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Byars SG, Prestes PR, Suphapimol V, Takeuchi F, De Vries N, Maier MC, Melo M, Balding D, Samani N, Allen AM, Kato N, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Charchar F, Harrap SB. Four-week inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats results in persistently lower blood pressure with reduced kidney renin and changes in expression of relevant gene networks. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:769-781. [PMID: 38501595 PMCID: PMC11135646 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Prevention of human hypertension is an important challenge and has been achieved in experimental models. Brief treatment with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors permanently reduces the genetic hypertension of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The kidney is involved in this fascinating phenomenon, but relevant changes in gene expression are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In SHR, we studied the effect of treatment between 10 and 14 weeks of age with the angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan, or the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril [with controls for non-specific effects of lowering blood pressure (BP)], on differential RNA expression, DNA methylation, and renin immunolabelling in the kidney at 20 weeks of age. RNA sequencing revealed a six-fold increase in renin gene (Ren) expression during losartan treatment (P < 0.0001). Six weeks after losartan, arterial pressure remained lower (P = 0.006), yet kidney Ren showed reduced expression by 23% after losartan (P = 0.03) and by 43% after perindopril (P = 1.4 × 10-6) associated with increased DNA methylation (P = 0.04). Immunolabelling confirmed reduced cortical renin after earlier RAS blockade (P = 0.002). RNA sequencing identified differential expression of mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs with evidence of networking and co-regulation. These included 13 candidate genes (Grhl1, Ammecr1l, Hs6st1, Nfil3, Fam221a, Lmo4, Adamts1, Cish, Hif3a, Bcl6, Rad54l2, Adap1, Dok4), the miRNA miR-145-3p, and the lncRNA AC115371. Gene ontogeny analyses revealed that these networks were enriched with genes relevant to BP, RAS, and the kidneys. CONCLUSION Early RAS inhibition in SHR resets genetic pathways and networks resulting in a legacy of reduced Ren expression and BP persisting for a minimum of 6 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Byars
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priscilla R Prestes
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Varaporn Suphapimol
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nathan De Vries
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle C Maier
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariana Melo
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Balding
- Melbourne Integrative Genomic and School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nilesh Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew M Allen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jennifer L Wilkinson-Berka
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fadi Charchar
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B Harrap
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Vega-Vásquez T, Langgartner D, Wang JY, Reber SO, Picard M, Basualto-Alarcón C. Mitochondrial morphology in the mouse adrenal cortex: Influence of chronic psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 160:106683. [PMID: 38086320 PMCID: PMC10872515 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria within the adrenal cortex play a key role in synthesizing steroid hormones. The adrenal cortex is organized in three functionally specialized zones (glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) that produce different classes of steroid hormones in response to various stimuli, including psychosocial stress. Given that the functions and morphology of mitochondria are dynamically related and respond to stress, we applied transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine potential differences in mitochondrial morphology under basal and chronic psychosocial stress conditions. We used the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) paradigm, a murine model of chronic psychosocial stress. Our findings quantitatively define how mitochondrial morphology differs among each of the three adrenal cortex zones under basal conditions, and show that chronic psychosocial stress mainly affected mitochondria in the zona glomerulosa, shifting their morphology towards the more typical glucocorticoid-producing zona fasciculata mitochondrial phenotype. Analysis of adrenocortical lipid droplets that provide cholesterol for steroidogenesis showed that chronic psychosocial stress altered lipid droplet diameter, without affecting droplet number or inter-organellar mitochondria-lipid droplet interactions. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that each adrenal cortex layer is characterized by morphologically distinct mitochondria and that this adrenal zone-specific mitochondrial morphology is sensitive to environmental stimuli, including chronic psychosocial stressors. Further research is needed to define the role of these stress-induced changes in mitochondrial morphology, particularly in the zona glomerulosa, on stress resilience and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Vega-Vásquez
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Health Sciences Department, University of Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jennifer Y Wang
- School of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia University Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcón
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Health Sciences Department, University of Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Anatomy and Legal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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3
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Vohra T, Kemter E, Sun N, Dobenecker B, Hinrichs A, Burrello J, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Wang J, Kinker IS, Teupser D, Fischer K, Schnieke A, Peitzsch M, Eisenhofer G, Walch A, Reincke M, Wolf E, Williams TA. Effect of Dietary Sodium Modulation on Pig Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Transcriptome Profiles. Hypertension 2020; 76:1769-1777. [PMID: 33070662 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a frequent form of endocrine hypertension caused by aldosterone overproduction from the adrenal cortex. Regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis has been studied in rodents despite differences in adrenal physiology with humans. We, therefore, investigated pig adrenal steroidogenesis, morphology, and transcriptome profiles of the zona glomerulosa (zG) and zona fasciculata in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by dietary sodium restriction. Six-week-old pigs were fed a low- or high-sodium diet for 14 days (3 pigs per group, 0.4 g sodium/kg feed versus 6.8 g sodium/kg). Plasma aldosterone concentrations displayed a 43-fold increase (P=0.011) after 14 days of sodium restriction (day 14 versus day 0). Low dietary sodium caused a 2-fold increase in thickness of the zG (P<0.001) and an almost 3-fold upregulation of CYP11B (P<0.05) compared with high dietary sodium. Strong immunostaining of the KCNJ5 (G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4), which is frequently mutated in primary aldosteronism, was demonstrated in the zG. mRNA sequencing transcriptome analysis identified significantly altered expression of genes modulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the zG (n=1172) and zona fasciculata (n=280). These genes included many with a known role in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and adrenal function. The most highly enriched biological pathways in the zG were related to cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism, cell cycle, and potassium channels. This study provides mechanistic insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of aldosterone production in a species closely related to humans and shows the suitability of pigs as a translational animal model for human adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Vohra
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (B.D.)
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.).,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Isabella-Sabrina Kinker
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital (D.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III (G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
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4
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Azhar S, Dong D, Shen WJ, Hu Z, Kraemer FB. The role of miRNAs in regulating adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. J Mol Endocrinol 2020; 64:R21-R43. [PMID: 31671401 PMCID: PMC7202133 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are endogenous noncoding single-stranded small RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that post-transcriptionally repress the expression of their various target genes. They contribute to the regulation of a variety of physiologic processes including embryonic development, differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, hemostasis and inflammation. In addition, aberrant miRNA expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including cancer, hepatitis, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. Steroid hormones regulate virtually every aspect of metabolism, and acute and chronic steroid hormone biosynthesis is primarily regulated by tissue-specific trophic hormones involving transcriptional and translational events. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that steroidogenic pathways are also subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations including processes such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, protein‒protein interactions and regulation by specific miRNAs, although the latter is in its infancy state. Here, we summarize the recent advances in miRNA-mediated regulation of steroidogenesis with emphasis on adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dachuan Dong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
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5
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Li XC, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: Physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:21-38. [PMID: 28619367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly one of the most prominent endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) vasoactive systems in the physiological regulation of neural, cardiovascular, blood pressure, and kidney function. The importance of the RAS in the development and pathogenesis of cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases has now been firmly established in clinical trials and practice using renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 (AT1) angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor blockers (ARBs), or aldosterone receptor antagonists as major therapeutic drugs. The major mechanisms of actions for these RAS inhibitors or receptor blockers are mediated primarily by blocking the detrimental effects of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1/aldosterone axis. However, the RAS has expanded from this classic axis to include several other complex biochemical and physiological axes, which are derived from the metabolism of this classic axis. Currently, at least five axes of the RAS have been described, with each having its key substrate, enzyme, effector peptide, receptor, and/or downstream signaling pathways. These include the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor, the ANG II/APA/ANG III/AT2/NO/cGMP, the ANG I/ANG II/ACE2/ANG (1-7)/Mas receptor, the prorenin/renin/prorenin receptor (PRR or Atp6ap2)/MAP kinases ERK1/2/V-ATPase, and the ANG III/APN/ANG IV/IRAP/AT4 receptor axes. Since the roles and therapeutic implications of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis have been extensively reviewed, this article will focus primarily on reviewing the roles and therapeutic implications of the vasoprotective axes of the RAS in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Oki K, Plonczynski MW, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. YPEL4 modulates HAC15 adrenal cell proliferation and is associated with tumor diameter. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:93-8. [PMID: 27333825 PMCID: PMC5478919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Yippee-like (YPEL) proteins are thought to be related to cell proliferation because of their structure and location in the cell. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of YPEL4 on aldosterone production and cell proliferation in the human adrenocortical cell line (HAC15) and aldosterone producing adenoma (APA). Basal aldosterone levels in HAC15 cells over-expressing YPEL4 was higher than those of control HAC15 cells. The positive effects of YPEL4 on cell proliferation were detected by XTT assay and crystal violet staining. YPEL4 levels in 39 human APA were 2.4-fold higher compared to those in 12 non-functional adrenocortical adenomas, and there was a positive relationship between YPEL4 levels and APA diameter (r = 0.316, P < 0.05). In summary, we have demonstrated that YPEL4 stimulates human adrenal cortical cell proliferation, increasing aldosterone production as a consequence. These results in human adrenocortical cells are consistent with the clinical observations with APA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Maria W Plonczynski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Anatomy and Neurosciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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7
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Hulst M, Gross G, Liu Y, Hoekman A, Niewold T, van der Meulen J, Smits M. Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v modulates gene expression in the ileum of pigs: prediction of crosstalk between intestinal immune cells and sub-mucosal adipocytes. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:10. [PMID: 25861755 PMCID: PMC4393378 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To study host-probiotic interactions in parts of the intestine only accessible in humans by surgery (jejunum, ileum and colon), pigs were used as model for humans. Groups of eight 6-week-old pigs were repeatedly orally administered with 5 × 10(12) CFU Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (L. plantarum 299v) or PBS, starting with a single dose followed by three consecutive daily dosings 10 days later. Gene expression was assessed with pooled RNA samples isolated from jejunum, ileum and colon scrapings of the eight pigs per group using Affymetrix porcine microarrays. Comparison of gene expression profiles recorded from L. plantarum 299v-treated pigs with PBS-treated pigs indicated that L. plantarum 299v affected metabolic and immunological processes, particularly in the ileum. A higher expression level of several B cell-specific transcription factors/regulators was observed, suggesting that an influx of B cells from the periphery to the ileum and/or the proliferation of progenitor B cells to IgA-committed plasma cells in the Peyer's patches of the ileum was stimulated. Genes coding for enzymes that metabolize leukotriene B4, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and steroids were regulated in the ileum. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that these metabolites may play a role in the crosstalk between intestinal immune cells and sub-mucosal adipocytes. Together with regulation of genes that repress NFKB- and PPARG-mediated transcription, this crosstalk may contribute to tempering of inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, the enzyme adenosine deaminase, responsible for the breakdown of the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine, was strongly down-regulated in response to L. plantarum 299v. This suggested that L. plantarum 299v-regulated production of adenosine by immune cells like regulatory T cells may also be a mechanism that tempers inflammation in the ileum, and perhaps also in other parts of the pig's body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- />Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gross
- />Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Mead Johnson Nutrition, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yaping Liu
- />Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Arjan Hoekman
- />Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Niewold
- />Nutrition and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- />Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Central Veterinary Institute, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Smits
- />Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Central Veterinary Institute, Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Trejter M, Hochol A, Tyczewska M, Ziolkowska A, Jopek K, Szyszka M, Malendowicz LK, Rucinski M. Sex-related gene expression profiles in the adrenal cortex in the mature rat: microarray analysis with emphasis on genes involved in steroidogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:702-14. [PMID: 25572386 PMCID: PMC4314423 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Notable sex-related differences exist in mammalian adrenal cortex structure and function. In adult rats, the adrenal weight and the average volume of zona fasciculata cells of females are larger and secrete greater amounts of corticosterone than those of males. The molecular bases of these sex-related differences are poorly understood. In this study, to explore the molecular background of these differences, we defined zone- and sex-specific transcripts in adult male and female (estrous cycle phase) rats. Twelve-week-old rats of both genders were used and samples were taken from the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata/reticularis (ZF/R) zones. Transcriptome identification was carried out using the Affymetrix® Rat Gene 1.1 ST Array. The microarray data were compared by fold change with significance according to moderated t-statistics. Subsequently, we performed functional annotation clustering using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). In the first step, we explored differentially expressed transcripts in the adrenal ZG and ZF/R. The number of differentially expressed transcripts was notably higher in the female than in the male rats (702 vs. 571). The differentially expressed genes which were significantly enriched included genes involved in steroid hormone metabolism, and their expression levels in the ZF/R of adult female rats were significantly higher compared with those in the male rats. In the female ZF/R, when compared with that of the males, prevailing numbers of genes linked to cell fraction, oxidation/reduction processes, response to nutrients and to extracellular stimuli or steroid hormone stimuli were downregulated. The microarray data for key genes involved directly in steroidogenesis were confirmed by qPCR. Thus, when compared with that of the males, in the female ZF/R, higher expression levels of genes involved directly in steroid hormone synthesis were accompanied by lower expression levels of genes regulating basal cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Trejter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Hochol
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Tyczewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ziolkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szyszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ludwik K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Angiotensin II triggers expression of the adrenal gland zona glomerulosa-specific 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme through de novo protein synthesis of the orphan nuclear receptors NGFIB and NURR1. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3880-94. [PMID: 25092869 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00852-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) is an enzyme crucial for steroid synthesis. Two different 3β-HSD isoforms exist in humans. Classically, HSD3B2 was considered the principal isoform present in the adrenal. However, we recently showed that the alternative isoform, HSD3B1, is expressed specifically within the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG), where aldosterone is produced, raising the question of why this isozyme needs to be expressed in this cell type. Here we show that in both human and mouse, expression of the ZG isoform 3β-HSD is rapidly induced upon angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. AngII is the key peptide hormone regulating the capacity of aldosterone synthesis. Using the human adrenocortical H295R cells as a model system, we show that the ZG isoform HSD3B1 differs from HSD3B2 in the ability to respond to AngII. Mechanistically, the induction of HSD3B1 involves de novo protein synthesis of the nuclear orphan receptors NGFIB and NURR1. The HSD3B1 promoter contains a functional NGFIB/NURR1-responsive element to which these proteins bind in response to AngII. Knockdown of these proteins and overexpression of a dominant negative NGFIB both reduce the AngII responsiveness of HSD3B1. Thus, the AngII-NGFIB/NURR1 pathway controls HSD3B1. Our work reveals HSD3B1 as a new regulatory target of AngII.
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Eskildsen TV, Schneider M, Sandberg MB, Skov V, Brønnum H, Thomassen M, Kruse TA, Andersen DC, Sheikh SP. The microRNA-132/212 family fine-tunes multiple targets in Angiotensin II signalling in cardiac fibroblasts. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:1288-97. [PMID: 25031299 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314539367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key regulators of cardiovascular development and disease; however, the cardiac miRNA target molecules are not well understood. We and others have described the Angiotensin II (AngII)-induced miR-132/212 family as novel regulators of cardiovascular function including regulation of cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure and blood pressure possibly through AT1R signalling. However, the miR-132/212 targets in the heart remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS To understand the role of these miRNAs in cardiac signalling networks, we undertook comprehensive in silico and in vitro experiments to identify miR-132/212 molecular targets in primary rat cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS MiR-132/212 overexpression increased fibroblast cell size and mRNA arrays detected several hundred genes that were differentially expressed, including a wide panel of receptors, signalling molecules and transcription factors. Subsequent comprehensive in silico analysis identified 24 target genes, of which 22 genes were qPCR validated. We identified seven genes involved in AngII signalling pathways. CONCLUSION We here report novel insight of an extensive network of molecular pathways that fine-tuned by miR-132/212, suggesting a role for this miRNA family as master signalling switches in cardiac fibroblasts. Our data underscore the potential for miRNA tools to manipulate a large array of molecules and thereby control biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilde V Eskildsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Mikael Schneider
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Maria B Sandberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Hasse Brønnum
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Torben A Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ditte C Andersen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Søren P Sheikh
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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Kuznetsova NV, Pal'chikova NA, Kuzminova OI, Selyatitskaya VG. Production of corticosteroid hormones in vitro by adrenals in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:28-31. [PMID: 24913572 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied baseline and ACTH-stimulated in vitro production of corticosteroids by rat adrenals. Production of the basic corticosteroids pregnenolone (early precursor in corticosteroid synthesis), progesterone (intermediate precursor in synthesis of gluco- and mineralocorticoid hormones), and corticosterone (major glucocorticoid hormone in rodents) in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes was enhanced by 1.8-2.0 times in comparison with the control animals. Addition of ACTH to the incubation medium stimulated pregnenolone production by the adrenals equally in the control and experimental (diabetic) groups, while the increase in corticosterone production was less pronounced in the experimental group. Stimulation of corticosterone production in response to ACTH after saturation of the incubation medium with pregnenolone was also less pronounced in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Kuznetsova
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia,
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Derad I, Sayk F, Lehnert H, Marshall L, Born J, Nitschke M. Intranasal Angiotensin II in Humans Reduces Blood Pressure When Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors Are Blocked. Hypertension 2014; 63:762-7. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration of angiotensin II (ANGII) affects blood pressure in a mode different from intravenously administered ANGII via a direct access to the brain bypassing the blood–brain barrier. This clinical study investigated blood pressure regulation after intranasal ANGII administration in healthy humans, whereas systemic, blood-mediated effects of ANGII were specifically blocked. In a balanced crossover design, men (n=8) and women (n=8) were intranasally administered ANGII (400 μg) or placebo after ANGII type 1 receptors had been blocked by pretreatment with valsartan (80 mg; 12 and 6 hours before intranasal administration). Plasma levels of ANGII, aldosterone, renin, vasopressin, and norepinephrine were measured; blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously. Intranasal ANGII acutely decreased blood pressure without altering the heart rate. Plasma levels of vasopressin and norepinephrine remained unaffected. Plasma ANGII levels were increased throughout the recording period. Aldosterone levels increased despite the peripheral ANGII type 1 receptor blockade, indicating an aldosterone escape phenomenon. In conclusion, intranasal ANGII reduces blood pressure in the presence of selective ANGII type 1 receptor blockade. Intranasal ANGII administration represents a useful approach for unraveling the role of this peptide in blood pressure regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Derad
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (I.D., F.S., H.L., M.N.) and Department of Neuroendocrinology (L.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.)
| | - Friedhelm Sayk
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (I.D., F.S., H.L., M.N.) and Department of Neuroendocrinology (L.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.)
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (I.D., F.S., H.L., M.N.) and Department of Neuroendocrinology (L.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.)
| | - Lisa Marshall
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (I.D., F.S., H.L., M.N.) and Department of Neuroendocrinology (L.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.)
| | - Jan Born
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (I.D., F.S., H.L., M.N.) and Department of Neuroendocrinology (L.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.)
| | - Martin Nitschke
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (I.D., F.S., H.L., M.N.) and Department of Neuroendocrinology (L.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (J.B.)
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Pilon C, Urbanet R, Williams TA, Maekawa T, Vettore S, Sirianni R, Pezzi V, Mulatero P, Fassina A, Sasano H, Fallo F. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ inhibits the human H295R cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest: a model for a protective role of vitamin D receptor against adrenocortical cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:26-33. [PMID: 24269839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Using the human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cell line as a model, we analyzed the role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1α,25(OH)₂D₃)]--vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis in the growth of adrenocortical cancer (ACC). The presence of VDR in various adrenocortical tissues, including ACC, was also investigated. DNA synthesis was evaluated by [³H]thymidine cell incorporation after treatment with 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ at increasing doses. The effect of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ on cell cycle and apoptosis was analyzed with a flow cytometer. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression, a molecular marker of G1-S cell cycle transition phase, was evaluated in cells treated with 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ before and after VDR gene silencing. 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment inhibited cell proliferation by 20% at a dose of 1 nM, in parallel with steroid secretion decrease. A cell cycle arrest in G1, with no change in apoptotic cell proportion, was observed after 10 nM 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ cell exposure. CDK4 activation was reduced by 10 nM 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ but was not affected by 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ after VDR gene silencing. Expression of VDR mRNA was lower in ACC than in benign adrenocortical tumors. VDR immunostaining was evident in benign tumors but it was weak in ACC tissues. CONCLUSIONS Slightly supra-physiological concentrations of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ have a moderate anti-proliferative effect on H295R cells. Anti-proliferative effect was due to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, without inducing apoptosis. The low mRNA expression levels at qRT-PCR as well as the weak immunohistochemical expression of VDR in ACC, suggests a protective role of VDR against malignant adrenocortical growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Pilon
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Urbanet
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tracy A Williams
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Takashi Maekawa
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Silvia Vettore
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Francesco Fallo
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Cai K, Lucki NC, Sewer MB. Silencing diacylglycerol kinase-theta expression reduces steroid hormone biosynthesis and cholesterol metabolism in human adrenocortical cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:552-62. [PMID: 24369117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase theta (DGKθ) plays a pivotal role in regulating adrenocortical steroidogenesis by synthesizing the ligand for the nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1). In response to activation of the cAMP signaling cascade nuclear DGK activity is rapidly increased, facilitating PA-mediated, SF1-dependent transcription of genes required for cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) biosynthesis. Based on our previous work identifying DGKθ as the enzyme that produces the agonist for SF1, we generated a tetracycline-inducible H295R stable cell line to express a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against DGKθ and characterized the effect of silencing DGKθ on adrenocortical gene expression. Genome-wide DNA microarray analysis revealed that silencing DGKθ expression alters the expression of multiple genes, including steroidogenic genes, nuclear receptors and genes involved in sphingolipid, phospholipid and cholesterol metabolism. Interestingly, the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) was also suppressed. Consistent with the suppression of SREBPs, we observed a down-regulation of multiple SREBP target genes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA red) and CYP51, concomitant with a decrease in cellular cholesterol. DGKθ knockdown cells exhibited a reduced capacity to metabolize PA, with a down-regulation of lipin and phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms. In contrast, suppression of DGKθ increased the expression of several genes in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, including acid ceramidase (ASAH1) and sphingosine kinases (SPHK). In summary, these data demonstrate that DGKθ plays an important role in steroid hormone production in human adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natasha C Lucki
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marion B Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Bi C, Li B, Du L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Cheng Z, Zhai A. Vitamin D receptor, an important transcription factor associated with aldosterone-producing adenoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82309. [PMID: 24376526 PMCID: PMC3869669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the endocrine mechanisms of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) by using the microarray expression profiles of normal and APA samples. METHODS The gene expression profile GSE8514 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, including samples from normal adrenals (n = 5) and APAs (n = 10). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by samr package and endocrine DEGs were obtained according to Clinical Genome Database. Then, functional enrichment analysis of screened DEGs was performed by DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). Finally, a regulatory network was constructed to screen endocrine genes related with adrenal dysfunction and pathway enrichment analysis for the constructed network was performed. RESULTS A total of 2149 DEGs were identified including 379 up- and 1770 down-regulated genes. And 26 endocrine genes were filtered from the DEGs. Furthermore, the down-regulated DEGs are mainly related to protein kinase cascade, response to molecule of bacterial origin, response to lipopolysaccharide, cellular macromolecule catabolic process and macromolecule catabolic process, while the up-regulated DEGs are related with regulation of ion transport. The target genes of VDR (vitamin D receptor), one of the three endocrine genes differentially expressed in the regulatory network, were endocrine genes including CYP24A1 (25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase) and PTH (parathyroid hormone). Three pathways may be associated with APA pathogenesis including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, pathways in cancer and autoimmune thyroid disease. CONCLUSION The VDR is the most significant transcription factor and related endocrine genes might play important roles in the endocrine mechanisms of APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lishan Wang
- FengHe (ShangHai) Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai ,China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhifeng Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team in Higher Education Institutes for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin , China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *
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Zhuo JL, Ferrao FM, Zheng Y, Li XC. New frontiers in the intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin system: a critical review of classical and new paradigms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:166. [PMID: 24273531 PMCID: PMC3822323 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well-recognized as one of the oldest and most important regulators of arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular, and renal function. New frontiers have recently emerged in the RAS research well beyond its classic paradigm as a potent vasoconstrictor, an aldosterone release stimulator, or a sodium-retaining hormone. First, two new members of the RAS have been uncovered, which include the renin/(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Recent studies suggest that prorenin may act on the PRR independent of the classical ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis, whereas ACE2 may degrade ANG II to generate ANG (1-7), which activates the Mas receptor. Second, there is increasing evidence that ANG II may function as an intracellular peptide to activate intracellular and/or nuclear receptors. Third, currently there is a debate on the relative contribution of systemic versus intrarenal RAS to the physiological regulation of blood pressure and the development of hypertension. The objectives of this article are to review and discuss the new insights and perspectives derived from recent studies using novel transgenic mice that either overexpress or are deficient of one key enzyme, ANG peptide, or receptor of the RAS. This information may help us better understand how ANG II acts, both independently or through interactions with other members of the system, to regulate the kidney function and blood pressure in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia L. Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fernanda M. Ferrao
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yun Zheng
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiao C. Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Hulst M, Smits M, Vastenhouw S, de Wit A, Niewold T, van der Meulen J. Transcription networks responsible for early regulation of Salmonella-induced inflammation in the jejunum of pigs. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:18. [PMID: 23590759 PMCID: PMC3637394 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to identify transcription factors/regulators that play a crucial role in steering the (innate) immune response shortly (within a few hours) after the first contact of the intestinal mucosa with an inflammatory mediator, and to test whether the processes regulated by these factors/regulators can be modulated by chemical substances of natural origin. Methods We experimentally induced inflammation by perfusion of surgically applied jejunal loops with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 in three pigs. Segments of mock and Salmonella treated loops were dissected after 2, 4 and 8 hours of perfusion. IL8 and IL1-beta mRNA expression levels were measured in mucosal scrapings of all segments. Furthermore, intra-animal microarray comparisons (isogenic) between Salmonella and mock treated segments after 8 hours, and inter-animal comparisons between similar Salmonella-treated loops of each pig at 2 and 4 hours, were performed. Results IL-1beta and IL8 mRNA levels, and intra-animal microarray comparisons at 8 hours between Salmonella and mock treated segments showed that the response-time and type of response to Salmonella was different in all three pigs. This plasticity allowed us to extract a comprehensive set of differentially expressed genes from inter-animal comparisons at 2 and 4 hours. Pathway analysis indicated that many of these genes play a role in induction and/or tempering the inflammatory response in the intestine. Among them a set of transcription factors/regulators known to be involved in regulation of inflammation, but also factors/regulators for which involvement was not expected. Nine out of twenty compounds of natural origin, which according to literature had the potential to modulate the activity of these factors/regulators, were able to stimulate or inhibit a Salmonella-induced mRNA response of inflammatory-reporter genes IL8 and/or nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha in cultured intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Conclusions We describe a set of transcription factors/regulators possibly involved in regulation of “very early” immune mechanism which determines the inflammatory status of the intestine later on. In addition, we show that these mechanisms may be modulated by chemical substances of natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Livestock Research of Wageningen University and Research Centre, P,O, Box 65, Lelystad, 8200AB, The Netherlands.
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Oki K, Plonczynski MW, Luis Lam M, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Potassium channel mutant KCNJ5 T158A expression in HAC-15 cells increases aldosterone synthesis. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1774-82. [PMID: 22315453 PMCID: PMC3320257 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most common cause of secondary hypertension, most frequently due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma or idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Somatic mutations of the potassium channel KCNJ5 in the region of the selectivity filter have been found in a significant number of aldosterone-producing adenomas. There are also familial forms of primary aldosteronism, one of which, familial hyperaldosteronism type 3 which to date has been found in one family who presented with a severe abnormality in aldosterone and 18-oxocortisol production and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the transitional zone of the adrenal cortex. In familial hyperaldosteronism type 3, there is a genomic mutation causing a T158A change of amino acids within the selectivity filter region of the KCNJ5 gene. We are reporting our studies demonstrating that lentiviral-mediated expression of a gene carrying the T158A mutation of the KCNJ5 in the HAC15 adrenal cortical carcinoma cell line causes a 5.3-fold increase in aldosterone secretion in unstimulated HAC15-KCNJ5 cells and that forskolin-stimulated aldosterone secretion was greater than that of angiotensin II. Expression of the mutated KCNJ5 gene decreases plasma membrane polarization, allowing sodium and calcium influx into the cells. The calcium channel antagonist nifedipine and the calmodulin inhibitor W-7 variably inhibited the effect. Overexpression of the mutated KCNJ5 channel resulted in a modest decrease in HAC15 cell proliferation. These studies demonstrate that the T158A mutation of the KCNJ5 gene produces a marked stimulation in aldosterone biosynthesis that is dependent on membrane depolarization and sodium and calcium influx into the HAC15 adrenal cortical carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Oki
- Research and Medical Service, G.V.-Sonny Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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Hattangady N, Olala L, Bollag WB, Rainey WE. Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:151-62. [PMID: 21839803 PMCID: PMC3253327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid synthesized by the adrenal and plays an important role in the regulation of systemic blood pressure through the absorption of sodium and water. Aldosterone production is regulated tightly by selective expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) in the adrenal outermost zone, the zona glomerulosa. Angiotensin II (Ang II), potassium (K(+)) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) are the main physiological agonists which regulate aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone production is regulated within minutes of stimulation (acutely) through increased expression and phosphorylation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and over hours to days (chronically) by increased expression of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of aldosterone, particularly CYP11B2. Imbalance in any of these processes may lead to several disorders of aldosterone excess. In this review we attempt to summarize the key molecular events involved in the acute and chronic phases of aldosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Hattangady
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lawrence Olala
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: William E. Rainey, Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912, , Tel: (706) 721-7665, Fax: (706) 721-7299
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