1
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Wang CL, Li P, Liu B, Ma YQ, Feng JX, Xu YN, Liu L, Li ZH. Decrypting the skeletal toxicity of vertebrates caused by environmental pollutants from an evolutionary perspective: From fish to mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 255:119173. [PMID: 38763280 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of modern society has led to an increasing severity in the generation of new pollutants and the significant emission of old pollutants, exerting considerable pressure on the ecological environment and posing a serious threat to both biological survival and human health. The skeletal system, as a vital supportive structure and functional unit in organisms, is pivotal in maintaining body shape, safeguarding internal organs, storing minerals, and facilitating blood cell production. Although previous studies have uncovered the toxic effects of pollutants on vertebrate skeletal systems, there is a lack of comprehensive literature reviews in this field. Hence, this paper systematically summarizes the toxic effects and mechanisms of environmental pollutants on the skeletons of vertebrates based on the evolutionary context from fish to mammals. Our findings reveal that current research mainly focuses on fish and mammals, and the identified impact mechanisms mainly involve the regulation of bone signaling pathways, oxidative stress response, endocrine system disorders, and immune system dysfunction. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic understanding of research on skeletal toxicity, while also promoting further research and development in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Long Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Yu-Qing Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Jian-Xue Feng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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2
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Jiang T, Xia T, Qiao F, Wang N, Jiang Y, Xin H. Role and Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16175. [PMID: 38003376 PMCID: PMC10671247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bones serve mechanical and defensive functions, as well as regulating the balance of calcium ions and housing bone marrow.. The qualities of bones do not remain constant. Instead, they fluctuate throughout life, with functions increasing in some situations while deteriorating in others. The synchronization of osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is critical for maintaining bone mass and microstructure integrity in a steady state. This equilibrium, however, can be disrupted by a variety of bone pathologies. Excessive osteoclast differentiation can result in osteoporosis, Paget's disease, osteolytic bone metastases, and rheumatoid arthritis, all of which can adversely affect people's health. Osteoclast differentiation is regulated by transcription factors NFATc1, MITF, C/EBPα, PU.1, NF-κB, and c-Fos. The transcriptional activity of osteoclasts is largely influenced by developmental and environmental signals with the involvement of co-factors, RNAs, epigenetics, systemic factors, and the microenvironment. In this paper, we review these themes in regard to transcriptional regulation in osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Tianshuang Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fangliang Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
| | - Nani Wang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China;
| | - Yiping Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
| | - Hailiang Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (T.J.); (T.X.); (F.Q.)
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
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3
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Schkoda S, Horman B, Witchey SK, Jansson A, Macari S, Patisaul HB. Skeletal effects following developmental flame-retardant exposure are specific to sex and chemical class in the adult Wistar rat. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1216388. [PMID: 37577032 PMCID: PMC10414991 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1216388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Accumulating evidence reveals that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt aspects of metabolic programming, suggesting that skeletal development may be at risk, a possibility that is rarely examined. The commercial flame retardant (FR) mixture, Firemaster 550 (FM 550), has repeatedly been shown to negatively influence metabolic programming, raising concerns that skeletal integrity may consequently be impaired. We have previously shown that gestational and lactational exposure to 1,000 µg FM 550 negatively affected sex-specific skeletal traits in male, but not female, rats assessed at 6 months of age. Whether this outcome is primarily driven by the brominated (BFR) or organophosphate ester (OPFR) portions of the mixture or the effects persist to older ages is unknown. Materials and methods: To address this, in the present study, dams were orally exposed throughout gestation and lactation to either 1,000 μg BFR, 1,000 µg OPFR, or 2,000 µg FM 550. Offspring (n = 8/sex/exposure) were weaned at PND 21 and assessed for femoral cortical and trabecular bone parameters at 8 months of age by high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Serum levels of serotonin, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and calcium were quantified. Results: FM 550 affected both sexes, but the females were more appreciably impacted by the OPFRs, while the males were more vulnerable to the BFRs. Conclusion: Although sex specificity was expected due to the sexual dimorphic nature of skeletal physiology, the mechanisms accounting for the male- and female-specific phenotypes remain to be determined. Future work aims to clarify these unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Schkoda
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Brian Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Shannah K. Witchey
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Anton Jansson
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Soraia Macari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Heather B. Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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4
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Flegel J, Shaaban S, Jia ZJ, Schulte B, Lian Y, Krzyzanowski A, Metz M, Schneidewind T, Wesseler F, Flegel A, Reich A, Brause A, Xue G, Zhang M, Dötsch L, Stender ID, Hoffmann JE, Scheel R, Janning P, Rastinejad F, Schade D, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP, Sievers S, Moura-Alves P, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. The Highly Potent AhR Agonist Picoberin Modulates Hh-Dependent Osteoblast Differentiation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16268-16289. [PMID: 36459434 PMCID: PMC9791665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Identification and analysis of small molecule bioactivity in target-agnostic cellular assays and monitoring changes in phenotype followed by identification of the biological target are a powerful approach for the identification of novel bioactive chemical matter in particular when the monitored phenotype is disease-related and physiologically relevant. Profiling methods that enable the unbiased analysis of compound-perturbed states can suggest mechanisms of action or even targets for bioactive small molecules and may yield novel insights into biology. Here we report the enantioselective synthesis of natural-product-inspired 8-oxotetrahydroprotoberberines and the identification of Picoberin, a low picomolar inhibitor of Hedgehog (Hh)-induced osteoblast differentiation. Global transcriptome and proteome profiling revealed the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as the molecular target of this compound and identified a cross talk between Hh and AhR signaling during osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Flegel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Str. 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Zhi Jun Jia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Britta Schulte
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Yilong Lian
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Krzyzanowski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Malte Metz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Tabea Schneidewind
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Fabian Wesseler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Anke Flegel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alisa Reich
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brause
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Gang Xue
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Lara Dötsch
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Hoffmann
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scheel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Dennis Schade
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Compound Management and Screening Center, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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5
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Yu HJ, Wang LJ, Huang K, Guo QF, Lin BY, Liu YY, Yu M, Ma GP. PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone alleviates inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharides in osteoblast cells. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:2471-2479. [PMID: 35072290 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory bone disease with a high disability rate. As an anti-inflammatory factor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is not only implicated in a variety of inflammatory responses but also regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone mass. However, the role of PPAR-γ in osteomyelitis is not fully understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that PPAR-γ showed a lower expression level in infected bone tissue of osteomyelitis patients as compared with uninfected bone tissue from nonosteomyelitis patients with fracture of the hip. We applied lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast precursor cell line as an in vitro model for osteomyelitis. LPS treatment increased osteomyelitis-associated inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), whereas PPAR-γ levels and cell viability in MC3T3-E1 cells were suppressed. PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 further enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and decreased cell viability in the presence of LPS treatment. In contrast, PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone antagonized the effect of LPS treatment in MC3T3-E1 cells. These findings suggest that PPAR-γ downregulation is associated with the inflammation and progression of osteomyelitis, and PPAR-γ agonist could serve as a therapeutic strategy to attenuate inflammatory responses. This study provides novel insights into the physiopathogenesis of osteomyelitis and future study is required to validate the findings in animal model and uncover the molecular mechanism of PPAR-γ-dependent anti-inflammation in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lai-Jie Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huai'An People's Hospital Of Hongze District Jiangsu Province, Huai'An, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Feng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Haihe Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gou-Ping Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Li H, Gou Y, Tian F, Lian Q, Hu Y, Zhang L. The combined anti-osteoporotic effects of simvastatin and exercise in ovariectomized mice fed a high-fat diet. Exp Gerontol 2022; 164:111794. [PMID: 35421557 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate and compare the effects of the combined intervention of simvastatin and exercise on the bone degeneration in a mice model of osteoporosis (OP) induced by obesity and estrogen deficiency. METHODS 56 female 3-month-old C57BL/6 mice were given a standard diet or a high-fat diet after ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery. Drug administration and exercise training were initiated 72 h after surgical operation, which were treated with simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) or exercise (15 m/min for 30 min/day) or combined with simvastatin and exercise at 72 h for 8 weeks. The pathology of OP was assessed by histomorphology analyses, immunohistochemistry (IHC), micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell culture. RESULTS The coexistence of obesity and estrogen deficiency significantly further exacerbated OP pathology, and combined intervention showed a better significant anti-osteoporosis effect than monotherapy. In details, simvastatin combined with exercise ameliorated the abnormal bone mass, microstructure and bone marrow adipocyte differentiation, significantly increased osteoprotegerin (OPG), type 1 collagen (Col-I), RUNX2 and osteocalcin (OCN) expression, decreased the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Furthermore, combined intervention markedly improved abnormal metabolic status, reduced the levels of serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), leptin, CTX-1 and IL-1β, and increased the level of OCN. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of obesity and estrogen deficiency further aggravates bone tissue degeneration and abnormal metabolic pathology, which could be better inhibited by the combination with simvastatin and exercise instead of single intervention, suggesting that combined intervention may be a potential candidate for amelioration of the progression of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yu Gou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Faming Tian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Qiangqiang Lian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
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7
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Mukherjee S, Park JP, Yun JW. Carboxylesterase3 (Ces3) Interacts with Bone Morphogenetic Protein 11 and Promotes Differentiation of Osteoblasts via Smad1/5/9 Pathway. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Sibilia V, Bottai D, Maggi R, Pagani F, Chiaramonte R, Giannandrea D, Citro V, Platonova N, Casati L. Sex Steroid Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Bone Cells: An In Vitro Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212168. [PMID: 34831936 PMCID: PMC8621144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli, including sex hormones and oxidative stress (OS), affect bone balance, modifying the epigenetic profiles of key osteogenic genes. Nonetheless, the interplay between sex steroids, epigenome and OS has yet be fully elucidated. This paper aims to study in vitro the role of sex steroids in OS-induced alteration in bone cells’ homeostasis, and to assess the possible contribution of epigenetic modifications. Toward this purpose, osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) and osteocyte (MLOY-4) cell lines were exposed to two different sources of free oxygen radicals, i.e., tert-butyl hydroperoxide and dexamethasone, and the protective effect of pre-treatment with androgens and estrogens was evaluated. In particular, we analyzed parameters that reflect bone cell homeostasis such as cell viability, cell migration, transcriptomic profile, transcriptional activity, and epigenetic signature. Our findings indicate that estrogens and androgens counteract OS effects. Using partially overlapping strategies, they reduce OS outcomes regarding cell viability, cell migration, the transcriptomic profile of gene families involved in bone remodeling, and epigenetic profile, i.e., H3K4me3 level. Additionally, we demonstrated that the protective effect of steroids against OS on bone homeostasis is partially mediated by the Akt pathway. Overall, these results suggest that the hormonal milieu may influence the mechanisms of age-related bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sibilia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milano, Italy; (V.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (D.B.); (R.C.); (D.G.); (V.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milano, Italy; (V.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Raffaella Chiaramonte
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (D.B.); (R.C.); (D.G.); (V.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Domenica Giannandrea
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (D.B.); (R.C.); (D.G.); (V.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Valentina Citro
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (D.B.); (R.C.); (D.G.); (V.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Natalia Platonova
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (D.B.); (R.C.); (D.G.); (V.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (D.B.); (R.C.); (D.G.); (V.C.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are defined as chemicals that interfere with the function of the endocrine system. EDCs exert their hormonal effects through several mechanisms; modulating hormone receptors or changing metabolism of different hormones. EDCs also influence multiple signalling pathways while effecting the hormonal systems and possess complex dose-response curves. EDCs can exert deleterious effects on bone tissue through changing bone modelling and remodelling via altering bone paracrine hormone synthesis, the release of systemic hormones, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, and effecting stem cell fate, as well as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Evidence is accumulating of the bone disrupting effect of different groups of EDCs, such as; the perfluoroalkyl substances, the phthalate esters, the bisphenol A, the organotin compounds, the alkylphenols and the dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. This review highlights the recent discoveries of the effects of commonly found environmental chemicals on bone from basic molecular findings to clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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Ordikhani F, Zandi N, Mazaheri M, Luther GA, Ghovvati M, Akbarzadeh A, Annabi N. Targeted nanomedicines for the treatment of bone disease and regeneration. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1221-1254. [PMID: 33347711 DOI: 10.1002/med.21759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery by either passive or active targeting of therapeutics to the bone is an attractive treatment for various bone related diseases such as osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, multiple myeloma, and metastatic bone tumors. Engineering novel drug delivery carriers can increase therapeutic efficacy and minimize the risk of side effects. Developmnet of nanocarrier delivery systems is an interesting field of ongoing studies with opportunities to provide more effective therapies. In addition, preclinical nanomedicine research can open new opportunities for preclinical bone-targeted drug delivery; nevertheless, further research is needed to progress these therapies towards clinical applications. In the present review, the latest advancements in targeting moieties and nanocarrier drug delivery systems for the treatment of bone diseases are summarized. We also review the regeneration capability and effective delivery of nanomedicines for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Ordikhani
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nooshin Zandi
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Mazaheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gaurav A Luther
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahsa Ghovvati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA
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11
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Moradifard S, Hoseinbeyki M, Emam MM, Parchiniparchin F, Ebrahimi-Rad M. Association of the Sp1 binding site and -1997 promoter variations in COL1A1 with osteoporosis risk: The application of meta-analysis and bioinformatics approaches offers a new perspective for future research. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108339. [PMID: 33339581 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a complex disease, osteoporosis is influenced by several genetic markers. Many studies have examined the link between the Sp1 binding site +1245 G > T (rs1800012) and -1997 G > T (rs1107946) variations in the COL1A1 gene with osteoporosis risk. However, the findings of these studies have been contradictory; therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to aggregate additional information and obtain increased statistical power to more efficiently estimate this correlation. A meta-analysis was conducted with studies published between 1991-2020 that were identified by a systematic electronic search of the Scopus and Clarivate Analytics databases. Studies with bone mineral density (BMD) data and complete genotypes of the single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) for the overall and postmenopausal female population were included in this meta-analysis and analyzed using the R metaphor package. A relationship between rs1800012 and significantly decreased BMD values at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was found in individuals carrying the "ss" versus the "SS" genotype in the overall population according to a random effects model (p < 0.0001). Similar results were also found in the postmenopausal female population (p = 0.003 and 0.0002, respectively). Such findings might be an indication of increased osteoporosis risk in both studied groups in individuals with the "ss" genotype. Although no association was identified between the -1997 G > T and low BMD in the overall population, those individuals with the "GT" genotype showed a higher level of BMD than those with "GG" in the subgroup analysis (p = 0.007). To determine which transcription factor (TF) might bind to the -1997 G > T in COL1A1, 45 TFs were identified based on bioinformatics predictions. According to the GSE35958 microarray dataset, 16 of 45 TFs showed differential expression profiles in osteoporotic human mesenchymal stem cells relative to normal samples from elderly donors. By identifying candidate TFs for the -1997 G > T site, our study offers a new perspective for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Emam
- Rheumatology Ward, Loghman Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
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12
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Uehara IA, Soldi LR, Silva MJB. Current perspectives of osteoclastogenesis through estrogen modulated immune cell cytokines. Life Sci 2020; 256:117921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2020; 20:347-371. [PMID: 32877972 PMCID: PMC7493450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how bones are innately designed, robustly developed and delicately maintained through intricate anatomical features and physiological processes across the lifespan is vital to inform our assessment of normal bone health, and essential to aid our interpretation of adverse clinical outcomes affecting bone through primary or secondary causes. Accordingly this review serves to introduce new researchers and clinicians engaging with bone and mineral metabolism, and provide a contemporary update for established researchers or clinicians. Specifically, we describe the mechanical and non-mechanical functions of the skeleton; its multidimensional and hierarchical anatomy (macroscopic, microscopic, organic, inorganic, woven and lamellar features); its cellular and hormonal physiology (deterministic and homeostatic processes that govern and regulate bone); and processes of mechanotransduction, modelling, remodelling and degradation that underpin bone adaptation or maladaptation. In addition, we also explore commonly used methods for measuring bone metabolic activity or material features (imaging or biochemical markers) together with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Jocelyn Tan
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paola Chivers
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Childrens Hospital, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
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Nuclear receptors in osteoclasts. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:8-17. [PMID: 32569976 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that play an essential role in the remodeling of bone under physiological conditions and numerous pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis, bone metastasis, and inflammatory bone erosion. Nuclear receptors are crucial to various physiological processes, including metabolism, development and inflammation, and function as transcription factors to activate target genes. Synthetic ligands of nuclear receptors are also available for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. However, dysregulated bone phenotypes have been documented in patients who take synthetic nuclear receptor ligands as a therapy. Therefore, the effect of nuclear receptors on bone cells has become an important area of exploration; additionally, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of nuclear receptors in osteoclasts have not been completely understood. Here, we cover the recent progress in our understanding of the roles of nuclear receptors in osteoclasts.
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Soltanyzadeh M, Ghollasi M, Halabian R, Shams M. A comparative study of hBM-MSCs' differentiation toward osteogenic lineage in the presence of progesterone and estrogen hormones separately and concurrently in vitro. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1701-1713. [PMID: 32339349 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Promising cell sources for tissue engineering comprise bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) that have multiple differentiation potentials. Also, sex hormones act as important elements in bone development and maintenance, and the roles of two female sex steroid hormones known as estrogen (17-β estradiol) and progesterone in osteogenic differentiation of human BM-MSCs (hBM-MSCs) are studied. For this purpose, hBM-MSCs were treated with a 1 × 10-6 M concentration of 17-β estradiol and progesterone separately and simultaneously while the optimum concentrations were obtained by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Osteogenic differentiation tests including measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, the content of total mineral calcium, mineralized matrix staining by Alizarin Red and Von Kossa solutions, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunofluorescence staining were carried out on Days 7 and 14 of differentiation. To exhibit the morphology of the cells, the BM-MSCs were stained with acridine orange (AO) solution. In this study, the results of ALP activity assay, calcium content and real-time RT-PCR assay and also all tests of differentiation staining have shown that 17-β estradiol has been recognized as an enhancing factor of osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, MTT assay and AO staining revealed progesterone as a factor that seriously improved the proliferation of hBM-MSCs. Generally, the 17-β estradiol individually or in the presence of progesterone has more effects on BM-MSCs' osteogenic differentiation compared to progesterone alone. In this study, it is indicated that the effect of the 17-β estradiol and progesterone concurrently was the same as individual 17-β estradiol on the differentiation of hBM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Soltanyzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghollasi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shams
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
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Yuasa Y, Miyakoshi N, Kasukawa Y, Nagahata I, Akagawa M, Ono Y, Sato C, Tsuchie H, Nozaka K, Nagasawa H, Hongo M, Shimada Y. Effects of bazedoxifene and low-intensity aerobic exercise on bone and fat parameters in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:179-187. [PMID: 31587108 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postmenopausal osteoporosis and dyslipidemia are well-known skeletal and metabolic changes in middle-aged women. We investigated the effects of combined treatments with a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and exercise on bone and fat parameters in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy, and rats were randomized to BZA (bazedoxifene at 0.3 mg/kg/day), Exe (treadmill exercise at 12-15 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/week), Comb (BZA and Exe), and Cont (control treated with vehicle and no exercise) groups 8 weeks after ovariectomy. After 4 or 8 weeks of treatment, bone mineral density (BMD) of the total femur and lumbar spine and whole-body percentage fat mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and mechanical testing of the femoral shaft, and bone and fat histomorphometric analyses of the proximal tibia were performed. RESULTS Treadmill exercise had decreased bone marrow adipocytes from 4 weeks of treatment and whole-body percentage fat mass at 8 weeks. BZA increased BMD at the lumbar spine and decreased the whole-body percentage fat mass from 4 weeks and bone marrow adipocytes at 8 weeks. Combination therapy increased BMD for the lumbar spine and decreased bone marrow adipocytes and whole-body percentage fat mass from 4 weeks. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with BZA and exercise appears effective to improve bone and fat parameters in OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yuasa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Naohisa Miyakoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kasukawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Itsuki Nagahata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Manabu Akagawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ono
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Koji Nozaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagasawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Michio Hongo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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Ma Q, Liang M, Wang Y, Ding N, Wu Y, Duan L, Yu T, Lu Y, Xu J, Kang F, Dou C. Non-coenzyme role of vitamin B1 in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and ovariectomy induced osteoporosis. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3526-3536. [PMID: 32100911 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins B are co-enzymes participating in energy metabolic pathways. While some vitamins B are known affecting bone homeostasis, the effects of vitamin B1 (thiamine) on bone health remains unclear. In our study, we used cell counting kit-8, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase stain, actin cytoskeleton stain, and pit formation assay to evaluate the effect of thiamine on osteoclast differentiation, formation, and function, respectively. Then we used dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay to investigate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and removal. Osteoporosis model by ovariectomy was established for animal experiments. We found that thiamine had inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation. And its inhibitory role on osteoclast differentiation is in a dose-dependent way. Mechanistically, ThDP suppresses intracellular ROS accumulation and unfolded protein response signaling during osteoclastogenesis via inhibiting Rac-Nox1/2/4 and intracellular inositol-requiring protein-1α/X-box-binding protein pathways, respectively. Osteoporotic mice treated with thiamine rich dietary showed better bone strength relative to thiamine deficient dietary. Our study explored the non-coenzyme inhibitory functions of B1 vitamin in receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand induced osteoclastogenesis and uncovered the significance of B1 vitamin in bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengmeng Liang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Blood Purification, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yutong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianli Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanzhu Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Fujimori K, Iguchi Y, Yamashita Y, Gohda K, Teno N. Synthesis of Novel Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists and Validation of Their Efficacy in Activating Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteoblasts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224155. [PMID: 31744088 PMCID: PMC6891315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulators of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor, regulate various biological processes including bile acid metabolism, and are associated with the control of fatty liver and osteoporosis. Thus, the control of FXR activity and development of FXR modulators are critical not only for research, but also for clinical application. In this study, we synthesized novel FXR agonists 1–4 possessing isoxazole and N-substituted benzimidazole moieties, and compared their effects on osteoblast differentiation with the known FXR agonists, chenodeoxycholic acid and a synthetic compound, GW4064. Two (3 and 4) of the four novel FXR agonists 1–4 showed high specificities for FXR. Computer-assisted modeling suggested that the binding of the FXR agonist 3 with ligand binding domain of FXR was similar to GW4064. FXR was expressed in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like ST2 cells (ST-2 MSCs). The FXR agonists activated the BMP-2-induced differentiation of ST-2 MSCs into osteoblasts and enhanced the expression of RUNX2. Moreover, the potency of the FXR agonist 3 was comparable to GW4064 in promoting osteoblast differentiation of ST-2 MSCs. These results indicate that FXR activation enhanced the BMP-2-induced differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts through activating RUNX2 expression. FXR could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-690-1215
| | - Yusuke Iguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8241, Japan;
| | - Naoki Teno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan;
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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Hepatitis B Virus X Protein-Induced ROR γ Expression to Promote the Migration and Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5407126. [PMID: 31781621 PMCID: PMC6874968 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5407126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of RORγ is implicated in cancer development. A previous study identified that RORγ functions as a tumor promoter to drive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth. However, its expression and significance in HCC remain unclear. The central finding of this work is that RORγ was overexpressed in HCC due to its dysfunction of promoter methylation, and hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) can remarkably induce the expression of RORγ in hepatocellular carcinoma through enhancing the transcriptional function. Also, the HBx-induced RORγ could promote the migration and proliferation of hepatoma cells. Hence, these results suggest that RORγ was an important regulator in HCC, and our finding provides new insights into the significance of RORγ in HCC.
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Kim YH, Jang WG, Oh SH, Kim JW, Lee MN, Song JH, Yang JW, Zang Y, Koh JT. Fenofibrate induces PPARα and BMP2 expression to stimulate osteoblast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:459-465. [PMID: 31607484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α agonist fenofibrate is used as a lipid-lowering agent to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride in blood. In this study, we investigated whether fenofibrate affects osteoblast differentiation of osteogenic precursor cells. Quantitative real-time PCR and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining assays revealed that fenofibrate can enhance the osteoblast differentiation of C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 cells. In contrast with fenofibrate, the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone decreased or did not affect the expression of osteogenic genes in these cells. Fenofibrate dose- and time-dependently increased PPARα expression, and concomitantly increased the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Knockdown of PPARα abolished fenofibrate-induced BMP2 expression, activity of the BMP2 promoter gene, and calcium deposition. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that fenofibrate increased BMP2 expression by inducing direct binding of PPARα to the BMP2 promoter region. Taken together, we suggest that fenofibrate has a stimulatory effect on osteoblast differentiation via the elevation of PPARα levels and the PPARα-mediated BMP2 expression. Our findings provide fenofibrate as a useful agent for controlling hypercholesterolemic patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ha Kim
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gu Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hye Oh
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Kim
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Nam Lee
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Han Song
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Yang
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaran Zang
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone turnover is a regulated process. Osteoglycin is suggested to have an important impact on bone function but may also affect cardiovascular and metabolic functions. This review investigates the action of osteoglycin in bone as well as its potential endocrine effects. RECENT FINDINGS Osteoglycin is expressed by several tissues including bone and muscle. Some studies suggest that osteoglycin increases osteoblast differentiation whereas others suggest that osteoglycin decreases osteoblast differentiation. Thus, findings on the influence of osteoglycin in bone are conflicting. A recent study found increased bone mass in osteoglycin deficient mice. Another study reported that osteoglycin is a marker of low bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in women with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, clinical studies link osteoglycin to insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Osteoglycin may be a novel marker of a muscle, pancreatic, and bone axis. However, current evidence is limited and further research investigating osteoglycin in both a pre-clinical and a clinical setting is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Starup-Linde
- Department of Medicine, Horsens Regional Hospital, Sundvej 30, 8700, Horsens, Denmark.
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Viggers
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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22
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Ma L, Nelson ER. Oxysterols and nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:42-51. [PMID: 30660701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol and an important regulator of cholesterol metabolism, in part due to their role as ligands for nuclear receptors, such as the liver X receptors. Oxysterols are also known to be ligands for the RAR-related orphan receptors, involved in normal T cell differentiation. However, increasing evidence supports a role for oxysterols in the progression of several diseases. Here, we review recent developments in oxysterol research, highlighting the biological functions that oxysterols exert through their target nuclear receptors: the liver X receptors, estrogen receptors, RAR-related orphan receptors and the glucocorticoid receptor. We also bring the regulation of the immune system into the context of interaction between oxysterols and nuclear receptors, discussing the effect of such interaction on the pro-inflammatory function of macrophages and the development of T cells. Finally, we examine the impact that oxysterols have on various disease models, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, stressing the role of nuclear receptors if previously identified. This review underscores the need to consider the multifaceted roles of oxysterols in terms of multiple receptor engagements and selective modulation of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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Posritong S, Hong JM, Eleniste PP, McIntyre PW, Wu JL, Himes ER, Patel V, Kacena MA, Bruzzaniti A. Pyk2 deficiency potentiates osteoblast differentiation and mineralizing activity in response to estrogen or raloxifene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:35-47. [PMID: 29428397 PMCID: PMC6057828 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is controlled by the actions of bone-degrading osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs). Aging and loss of estrogen after menopause affects bone mass and quality. Estrogen therapy, including selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), can prevent bone loss and increase bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Although investigations of the effects of estrogen on osteoclast activity are well advanced, the mechanism of action of estrogen on OBs is still unclear. The proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is important for bone formation and female mice lacking Pyk2 (Pyk2-KO) exhibit elevated bone mass, increased bone formation rate and reduced osteoclast activity. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the role of estrogen signaling on the mechanism of action of Pyk2 in OBs. As expected, Pyk2-KO OBs showed significantly higher proliferation, matrix formation, and mineralization than WT OBs. In addition we found that Pyk2-KO OBs cultured in the presence of either 17β-estradiol (E2) or raloxifene, a SERM used for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, showed a further robust increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization. We examined the possible mechanism of action and found that Pyk2 deletion promotes the proteasome-mediated degradation of estrogen receptor α (ERα), but not estrogen receptor β (ERβ). As a consequence, E2 signaling via ERβ was enhanced in Pyk2-KO OBs. In addition, we found that Pyk2 deletion and E2 stimulation had an additive effect on ERK phosphorylation, which is known to stimulate cell differentiation and survival. Our findings suggest that in the absence of Pyk2, estrogen exerts an osteogenic effect on OBs through altered ERα and ERβ signaling. Thus, targeting Pyk2, in combination with estrogen or raloxifene, may be a novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of bone loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Posritong
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jung Min Hong
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Pierre P Eleniste
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Patrick W McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Wu
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Evan R Himes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Vruti Patel
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Fuglsang-Nielsen R, Starup-Linde J, Gregersen S, Vestergaard P. The effect of meals on bone turnover - a systematic review with focus on diabetic bone disease. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:233-249. [PMID: 30234398 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1518131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) is increased and bone turnover is low in type 2 diabetes and the increased BMD does not explain the increased fracture risk. However, the low bone turnover may lead to insufficient bone renewal with unrepaired micro-cracks and thus increase fracture risk. Ingestion of food acutely decreases bone resorption markers and the macronutrient composition of meals and meal frequency may influence bone metabolism adversely in subjects with unhealthy eating patterns, e.g., patients with type 2 diabetes. AREAS COVERED The treatment strategy of bone disease in type 2 diabetics is covered in this review. The current management of diabetic bone disease consists of anti-osteoporotic treatment. However, anti-resorptives may further reduce an already low bone turnover with uncertain effects. Furthermore, the acute and long-term effects of meal ingestion, weight loss alone and in combination with exercise as well as the possible underlying mechanisms are covered in this systematic review. EXPERT COMMENTARY Current management of diabetic bone disease is based on principles of anti-osteoporotic treatment in non-diabetic subjects. However, studies are urged to investigate whether anti-resorptives are equally beneficial in type 2 diabetes as in non-diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Starup-Linde
- b Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland , Aalborg University Hospital , Denmark
| | - Søren Gregersen
- a Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- b Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland , Aalborg University Hospital , Denmark
- c Department of Endocrinology , Aalborg University Hospital , Denmark
- d Department of Clinical Medicine , Aalborg University , Denmark
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Jakubowski M, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Doroszko A. The Human Carbonic Anhydrase II in Platelets: An Underestimated Field of Its Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4548353. [PMID: 30050931 PMCID: PMC6046183 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4548353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyse reversible hydration of carbon dioxide leading to the formation of bicarbonate and proton. The platelet carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) was described for the first time in the '80s of the last century. Nevertheless, its direct role in platelet physiology and pathology still remains poorly understood. The modulation of platelet CAII action as a therapeutic approach holds promise as a novel strategy to reduce the impact of cardiovascular diseases. This short review paper summarises the current knowledge regarding the role of human CAII in regulating platelet function. The potential future directions considering this enzyme as a potential drug target and important pathophysiological chain in platelet-related disorders are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jakubowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szahidewicz-Krupska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Doroszko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Tebbens JD, Azar M, Friedmann E, Lanzendörfer M, Pávek P. Mathematical Models in the Description of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)-Regulated Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061785. [PMID: 29914136 PMCID: PMC6032247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a drug/xenobiotic-activated transcription factor of crucial importance for major cytochrome P450 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP) expression and regulation in the liver and the intestine. One of the major target genes regulated by PXR is the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A4), which is the most important human drug-metabolizing enzyme. In addition, PXR is supposed to be involved both in basal and/or inducible expression of many other CYPs, such as CYP2B6, CYP2C8, 2C9 and 2C19, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP2A6. Interestingly, the dynamics of PXR-mediated target genes regulation has not been systematically studied and we have only a few mechanistic mathematical and biologically based models describing gene expression dynamics after PXR activation in cellular models. Furthermore, few indirect mathematical PKPD models for prediction of CYP3A metabolic activity in vivo have been built based on compartmental models with respect to drug–drug interactions or hormonal crosstalk. Importantly, several negative feedback loops have been described in PXR regulation. Although current mathematical models propose these adaptive mechanisms, a comprehensive mathematical model based on sufficient experimental data is still missing. In the current review, we summarize and compare these models and address some issues that should be considered for the improvement of PXR-mediated gene regulation modelling as well as for our better understanding of the quantitative and spatial dynamics of CYPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen Duintjer Tebbens
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Malek Azar
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Elfriede Friedmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Mathematikon, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Lanzendörfer
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Mancini R, Hooker M, Williams T. Treating Tretinoin Ostealgia With Pamidronate. J Oncol Pract 2018; 14:273-275. [DOI: 10.1200/jop.2017.027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Watt J, Baker AH, Meeks B, Pajevic PD, Morgan EF, Gerstenfeld LC, Schlezinger JJ. Tributyltin induces distinct effects on cortical and trabecular bone in female C57Bl/6J mice. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7007-7021. [PMID: 29380368 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid X receptors (RXR), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and liver X receptors (LXR) all have been shown to regulate bone homeostasis. Tributyltin (TBT) is an environmental contaminant that is a dual RXRα/β and PPARγ agonist. TBT induces RXR, PPARγ, and LXR-mediated gene transcription and suppresses osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells derived from female C57BL/6J mice were more sensitive to suppression of osteogenesis by TBT than those derived from male mice. In vivo, oral gavage of 12 week old female, C57Bl/6J mice with 10 mg/kg TBT for 10 weeks resulted in femurs with a smaller cross-sectional area and thinner cortex. Surprisingly, TBT induced significant increases in trabecular thickness, number, and bone volume fraction. TBT treatment did not change the Rankl:Opg RNA ratio in whole bone, and histological analyses showed that osteoclasts in the trabecular space were minimally reduced. In contrast, expression of cardiotrophin-1, an osteoblastogenic cytokine secreted by osteoclasts, increased. In primary bone marrow macrophage cultures, TBT marginally inhibited the number of osteoclasts that differentiated, in spite of significantly suppressing expression of osteoclast markers Nfatc1, Acp5, and Ctsk and resorptive activity. TBT induced expression of RXR- and LXR-dependent genes in whole bone and in vitro osteoclast cultures. However, only an RXR antagonist, but not an LXR antagonist, significantly inhibited TBTs ability to suppress osteoclast differentiation. These results suggest that TBT has distinct effects on cortical versus trabecular bone, likely resulting from independent effects on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation that are mediated through RXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Watt
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amelia H Baker
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brett Meeks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paola D Pajevic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lee HS, Park T. Nuclear receptor and VEGF pathways for gene-blood lead interactions, on bone mineral density, in Korean smokers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193323. [PMID: 29518117 PMCID: PMC5843219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis has a complex etiology and is considered a multifactorial polygenic disease, in which genetic determinants are modulated by hormonal, lifestyle, environmental, and nutritional factors. Therefore, investigating these multiple factors, and the interactions between them, might lead to a better understanding of osteoporosis pathogenesis, and possible therapeutic interventions. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between three blood metals (Pb, Cd, and Al), in smoking and nonsmoking patients' sera, and prevalence of osteoporosis. In particular, we focused on gene-environment interactions of metal exposure, including a dataset obtained through genome-wide association study (GWAS). Subsequently, we conducted a pathway-based analysis, using a GWAS dataset, to elucidate how metal exposure influences susceptibility to osteoporosis. In this study, we evaluated blood metal exposures for estimating the prevalence of osteoporosis in 443 participants (aged 53.24 ± 8.29), from the Republic of Korea. Those analyses revealed a negative association between lead blood levels and bone mineral density in current smokers (p trend <0.01). By further using GWAS-based pathway analysis, we found nuclear receptor (FDR<0.05) and VEGF pathways (FDR<0.05) to be significantly upregulated by blood lead burden, with regard to the prevalence of osteoporosis, in current smokers. These findings suggest that the intracellular pathways of angiogenesis and nuclear hormonal signaling can modulate interactions between lead exposure and genetic variation, with regard to susceptibility to diminished bone mineral density. Our findings may provide new leads for understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis, including possible interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics and Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Gwanak 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Daegu Institution, National Forensic Service, Hogukro, Waegwon-eup, Chilgok-gun, Gyeomgsamgbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics and Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Gwanak 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rosa J, Cox CJ, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Identification of a fish short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase associated with bone metabolism. Gene 2018; 645:137-145. [PMID: 29248578 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although human and mouse genetics have largely contributed to the better understanding of the mechanisms underlying skeletogenesis, much more remains to be uncovered. In this regard alternative and complementary systems have been sought and cell systems capable of in vitro calcification have been developed to study the mechanisms underlying bone formation. In gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a gene coding for an unknown protein that is strongly up-regulated during extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization of a pre-osteoblast cell line was recently identified as a potentially important player in bone formation. In silico analysis of the deduced protein revealed the presence of domains typical of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (SDR). Closely related to carbonyl reductase 1, seabream protein belongs to a novel subfamily of SDR proteins with no orthologs in mammals. Analysis of gene expression by qPCR confirmed the strong up-regulation of sdr-like expression during in vitro mineralization but also revealed high expression levels in calcified tissues. A possible role for Sdr-like in osteoblast and bone metabolism was further evidenced through (i) the localization by in situ hybridization of sdr-like transcript in pre-osteoblasts of the operculum and (ii) the regulation of sdr-like gene transcription by Runx2 and retinoic acid receptor, two regulators of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Expression data also indicated a role for Sdr-like in gastrointestinal tract homeostasis and during gilthead seabream development at gastrulation and metamorphosis. This study reports a new subfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases in vertebrates and, for the first time, provides evidence of a role for SDRs in bone metabolism, osteoblast differentiation and/or tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rosa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cymon J Cox
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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Prossnitz ER. GPER modulators: Opportunity Nox on the heels of a class Akt. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:73-81. [PMID: 28285016 PMCID: PMC5591048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The (patho)physiology of estrogen and its receptors is complex. It is therefore not surprising that therapeutic approaches targeting this hormone include stimulation of its activity through supplementation with either the hormone itself or natural or synthetic agonists, inhibition of its activity through the use of antagonists or inhibitors of its synthesis, and tissue-selective modulation of its activity with biased ligands. The physiology of this hormone is further complicated by the existence of at least three receptors, the classical nuclear estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30), with overlapping but distinct pharmacologic profiles, particularly of anti-estrogenic ligands. GPER-selective ligands, as well as GPER knockout mice, have greatly aided our understanding of the physiological roles of GPER. Such ligands have revealed that GPER activation mediates many of the rapid cellular signaling events (including Ca2+ mobilization, ERK and PI3K/Akt activation) associated with estrogen activity, as opposed to the nuclear ERs that are traditionally described to function as ligand-induced transcriptional factors. Many of the salutary effects of estrogen throughout the body are reproduced by the GPER-selective agonist G-1, which, owing to its minimal effects on reproductive tissues, can be considered a non-feminizing estrogenic compound, and thus of potential therapeutic use in both women and men. On the contrary, until recently GPER-selective antagonists had predominantly found preclinical application in cancer models where estrogen stimulates cell growth and survival. This viewpoint changed recently with the discovery that GPER is associated with aging, particularly that of the cardiovascular system, where the GPER antagonist G36 reduced hypertension and GPER deficiency prevented cardiac fibrosis and vascular dysfunction with age, through the downregulation of Nox1 and as a consequence superoxide production. Thus, similar to the classical ERs, both agonists and antagonists of GPER may be of therapeutic benefit depending on the disease or condition to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the role of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in mineral metabolism, innate immunity and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS FGF-23, produced by osteocytes in bone, activates FGFR/α-Klotho (α-Kl) complexes in the kidney. The resulting bone-kidney axis coordinates renal phosphate reabsorption with bone mineralization, and creates a counter-regulatory feedback loop to prevent vitamin D toxicity. FGF-23 acts to counter-regulate the effects of vitamin D on innate immunity and cardiovascular responses. FGF-23 is ectopically expressed along with α-Kl in activated macrophages, creating a proinflammatory paracrine signaling pathway that counters the antiinflammatory actions of vitamin D. FGF-23 also inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression and increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney, leading to hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Finally, FGF-23 is purported to cause adverse cardiac and impair neutrophil responses through activation of FGFRs in the absence of α-Kl. Although secreted forms of α-Kl have FGF-23 independent effects, the possibility of α-Kl independent effects of FGF-23 is controversial and requires additional experimental validation. SUMMARY FGF-23 participates in a bone-kidney axis regulating mineral homeostasis, proinflammatory paracrine macrophage signaling pathways, and in a bone-cardio-renal axis regulating hemodynamics that counteract the effects of vitamin D.
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Fernández I, Gavaia PJ, Laizé V, Cancela ML. Fish as a model to assess chemical toxicity in bone. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 194:208-226. [PMID: 29202272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicology has been expanding as growing concerns on the impact of produced and released chemical compounds over the environment and human health are being demonstrated. Among the toxic effects observed in organisms exposed to pollutants, those affecting skeletal tissues (osteotoxicity) have been somehow overlooked in comparison to hepato-, immune-, neuro- and/or reproductive toxicities. Nevertheless, sub-lethal effects of toxicants on skeletal development and/or bone maintenance may result in impaired growth, reduced survival rate, increased disease susceptibility and diminished welfare. Osteotoxicity may occur by acute or chronic exposure to different environmental insults. Because of biologically and technically advantagous features - easy to breed and inexpensive to maintain, external and rapid rate of development, translucent larvae and the availability of molecular and genetic tools - the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged in the last decade as a vertebrate model system of choice to evaluate osteotoxicity. Different experimental approaches in fish species and analytical tools have been applied, from in vitro to in vivo systems, from specific to high throughput methodologies. Current knowledge on osteotoxicity and underlying mechanisms gained using fish, with a special emphasis on zebrafish systems, is reviewed here. Osteotoxicants have been classified into four categories according to the pathway involved in the transduction of the osteotoxic effects: activation/inhibition of membrane and/or nuclear receptors, alteration of redox condition, mimicking of bone constituents and unknown pathways. Knowledge on these pathways is also reported here as it may provide critical insights into the development, production and release of future chemical compounds with none or low osteotoxicity, thus promoting the green/environmental friendly chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
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Takayama KI. The biological and clinical advances of androgen receptor function in age-related diseases and cancer [Review]. Endocr J 2017; 64:933-946. [PMID: 28824023 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal alterations with aging contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases. Androgens mediate their effects predominantly through binding to the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the ligand-dependent nuclear receptor superfamily. By androgen treatment, AR is recruited to specific genomic loci dependent on tissue specific pioneer factors to regulate target gene expression. Recent studies have revealed the epigenetic modulation by AR-associated histone modifiers and the roles of non-coding RNAs in AR signaling. Androgens are male sex hormone to induce differentiation of the male reproductive system required for the establishment of adult sexual function. As shown by several reports using AR knockout mouse models, androgens also have anabolic functions in several tissues such as bone, muscle and central nervous systems. Notably, AR has a central role in prostate cancer progression. Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. Androgen-deprivation therapy for cancer patients and decline of serum androgen with aging promote several diseases associated with aging and quality of life of older men such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia and dementia. Thus, androgen replacement therapy for treating late onset hypogonadism (LOH) or new epigenetic regulators have the potential to overcome the symptoms caused by the low androgen, although adverse effects for cardiovascular diseases have been reported. Given the increasing longevity and consequent rise of age-related diseases and prostate cancer patients, a more understanding of the AR actions in male health remains a high research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan
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Bado I, Gugala Z, Fuqua SAW, Zhang XHF. Estrogen receptors in breast and bone: from virtue of remodeling to vileness of metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:4527-4537. [PMID: 28368409 PMCID: PMC5552443 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. High rates of bone colonization in breast cancer, especially in the subtype expressing estrogen receptors (ERs), suggest tissue-specific proclivities for metastatic tumor formation. The mechanisms behind this subtype-specific organ-tropism remains largely elusive. Interestingly, as the major driver of ER+ breast cancer, ERs also have important roles in bone development and homeostasis. Thus, any agents targeting ER will also inevitably affect the microenvironment, which involves the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Yet, how such microenvironmental effects are integrated with direct therapeutic responses of cancer cells remain poorly understood. Recent findings on ER mutations, especially their enrichment in bone metastasis, raised even more provocative questions on the role of ER in cancer-bone interaction. In this review, we evaluate the importance of ERs in bone metastasis and discuss new avenues of investigation for bone metastasis treatment based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bado
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Zbigniew Gugala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suzanne A. W. Fuqua
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
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Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Ricote M. The multi-faceted role of retinoid X receptor in bone remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2135-2149. [PMID: 28105491 PMCID: PMC11107715 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) form a unique subclass within the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs are obligatory partners for a number of other NRs, placing RXRs in a coordinating role at the crossroads of multiple signaling pathways. In addition, RXRs can function as self-sufficient homodimers. Recent advances have revealed RXRs as novel regulators of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. This review outlines the versatility of RXR action in the control of transcription of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, both through heterodimerization with other NRs and through RXR homodimerization. RXR signaling is currently a major therapeutic target and, therefore, knowledge of how RXR signaling affects bone remodeling creates enormous potential for the translation of basic research findings into successful clinical therapies to increase bone mass and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Menéndez-Gutiérrez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Castillo LM, Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Expression of typical osteoclast markers by PBMCs after PEG-induced fusion as a model for studying osteoclast differentiation. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:169-185. [PMID: 28343338 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a metabolically active organ subjected to continuous remodeling process that involves resorption by osteoclast and subsequent formation by osteoblasts. Osteoclast involvement in this physiological event is regulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). Fusion of mono-nuclear pre-osteoclasts is a critical event for osteoclast differentiation and for bone resorption. Here we show that PBMCs can be successfully fused with polyethylenglicol (PEG) in order to generated viable osteoclast-like cells that exhibit tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and bone resorptive activities. PEG-fused PBMCs expressed additional markers compatible with osteoclastogenic differentiation such as carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), calcitonin receptor (CR), cathepsin K (Cat K), vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) subunit C1 (V-ATPase), integrin β3, RANK and cell surface aminopeptidase N/CD13. Actin redistribution in PEG-fused cells was found to be affected by cell cycle synchronization at G0/G1 or G2/M phases. PEG-induced fusion also led to expression of tyrosine kinases c-Src and Syk in their phosphorylated state. Scanning electron microscopy images showed morphological features typical of osteoclast-like cells. The results here shown allow concluding that PEG-induced fusion of PBMCs provides a suitable model system for understanding the mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis and for assaying new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Castillo
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Guerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Orlando Acosta
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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38
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Downing LE, Edgar D, Ellison PA, Ricketts ML. Mechanistic insight into nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of bile acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis by grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE). Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:12-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Downing
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Daniel Edgar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Patricia A. Ellison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Marie-Louise Ricketts
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
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Kolkhof P, Jaisser F, Kim SY, Filippatos G, Nowack C, Pitt B. Steroidal and Novel Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Heart Failure and Cardiorenal Diseases: Comparison at Bench and Bedside. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 243:271-305. [PMID: 27830348 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of mice with cell-specific deletion or overexpression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) shed a new light on its role in health and disease. Pathophysiological MR activation contributes to a plethora of deleterious molecular mechanisms in the development of cardiorenal diseases like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF). Accordingly, the available steroidal MR antagonists (MRAs) spironolactone (first generation MRA) and eplerenone (second generation MRA) have been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic HF and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, they remain underutilized, in large part owing to the risk inducing severe adverse events including hyperkalemia and worsening of kidney function, particularly when given on top of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) to patients with concomitant kidney dysfunction. Novel, potent, and selective non-steroidal MRAs (third generation) were identified in drug discovery campaigns and a few entered clinical development recently. One of these is finerenone with different physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological properties in comparison with the steroidal MRAs. Available data from five clinical phase II trials with finerenone in more than 2,000 patients with HF and additional CKD and/or diabetes as well as in patients with diabetic kidney disease demonstrated that neither hyperkalemia nor reductions in kidney function were limiting factors to its use. Moreover, finerenone demonstrated a nominally improved outcome compared to eplerenone in a phase IIb trial with 1,066 patients with HFrEF and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolkhof
- Drug Discovery, Cardiology Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Building 500, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - So-Young Kim
- Clinical Development, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1, Haidari, Athens, 12462, Greece
| | - Christina Nowack
- Clinical Development, Bayer Pharma AG, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bertram Pitt
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Watson ATD, Planchart A, Mattingly CJ, Winkler C, Reif DM, Kullman SW. From the Cover: Embryonic Exposure to TCDD Impacts Osteogenesis of the Axial Skeleton in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:485-496. [PMID: 28077779 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from mammalian, fish, and in vitro models have identified bone and cartilage development as sensitive targets for dioxins and other aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. In this study, we assess how embryonic 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure impacts axial osteogenesis in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a vertebrate model of human bone development. Embryos from inbred wild-type Orange-red Hd-dR and 3 transgenic medaka lines (twist:EGFP, osx/sp7:mCherry, col10a1:nlGFP) were exposed to 0.15 nM and 0.3 nM TCDD and reared until 20 dpf. Individuals were stained for mineralized bone and imaged using confocal microscopy to assess skeletal alterations in medial vertebrae in combination with a qualitative spatial analysis of osteoblast and osteoblast progenitor cell populations. Exposure to TCDD resulted in an overall attenuation of vertebral ossification characterized by truncated centra, and reduced neural and hemal arch lengths. Effects on mineralization were consistent with modifications in cell number and cell localization of transgene-labeled osteoblast and osteoblast progenitor cells. Endogenous expression of osteogenic regulators runt-related transcription factor 2 (runx2) and osterix (osx/sp7), and extracellular matrix genes osteopontin (spp1), collagen type I alpha I (col1), collagen type X alpha I (col10a1), and osteocalcin (bglap/osc) was significantly diminished at 20 dpf following TCDD exposure as compared with controls. Through global transcriptomic analysis more than 590 differentially expressed genes were identified and mapped to select pathological states including inflammatory disease, connective tissue disorders, and skeletal and muscular disorders. Taken together, results from this study suggest that TCDD exposure inhibits axial bone formation through dysregulation of osteoblast differentiation. This approach highlights the advantages and sensitivity of using small fish models to investigate how xenobiotic exposure may impact skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Planchart
- Department of Biological Sciences.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Carolyn J Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - David M Reif
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695.,Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences; .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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41
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Yuan R, Ma S, Zhu X, Li J, Liang Y, Liu T, Zhu Y, Zhang B, Tan S, Guo H, Guan S, Ao P, Zhou G. Core level regulatory network of osteoblast as molecular mechanism for osteoporosis and treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3692-701. [PMID: 26783964 PMCID: PMC4826162 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop and evaluate the long-term prophylactic treatment for chronic diseases such as osteoporosis requires a clear view of mechanism at the molecular and systems level. While molecular signaling pathway studies for osteoporosis are extensive, a unifying mechanism is missing. In this work, we provide experimental and systems-biology evidences that a tightly connected top-level regulatory network may exist, which governs the normal and osteoporotic phenotypes of osteoblast. Specifically, we constructed a hub-like interaction network from well-documented cross-talks among estrogens, glucocorticoids, retinoic acids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, vitamin D receptor and calcium-signaling pathways. The network was verified with transmission electron microscopy and gene expression profiling for bone tissues of ovariectomized (OVX) rats before and after strontium gluconate (GluSr) treatment. Based on both the network structure and the experimental data, the dynamical modeling predicts calcium and glucocorticoids signaling pathways as targets for GluSr treatment. Modeling results further reveal that in the context of missing estrogen signaling, the GluSr treated state may be an outcome that is closest to the healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfei Ma
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Li
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Liang
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Liu
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanxia Zhu
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Tan
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huajie Guo
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuguang Guan
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangqian Zhou
- The Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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42
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Rana M, Devi S, Gourinath S, Goswami R, Tyagi RK. A comprehensive analysis and functional characterization of naturally occurring non-synonymous variants of nuclear receptor PXR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1183-1197. [PMID: 26962022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane & Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR) acts as a xenosensing transcriptional regulator of many drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters of the 'detoxification machinery' that coordinate in elimination of xenobiotics and endobiotics from the cellular milieu. It is an accepted view that some individuals or specific populations display considerable differences in their ability to metabolize different drugs, dietary constituents, herbals etc. In this context we speculated that polymorphisms in PXR gene might contribute to variability in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) metabolizing enzymes of phase I, drug metabolizing components of phase II and efflux components of the detoxification machinery. Therefore, in this study, we have undertaken a comprehensive functional analysis of seventeen naturally occurring non-synonymous variants of human PXR. When compared, we observed that some of the PXR SNP variants exhibit distinct functional and dynamic responses on parameters which included transcriptional function, sub-cellular localization, mitotic chromatin binding, DNA-binding properties and other molecular interactions. One of the unique SNP located within the DNA-binding domain of PXR was found to be functionally null and distinct on other parameters. Similarly, some of the non-synonymous SNPs in PXR imparted reduced transactivation function as compared to wild type PXR. Interestingly, PXR is reported to be a mitotic chromatin binding protein and such an association has been correlated to an emerging concept of 'transcription memory' and altered transcription output. In view of the observations made herein our data suggest that some of the natural PXR variants may have adverse physiological consequences owing to its influence on the expression levels and functional output of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The present study is expected to explain not only the observed inter-individual responses to different drugs but may also highlight the mechanistic details and importance of PXR in drug clearance, drug-drug interactions and diverse metabolic disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Rana
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneeta Devi
- School of Life-Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- School of Life-Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ravinder Goswami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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43
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Nicks KM, Fujita K, Fraser D, McGregor U, Drake MT, McGee-Lawrence ME, Westendorf JJ, Monroe DG, Khosla S. Deletion of Estrogen Receptor Beta in Osteoprogenitor Cells Increases Trabecular but Not Cortical Bone Mass in Female Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:606-14. [PMID: 26418452 PMCID: PMC4822412 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of ERα in regulating bone metabolism has been extensively studied, ERβ has been largely dismissed as a relevant modulator of bone mass. Previous studies examining ERβ utilized a germline knockout mouse expressing transcript variants of ERβ and displaying systemic hormonal changes that confounded interpretation of the skeletal phenotype. Thus, we used a conditional ERβ mouse model to achieve deletion of ERβ specifically in early osteoprogenitor cells using the Prx1-Cre driver. We observed marked increases in the trabecular bone volume fraction (of 58% [p < 0.003] and 93% [p < 0.0003] in 6- and 12-week-old female ERβ(Prx1-CKO) mice, respectively) but no changes in cortical bone. Serum estradiol and IGF-I levels were unaltered in ERβ(Prx1-CKO) mice. Bone formation and resorption indices by histomorphometry and serum assays were unchanged in these mice, suggesting that alterations in bone turnover may have occurred early in development. However, the ratio of colony-forming unit-osteoblasts (CFU-OBs) to CFU-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) was increased in bone marrow cultures from ERβ(Prx1-CKO) compared with control mice, indicating increased differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells into osteoblasts in ERβ(Prx1-CKO) mice. Detailed quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of 128 genes in 16 prespecified pathways revealed significant downregulation of 11 pathways in ERβ(Prx1-CKO) mice. Thus, deletion of ERβ specifically in osteoblast lineage cells, in the absence of all splice variants, increases trabecular bone mass and modulates multiple pathways related to bone metabolism. These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of ERβ in bone may provide a novel approach to treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Fujita
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Seong S, Kim JH, Kim N. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Modulating Osteoclast Differentiation and Function. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2016.23.3.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Semun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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45
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Alghazali KM, Nima ZA, Hamzah RN, Dhar MS, Anderson DE, Biris AS. Bone-tissue engineering: complex tunable structural and biological responses to injury, drug delivery, and cell-based therapies. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:431-54. [PMID: 26651522 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1115871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss and failure of proper bone healing continues to be a significant medical condition in need of solutions that can be implemented successfully both in human and veterinary medicine. This is particularly true when large segmental defects are present, the bone has failed to return to normal form or function, or the healing process is extremely prolonged. Given the inherent complexity of bone tissue - its unique structural, mechanical, and compositional properties, as well as its ability to support various cells - it is difficult to find ideal candidate materials that could be used as the foundation for tissue regeneration from technological platforms. Recently, important developments have been made in the implementation of complex structures built both at the macro- and the nano-level that have been shown to positively impact bone formation and to have the ability to deliver active biological molecules (drugs, growth factors, proteins, cells) for controlled tissue regeneration and the prevention of infection. These materials are diverse, ranging from polymers to ceramics and various composites. This review presents developments in this area with a focus on the role of scaffold structure and chemistry on the biologic processes that influence bone physiology and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrer M Alghazali
- a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and
| | - Zeid A Nima
- a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and
| | - Rabab N Hamzah
- a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and
| | - Madhu S Dhar
- b Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA
| | - David E Anderson
- b Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA
| | - Alexandru S Biris
- a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA and
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46
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Qian G, Fan W, Ahlemeyer B, Karnati S, Baumgart-Vogt E. Peroxisomes in Different Skeletal Cell Types during Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification and Their Regulation during Osteoblast Differentiation by Distinct Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143439. [PMID: 26630504 PMCID: PMC4668026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ossification defects leading to craniofacial dysmorphism or rhizomelia are typical phenotypes in patients and corresponding knockout mouse models with distinct peroxisomal disorders. Despite these obvious skeletal pathologies, to date no careful analysis exists on the distribution and function of peroxisomes in skeletal tissues and their alterations during ossification. Therefore, we analyzed the peroxisomal compartment in different cell types of mouse cartilage and bone as well as in primary cultures of calvarial osteoblasts. The peroxisome number and metabolism strongly increased in chondrocytes during endochondral ossification from the reserve to the hypertrophic zone, whereas in bone, metabolically active osteoblasts contained a higher numerical abundance of this organelle than osteocytes. The high abundance of peroxisomes in these skeletal cell types is reflected by high levels of Pex11β gene expression. During culture, calvarial pre-osteoblasts differentiated into secretory osteoblasts accompanied by peroxisome proliferation and increased levels of peroxisomal genes and proteins. Since many peroxisomal genes contain a PPAR-responsive element, we analyzed the gene expression of PPARɑ/ß/ɣ in calvarial osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells, revealing higher levels for PPARß than for PPARɑ and PPARɣ. Treatment with different PPAR agonists and antagonists not only changed the peroxisomal compartment and associated gene expression, but also induced complex alterations of the gene expression patterns of the other PPAR family members. Studies in M3CT3-E1 cells showed that the PPARß agonist GW0742 activated the PPRE-mediated luciferase expression and up-regulated peroxisomal gene transcription (Pex11, Pex13, Pex14, Acox1 and Cat), whereas the PPARß antagonist GSK0660 led to repression of the PPRE and a decrease of the corresponding mRNA levels. In the same way, treatment of calvarial osteoblasts with GW0742 increased in peroxisome number and related gene expression and accelerated osteoblast differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that PPARß regulates the numerical abundance and metabolic function of peroxisomes via Pex11ß in parallel to osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Qian
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wei Fan
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Oryan A, Kamali A, Moshiri A. Potential mechanisms and applications of statins on osteogenesis: Current modalities, conflicts and future directions. J Control Release 2015; 215:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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48
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Prossnitz ER, Hathaway HJ. What have we learned about GPER function in physiology and disease from knockout mice? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:114-26. [PMID: 26189910 PMCID: PMC4568147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens, predominantly 17β-estradiol, exert diverse effects throughout the body in both normal and pathophysiology, during development and in reproductive, metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular, nervous, musculoskeletal and immune systems. Estrogen and its receptors also play important roles in carcinogenesis and therapy, particularly for breast cancer. In addition to the classical nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) that traditionally mediate predominantly genomic signaling, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER has become recognized as a critical mediator of rapid signaling in response to estrogen. Mouse models, and in particular knockout (KO) mice, represent an important approach to understand the functions of receptors in normal physiology and disease. Whereas ERα KO mice display multiple significant defects in reproduction and mammary gland development, ERβ KO phenotypes are more limited, and GPER KO exhibit no reproductive deficits. However, the study of GPER KO mice over the last six years has revealed that GPER deficiency results in multiple physiological alterations including obesity, cardiovascular dysfunction, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. In addition, the lack of estrogen-mediated effects in numerous tissues of GPER KO mice, studied in vivo or ex vivo, including those of the cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous and immune systems, reveals GPER as a genuine mediator of estrogen action. Importantly, GPER KO mice have also demonstrated roles for GPER in breast carcinogenesis and metastasis. In combination with the supporting effects of GPER-selective ligands and GPER knockdown approaches, GPER KO mice demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting GPER activity in diseases as diverse as obesity, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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Sinnesael M, Jardi F, Deboel L, Laurent MR, Dubois V, Zajac JD, Davey RA, Carmeliet G, Claessens F, Vanderschueren D. The androgen receptor has no direct antiresorptive actions in mouse osteoclasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:198-206. [PMID: 25958043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deficiency or androgen receptor knockout (ARKO) causes high-turnover osteopenia, but the target cells for this effect remain unclear. To examine whether AR in osteoclasts directly suppresses bone resorption, we crossed AR-floxed with cathepsin K-Cre mice. Osteoclast-specific ARKO (ocl-ARKO) mice showed no changes neither in osteoclast surface nor in bone microarchitecture nor in the response to orchidectomy and androgen replacement, indicating that the AR in osteoclasts is not critical for bone maintenance. In line with the lack of a bone phenotype, the levels of AR were very low in osteoclast-enriched cultures derived from bone marrow (BM) and undetectable in osteoclasts generated from spleen precursors. Since tibiae of ubiquitous ARKO mice displayed increased osteoclast counts, the role of AR was further explored using cell cultures from these animals. Osteoclast generation and activity in vitro were similar between ARKO and wildtype control (WT) mice. In co-culture experiments, BM stromal cells (BMSCs) were essential for the suppressive action of AR on osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. Stimulation with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 increased Rankl and decreased Tnfsf11 (osteoprotegerin, Opg) gene expression in BMSCs more than in osteoblasts. This increase in the Rankl/Opg ratio following 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulation was lower, not higher, in ARKO mice. Runx2 expression in BMSCs was however higher in ARKO vs. WT, suggesting that ARKO mice may more readily commit osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblastogenesis. In conclusion, the AR does not seem to suppress bone resorption through direct actions in osteoclasts. BMSCs may however represent an alternative AR target in the BM milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Sinnesael
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ferran Jardi
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Deboel
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Numan MS, Amiable N, Brown JP, Michou L. Paget's disease of bone: an osteoimmunological disorder? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4695-707. [PMID: 26316708 PMCID: PMC4544727 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s88845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology represents a large area of research resulting from the cross talk between bone and immune systems. Many cytokines and signaling cascades are involved in the field of osteoimmunology, originating from various cell types. The RANK/receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling has a pivotal role in osteoimmunology, in addition to proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-17. Clinically, osteoimmunological disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and periodontitis, should be classified according to their pattern of osteoimmunological serum biomarkers. Paget’s disease of bone is a common metabolic bone disorder, resulting from an excessively increased bone resorption coupled with aberrant bone formation. With the exception of the cellular responses to measles virus nucleocapsid protein and the interferon-gamma signature, the exact role of the immune system in Paget’s disease of bone is not well understood. The cytokine profiles, such as the increased levels of IL-6 and the interferon-gamma signature observed in this disease, are also very similar to those observed in other osteoimmunological disorders. As a potential osteoimmunological disorder, the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone may also benefit from progress made in targeted therapies, in particular for receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand and IL-6 signaling inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Numan
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Amiable
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques P Brown
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Laëtitia Michou
- CHU de Québec Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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