prerequisite for successful synaptogenesis and neurotransmission. However, molecular mechanisms controlling the somatic assembly of presynaptic precursors remain insufficiently understood. We show here that in mutants of the small GTPase Rab2, both active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins accumulated in the neuronal cell body at the trans-Golgi and were, consequently, depleted at synaptic terminals, provoking neurotransmission deficits. Ectopic presynaptic material accumulations consisted of heterogeneous vesicles and short tubules of 40 × 60 nm, segregating in subfractions either positive for active zone or synaptic vesicle proteins and LAMP1, a lysosomal membrane protein. Genetically, Rab2 acts upstream of Arl8, a lysosomal adaptor controlling axonal export of precursors. Collectively, we identified a Golgi-associated assembly sequence of presynaptic precursor biogenesis dependent on a Rab2-regulated protein export and sorting step at the trans-Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten W B Götz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronika Lysiuk
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Lützkendorf
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christine Quentin
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan J Sigrist
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid G Petzoldt
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Role of Wnt signaling pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2219-2232. [PMID: 33566231 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major global public health issue in the twenty-first century and its incidence has increased each year. Wnt signaling pathways are a set of multi-downstream signaling pathways activated by the binding of Wnt ligands to membrane protein receptors. Wnt signaling pathways regulate protein expression and play important roles in protecting the body's normal physiological metabolism. This review describes Wnt signaling pathways, and then aims to reveal how Wnt signaling pathways participate in the occurrence and development of T2DM. We found that Wnt/c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling was closely associated with insulin resistance, inflammatory response, and pancreatic β-cell and endothelial dysfunction. β-catenin/transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2)-mediated and calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells-mediated target genes were involved in insulin synthesis and secretion, insulin degradation, pancreatic β-cell growth and regeneration, and functional application of pancreatic β-cells. In addition, polymorphisms in the TCF7L2 gene could increase risk of T2DM according to previous and the most current results, and the T allele of its variants was a more adverse factor for abnormal pancreatic β-cell function and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with T2DM. These findings indicate a strong correlation between Wnt signaling pathways and T2DM, particularly in terms of pancreatic islet dysfunction and insulin resistance, and new therapeutic targets for T2DM may be identified.
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30
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Yang E, Shen J. The roles and functions of Paneth cells in Crohn's disease: A critical review. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12958. [PMID: 33174662 PMCID: PMC7791172 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the base of small intestinal crypts and secrete the α‐defensins, human α‐defensin 5 (HD‐5) and human α‐defensin 6 (HD‐6) in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α‐defensins are broad‐spectrum microbicides that play critical roles in controlling gut microbiota and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD), is a complicated autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of CD involves genetic factors, environmental factors and microflora. Surprisingly, with regard to genetic factors, many susceptible genes and pathogenic pathways of CD, including nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity‐related guanosine triphosphatase family M (IRGM), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), histone deacetylases (HDACs), caspase‐8 (Casp8) and X‐box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1), are relevant to PCs. As the underlying mechanisms are being unravelled, PCs are identified as the central element of CD pathogenesis, integrating factors among microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and the immune system. In the present review, we demonstrate how these genes and pathways regulate CD pathogenesis via their action on PCs and what treatment modalities can be applied to deal with these PC‐mediated pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Zhan X, Wen G, Jiang E, Li F, Wu X, Pang H. Secretogranin III upregulation is involved in parkinsonian toxin-mediated astroglia activation. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:271-280. [PMID: 32404559 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Environmental neurotoxins such as paraquat (PQ), manganese, and 1-1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) are associated with a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). These parkinsonian toxins exert certain common toxicological effects on astroglia; however, their role in the regulatory functions of astroglial secretory proteins remains unclear. In a previous study, we observed that secretogranin II (SCG2) and secretogranin III (SCG3), which are important components of the regulated secretory pathway, were elevated in PQ-activated U118 astroglia. In the current study, we used the parkinsonian toxins dopamine (DA), active metabolite of MPTP (MPP+), MnCl2, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as inducers, and studied the potential regulation of SCG2 and SCG3. Our results showed that all the parkinsonian toxins except LPS affected astroglial viability but did not cause apoptosis. Exposure to DA, MPP+, and MnCl2 upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for astrocyte activation, and stimulated the levels of several astrocytic-derived factors. Further, DA, MPP+, and MnCl2 exposure impeded astroglial cell cycle progression. Moreover, the expression of SCG3 was elevated, while its exosecretion was inhibited in astroglia activated by parkinsonian toxins. The level of SCG2 remained unchanged. In combination with our previous findings, the results of this study indicate that SCG3 may act as a cofactor in astrocyte activation stimulated by various toxins, and the regulation of SCG3 could be involved in the toxicological mechanism by which parkinsonian toxins affect astroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Zhan
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, China
| | - Gehua Wen
- Department of Forensic Clinical Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, China
| | - Enzhu Jiang
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, China
| | | | - Xu Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, China
| | - Hao Pang
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, China
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32
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Chen H, Victor AK, Klein J, Tacer KF, Tai DJ, de Esch C, Nuttle A, Temirov J, Burnett LC, Rosenbaum M, Zhang Y, Ding L, Moresco JJ, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Tillman HS, Leibel RL, Talkowski ME, Billadeau DD, Reiter LT, Potts PR. Loss of MAGEL2 in Prader-Willi syndrome leads to decreased secretory granule and neuropeptide production. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138576. [PMID: 32879135 PMCID: PMC7526459 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a developmental disorder caused by loss of maternally imprinted genes on 15q11-q13, including melanoma antigen gene family member L2 (MAGEL2). The clinical phenotypes of PWS suggest impaired hypothalamic neuroendocrine function; however, the exact cellular defects are unknown. Here, we report deficits in secretory granule (SG) abundance and bioactive neuropeptide production upon loss of MAGEL2 in humans and mice. Unbiased proteomic analysis of Magel2pΔ/m+ mice revealed a reduction in components of SG in the hypothalamus that was confirmed in 2 PWS patient-derived neuronal cell models. Mechanistically, we show that proper endosomal trafficking by the MAGEL2-regulated WASH complex is required to prevent aberrant lysosomal degradation of SG proteins and reduction of mature SG abundance. Importantly, loss of MAGEL2 in mice, NGN2-induced neurons, and human patients led to reduced neuropeptide production. Thus, MAGEL2 plays an important role in hypothalamic neuroendocrine function, and cellular defects in this pathway may contribute to PWS disease etiology. Moreover, these findings suggest unanticipated approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - A Kaitlyn Victor
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathon Klein
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Derek Jc Tai
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celine de Esch
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Nuttle
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamshid Temirov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa C Burnett
- Levo Therapeutics, Inc., Skokie, Illinois, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heather S Tillman
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lawrence T Reiter
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Birinci Y, Preobraschenski J, Ganzella M, Jahn R, Park Y. Isolation of large dense-core vesicles from bovine adrenal medulla for functional studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7540. [PMID: 32371955 PMCID: PMC7200684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) contain a variety of neurotransmitters, proteins, and hormones such as biogenic amines and peptides, together with microRNAs (miRNAs). Isolation of LDCVs is essential for functional studies including vesicle fusion, vesicle acidification, monoamine transport, and the miRNAs stored in LDCVs. Although several methods were reported for purifying LDCVs, the final fractions are significantly contaminated by other organelles, compromising biochemical characterization. Here we isolated LDCVs (chromaffin granules) with high yield and purity from bovine adrenal medulla. The fractionation protocol combines differential and continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, allowing for reducing major contaminants such as mitochondria. Purified LDCVs show robust acidification by the endogenous V-ATPase and undergo SNARE-mediated fusion with artificial membranes. Interestingly, LDCVs contain specific miRNAs such as miR-375 and miR-375 is stabilized by protein complex against RNase A. This protocol can be useful in research on the biological functions of LDCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelda Birinci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Julia Preobraschenski
- Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Yongsoo Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey. .,Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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Spiess M, Friberg M, Beuret N, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Rutishauser J. Role of protein aggregation and degradation in autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 501:110653. [PMID: 31785344 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the cellular and molecular aspects underlying familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (DI), a rare disorder that is usually transmitted in an autosomal-dominant fashion. The disease, manifesting in infancy or early childhood and gradually progressing in severity, is caused by fully penetrant heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding prepro-vasopressin-neurophysin II, the precursor of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). Post mortem studies in affected adults have shown cell degeneration in vasopressinergic hypothalamic nuclei. Studies in cells expressing pathogenic mutants and knock-in rodent models have shown that the mutant precursors are folding incompetent and fail to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as occurs normally with proteins that have entered the regulated secretory pathway. A portion of these mutants is eliminated via ER-associated degradation (ERAD) by proteasomes after retrotranslocation to the cytosol. Another portion forms large disulfide-linked fibrillar aggregates within the ER, in which wild-type precursor is trapped. Aggregation capacity is independently conferred by two domains of the prohormone, namely the AVP moiety and the C-terminal glycopeptide (copeptin). The same domains are also required for packaging into dense-core secretory granules and regulated secretion, suggesting a disturbed balance between the physiological self-aggregation at the trans-Golgi network and avoiding premature aggregate formation at the ER in the disease. The critical role of ERAD in maintaining physiological water balance has been underscored by experiments in mice expressing wild-type AVP but lacking critical components of the ERAD machinery. These animals also develop DI and show amyloid-like aggregates in the ER lumen. Thus, the capacity of the ERAD is exceeded in autosomal dominant DI, which can be viewed as a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the formation of amyloid ER aggregates. While DI symptoms develop prior to detectable cell death in transgenic DI mice, the eventual loss of vasopressinergic neurons is accompanied by autophagy, but the mechanism leading to cell degeneration in autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal DI still remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Spiess
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Friberg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Beuret
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonas Rutishauser
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Laguerre F, Anouar Y, Montero-Hadjadje M. Chromogranin A in the early steps of the neurosecretory pathway. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:524-532. [PMID: 31891241 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a soluble glycoprotein stored with hormones and neuropeptides in secretory granules (SG) of most (neuro)endocrine cells and neurons. Since its discovery in 1967, many studies have reported its structural characteristics, biological roles, and mechanisms of action. Indeed, CgA is both a precursor of various biologically active peptides and a granulogenic protein regulating the storage and secretion of hormones and neuropeptides. This review emphasizes the findings and theoretical concepts around the CgA-linked molecular machinery controlling hormone/neuropeptide aggregation and the interaction of CgA-hormone/neuropeptide aggregates with the trans-Golgi membrane to allow hormone/neuropeptide targeting and SG biogenesis. We will also discuss the intriguing alteration of CgA expression and secretion in various neurological disorders, which could provide insights to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Laguerre
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Maité Montero-Hadjadje
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Rouen, France
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36
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Emperador-Melero J, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Vti Proteins: Beyond Endolysosomal Trafficking. Neuroscience 2019; 420:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mice overexpressing chromogranin A display hypergranulogenic adrenal glands with attenuated ATP levels contributing to the hypertensive phenotype. J Hypertens 2019; 36:1115-1128. [PMID: 29389743 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated circulating chromogranin A (CHGA) is observed in human hypertension. CHGA is critical for granulogenesis and exocytosis of catecholamine stores from secretory large dense core vesicles (LDCV). This study aims to understand the morphological, molecular and phenotypic changes because of excess CHGA and the mechanistic link eventuating in hyper-adrenergic hypertension. METHODS Blood pressure and heart rate was monitored in mouse models expressing normal and elevated level of CHGA by telemetry. Catecholamine and oxidative stress radicals were measured. Adrenal ultrastructure, LDCV content and mitochondrial abundance were compared and respiration analyzed by Seahorse assay. Effect of CHGA dosage on adrenal ATP content, electron transport chain components and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) were compared in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Mice with excess-CHGA displayed hypertensive phenotype, higher heart rate and increased sympathetic tone. They had elevated plasma catecholamine and adrenal ROS levels. Excess-CHGA caused an increase in size and abundance of LDCV and adrenal mitochondria. Nonetheless, they had attenuated levels of ATP. Isolated adrenal mitochondria from mice with elevated CHGA showed higher maximal respiration rates in the presence of protonophore, which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Elevated CHGA resulted in overexpression of UCP2 and diminished ATP. In vitro in chromaffin cells overexpressing CHGA, concomitant increase in UCP2 protein and decreased ATP was detected. CONCLUSION Elevated CHGA expression resulted in underlying bioenergetic dysfunction in ATP production despite higher mitochondrial mass. The outcome was unregulated negative feedback of LDCV exocytosis and secretion, resulting in elevated levels of circulating catecholamine and consequently the hypertensive phenotype.
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38
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Persoon CM, Moro A, Nassal JP, Farina M, Broeke JH, Arora S, Dominguez N, van Weering JR, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Pool size estimations for dense-core vesicles in mammalian CNS neurons. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99672. [PMID: 30185408 PMCID: PMC6187028 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are essential signaling molecules transported and secreted by dense-core vesicles (DCVs), but the number of DCVs available for secretion, their subcellular distribution, and release probability are unknown. Here, we quantified DCV pool sizes in three types of mammalian CNS neurons in vitro and in vivo Super-resolution and electron microscopy reveal a total pool of 1,400-18,000 DCVs, correlating with neurite length. Excitatory hippocampal and inhibitory striatal neurons in vitro have a similar DCV density, and thalamo-cortical axons in vivo have a slightly higher density. Synapses contain on average two to three DCVs, at the periphery of synaptic vesicle clusters. DCVs distribute equally in axons and dendrites, but the vast majority (80%) of DCV fusion events occur at axons. The release probability of DCVs is 1-6%, depending on the stimulation. Thus, mammalian CNS neurons contain a large pool of DCVs of which only a small fraction can fuse, preferentially at axons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Moro
- Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris P Nassal
- Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margherita Farina
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen H Broeke
- Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Swati Arora
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ruud F Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Emperador-Melero J, Huson V, van Weering J, Bollmann C, Fischer von Mollard G, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Vti1a/b regulate synaptic vesicle and dense core vesicle secretion via protein sorting at the Golgi. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3421. [PMID: 30143604 PMCID: PMC6109172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNAREs Vti1a/1b are implicated in regulated secretion, but their role relative to canonical exocytic SNAREs remains elusive. Here, we show that synaptic vesicle and dense-core vesicle (DCV) secretion is indeed severely impaired in Vti1a/b-deficient neurons. The synaptic levels of proteins that mediate secretion were reduced, down to 50% for the exocytic SNARE SNAP25. The delivery of SNAP25 and DCV-cargo into axons was decreased and these molecules accumulated in the Golgi. These defects were rescued by either Vti1a or Vti1b expression. Distended Golgi cisternae and clear vacuoles were observed in Vti1a/b-deficient neurons. The normal non-homogeneous distribution of DCV-cargo inside the Golgi was lost. Cargo trafficking out of, but not into the Golgi, was impaired. Finally, retrograde Cholera Toxin trafficking, but not Sortilin/Sorcs1 distribution, was compromised. We conclude that Vti1a/b support regulated secretion by sorting secretory cargo and synaptic secretion machinery components at the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Emperador-Melero
- Departments of Functional Genomics, Clinical Genetics, VUmc, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Huson
- Clinical Genetics, VUmc, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Weering
- Clinical Genetics, VUmc, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Bollmann
- Department of Biochemistry III, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Ruud F Toonen
- Departments of Functional Genomics, Clinical Genetics, VUmc, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Departments of Functional Genomics, Clinical Genetics, VUmc, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Clinical Genetics, VUmc, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Capture of Dense Core Vesicles at Synapses by JNK-Dependent Phosphorylation of Synaptotagmin-4. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2118-2133. [PMID: 29166604 PMCID: PMC5714612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of neurotrophins and neuropeptides via long-range trafficking of dense core vesicles (DCVs) from the cell soma to nerve terminals is essential for synapse modulation and circuit function. But the mechanism by which transiting DCVs are captured at specific sites is unknown. Here, we discovered that Synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4) regulates the capture and spatial distribution of DCVs in hippocampal neurons. We found that DCVs are highly mobile and undergo long-range translocation but switch directions only at the distal ends of axons, revealing a circular trafficking pattern. Phosphorylation of serine 135 of Syt4 by JNK steers DCV trafficking by destabilizing Syt4-Kif1A interaction, leading to a transition from microtubule-dependent DCV trafficking to capture at en passant presynaptic boutons by actin. Furthermore, neuronal activity increased DCV capture via JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the S135 site of Syt4. Our data reveal a mechanism that ensures rapid, site-specific delivery of DCVs to synapses. Syt4-bearing dense core vesicles in axons traffic continually in a circular pattern Phosphorylation of S135 of Syt4 by JNK destabilizes Syt4-Kif1A binding Destabilized Syt4-Kif1A binding promotes capture of vesicles at synapses by actin Neuronal activity increases vesicle capture via S135-dependent JNK phosphorylation
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41
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Knabbe J, Nassal JP, Verhage M, Kuner T. Secretory vesicle trafficking in awake and anaesthetized mice: differential speeds in axons versus synapses. J Physiol 2018; 596:3759-3773. [PMID: 29873393 DOI: 10.1113/jp276022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Despite their immense physiological and pathophysiological importance, we know very little about the biology of dense core vesicle (DCV) trafficking in the intact mammalian brain. DCVs are transported at similar average speeds in the anaesthetized and awake mouse brain compared to neurons in culture, yet maximal speed and pausing fraction of transport were higher. Microtubule plus (+)-end extension imaging visualized microtubular growth at 0.12 μm/s and revealed that DCVs were transported faster in the anterograde direction. DCV transport slowed down upon presynaptic bouton approach, possibly promoting synaptic localization and cargo release. Our work provides a basis to extrapolate DCV transport properties determined in cultured neurons to the intact mouse brain and reveals novel features such as slowing upon bouton approach and brain state-dependent trafficking directionality. ABSTRACT Neuronal dense core vesicles (DCVs) transport many cargo molecules like neuropeptides and neurotrophins to their release sites in dendrites or axons. The transport properties of DCVs in axons of the intact mammalian brain are unknown. We used viral expression of a DCV cargo reporter (NPY-Venus/Cherry) in the thalamus and two-photon in vivo imaging to visualize axonal DCV trafficking in thalamocortical projections of anaesthetized and awake mice. We found an average speed of 1 μm/s, maximal speeds of up to 5 μm/s and a pausing fraction of ∼11%. Directionality of transport differed between anaesthetized and awake mice. In vivo microtubule +-end extension imaging using MACF18-GFP revealed microtubular growth at 0.12 μm/s and provided positive identification of antero- and retrograde axonal transport. Consistent with previous reports, anterograde transport was faster (∼2.1 μm/s) than retrograde transport (∼1.4 μm/s). In summary, DCVs are transported with faster maximal speeds and lower pausing fraction in vivo compared to previous results obtained in vitro. Finally, we found that DCVs slowed down upon presynaptic bouton approach. We propose that this mechanism promotes synaptic localization and cargo release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knabbe
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joris Paul Nassal
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan, 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Departments of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan, 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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Genetic dissection of neuropeptide cell biology at high and low activity in a defined sensory neuron. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6890-E6899. [PMID: 29959203 PMCID: PMC6055185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714610115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are ubiquitous modulators of behavior and physiology. They are packaged in specialized secretory organelles called dense core vesicles (DCVs) that are released upon neural stimulation. Whereas local recycling of synaptic vesicles has been investigated intensively, there are few studies on recycling of DCV proteins. We set up a paradigm to study DCVs in a neuron whose activity we can control. We validate our model by confirming many previous observations on DCV cell biology. We identify a set of genes involved in recycling of DCV proteins. We also find evidence that different mechanisms of DCV priming and exocytosis may operate at high and low neural activity. Neuropeptides are ubiquitous modulators of behavior and physiology. They are packaged in specialized secretory organelles called dense core vesicles (DCVs) that are released upon neural stimulation. Unlike synaptic vesicles, which can be recycled and refilled close to release sites, DCVs must be replenished by de novo synthesis in the cell body. Here, we dissect DCV cell biology in vivo in a Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neuron whose tonic activity we can control using a natural stimulus. We express fluorescently tagged neuropeptides in the neuron and define parameters that describe their subcellular distribution. We measure these parameters at high and low neural activity in 187 mutants defective in proteins implicated in membrane traffic, neuroendocrine secretion, and neuronal or synaptic activity. Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering methods, we analyze these data and identify 62 groups of genes with similar mutant phenotypes. We explore the function of a subset of these groups. We recapitulate many previous findings, validating our paradigm. We uncover a large battery of proteins involved in recycling DCV membrane proteins, something hitherto poorly explored. We show that the unfolded protein response promotes DCV production, which may contribute to intertissue communication of stress. We also find evidence that different mechanisms of priming and exocytosis may operate at high and low neural activity. Our work provides a defined framework to study DCV biology at different neural activity levels.
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44
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Holly MK, Smith JG. Paneth Cells during Viral Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050225. [PMID: 29701691 PMCID: PMC5977218 DOI: 10.3390/v10050225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are major secretory cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine. Our understanding of the diverse roles that Paneth cells play in homeostasis and disease has grown substantially since their discovery over a hundred years ago. Classically, Paneth cells have been characterized as a significant source of antimicrobial peptides and proteins important in host defense and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. More recently, Paneth cells have been shown to supply key developmental and homeostatic signals to intestinal stem cells in the crypt base. Paneth cell dysfunction leading to dysbiosis and a compromised epithelial barrier have been implicated in the etiology of Crohn’s disease and susceptibility to enteric bacterial infection. Our understanding of the impact of Paneth cells on viral infection is incomplete. Enteric α-defensins, produced by Paneth cells, can directly alter viral infection. In addition, α-defensins and other antimicrobial Paneth cell products may modulate viral infection indirectly by impacting the microbiome. Here, we discuss recent insights into Paneth cell biology, models to study their function, and the impact, both direct and indirect, of Paneth cells on enteric viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi K Holly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357735, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357735, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Bourke AM, Bowen AB, Kennedy MJ. New approaches for solving old problems in neuronal protein trafficking. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:48-66. [PMID: 29649542 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental cellular properties are determined by the repertoire and abundance of proteins displayed on the cell surface. As such, the trafficking mechanisms for establishing and maintaining the surface proteome must be tightly regulated for cells to respond appropriately to extracellular cues, yet plastic enough to adapt to ever-changing environments. Not only are the identity and abundance of surface proteins critical, but in many cases, their regulated spatial positioning within surface nanodomains can greatly impact their function. In the context of neuronal cell biology, surface levels and positioning of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors play essential roles in establishing important properties, including cellular excitability and synaptic strength. Here we review our current understanding of the trafficking pathways that control the abundance and localization of proteins important for synaptic function and plasticity, as well as recent technological advances that are allowing the field to investigate protein trafficking with increasing spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron B Bowen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Ross JA, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ. Amyloid beta peptides, locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and dense core vesicles. Brain Res 2018; 1702:46-53. [PMID: 29577889 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of peptidergic signaling systems in the central nervous system serves a distinct and crucial role in brain processes and function. The diversity of physiological peptides and the complexity of their regulation and secretion from the dense core vesicles (DCV) throughout the brain is a topic greatly in need of investigation, though recent years have shed light on cellular and molecular mechanisms that are summarized in this review. Here, we focus on the convergence of peptidergic systems onto the Locus Coeruleus (LC), the sole provider of norepinephrine (NE) to the cortex and hippocampus, via large DCV. As the LC-NE system is one of the first regions of the brain to undergo degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and markers of DCV have consistently been demonstrated to have biomarker potential for AD progression, here we summarize the current literature linking the LC-NE system with DCV dysregulation and Aβ peptides. We also include neuroanatomical data suggesting that the building blocks of senile plaques, Aβ monomers, may be localized to DCV of the LC and noradrenergic axon terminals of the prefrontal cortex. Finally, we explore the putative consequences of chronic stress on Aβ production and the role that DCV may play in LC degeneration. Clinical data of immunological markers of DCV in AD patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
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Dominguez N, van Weering JRT, Borges R, Toonen RFG, Verhage M. Dense-core vesicle biogenesis and exocytosis in neurons lacking chromogranins A and B. J Neurochem 2018; 144:241-254. [PMID: 29178418 PMCID: PMC5814729 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A and B (Cgs) are considered to be master regulators of cargo sorting for the regulated secretory pathway (RSP) and dense-core vesicle (DCV) biogenesis. To test this, we analyzed the release of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-pHluorin, a live RSP reporter, and the distribution, number, and appearance of DCVs, in mouse hippocampal neurons lacking expression of CHGA and CHGB genes. qRT-PCR analysis showed that expression of other granin family members was not significantly altered in CgA/B-/- neurons. As synaptic maturation of developing neurons depends on secretion of trophic factors in the RSP, we first analyzed neuronal development in standardized neuronal cultures. Surprisingly, dendritic and axonal length, arborization, synapse density, and synaptic vesicle accumulation in synapses were all normal in CgA/B-/- neurons. Moreover, the number of DCVs outside the soma, stained with endogenous marker Secretogranin II, the number of NPY-pHluorin puncta, and the total amount of reporter in secretory compartments, as indicated by pH-sensitive NPY-pHluorin fluorescence, were all normal in CgA/B-/- neurons. Electron microscopy revealed that synapses contained a normal number of DCVs, with a normal diameter, in CgA/B-/- neurons. In contrast, CgA/B-/- chromaffin cells contained fewer and smaller secretory vesicles with a smaller core size, as previously reported. Finally, live-cell imaging at single vesicle resolution revealed a normal number of fusion events upon bursts of action potentials in CgA/B-/- neurons. These events had normal kinetics and onset relative to the start of stimulation. Taken together, these data indicate that the two chromogranins are dispensable for cargo sorting in the RSP and DCV biogenesis in mouse hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dominguez
- Department of Clinical GeneticsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)VU University Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center (VUmc)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan R. T. van Weering
- Department of Clinical GeneticsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)VU University Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center (VUmc)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Borges
- Unidad de FarmacologíaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
| | - Ruud F. G. Toonen
- Functional GenomicsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)VU University Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center (VUmc)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Clinical GeneticsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)VU University Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center (VUmc)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Functional GenomicsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)VU University Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center (VUmc)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Marotta V, Zatelli MC, Sciammarella C, Ambrosio MR, Bondanelli M, Colao A, Faggiano A. Chromogranin A as circulating marker for diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine neoplasms: more flaws than fame. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R11-R29. [PMID: 29066503 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the heterogeneity of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), the availability of reliable circulating markers is critical for improving diagnostics, prognostic stratification, follow-up and definition of treatment strategy. This review is focused on chromogranin A (CgA), a hydrophilic glycoprotein present in large dense core vesicles of neuroendocrine cells. Despite being long identified as the most useful NEN-related circulating marker, clinical application of CgA is controversial. CgA assays still lack standardization, thus hampering not only clinical management but also the comparison between different analyses. In the diagnostic setting, clinical utility of CgA is limited as hampered by (a) the variety of oncological and non-oncological conditions affecting marker levels, which impairs specificity; (b) the fact that 30-50% of NENs show normal CgA, which impairs sensitivity. Regarding the prognostic phase, there is prospective evidence which demonstrates that advanced NENs secreting CgA have poorer outcome, as compared with those showing non-elevated marker levels. Although the identification of cut-offs allowing a proper risk stratification of CgA-secreting patients has not been performed, this represents the most important clinical application of the marker. By contrast, based on prospective studies, the trend of elevated circulating CgA does not represent a valid indicator of morphological evolution and has therefore no utility for the follow-up phase. Ultimately, current knowledge about the role of the marker for the definition of treatment strategy is poor and is limited by the small number of available studies, their prevalent retrospective nature and the absence of control groups of untreated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marotta
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Bondanelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery UnitIstituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale' - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Choudhary B, Kamak M, Ratnakaran N, Kumar J, Awasthi A, Li C, Nguyen K, Matsumoto K, Hisamoto N, Koushika SP. UNC-16/JIP3 regulates early events in synaptic vesicle protein trafficking via LRK-1/LRRK2 and AP complexes. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007100. [PMID: 29145394 PMCID: PMC5716593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
JIP3/UNC-16/dSYD is a MAPK-scaffolding protein with roles in protein trafficking. We show that it is present on the Golgi and is necessary for the polarized distribution of synaptic vesicle proteins (SVPs) and dendritic proteins in neurons. UNC-16 excludes Golgi enzymes from SVP transport carriers and facilitates inclusion of specific SVPs into the same transport carrier. The SVP trafficking roles of UNC-16 are mediated through LRK-1, whose localization to the Golgi is reduced in unc-16 animals. UNC-16, through LRK-1, also enables Golgi-localization of the μ-subunit of the AP-1 complex. AP1 regulates the size but not the composition of SVP transport carriers. Additionally, UNC-16 and LRK-1 through the AP-3 complex regulates the composition but not the size of the SVP transport carrier. These early biogenesis steps are essential for dependence on the synaptic vesicle motor, UNC-104 for axonal transport. Our results show that UNC-16 and its downstream effectors, LRK-1 and the AP complexes function at the Golgi and/or post-Golgi compartments to control early steps of SV biogenesis. The UNC-16 dependent steps of exclusion, inclusion and motor recruitment are critical for polarized distribution of neuronal cargo. Synaptic vesicles (SVs) have a defined composition and size at the synapse. The multiple synaptic vesicle proteins (SVPs) found on these vesicle membranes are synthesized at and trafficked out of the cell body in distinct transport carriers. However, we do not yet understand how different SVPs are sorted and trafficked to the synapse. We show that UNC-16/JIP3 plays a critical role, in a series of essential steps, to ensure proper membrane composition and size of the ensuing SVP carrier exiting the cell body. These processes are “exclusion” of resident Golgi enzymes followed by the “inclusion” of synaptic vesicle proteins in the same transport carrier. Regulation of composition and size seems to occur independently of each other and depends on two distinct AP complexes acting downstream to LRK-1. Our study further indicates that the composition of the transport carrier formed is important for the recruitment of motors and consequently for the polarized localization of SVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Choudhary
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhushree Kamak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Awasthi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chun Li
- Group of Signaling Mechanisms, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Group of Signaling Mechanisms, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
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50
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Lim A, Rechtsteiner A, Saxton WM. Two kinesins drive anterograde neuropeptide transport. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3542-3553. [PMID: 28904207 PMCID: PMC5683764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor-dependent anterograde transport, a process that moves cytoplasmic components from sites of biosynthesis to sites of use within cells, is crucial in neurons with long axons. Evidence has emerged that multiple anterograde kinesins can contribute to some transport processes. To test the multi-kinesin possibility for a single vesicle type, we studied the functional relationships of axonal kinesins to dense core vesicles (DCVs) that were filled with a GFP-tagged neuropeptide in the Drosophila nervous system. Past work showed that Unc-104 (a kinesin-3) is a key anterograde DCV motor. Here we show that anterograde DCV transport requires the well-known mitochondrial motor Khc (kinesin-1). Our results indicate that this influence is direct. Khc mutations had specific effects on anterograde run parameters, neuron-specific inhibition of mitochondrial transport by Milton RNA interference had no influence on anterograde DCV runs, and detailed colocalization analysis by superresolution microscopy revealed that Unc-104 and Khc coassociate with individual DCVs. DCV distribution analysis in peptidergic neurons suggest the two kinesins have compartment specific influences. We suggest a mechanism in which Unc-104 is particularly important for moving DCVs from cell bodies into axons, and then Unc-104 and kinesin-1 function together to support fast, highly processive runs toward axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Lim
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Andreas Rechtsteiner
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - William M Saxton
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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