1
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Khan N, Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Gil K. Systematic-Narrative Hybrid Literature Review: Crosstalk between Gastrointestinal Renin-Angiotensin and Dopaminergic Systems in the Regulation of Intestinal Permeability by Tight Junctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5566. [PMID: 38791603 PMCID: PMC11122119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the first part of this article, the role of intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs), together with gastrointestinal dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems, are narratively reviewed to provide sufficient background. In the second part, the current experimental data on the interplay between gastrointestinal (GI) dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems in the regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability are reviewed in a systematic manner using the PRISMA methodology. Experimental data confirmed the copresence of DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in human and rodent enterocytes. The intestinal barrier structure and integrity can be altered by angiotensin (1-7) and dopamine (DA). Both renin-angiotensin and dopaminergic systems influence intestinal Na+/K+-ATPase activity, thus maintaining electrolyte and nutritional homeostasis. The colocalization of B0AT1 and ACE2 indicates the direct role of the renin-angiotensin system in amino acid absorption. Yet, more studies are needed to thoroughly define the structural and functional interaction between TJ-associated proteins and GI renin-angiotensin and dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Khan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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2
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Awda BJ, Mahoney IV, Pettitt M, Imran M, Katselis GS, Buhr MM. Existence and importance of Na +K +-ATPase in the plasma membrane of boar spermatozoa. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:254-269. [PMID: 38029410 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-potassium-ATPase (Na+K+-ATPase), a target to treat congestive heart failure, is the only known receptor for cardiac glycosides implicated in intracellular signaling and additionally functions enzymatically in ion transport. Spermatozoa need transmembrane ion transport and signaling to fertilize, and Na+K+-ATPase is identified here for the first time in boar spermatozoa. Head plasma membrane (HPM) isolated from boar spermatozoa was confirmed pure by marker enzymes acid and alkaline phosphatase (218 ± 23% and 245 ± 38% enrichment, respectively, versus whole spermatozoa). Western immunoblotting detected α and β subunits (isoforms α1, α3, β1, β2, and β3) in different concentrations in whole spermatozoa and HPM. Immunofluorescence of intact sperm only detected α3 on the post-equatorial exterior membrane; methanol-permeabilized sperm also had α3 post-equatorially and other isoforms on the acrosomal ridge and cap. Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of all isoforms in HPM. Incubating boar sperm in capacitating media to induce the physiological changes preceding fertilization significantly increased the percentage of capacitated sperm compared to 0 h control (33.0 ± 2.6% vs. 19.2 ± 2.6% capacitated sperm, respectively; p = 0.014) and altered the β2 immunofluorescence pattern. These results demonstrate the presence of Na+K+-ATPase in boar sperm HPM and that it changes during capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basim J Awda
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Ian V Mahoney
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Murray Pettitt
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - George S Katselis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Mary M Buhr
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
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3
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Zhang L, Wei X. Stepwise modulation of apical orientational cell adhesions for vertebrate neurulation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2271-2283. [PMID: 37534608 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurulation transforms the neuroectoderm into the neural tube. This transformation relies on reorganising the configurational relationships between the orientations of intrinsic polarities of neighbouring cells. These orientational intercellular relationships are established, maintained, and modulated by orientational cell adhesions (OCAs). Here, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) neurulation as a major model, we propose a new perspective on how OCAs contribute to the parallel, antiparallel, and opposing intercellular relationships that underlie the neural plate-keel-rod-tube transformation, a stepwise process of cell aggregation followed by cord hollowing. We also discuss how OCAs in neurulation may be regulated by various adhesion molecules, including cadherins, Eph/Ephrins, Claudins, Occludins, Crumbs, Na+ /K+ -ATPase, and integrins. By comparing neurulation among species, we reveal that antiparallel OCAs represent a conserved mechanism for the fusion of the neural tube. Throughout, we highlight some outstanding questions regarding OCAs in neurulation. Answers to these questions will help us understand better the mechanisms of tubulogenesis of many tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South LvShun Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiangyun Wei
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Developmental Biology, and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Ponce A, Larre I, Jimenez L, Roldán ML, Shoshani L, Cereijido M. Ouabain's Influence on TRPV4 Channels of Epithelial Cells: An Exploration of TRPV4 Activity, Expression, and Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16687. [PMID: 38069012 PMCID: PMC10705919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ouabain, a substance originally obtained from plants, is now classified as a hormone because it is produced endogenously in certain animals, including humans. However, its precise effects on the body remain largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that ouabain can influence the phenotype of epithelial cells by affecting the expression of cell-cell molecular components and voltage-gated potassium channels. In this study, we conducted whole-cell clamp assays to determine whether ouabain affects the activity and/or expression of TRPV4 channels. Our findings indicate that ouabain has a statistically significant effect on the density of TRPV4 currents (dITRPV4), with an EC50 of 1.89 nM. Regarding treatment duration, dITRPV4 reaches its peak at around 1 h, followed by a subsequent decline and then a resurgence after 6 h, suggesting a short-term modulatory effect related to on TRPV4 channel activity and a long-term effect related to the promotion of synthesis of new TRPV4 channel units. The enhancement of dITRPV4 induced by ouabain was significantly lower in cells seeded at low density than in cells in a confluent monolayer, indicating that the action of ouabain depends on intercellular contacts. Furthermore, the fact that U73122 and neomycin suppress the effect caused by ouabain in the short term suggests that the short-term induced enhancement of dITRPV4 is due to the depletion of PIP2 stores. In contrast, the fact that the long-term effect is inhibited by PP2, wortmannin, PD, FR18, and IKK16 suggests that cSrc, PI3K, Erk1/2, and NF-kB are among the components included in the signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ponce
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.J.); (M.L.R.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Isabel Larre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Lidia Jimenez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.J.); (M.L.R.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Luisa Roldán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.J.); (M.L.R.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Liora Shoshani
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.J.); (M.L.R.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcelino Cereijido
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.J.); (M.L.R.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
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5
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Obino D, Maurin M, Dingli F, Loew D, Lescure A, Terriac E, Goudot C, Malbec O, Lankar D, Yuseff MI, Lennon-Duménil AM, Moreau HD. Medium-throughput image-based phenotypic siRNA screen to unveil the molecular basis of B cell polarization. Sci Data 2023; 10:401. [PMID: 37353541 PMCID: PMC10290135 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is an essential and highly conserved process governing cell function. Cell polarization is generally triggered by an external signal that induces the relocation of the centrosome, thus defining the polarity axis of the cell. Here, we took advantage of B cells as a model to study cell polarity and perform a medium-throughput siRNA-based imaging screen to identify new molecular regulators of polarization. We first identified candidates based on a quantitative proteomic analysis of proteins differentially associated with the centrosome of resting non-polarized and stimulated polarized B cells. We then targeted 233 candidates in a siRNA screen and identified hits regulating the polarization of the centrosome and/or lysosomes in B cells upon stimulation. Our dataset of proteomics, images, and polarity indexes provides a valuable source of information for a broad community of scientists interested in the molecular mechanisms regulating cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Obino
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurianne Lescure
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, BioPhenics Platform, PICT-IBISA, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Terriac
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Odile Malbec
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Lankar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Yuseff
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Hélène D Moreau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005, Paris, France.
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6
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Cai X, Gao C, Ma L, Li C. Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of tight junction gene family and the immune roles of claudin5 gene in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Gene 2023:147541. [PMID: 37301449 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tight junction proteins (TJs) are important component proteins that maintaining the structure and function of TJs, connecting to each other to form a TJ complex between cells, maintaining the biological homeostasis of the internal environment. In this study, a total of 103 TJ genes were identified in turbot according to our whole-transcriptome database. Transmembrane TJs were divided into seven subfamilies, including claudin (CLDN), occludin (OCLD), tricellulin (MARVELD2), MARVEL domain containing 3 (MARVELD3), junctional adhesion molecules (JAM), immunoglobulin superfamily member 5 (IGSF5/JAM4), blood vessel epicardial substance (BVEs). Moreover, the majority of homologous pairs of TJ genes showed highly conserved alongside length, exon/intron number and motifs. As for phylogenetic analysis for 103 TJ genes, eight of them have undergone a positive selection and JAMB-like has undergone the most neutral evolution. The expression patterns of several TJ genes showed the lowest expression levels in blood, while the highest expression levels were detected in intestine, gill and skin, which all belong to mucosal tissues. Meanwhile, most examined TJ genes showed down-regulated expression patterns during bacterial infection, while several TJ genes exhibited up-regulated expression patterns at a later stage (24 h). At the same time, several potential candidate genes (such as CLDN-15, CLDN-3, CLDN-12, CLDN-5 and OCLD) were significantly down-regulated, which may indicate their important functions that involved in the regulation of bacterial infection. Currently, there is little research on CLDN5 in the intestine, but it is highly expressed in the intestine and has significant changes in intestinal expression after bacterial infection. Thus, we knocked down CLDN5 by the method of lentiviral infection. The result showed CLDN5 was related to cell migration (wound healing) and apoptosis, and the method of dualluciferasereporterassay showed that the functions of CLDN5 could be regulated by miR-24. The study of TJs may lead to a better understanding of the function of TJs in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Le Ma
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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7
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Barbosa ICR, De Bellis D, Flückiger I, Bellani E, Grangé-Guerment M, Hématy K, Geldner N. Directed growth and fusion of membrane-wall microdomains requires CASP-mediated inhibition and displacement of secretory foci. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1626. [PMID: 36959183 PMCID: PMC10036488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Casparian strips (CS) are aligned bands of lignin-impregnated cell walls, building an extracellular diffusion barrier in roots. Their structure profoundly differs from tight junctions (TJ), analogous structures in animals. Nonetheless, CS membrane domain (CSD) proteins 1-5 (CASP1-5) are homologues of occludins, TJ components. CASP-marked membranes display cell wall (matrix) adhesion and membrane protein exclusion. A full CASP knock-out now reveals CASPs are not needed for localized lignification, since correctly positioned lignin microdomains still form in the mutant. Ultra-structurally, however, these microdomains are disorganized, showing excessive cell wall growth, lack of exclusion zone and matrix adhesion, and impaired exocyst dynamics. Proximity-labelling identifies a Rab-GTPase subfamily, known exocyst activators, as potential CASP-interactors and demonstrate their localization and function at the CSD. We propose that CASP microdomains displace initial secretory foci by excluding vesicle tethering factors, thereby ensuring rapid fusion of microdomains into a membrane-cell wall band that seals the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Catarina Ramos Barbosa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Flückiger
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Bellani
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Grangé-Guerment
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kian Hématy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Levic DS, Bagnat M. Polarized transport of membrane and secreted proteins during lumen morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:65-73. [PMID: 35307284 PMCID: PMC9481742 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A ubiquitous feature of animal development is the formation of fluid-filled cavities or lumina, which transport gases and fluids across tissues and organs. Among different species, lumina vary drastically in size, scale, and complexity. However, all lumen formation processes share key morphogenetic principles that underly their development. Fundamentally, a lumen simply consists of epithelial cells that encapsulate a continuous internal space, and a common way of building a lumen is via opening and enlarging by filling it with fluid and/or macromolecules. Here, we discuss how polarized targeting of membrane and secreted proteins regulates lumen formation, mainly focusing on ion transporters in vertebrate model systems. We also discuss mechanistic differences observed among invertebrates and vertebrates and describe how the unique properties of the Na+/K+-ATPase and junctional proteins can promote polarization of immature epithelia to build lumina de novo in developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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9
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Milas A, Telley IA. Polarity Events in the Drosophila melanogaster Oocyte. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895876. [PMID: 35602591 PMCID: PMC9117655 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a pre-requirement for many fundamental processes in animal cells, such as asymmetric cell division, axon specification, morphogenesis and epithelial tissue formation. For all these different processes, polarization is established by the same set of proteins, called partitioning defective (Par) proteins. During development in Drosophila melanogaster, decision making on the cellular and organism level is achieved with temporally controlled cell polarization events. The initial polarization of Par proteins occurs as early as in the germline cyst, when one of the 16 cells becomes the oocyte. Another marked event occurs when the anterior–posterior axis of the future organism is defined by Par redistribution in the oocyte, requiring external signaling from somatic cells. Here, we review the current literature on cell polarity events that constitute the oogenesis from the stem cell to the mature egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milas
- *Correspondence: Ana Milas, ; Ivo A. Telley,
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10
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Noureddine N, Chalubinski M, Wawrzyniak P. The Role of Defective Epithelial Barriers in Allergic Lung Disease and Asthma Development. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:487-504. [PMID: 35463205 PMCID: PMC9030405 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s324080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium constitutes the physical barrier between the human body and the environment, thus providing functional and immunological protection. It is often exposed to allergens, microbial substances, pathogens, pollutants, and environmental toxins, which lead to dysregulation of the epithelial barrier and result in the chronic inflammation seen in allergic diseases and asthma. This epithelial barrier dysfunction results from the disturbed tight junction formation, which are multi-protein subunits that promote cell–cell adhesion and barrier integrity. The increasing interest and evidence of the role of impaired epithelial barrier function in allergy and asthma highlight the need for innovative approaches that can provide new knowledge in this area. Here, we review and discuss the current role and mechanism of epithelial barrier dysfunction in developing allergic diseases and the effect of current allergy therapies on epithelial barrier restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek Noureddine
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maciej Chalubinski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Paulina Wawrzyniak, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland, Tel +41 44 266 75 42, Email ;
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11
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Blastocoel morphogenesis: A biophysics perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 130:12-23. [PMID: 34756494 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blastocoel is a fluid-filled cavity characteristic of animal embryos at the blastula stage. Its emergence is commonly described as the result of cleavage patterning, but this historical view conceals a large diversity of mechanisms and overlooks many unsolved questions from a biophysics perspective. In this review, we describe generic mechanisms for blastocoel morphogenesis, rooted in biological literature and simple physical principles. We propose novel directions of study and emphasize the importance to study blastocoel morphogenesis as an evolutionary and physical continuum.
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12
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Maeso-Alonso L, López-Ferreras L, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 as a Tissue Architect. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716957. [PMID: 34368167 PMCID: PMC8343074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP73 gene belongs to the p53 family comprised by p53, p63, and p73. In response to physiological and pathological signals these transcription factors regulate multiple molecular pathways which merge in an ensemble of interconnected networks, in which the control of cell proliferation and cell death occupies a prominent position. However, the complex phenotype of the Trp73 deficient mice has revealed that the biological relevance of this gene does not exclusively rely on its growth suppression effects, but it is also intertwined with other fundamental roles governing different aspects of tissue physiology. p73 function is essential for the organization and homeostasis of different complex microenvironments, like the neurogenic niche, which supports the neural progenitor cells and the ependyma, the male and female reproductive organs, the respiratory epithelium or the vascular network. We propose that all these, apparently unrelated, developmental roles, have a common denominator: p73 function as a tissue architect. Tissue architecture is defined by the nature and the integrity of its cellular and extracellular compartments, and it is based on proper adhesive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions as well as the establishment of cellular polarity. In this work, we will review the current understanding of p73 role as a neurogenic niche architect through the regulation of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics and Planar Cell Polarity, and give a general overview of TAp73 as a hub modulator of these functions, whose alteration could impinge in many of the Trp73 -/- phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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13
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Li J. Context-Dependent Roles of Claudins in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676781. [PMID: 34354941 PMCID: PMC8329526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier and fence functions of the claudin protein family are fundamental to tissue integrity and human health. Increasing evidence has linked claudins to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. The expression of claudins is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Studies have uncovered that claudins engage in nearly all aspects of tumor biology and steps of tumor development, suggesting their promise as targets for treatment or biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. However, claudins can be either tumor promoters or tumor suppressors depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of taking various factors, including organ type, environmental context and genetic confounders, into account when studying the biological functions and targeting of claudins in cancer. This review discusses the complicated roles and intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of the context-specific effects of claudins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
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14
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Baasch Christensen I, Cheng L, Brewer JR, Bartsch U, Fenton RA, Damkier HH, Praetorius J. Multiple Na,K-ATPase Subunits Colocalize in the Brush Border of Mouse Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041569. [PMID: 33557294 PMCID: PMC7915972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The unusual accumulation of Na,K-ATPase complexes in the brush border membrane of choroid plexus epithelial cells have intrigued researchers for decades. However, the full range of the expressed Na,K-ATPase subunits and their relation to the microvillus cytoskeleton remains unknown. (2) Methods: RT-PCR analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, native PAGE, mass spectrometry, and differential centrifugation were combined with high-resolution immunofluorescence histochemistry, proximity ligase assays, and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy on mouse choroid plexus cells or tissues in order to resolve these issues. (3) Results: The choroid plexus epithelium expresses Na,K-ATPase subunits α1, α2, β1, β2, β3, and phospholemman. The α1, α2, β1, and β2, subunits are all localized to the brush border membrane, where they appear to form a complex. The ATPase complexes may stabilize in the brush border membrane via anchoring to microvillar actin indirectly through ankyrin-3 or directly via other co-precipitated proteins. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) may form part of the proposed multi-protein complexes in contrast to another membrane protein, the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). NKCC1 expression seems necessary for full brush border membrane accumulation of the Na,K-ATPase in the choroid plexus. (4) Conclusion: A multitude of Na,K-ATPase subunits form molecular complexes in the choroid plexus brush border, which may bind to the cytoskeleton by various alternative actin binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Baasch Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Jonathan R. Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Helle H. Damkier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
| | - Jeppe Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (I.B.C.); (L.C.); (R.A.F.); (H.H.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-61820576
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15
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Zeke A, Dobson L, Szekeres LI, Langó T, Tusnády GE. PolarProtDb: A Database of Transmembrane and Secreted Proteins showing Apical-Basal Polarity. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166705. [PMID: 33186585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most cells in multicellular organisms are somehow asymmetric, polarized: maintaining separate membrane domains. Typical examples are the epithelial cells (apical-basal polarization), neurons (dendritic-axonal domains), or migratory cells (with a leading and a trailing edge). Here we present the most comprehensive database containing experimentally verified mammalian proteins that display polarized sorting or secretion, focusing on epithelial polarity. In addition to the source cells or tissues, homology-based inferences and transmembrane topology (if applicable) are all provided. PolarProtDb also offers a detailed interface displaying all information that may be relevant for trafficking: including post-translational modifications (glycosylations and phosphorylations), known or predicted short linear motifs conserved across orthologs, as well as potential interaction partners. Data on polarized sorting has so far been scattered across myriads of publications, hence difficult to access. This information can help researchers in several areas, such as scanning for potential entry points of viral agents like COVID-19. PolarProtDb shall be a useful resource to design future experiments as well as for comparative analyses. The database is available at http://polarprotdb.enzim.hu.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Zeke
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Dobson
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Levente István Szekeres
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Langó
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor E Tusnády
- Membrane Protein Bioinformatics Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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16
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Huber P. Targeting of the apical junctional complex by bacterial pathogens. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Costa ML, de Andrade Rosa I, Andrade L, Mermelstein C, C Coutinho C. Distinct interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells control cell morphology and collective migration during sponge epithelial to mesenchymal transition. J Morphol 2019; 281:183-195. [PMID: 31854473 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and mesenchymal cell types are basic for animal multicellularity and they have complementary functions coordinated by cellular interactions. Sponges are especially important model organisms to address the evolutionary basis of morphogenetic programs for epithelial and mesenchymal organization in animals. Evolutionary studies in sponges can contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that control tissue maintenance and tumor progression in humans. In the present study, sponge mesenchymal and epithelial cells were isolated from the demosponge Hymeniacidon heliophila, and aggregate formation was observed by video microscopy. Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, epithelial transition, and cell migration led to sponge cell aggregation after drastic stress. Based on their different morphologies, adhesion specificities, and motilities, we suggest a role for different sponge cell types as well as complementary functions in cell aggregation. Micromanipulation under the microscope and cell tracking were also used to promote specific grafting-host interaction, to further test the effects of cell type interaction. The loss of cell polarity and flattened shape during the epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition generated small immobile aggregates of round/amoeboid cells. The motility of these transited epithelial-cell aggregates was observed by cell tracking using fluorescent dye, but only after interaction with streams of migratory mesenchymal cells. Cell motility occurred independently of morphological changes, indicating a progressive step in the transition toward a migratory mesenchymal state. Our data suggest a two-step signaling process: (a) the lack of interaction between mesenchymal and epithelial cells triggers morphological changes; and (b) migratory mesenchymal cells instruct epithelial cells for directional cell motility. These results could have an impact on the understanding of evolutionary aspects of metastatic cancer cells. HIGHLIGHTS: Morphogenetic movements observed in modern sponges could have a common evolutionary origin with collective cell migration of human metastatic cells. A sponge regenerative model was used here to characterize epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and for the promotion of grafting/host interactions with subsequent cell tracking. The transition from epithelial to mesenchymal cell type can be observed in sponges in two steps: (a) withdrawal of epithelial/mesenchymal cell interactions to trigger morphological changes; (b) migratory mesenchymal cells to induce epithelial cells to a collective migratory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel L Costa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivone de Andrade Rosa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Andrade
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiano C Coutinho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Lattner J, Leng W, Knust E, Brankatschk M, Flores-Benitez D. Crumbs organizes the transport machinery by regulating apical levels of PI(4,5)P 2 in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:e50900. [PMID: 31697234 PMCID: PMC6881148 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient vectorial intracellular transport machinery depends on a well-established apico-basal polarity and is a prerequisite for the function of secretory epithelia. Despite extensive knowledge on individual trafficking pathways, little is known about the mechanisms coordinating their temporal and spatial regulation. Here, we report that the polarity protein Crumbs is essential for apical plasma membrane phospholipid-homeostasis and efficient apical secretion. Through recruiting βHeavy-Spectrin and MyosinV to the apical membrane, Crumbs maintains the Rab6-, Rab11- and Rab30-dependent trafficking and regulates the lipid phosphatases Pten and Ocrl. Crumbs knock-down results in increased apical levels of PI(4,5)P2 and formation of a novel, Moesin- and PI(4,5)P2-enriched apical membrane sac containing microvilli-like structures. Our results identify Crumbs as an essential hub required to maintain the organization of the apical membrane and the physiological activity of the larval salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lattner
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
| | - Weihua Leng
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- The Biotechnological Center of the TU Dresden (BIOTEC)DresdenGermany
| | - David Flores-Benitez
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG)DresdenGermany
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19
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Naumann B, Burkhardt P. Spatial Cell Disparity in the Colonial Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:231. [PMID: 31681764 PMCID: PMC6803389 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Choanoflagellates are the closest unicellular relatives of animals (Metazoa). These tiny protists display complex life histories that include sessile as well as different pelagic stages. Some choanoflagellates have the ability to form colonies as well. Up until recently, these colonies have been described to consist of mostly identical cells showing no spatial cell differentiation, which supported the traditional view that spatial cell differentiation, leading to the co-existence of specific cell types in animals, evolved after the split of the last common ancestor of the Choanoflagellata and Metazoa. The recent discovery of single cells in colonies of the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta that exhibit unique cell morphologies challenges this traditional view. We have now reanalyzed TEM serial sections, aiming to determine the degree of similarity of S. rosetta cells within a rosette colony. We investigated cell morphologies and nuclear, mitochondrial, and food vacuole volumes of 40 individual cells from four different S. rosetta rosette colonies and compared our findings to sponge choanocytes. Our analysis shows that cells in a choanoflagellate colony differ from each other in respect to cell morphology and content ratios of nuclei, mitochondria, and food vacuoles. Furthermore, cell disparity within S. rosetta colonies is slightly higher compared to cell disparity within sponge choanocytes. Moreover, we discovered the presence of plasma membrane contacts between colonial cells in addition to already described intercellular bridges and filo-/pseudopodial contacts. Our findings indicate that the last common ancestor of Choanoflagellata and Metazoa might have possessed plasma membrane contacts and spatial cell disparity during colonial life history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Naumann
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Pawel Burkhardt
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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20
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Nathaniel Clarke D, Lowe CJ, James Nelson W. The cadherin-catenin complex is necessary for cell adhesion and embryogenesis in Nematostella vectensis. Dev Biol 2019; 447:170-181. [PMID: 30629955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin complex is a conserved, calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion module that is necessary for normal development and the maintenance of tissue integrity in bilaterian animals. Despite longstanding evidence of a deep ancestry of calcium-dependent cell adhesion in animals, the requirement of the cadherin-catenin complex to coordinate cell-cell adhesion has not been tested directly in a non-bilaterian organism. Here, we provide the first analysis of classical cadherins and catenins in the Starlet Sea Anemone, Nematostella vectensis. Gene expression, protein localization, siRNA-mediated knockdown of α-catenin, and calcium-dependent cell aggregation assays provide evidence that a bonafide cadherin-catenin complex is present in the early embryo, and that α-catenin is required for normal embryonic development and the formation of cell-cell adhesions between cells dissociated from whole embryos. Together these results support the hypothesis that the cadherin-catenin complex was likely a complete and functional cell-cell adhesion module in the last common cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Embryonic manipulations and ex vivo adhesion assays in the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, indicate that the necessity of the cadherin-catenin complex for mediating cell-cell adhesion is deeply conserved in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nathaniel Clarke
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States.
| | - Christopher J Lowe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States.
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States.
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21
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Golovkine G, Reboud E, Huber P. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Takes a Multi-Target Approach to Achieve Junction Breach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:532. [PMID: 29379773 PMCID: PMC5770805 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which uses a number of strategies to cross epithelial and endothelial barriers at cell–cell junctions. In this review, we describe how the coordinated actions of P. aeruginosa's virulence factors trigger various molecular mechanisms to disarm the junctional gate responsible for tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Golovkine
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emeline Reboud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Abstract
The evolution of a nervous system as a control system of the body's functions is a key innovation of animals. Its fundamental units are neurons, highly specialized cells dedicated to fast cell-cell communication. Neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells at specialized junctions, the synapses, where transmitters are released from vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent fashion to activate receptors in the membrane of the target cell. Reconstructing the origins of neuronal communication out of a more simple process remains a central challenge in biology. Recent genomic comparisons have revealed that all animals, including the nerveless poriferans and placozoans, share a basic set of genes for neuronal communication. This suggests that the first animal, the Urmetazoan, was already endowed with neurosecretory cells that probably started to connect into neuronal networks soon afterward. Here, we discuss scenarios for this pivotal transition in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Varoqueaux
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
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23
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Lafon Hughes LI, Romeo Cardeillac CJ, Cal Castillo KB, Vilchez Larrea SC, Sotelo Sosa JR, Folle Ungo GA, Fernández Villamil SH, Kun González AE. Poly(ADP-ribosylation) is present in murine sciatic nerve fibers and is altered in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1E neurodegenerative model. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3318. [PMID: 28503382 PMCID: PMC5428328 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) is a polymer synthesized by poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) as a postranslational protein modification and catabolized mainly by poly-ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG). In spite of the existence of cytoplasmic PARPs and PARG, research has been focused on nuclear PARPs and PAR, demonstrating roles in the maintenance of chromatin architecture and the participation in DNA damage responses and transcriptional regulation. We have recently detected non-nuclear PAR structurally and functionally associated to the E-cadherin rich zonula adherens and the actin cytoskeleton of VERO epithelial cells. Myelinating Schwann cells (SC) are stabilized by E-cadherin rich autotypic adherens junctions (AJ). We wondered whether PAR would map to these regions. Besides, we have demonstrated an altered microfilament pattern in peripheral nerves of Trembler-J (Tr-J) model of CMT1-E. We hypothesized that cytoplasmic PAR would accompany such modified F-actin pattern. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Tr-J mice sciatic nerves cryosections were subjected to immunohistofluorescence with anti-PAR antibodies (including antibody validation), F-actin detection with a phalloidin probe and DAPI/DNA counterstaining. Confocal image stacks were subjected to a colocalization highlighter and to semi-quantitative image analysis. Results We have shown for the first time the presence of PAR in sciatic nerves. Cytoplasmic PAR colocalized with F-actin at non-compact myelin regions in WT nerves. Moreover, in Tr-J, cytoplasmic PAR was augmented in close correlation with actin. In addition, nuclear PAR was detected in WT SC and was moderately increased in Tr-J SC. Discussion The presence of PAR associated to non-compact myelin regions (which constitute E-cadherin rich autotypic AJ/actin anchorage regions) and the co-alterations experienced by PAR and the actin cytoskeleton in epithelium and nerves, suggest that PAR may be a constitutive component of AJ/actin anchorage regions. Is PAR stabilizing the AJ-actin complexes? This question has strong implications in structural cell biology and cell signaling networks. Moreover, if PAR played a stabilizing role, such stabilization could participate in the physiological control of axonal branching. PARP and PAR alterations exist in several neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Hungtington’s diseases. Conversely, PARP inhibition decreases PAR and promotes neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons in vitro. Coherently, the PARP inhibitor XAV939 improves myelination in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Until now such results have been interpreted in terms of nuclear PARP activity. Our results indicate for the first time the presence of PARylation in peripheral nerve fibers, in a healthy environment. Besides, we have evidenced a PARylation increase in Tr-J, suggesting that the involvement of cytoplasmic PARPs and PARylation in normal and neurodegenerative conditions should be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Lafon Hughes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos J Romeo Cardeillac
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karina B Cal Castillo
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Salomé C Vilchez Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José R Sotelo Sosa
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A Folle Ungo
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia H Fernández Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra E Kun González
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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24
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Hanley J, Dhar DK, Mazzacuva F, Fiadeiro R, Burden JJ, Lyne AM, Smith H, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Banushi B, Virasami A, Mills K, Lemaigre FP, Knisely AS, Howe S, Sebire N, Waddington SN, Paulusma CC, Clayton P, Gissen P. Vps33b is crucial for structural and functional hepatocyte polarity. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1001-1011. [PMID: 28082148 PMCID: PMC5387182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the normal liver, hepatocytes form a uniquely polarised cell layer that enables movement of solutes from sinusoidal blood to canalicular bile. Whilst several cholestatic liver diseases with defects of hepatocyte polarity have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well defined. One example is arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome, which in most patients is caused by VPS33B mutations. VPS33B is a protein involved in membrane trafficking that interacts with RAB11A at recycling endosomes. To understand the pathways that regulate hepatocyte polarity better, we investigated VPS33B deficiency using a novel mouse model with a liver-specific Vps33b deletion. METHODS To assess functional polarity, plasma and bile samples were collected from Vps33b liver knockout (Vps33bfl/fl-AlfpCre) and control (Vps33bfl/fl) mice; bile components or injected substrates were quantitated by mass spectrometry or fluorometry. For structural analysis, livers underwent light and transmission electron microscopy. Apical membrane and tight junction protein localisation was assessed by immunostaining. Adeno-associated virus vectors were used for in vivo gene rescue experiments. RESULTS Like patients, Vps33bfl/fl-AlfpCre mice showed mislocalisation of ATP-binding cassette proteins that are specifically trafficked to the apical membrane via Rab11a-positive recycling endosomes. This was associated with retention of bile components in blood. Loss of functional tight junction integrity and depletion of apical microvilli were seen in knockout animals. Gene transfer partially rescued these defects. CONCLUSIONS Vps33b has a key role in establishing structural and functional aspects of hepatocyte polarity and may be a target for gene replacement therapy. LAY SUMMARY Hepatocytes are liver cells with tops and bottoms; that is, they are polarised. At their bottoms they absorb substances from blood. They then, at their tops, secrete these substances and their metabolites into bile. When polarity is lost, this directional flow of substances from blood to bile is disrupted and liver disease follows. In this study, using a new mouse model with a liver-specific mutation of Vps33b, the mouse version of a gene that is mutated in most patients with arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis (ARC) syndrome, we investigated how the Vps33b gene product contributes to establishing hepatocyte polarity. We identified in these mice abnormalities similar to those in children with ARC syndrome. Gene transfer could partly reverse the mouse abnormalities. Our work contributes to the understanding of VPS33B disease and hepatocyte polarity in general, and may point towards gene transfer mediated treatment of ARC liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hanley
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dipok Kumar Dhar
- Organ Transplantation Centre and Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Francesca Mazzacuva
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rebeca Fiadeiro
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Lyne
- UCL Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Holly Smith
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Blerida Banushi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Histopathology Department, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - A S Knisely
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Steven Howe
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Neil Sebire
- Histopathology Department, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6AU, UK; Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Clayton
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Inherited Metabolic Disease Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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25
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Xu X, Pan M, Gasiewicz AE, Li R, Kuo SM. Human and mouse microarrays-guided expression analysis of membrane protein trafficking-related genes in MDCK cells, a canine epithelial model for apical and basolateral differential protein targeting. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2017; 4:119-126. [PMID: 29450149 PMCID: PMC5801818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MDCK cells are widely used to study the differential targeting of membrane transporters to apical and basolateral membrane but its canine origin limited the commercial tools available for the analysis of protein trafficking machinery. Because apical and basolateral membranes are only found in differentiated epithelial cells, genes critical for differential targeting may be specifically up-regulated upon MDCK cell differentiation. To search for these genes, a cross-species screening strategy was used. We first analyzed the human microarray data for protein trafficking-related genes that were up-regulated in colon carcinoma Caco2 cells upon differentiation. The results of mouse 44K gene expression microarray analysis were then used to extract additional candidate genes that showed higher expression in normal colon epithelium compared to primary embryonic fibroblasts. Finally, NCBI genomic sequence information was used to design RT-PCR primers for 13 candidate and 10 negative control genes and used to analyze MDCK cells at 2, 13 and 17 days after seeding. To determine whether the gene up-regulation was specific in epithelial differentiation, we also performed RT-PCR on rat non-differentiating intestinal IEC-6 cells and mouse C2C12 cells, a differentiating myoblast model. Of the 13 candidate genes, 3 genes, SDCBP2, KIF12, KIF27, met all criteria of specific up-regulation in differentiated MDCK cells. In addition, KIF13A showed up-regulation in differentiated MDCK and C2C12 cells but not in IEC-6 cells cultured for the same duration. The functions of these genes need to be analyzed in the future. This cross-species screening strategy may be useful for other non-human, non-rodent cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Xu
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Mingming Pan
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Alexis E Gasiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Rongzi Li
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Shiu-Ming Kuo
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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26
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Kalmbach L, Hématy K, De Bellis D, Barberon M, Fujita S, Ursache R, Daraspe J, Geldner N. Transient cell-specific EXO70A1 activity in the CASP domain and Casparian strip localization. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17058. [PMID: 28436943 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a striking case of evolutionary convergence, polarized cell layers with ring-like diffusion barriers have evolved in both plant and animal lineages independently. In plants, ring-like Casparian strips become localized by the CASPARIAN STRIP MEMBRANE DOMAIN PROTEINS (CASPs). The mechanism of this striking localization, however, has remained enigmatic. Here we present a genetic screen aimed at isolating determinants of CASP localization. One of the mutants, lord of the rings 2 (lotr2)/exo70a1, displays dramatic de-localization of CASPs into randomly localized microdomains. EXO70A1 is a subunit of the exocyst complex, a central component of secretion in eukaryotes. Irradiation of EXO70 subunit genes in plants has suggested specialization of this conserved complex. Intriguingly, lotr2/exo70a1 does neither affect secretion of the CASPs, nor that of other membrane proteins in the endodermis, thus separating exocyst activity in localization from a general defect in secretion. Our results establish EXO70A1 as a central player in Casparian strip formation, generating a transient positional information that will be translated into a precisely localized cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Kalmbach
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kian Hématy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Barberon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Wang Y, Sun T, Sun H, Yang S, Li D, Zhou D. SCF/C-Kit/JNK/AP-1 Signaling Pathway Promotes Claudin-3 Expression in Colonic Epithelium and Colorectal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040765. [PMID: 28383479 PMCID: PMC5412349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-3 is a major protein of tight junctions (TJs) in the intestinal epithelium and is critical for maintaining cell-cell adhesion, barrier function, and epithelium polarity. Recent studies have shown high claudin-3 levels in several solid tumors, but the regulation mechanism of claudin-3 expression remains poorly understood. In the present study, colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, HT-29 and DLD-1 CRC cell lines, CRC murine model (C57BL/6 mice) and c-kit loss-of-function mutant mice were used. We demonstrated that elevated claudin-3 levels were positively correlated with highly expressed c-kit in CRC tissues based upon analysis of protein expression. In vitro, claudin-3 expression was clearly increased in CRC cells by overexpressed c-kit or stimulated by exogenous recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF), while significantly decreased by the treatment with c-kit or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assay showed that SCF/c-kit signaling significantly promoted activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding with CLDN-3 promoter and enhanced its transcription activity. Furthermore, decreased expression of claudin-3 was obtained in the colonic epithelium from the c-Kit loss-of-function mutant mice. In conclusion, SCF/c-kit-JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway significantly promoted claudin-3 expression in colonic epithelium and CRC, which could contribute to epithelial barrier function maintenance and to CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Tingyi Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
- Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Haimei Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
- Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
- Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Deshan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
- Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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28
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Keijzer F, Arnellos A. The animal sensorimotor organization: a challenge for the environmental complexity thesis. BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 2017; 32:421-441. [PMID: 28713189 PMCID: PMC5491640 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-017-9565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Godfrey-Smith's environmental complexity thesis (ECT) is most often applied to multicellular animals and the complexity of their macroscopic environments to explain how cognition evolved. We think that the ECT may be less suited to explain the origins of the animal bodily organization, including this organization's potentiality for dealing with complex macroscopic environments. We argue that acquiring the fundamental sensorimotor features of the animal body may be better explained as a consequence of dealing with internal bodily-rather than environmental complexity. To press and elucidate this option, we develop the notion of an animal sensorimotor organization (ASMO) that derives from an internal coordination account for the evolution of early nervous systems. The ASMO notion is a reply to the question how a collection of single cells can become integrated such that the resulting multicellular organization becomes sensitive to and can manipulate macroscopic features of both the animal body and its environment. In this account, epithelial contractile tissues play the central role in the organization behind complex animal bodies. In this paper, we relate the ASMO concept to recent work on epithelia, which provides empirical evidence that supports central assumptions behind the ASMO notion. Second, we discuss to what extent the notion applies to basic animal architectures, exemplified by sponges and jellyfish. We conclude that the features exhibited by the ASMO are plausibly explained by internal constraints acting on and within this multicellular organization, providing a challenge for the role the ECT plays in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Keijzer
- Department of Theoretical Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Argyris Arnellos
- Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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29
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Zihni C, Mills C, Matter K, Balda MS. Tight junctions: from simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:564-80. [PMID: 27353478 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia and endothelia separate different tissue compartments and protect multicellular organisms from the outside world. This requires the formation of tight junctions, selective gates that control paracellular diffusion of ions and solutes. Tight junctions also form the border between the apical and basolateral plasma-membrane domains and are linked to the machinery that controls apicobasal polarization. Additionally, signalling networks that guide diverse cell behaviours and functions are connected to tight junctions, transmitting information to and from the cytoskeleton, nucleus and different cell adhesion complexes. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of the molecular architecture and cellular functions of tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceniz Zihni
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clare Mills
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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30
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Jiang WD, Qu B, Feng L, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Wu P, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Liu Y. Histidine Prevents Cu-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Associated Decreases in mRNA from Encoding Tight Junction Proteins in the Intestine of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157001. [PMID: 27280406 PMCID: PMC4900568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a common heavy metal pollutant in aquatic environments that originates from natural as well as anthropogenic sources. The present study investigated whether Cu causes oxidative damage and induces changes in the expression of genes that encode tight junction (TJ) proteins, cytokines and antioxidant-related genes in the intestine of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). We demonstrated that Cu decreases the survival rate of fish and increases oxidative damage as measured by increases in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents. Cu exposure significantly decreased the expression of genes that encode the tight junction proteins, namely, claudin (CLDN)-c, -3 and -15 as well as occludin and zonula occludens-1, in the intestine of fish. In addition, Cu exposure increases the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically, IL-8, TNF-α and its related signalling factor (nuclear factor kappa B, NF-κB), which was partly correlated to the decreased mRNA levels of NF-κB inhibitor protein (IκB). These changes were associated with Cu-induced oxidative stress detected by corresponding decreases in glutathione (GSH) content, as well as decreases in the copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and mRNA levels, which were associated with the down-regulated antioxidant signalling factor NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) mRNA levels, and the Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1) mRNA levels in the intestine of fish. Histidine supplementation in diets (3.7 up to 12.2 g/kg) blocked Cu-induced changes. These results indicated that Cu-induced decreases in intestinal TJ proteins and cytokine mRNA levels might be partially mediated by oxidative stress and are prevented by histidine supplementation in fish diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Biao Qu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, 610066, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, 610066, Chengdu, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, 610066, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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31
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Halanych KM. The ctenophore lineage is older than sponges? That cannot be right! Or can it? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:592-7. [PMID: 25696822 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent phylogenetic analyses resulting from collection of whole genome data suggest that ctenophores, or comb jellies, are sister to all other animals. Even before publication, this result prompted discussion among researchers. Here, I counter common criticisms raised about this result and show that assumptions placing sponges as the basal-most extant animal lineage are based on limited evidence and questionable premises. For example, the idea that sponges are simple and the reported similarity of sponge choanocytes to Choanflagellata do not provide useful characters for determining the positions of sponges within the animal tree. Intertwined with discussion of basal metazoan phylogeny is consideration of the evolution of neuronal systems. Recent data show that neural systems of ctenophores are vastly different from those of other animals and use different sets of cellular and genetic mechanisms. Thus, neural systems appear to have at least two independent origins regardless of whether ctenophores or sponges are the earliest branching extant animal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Halanych
- Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Life Sciences Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA Friday Harbor Laboratories, 620 University Road, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
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32
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Occluding junctions of invertebrate epithelia. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:17-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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33
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Assembly of the TgrB1-TgrC1 cell adhesion complex during Dictyostelium discoideum development. Biochem J 2014; 459:241-9. [PMID: 24490801 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In Dictyostelium discoideum, TgrB1 and TgrC1 are partners of a heterophilic cell-adhesion system. To investigate its assembly process, the split GFP complementation assay was used to track the oligomeric status of both proteins. The ability of TgrC1 to form cis-homodimers spontaneously was demonstrated by fluorescence complementation studies and confirmed by chemical cross-linking. In contrast, TgrB1 failed to form cis-homodimers in the absence of TgrC1. Treatment of cell aggregates with antibodies against TgrB1 or TgrC1 did not affect TgrC1 dimerization, but inhibited TgrB1 dimer formation, suggesting that TgrB1 cis-homodimerization is dependent on trans-interaction with TgrC1. When TgrB1 and TgrC1 conjugated with the complementary halves of GFP were co-expressed in cells, cis-heterodimers were not detected. However, weak FRET signals were detected in cells expressing TgrB1-RFP and TgrC1-GFP, suggesting that TgrB1 dimers and TgrC1 dimers were arranged juxtapose to each other in the adhesion complex. The results of the present study suggest that the assembly process is initiated upon trans-interaction of monomeric TgrB1 with TgrC1 homodimers on adjacent cells, which triggers the formation of TgrB1 dimers. The homodimerization of TgrB1 in turn induces the clustering of TgrB1 and TgrC1, and the coalescence of TgrB1-TgrC1 clusters results in the formation of large adhesion complexes.
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34
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Rodriguez-Boulan E, Macara IG. Organization and execution of the epithelial polarity programme. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:225-42. [PMID: 24651541 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells require apical-basal plasma membrane polarity to carry out crucial vectorial transport functions and cytoplasmic polarity to generate different cell progenies for tissue morphogenesis. The establishment and maintenance of a polarized epithelial cell with apical, basolateral and ciliary surface domains is guided by an epithelial polarity programme (EPP) that is controlled by a network of protein and lipid regulators. The EPP is organized in response to extracellular cues and is executed through the establishment of an apical-basal axis, intercellular junctions, epithelial-specific cytoskeletal rearrangements and a polarized trafficking machinery. Recent studies have provided insight into the interactions of the EPP with the polarized trafficking machinery and how these regulate epithelial polarization and depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, LC-301 New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, U 3209 MRB III, Nashville Tennessee 37232, USA
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35
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García-Godínez A, Contreras RG, González-Del-Pliego M, Aguirre-Benítez E, Acuña-Macías I, de la Vega MT, Martín-Tapia D, Solano-Agama C, Mendoza-Garrido ME. Anterior and intermediate pituitary tissues express claudin 4 in follicle stellate cells and claudins 2 and 5 in endothelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:309-21. [PMID: 24760107 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stellate cells are pituitary non-granular cells that are arranged between secretory cells or organized in follicles with small lumens. Cells from the follicles exhibit the typical phenotype of a transporting epithelium, including apical microvilli with a cilium and tight junctions. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy images show that the tight junctions consist of 5-7 anastomosing strands and that cultured follicle-stellate cells develop a trans-epithelial electrical resistance characteristic of "tight" epithelia. Here, we investigate the molecular composition of the tight junction from follicle stellate cells. We found that the rat anterior pituitary lobe expresses mRNAs for claudins 2, 4 and 5; the proteins of all these claudins are observed in the anterior lobe, whereas the intermediate lobe expresses claudins 2 and 5 and the posterior lobe contains only claudin 5. Follicle-stellate cells, identified by their protein marker S100β, expresses claudin 4 in the apical membrane, in co-localization with dipeptidyl-peptidase and near acetylated β-tubulin. Claudin 4 partially co-localizes with E-cadherin, indicating that a fraction of the protein is located in the basolateral domain. Follicle-stellate-enriched cell cultures develop patches of polygonal cells expressing claudin 4 and E-cadherin, encircled by extensive monolayers of fusiform cells. Claudin 2 stains specifically blood vessels, identified by claudin 5 and VE-cadherin labels. Thus, follicles in the anterior pituitary consist of "tight" epithelia that can carry out intense vectorial transport, together with a high cation movement in blood vessels, possibly related to the ion requirements of excitable secretory cells for hormone secretion.
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36
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Vermeer JEM, von Wangenheim D, Barberon M, Lee Y, Stelzer EHK, Maizel A, Geldner N. A spatial accommodation by neighboring cells is required for organ initiation in Arabidopsis. Science 2014; 343:178-83. [PMID: 24408432 DOI: 10.1126/science.1245871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lateral root formation in plants can be studied as the process of interaction between chemical signals and physical forces during development. Lateral root primordia grow through overlying cell layers that must accommodate this incursion. Here, we analyze responses of the endodermis, the immediate neighbor to an initiating lateral root. Endodermal cells overlying lateral root primordia lose volume, change shape, and relinquish their tight junction-like diffusion barrier to make way for the emerging lateral root primordium. Endodermal feedback is absolutely required for initiation and growth of lateral roots, and we provide evidence that this is mediated by controlled volume loss in the endodermis. We propose that turgidity and rigid cell walls, typical of plants, impose constraints that are specifically modified for a given developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Ouabain induces endocytosis and degradation of tight junction proteins through ERK1/2-dependent pathways. Exp Cell Res 2014; 320:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Nawrath C, Schreiber L, Franke RB, Geldner N, Reina-Pinto JJ, Kunst L. Apoplastic diffusion barriers in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0167. [PMID: 24465172 PMCID: PMC3894908 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During the development of Arabidopsis and other land plants, diffusion barriers are formed in the apoplast of specialized tissues within a variety of plant organs. While the cuticle of the epidermis is the primary diffusion barrier in the shoot, the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae of the endodermis and the periderm represent the diffusion barriers in the root. Different classes of molecules contribute to the formation of extracellular diffusion barriers in an organ- and tissue-specific manner. Cutin and wax are the major components of the cuticle, lignin forms the early Casparian strip, and suberin is deposited in the stage II endodermis and the periderm. The current status of our understanding of the relationships between the chemical structure, ultrastructure and physiological functions of plant diffusion barriers is discussed. Specific aspects of the synthesis of diffusion barrier components and protocols that can be used for the assessment of barrier function and important barrier properties are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- University of Bonn, Department of Ecophysiology of Plants, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rochus Benni Franke
- University of Bonn, Department of Ecophysiology of Plants, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niko Geldner
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José J. Reina-Pinto
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Plant Breeding, Estación Experimental ‘La Mayora’. 29750 Algarrobo-Costa. Málaga. Spain
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Bivic AL. Evolution and Cell Physiology. 4. Why invent yet another protein complex to build junctions in epithelial cells? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1193-201. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00272.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the first epithelium was an essential step for animal evolution, since it has allowed coordination of the behavior of a cell layer and creation of a selective barrier between the internal medium and the outside world. The possibility of coupling the cells in a single layer has allowed morphogenetic events, such as tube formation, or gastrulation, to form more complex animal morphologies. The invention of sealed junctions between cells has allowed, on the other hand, creation of an asymmetry of nutrients or salts between the apical and the basal side of the epithelial layer. Creation of an internal medium has led to homeostasis, allowing the evolution of more complex physiological functions and the emergence of sophisticated animal shapes. During evolution, the origins of the first animals coincided with the invention of several protein complexes, including true cadherins and the polarity protein complexes. How these complexes regulate formation of the apicolateral border and the adherens junctions is still not fully understood. This review focuses on the role of these apical polarity complexes and, in particular, the Crumbs complex, which is essential for proper organization of epithelial layers from Drosophila to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Le Bivic
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, Marseille, France
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Denker E, Bocina I, Jiang D. Tubulogenesis in a simple cell cord requires the formation of bi-apical cells through two discrete Par domains. Development 2013; 140:2985-96. [PMID: 23760958 DOI: 10.1242/dev.092387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apico-basal polarization is a crucial step in the de novo formation of biological tubes. In Ciona notochord, tubulogenesis occurs in a single file of cells in the absence of cell proliferation. This configuration presents a unique challenge for the formation of a continuous lumen. Here, we show that this geometric configuration is associated with a novel polarization strategy: the generation of bipolar epithelial cells possessing two apical/luminal domains instead of one, as in the conventional epithelium. At the molecular level, cells establish two discrete Par3/Par6/aPKC patches, and form two sets of tight junctions, in opposite points of the cells. The key molecule controlling the formation of both domains is Par3. Changing the position of the cells within the organ fundamentally changes their polarity and the number of apical domains they develop. These results reveal a new mechanism for tubulogenesis from the simplest cell arrangement, which occurs in other developmental contexts, including vertebrate vascular anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Denker
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
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41
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Claudin-2 regulates colorectal inflammation via myosin light chain kinase-dependent signaling. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1546-59. [PMID: 23306855 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claudins have been demonstrated to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the specific role of claudin-2 in colorectal inflammation remains undefined. AIMS We aimed to determine the role of claudin-2 in TNFα-induced colorectal inflammation. METHODS We used claudin-2 (-/-) mice to assess the role of claudin-2 in colon. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with 3 μg of recombinant murine TNFα, and the NF-κB signaling and mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were evaluated. Moreover, in claudin-2 (-/-) mice, colitis was induced by the administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The involvement of claudin-2 in colorectal inflammation was also investigated using the Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, and the expression of claudin-2 was downregulated using claudin-2 siRNA. RESULTS TNFα-induced colorectal inflammation via NF-κB signaling activation was enhanced in claudin-2 (-/-) mice compared with that in claudin-2 (+/+) mice. MLCK expression level in the colon tissue of claudin-2 (-/-) mice treated with TNFα was enhanced in comparison to that of the claudin-2 (+/+) mice. DSS-induced colitis was more severe in the claudin-2 (-/-) mice than in the claudin-2 (+/-) mice. In in vitro experiments, the decreased expression of claudin-2 enhanced the expressions of IL-6, IL-1β and MLCK. CONCLUSIONS Our findings concerning the role of claudin-2 in epithelial inflammatory responses enrich our collective understanding of mucosal homeostasis and intestinal diseases such as IBD. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that claudin-2 and MLCK are potential therapeutic targets for treatments against intestinal disease.
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42
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Nelson WJ, Dickinson DJ, Weis WI. Roles of cadherins and catenins in cell-cell adhesion and epithelial cell polarity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:3-23. [PMID: 23481188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple epithelium is the building block of all metazoans and a multicellular stage of a nonmetazoan. It comprises a closed monolayer of quiescent cells that surround a luminal space. Cells are held together by cell-cell adhesion complexes and surrounded by extracellular matrix. These extracellular contacts are required for the formation of a polarized organization of plasma membrane proteins that regulate the directional absorption and secretion of ions, proteins, and other solutes. While advances have been made in understanding how proteins are sorted to different plasma membrane domains, less is known about how cell-cell adhesion is regulated and linked to the development of epithelial cell polarity and regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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43
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Miller PW, Clarke DN, Weis WI, Lowe CJ, Nelson WJ. The evolutionary origin of epithelial cell-cell adhesion mechanisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:267-311. [PMID: 24210433 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple epithelium forms a barrier between the outside and the inside of an organism, and is the first organized multicellular tissue found in evolution. We examine the relationship between the evolution of epithelia and specialized cell-cell adhesion proteins comprising the classical cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin complex (CCC). A review of the divergent functional properties of the CCC in metazoans and non-metazoans, and an updated phylogenetic coverage of the CCC using recent genomic data reveal: (1) The core CCC likely originated before the last common ancestor of unikonts and their closest bikont sister taxa. (2) Formation of the CCC may have constrained sequence evolution of the classical cadherin cytoplasmic domain and β-catenin in metazoa. (3) The α-catenin-binding domain in β-catenin appears to be the favored mutation site for disrupting β-catenin function in the CCC. (4) The ancestral function of the α/β-catenin heterodimer appears to be an actin-binding module. In some metazoan groups, more complex functions of α-catenin were gained by sequence divergence in the non-actin-binding (N-, M-) domains. (5) Allosteric regulation of α-catenin may have evolved for more complex regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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44
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Alassimone J, Roppolo D, Geldner N, Vermeer JEM. The endodermis--development and differentiation of the plant's inner skin. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:433-43. [PMID: 21735349 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlling external compound entrance is essential for plant survival. To set up an efficient and selective sorting of nutrients, free diffusion via the apoplast in vascular plants is blocked at the level of the endodermis. Although we have learned a lot about endodermal specification in the last years, information regarding its differentiation is still very limited. A differentiated endodermal cell can be defined by the presence of the "Casparian strip" (CS), a cell wall modification described first by Robert Caspary in 1865. While the anatomical description of CS in many vascular plants has been very detailed, we still lack molecular information about the establishment of the Casparian strips and their actual function in roots. The recent isolation of a novel protein family, the CASPs, that localizes precisely to a domain of the plasma membrane underneath the CS represents an excellent point of entry to explore CS function and formation. In addition, it has been shown that the endodermis contains transporters that are localized to either the central (stele-facing) or peripheral (soil-facing) plasma membranes. These features suggest that the endodermis functions as a polar plant epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Alassimone
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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45
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Distinct subsets of Syt-IV/BDNF vesicles are sorted to axons versus dendrites and recruited to synapses by activity. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5398-413. [PMID: 22514304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4515-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF plays a critical role in the regulation of synaptic strength and is essential for long-term potentiation, a phenomenon that underlies learning and memory. However, whether BDNF acts in a diffuse manner or is targeted to specific neuronal subcompartments or synaptic sites to affect circuit function remains unknown. Here, using photoactivation of BDNF or syt-IV (a regulator of exocytosis present on BDNF-containing vesicles) in transfected rat hippocampal neurons, we discovered that distinct subsets of BDNF vesicles are targeted to axons versus dendrites and are not shared between these compartments. Moreover, syt-IV- and BDNF-harboring vesicles are recruited to both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites in response to increased neuronal activity. Finally, using syt-IV knockout mouse neurons, we found that syt-IV is necessary for both presynaptic and postsynaptic scaling of synaptic strength in response to changes in network activity. These findings demonstrate that BDNF-containing vesicles can be targeted to specific sites in neurons and suggest that syt-IV-regulated BDNF secretion is subject to spatial control to regulate synaptic function in a site-specific manner.
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Faimali M, Giussani V, Piazza V, Garaventa F, Corrà C, Asnaghi V, Privitera D, Gallus L, Cattaneo-Vietti R, Mangialajo L, Chiantore M. Toxic effects of harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata on invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 76:97-107. [PMID: 22000703 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Harmful benthic microalgae blooms are an emerging phenomenon causing health and economic concern, especially in tourist areas. This is the case of the Mediterranean Sea, where Ostreopsis ovata blooms occur in summer, with increasing regularity. Ostreopsis species produce palytoxin (PTX) and analogues, and a number of deaths directly associated with the ingestion of PTX contaminated seafood have been reported. PTX is considered one of the most toxic molecules occurring in nature and can provoke severe and sometimes lethal intoxications in humans. So far in temperate areas, O. ovata blooms were reported to cause intoxications of humans by inhalation and irritations by contact. In addition, invertebrate mass mortalities have been reported, possibly linked to O. ovata blooms, although other causes cannot be ruled out, such as oxygen depletion or high seawater temperature. In order to improve our knowledge about the direct toxicity of this species on invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms, we performed an ecotoxicological screening to investigate the toxic effects of different concentrations of O. ovata (cultured in the laboratory and sampled in the field during blooms) on crustaceans and fish as model organisms. Artemia salina, Tigriopus fulvus, and Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae and juveniles of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax were used as model species. Toxic effects associated with cultured O. ovata cells were investigated using a crossed design: testing two different temperatures (20 and 25 °C), four different cell concentrations, and four treatments (untreated O. ovata culture, filtered and resuspended algal cells, growth medium devoid of algal cells, and sonicated algal cells). The results indicate that the toxicity of cultured O. ovata is related to the presence of living O. ovata cells, and that this effect is amplified by temperature. Furthermore, both tests with laboratory cultured algae and field sampled cells pointed out that A. salina is the most sensitive species even at concentrations below the Environmental Alarm Threshold set by the Italian Ministry of Health. Some possible explanations of such sensitivity are discussed, taking into account evidence of O. ovata cells ingestion and the activity of its toxins on the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Faimali
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences-ISMAR, Genoa, Italy.
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47
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Characterization of Na+K+-ATPase in bovine sperm. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1369-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Wang CC, Jamal L, Janes KA. Normal morphogenesis of epithelial tissues and progression of epithelial tumors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:51-78. [PMID: 21898857 PMCID: PMC3242861 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells organize into various tissue architectures that largely maintain their structure throughout the life of an organism. For decades, the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues has fascinated scientists at the interface of cell, developmental, and molecular biology. Systems biology offers ways to combine knowledge from these disciplines by building integrative models that are quantitative and predictive. Can such models be useful for gaining a deeper understanding of epithelial morphogenesis? Here, we take inventory of some recurring themes in epithelial morphogenesis that systems approaches could strive to capture. Predictive understanding of morphogenesis at the systems level would prove especially valuable for diseases such as cancer, where epithelial tissue architecture is profoundly disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Leen Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin A. Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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49
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Abstract
The exchange of substances between higher organisms and the environment occurs across transporting epithelia whose basic features are tight junctions (TJs) that seal the intercellular space, and polarity, which enables cells to transport substances vectorially. In a previous study, we demonstrated that 10 nM ouabain modulates TJs, and we now show that it controls polarity as well. We gauge polarity through the development of a cilium at the apical domain of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK, epithelial dog kidney). Ouabain accelerates ciliogenesis in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. Claudin-2, a molecule responsible for the Na(+) and H(2)O permeability of the TJs, is also present at the cilium, as it colocalizes and coprecipitates with acetylated α-tubulin. Ouabain modulates claudin-2 localization at the cilium through ERK1/2. Comparing wild-type and ouabain-resistant MDCK cells, we show that ouabain acts through Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Taken together, our previous and present results support the possibility that ouabain constitutes a hormone that modulates the transporting epithelial phenotype, thereby playing a crucial role in metazoan life.
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50
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Cereijido M, Contreras RG, Shoshani L, Larre I. The Na+-K+-ATPase as self-adhesion molecule and hormone receptor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C473-81. [PMID: 22049208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00083.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the homeostasis of the internal milieu, metazoan cells can enormously simplify their housekeeping efforts and engage instead in differentiation and multiple forms of organization (tissues, organs, systems) that enable them to produce an astonishing diversity of mammals. The stability of the internal milieu despite drastic variations of the external environment (air, fresh or seawater, gastrointestinal fluids, glomerular filtrate, bile) is due to transporting epithelia that can adjust their specific permeability to H(2)O, H(+), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Cl(-) over several orders of magnitude and exchange substances with the outer milieu with exquisite precision. This exchange is due to the polarized expression of membrane proteins, among them Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, an oligomeric enzyme that uses chemical energy from ATP molecules to translocate ions across the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase presents two types of asymmetries: the arrangement of its subunits, and its expression in one pole of the epithelial cell ("polarity"). In most epithelia, polarity consists of the expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase towards the intercellular space and arises in part from the interaction of the extracellular segment of the β-subunit with another β-subunit present in a Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase molecule expressed by a neighboring cell. In addition to enabling the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase to transport ions and water vectorially, this position exposes its receptors to ouabain and analogous cardiotonic steroids, which are present in the internal milieu because these were secreted by endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cereijido
- CINVESTAV, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México, D.F., México.
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