1
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Williams AL, Scorzo AV, Strawbridge RR, Davis SC, Niedre M. Two-color diffuse in vivo flow cytometer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:065003. [PMID: 38818515 PMCID: PMC11138342 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.6.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Significance Hematogenous metastasis is mediated by circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CTC clusters (CTCCs). We recently developed "diffuse in vivo flow cytometry" (DiFC) to detect fluorescent protein (FP) expressing CTCs in small animals. Extending DiFC to allow detection of two FPs simultaneously would allow concurrent study of different CTC sub-populations or heterogeneous CTCCs in the same animal. Aim The goal of this work was to develop and validate a two-color DiFC system capable of non-invasively detecting circulating cells expressing two distinct FPs. Approach A DiFC instrument was designed and built to detect cells expressing either green FP (GFP) or tdTomato. We tested the instrument in tissue-mimicking flow phantoms in vitro and in multiple myeloma bearing mice in vivo. Results In phantoms, we could accurately differentiate GFP+ and tdTomato+ CTCs and CTCCs. In tumor-bearing mice, CTC numbers expressing both FPs increased during disease. Most CTCCs (86.5%) expressed single FPs with the remainder both FPs. These data were supported by whole-body hyperspectral fluorescence cryo-imaging of the mice. Conclusions We showed that two-color DiFC can detect two populations of CTCs and CTCCs concurrently. This instrument could allow study of tumor development and response to therapies for different sub-populations in the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Williams
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Augustino V. Scorzo
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Scott C. Davis
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Mark Niedre
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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2
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Hua H, Zhou Y, Li W, Zhang J, Deng Y, Khoo BL. Microfluidics-based patient-derived disease detection tool for deep learning-assisted precision medicine. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:014101. [PMID: 38223546 PMCID: PMC10787641 DOI: 10.1063/5.0172146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer spatial and temporal heterogeneity fuels resistance to therapies. To realize the routine assessment of cancer prognosis and treatment, we demonstrate the development of an Intelligent Disease Detection Tool (IDDT), a microfluidic-based tumor model integrated with deep learning-assisted algorithmic analysis. IDDT was clinically validated with liquid blood biopsy samples (n = 71) from patients with various types of cancers (e.g., breast, gastric, and lung cancer) and healthy donors, requiring low sample volume (∼200 μl) and a high-throughput 3D tumor culturing system (∼300 tumor clusters). To support automated algorithmic analysis, intelligent decision-making, and precise segmentation, we designed and developed an integrative deep neural network, which includes Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN), vision transformer, and Segment Anything Model (SAM). Our approach significantly reduces the manual labeling time by up to 90% with a high mean Intersection Over Union (mIoU) of 0.902 and immediate results (<2 s per image) for clinical cohort classification. The IDDT can accurately stratify healthy donors (n = 12) and cancer patients (n = 55) within their respective treatment cycle and cancer stage, resulting in high precision (∼99.3%) and high sensitivity (∼98%). We envision that our patient-centric IDDT provides an intelligent, label-free, and cost-effective approach to help clinicians make precise medical decisions and tailor treatment strategies for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunlan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
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3
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Freed IM, Kasi A, Fateru O, Hu M, Gonzalez P, Weatherington N, Pathak H, Hyter S, Sun W, Al-Rajabi R, Baranda J, Hupert ML, Chalise P, Godwin AK, A. Witek M, Soper SA. Circulating Tumor Cell Subpopulations Predict Treatment Outcome in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Patients. Cells 2023; 12:2266. [PMID: 37759489 PMCID: PMC10526802 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a high clinical unmet need to improve outcomes for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients, either with the discovery of new therapies or biomarkers that can track response to treatment more efficiently than imaging. We report an innovative approach that will generate renewed interest in using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to monitor treatment efficacy, which, in this case, used PDAC patients receiving an exploratory new therapy, poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi)-niraparib-as a case study. CTCs were enumerated from whole blood using a microfluidic approach that affinity captures epithelial and mesenchymal CTCs using anti-EpCAM and anti-FAPα monoclonal antibodies, respectively. These antibodies were poised on the surface of two separate microfluidic devices to discretely capture each subpopulation for interrogation. The isolated CTCs were enumerated using immunophenotyping to produce a numerical ratio consisting of the number of mesenchymal to epithelial CTCs (denoted "Φ"), which was used as an indicator of response to therapy, as determined using computed tomography (CT). A decreasing value of Φ during treatment was indicative of tumor response to the PARPi and was observed in 88% of the enrolled patients (n = 31). Changes in Φ during longitudinal testing were a better predictor of treatment response than the current standard CA19-9. We were able to differentiate between responders and non-responders using ΔΦ (p = 0.0093) with higher confidence than CA19-9 (p = 0.033). For CA19-9 non-producers, ΔΦ correctly predicted the outcome in 72% of the PDAC patients. Sequencing of the gDNA extracted from affinity-selected CTC subpopulations provided information that could be used for patient enrollment into the clinical trial based on their tumor mutational status in DNA repair genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Freed
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (I.M.F.); (O.F.); (M.H.); (P.G.); (N.W.); (M.A.W.)
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
| | - Anup Kasi
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (W.S.); (R.A.-R.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Oluwadamilola Fateru
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (I.M.F.); (O.F.); (M.H.); (P.G.); (N.W.); (M.A.W.)
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
| | - Mengjia Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (I.M.F.); (O.F.); (M.H.); (P.G.); (N.W.); (M.A.W.)
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (H.P.); (S.H.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Phasin Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (I.M.F.); (O.F.); (M.H.); (P.G.); (N.W.); (M.A.W.)
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
| | - Nyla Weatherington
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (I.M.F.); (O.F.); (M.H.); (P.G.); (N.W.); (M.A.W.)
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
| | - Harsh Pathak
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (H.P.); (S.H.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Stephen Hyter
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (H.P.); (S.H.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Weijing Sun
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (W.S.); (R.A.-R.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Raed Al-Rajabi
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (W.S.); (R.A.-R.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Joaquina Baranda
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (W.S.); (R.A.-R.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | | | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (W.S.); (R.A.-R.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (H.P.); (S.H.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Malgorzata A. Witek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (I.M.F.); (O.F.); (M.H.); (P.G.); (N.W.); (M.A.W.)
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (H.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (I.M.F.); (O.F.); (M.H.); (P.G.); (N.W.); (M.A.W.)
- Center of Bio-Modular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine (CBM), The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (H.P.); (S.H.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- BioFluidica, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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4
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Wang Z, Ahmed S, Labib M, Wang H, Wu L, Bavaghar-Zaeimi F, Shokri N, Blanco S, Karim S, Czarnecka-Kujawa K, Sargent EH, McGray AJR, de Perrot M, Kelley SO. Isolation of tumour-reactive lymphocytes from peripheral blood via microfluidic immunomagnetic cell sorting. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1188-1203. [PMID: 37037966 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes for the treatment of solid tumours is hindered by the need to obtain large and fresh tumour fractions, which is often not feasible in patients with unresectable tumours or recurrent metastases. Here we show that circulating tumour-reactive lymphocytes (cTRLs) can be isolated from peripheral blood at high yield and purity via microfluidic immunomagnetic cell sorting, allowing for comprehensive downstream analyses of these rare cells. We observed that CD103 is strongly expressed by the isolated cTRLs, and that in mice with subcutaneous tumours, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from the tumours and rapidly expanded CD8+CD103+ cTRLs isolated from blood are comparably potent and respond similarly to immune checkpoint blockade. We also show that CD8+CD103+ cTRLs isolated from the peripheral blood of patients and co-cultured with tumour cells dissociated from their resected tumours resulted in the enrichment of interferon-γ-secreting cell populations with T-cell-receptor clonotypes substantially overlapping those of the patients' tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Therapeutically potent cTRLs isolated from peripheral blood may advance the clinical development of adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Licun Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Bavaghar-Zaeimi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nastaran Shokri
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soraly Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saraf Karim
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kasia Czarnecka-Kujawa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A J Robert McGray
- Department of Immunology, Division of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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5
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Wang Z. Assessing Tumorigenicity in Stem Cell-Derived Therapeutic Products: A Critical Step in Safeguarding Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:857. [PMID: 37508884 PMCID: PMC10376867 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold promise in regenerative medicine due to their ability to proliferate and differentiate into various cell types. However, their self-renewal and multipotency also raise concerns about their tumorigenicity during and post-therapy. Indeed, multiple studies have reported the presence of stem cell-derived tumors in animal models and clinical administrations. Therefore, the assessment of tumorigenicity is crucial in evaluating the safety of stem cell-derived therapeutic products. Ideally, the assessment needs to be performed rapidly, sensitively, cost-effectively, and scalable. This article reviews various approaches for assessing tumorigenicity, including animal models, soft agar culture, PCR, flow cytometry, and microfluidics. Each method has its advantages and limitations. The selection of the assay depends on the specific needs of the study and the stage of development of the stem cell-derived therapeutic product. Combining multiple assays may provide a more comprehensive evaluation of tumorigenicity. Future developments should focus on the optimization and standardization of microfluidics-based methods, as well as the integration of multiple assays into a single platform for efficient and comprehensive evaluation of tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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6
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Yagati AK, Chavan SG, Baek C, Lee D, Lee MH, Min J. RGO-PANI composite Au microelectrodes for sensitive ECIS analysis of human gastric (MKN-1) cancer cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108347. [PMID: 36549174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microelectrode-based cell chip studies for cellular responses often require improved adhesion and growth conditions for efficient cellular diagnosis and high throughput screening in drug discovery. Cell-chip studies are often performed on gold electrodes due to their biocompatibility, and stability, but the electrode-electrolyte interfacial capacitance is the main drawback to the overall sensitivity of the detection system. Thus, here, we developed reduced graphene oxide-polyaniline-modified gold microelectrodes for real-time impedance-based monitoring of human gastric adenocarcinoma cancer (MKN-1) cells. The impedance characterization on modified electrodes showed 28-fold enhanced conductivity than the bare electrodes, and the spectra were modeled with proper equivalent circuits to extrapolate the values of circuit elements. The impedance of both time-and frequency-dependent measurements of cell-covered modified electrodes with equivalent model circuits was analyzed to achieve cellular behavior, such as adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and influence of anti-cancer agents. The normalized impedance at 41.5 kHz (|Z|norm 41 kHz) was selected to monitor the cell growth analysis, which was found linear with the proliferation of adherent cells along with the influence of the anticancer drug agent on the MKN-1 cells. The synergistic effects and biocompatible nature of PANI-RGO modifications improved the overall sensitivity for the cell-growth studies of MKN-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Yagati
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sachin Ganpat Chavan
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoon Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Clinical Significance of a Circulating Tumor Cell-based Classifier in Stage IB Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter, Cohort Study. Ann Surg 2023; 277:e439-e448. [PMID: 33630430 PMCID: PMC9831033 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of a CTC-based classifier in stratifying stage IB LUAD. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Stage IB LUADs have an approximately 70% 5-year survival rate. The clinical application of ACT is controversial due to inconsistent results in a series of trials and few useful guide biomarkers. Thus, there is a pressing need for robust biomarkers to stratify stage IB patients to define which group would most likely benefit from ACT. Methods: Two hundred twelve stage IB LUAD patients were enrolled and were divided into 3 independent cohorts. The aptamer-modified NanoVelcro system was used to enrich the CTCs. RESULTS A cutoff of <4 or >4 CTCs as the optimal prognostic threshold for stage IB LUAD was generated to stratify the patients in a 70-patient cohort into low-risk and high-risk groups. Patients with ≥ 4 CTCs in the training cohort had shorter progression-free survival ( P < 0.0001) and overall survival ( P < 0.0001) than patients with <4 CTCs. CTC number remained the strongest predictor of progression-free survival and overall survival even in a multivariate analysis including other clinicopathological parameters. Furthermore, a nomogram based on the CTC count was developed to predict the 3-year and 5-year survival in the training cohort and performed well in the other 2 validation cohorts (C-index: 0.862, 0.853, and 0.877). CONCLUSION The presence of >4 CTCs can define a high-risk subgroup, providing a new strategy to make optimal clinical decisions for stage IB LUAD.
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8
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Antigen Receptors Gene Analysis for Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: The Role of High Throughput Sequencing. HEMATO 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is variable but more often dismal. Indeed, its clinical management is challenging, current therapies inducing complete remission in 65–90% of cases, but only 30–40% of patients being cured. The major determinant of treatment failure is relapse; consequently, measurement of residual leukemic blast (minimal residual disease, MRD) has become a powerful independent prognostic indicator in adults. Numerous evidences have also supported the clinical relevance of MRD assessment for risk class assignment and treatment selection. MRD can be virtually evaluated in all ALL patients using different technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction amplification of fusion transcripts and clonal rearrangements of antigen receptor genes, flow cytometric study of leukemic immunophenotypes and, the most recent, high throughput sequencing (HTS). In this review, the authors focused on the latest developments on MRD monitoring with emphasis on the use of HTS, as well as on the clinical impact of MRD monitoring.
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9
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Signatures of Breast Cancer Progression in the Blood: What Could Be Learned from Circulating Tumor Cell Transcriptomes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225668. [PMID: 36428760 PMCID: PMC9688726 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling has revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology, showing an unprecedented ability to impact patient management especially in breast cancer. The vast majority of breast cancer gene expression signatures derive from the analysis of the tumor bulk, an experimental approach that limits the possibility to dissect breast cancer heterogeneity thoroughly and might miss the message hidden in biologically and clinically relevant cell populations. During disease progression or upon selective pressures, cancer cells undergo continuous transcriptional changes, which inevitably affect tumor heterogeneity, response to therapy and tendency to disseminate. Therefore, metastasis-associated signatures and transcriptome-wide gene expression measurement at single-cell resolution hold great promise for the future of breast cancer clinical care. Seen from this perspective, transcriptomics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent an attractive opportunity to bridge the knowledge gap and develop novel biomarkers. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-science on CTC gene expression analysis in breast cancer, addresses technical and clinical issues related to the application of CTC-derived signatures, and discusses potential research directions.
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10
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Zhu S, Xie Z, Chen Y, Liu S, Kwan YW, Zeng S, Yuan W, Ho HP. Real-Time Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Bloodstream Using Plasmonic Fiber Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110968. [PMID: 36354476 PMCID: PMC9687831 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are single cancer cells or cancer cell clusters that are present in the circulatory system. Assessing CTC levels in patients can aid in the early detection of cancer metastasis and is essential for the purposes of accurate cancer prognosis. However, current in vitro blood tests are limited by the insufficient blood samples and low concentration levels of CTCs, which presents a major challenge for practical biosensing devices. In this work, we propose the first surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber probe to work intravenously, which offers a real-time detection of CTCs in bloodstreams. By exposing the protein-functionalized fiber probe to circulating blood, a continuous capture of CTCs ensures a constant increase in enrichment and hence greatly enhances enumeration accuracy. The performance of our plasmonic fiber probe was demonstrated to specifically detect Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells in flowing whole mouse blood. Further, a detection limit of ~1.4 cells per microliter was achieved by using an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody-based receptor layer and a 15 minute enrichment period. This pilot study validates real-time CTC detection directly in the bloodstream by using plasmonic fiber probes, which exhibit promising clinical potential for in vivo diagnostic tests involving low concentration biomarkers in circulating blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-EMR 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Zhenming Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shiyue Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-EMR 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Wu Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
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11
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Pace J, Ivich F, Marple E, Niedre M. Near-infrared diffuse in vivo flow cytometry. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220101GR. [PMID: 36114606 PMCID: PMC9478904 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.9.097002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance Diffuse in vivo flow cytometry (DiFC) is an emerging technique for enumerating rare fluorescently labeled circulating cells noninvasively in the bloodstream. Thus far, we have reported red and blue-green versions of DiFC. Use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent light would in principle allow use of DiFC in deeper tissues and would be compatible with emerging NIR fluorescence molecular contrast agents. Aim We describe the design of a NIR-DiFC instrument and demonstrate its use in optical flow phantoms in vitro and in mice in vivo. Approach We developed an improved optical fiber probe design for efficient collection of fluorescence from individual circulating cells and efficient rejection of instrument autofluorescence. We built a NIR-DiFC instrument. We tested this with NIR fluorescent microspheres and cell lines labeled with OTL38 fluorescence contrast agent in a flow phantom model. We also tested NIR-DiFC in nude mice injected intravenously with OTL38-labeled L1210A cells. Results NIR-DiFC allowed detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in flow phantoms with mean signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 19 to 32 dB. In mice, fluorescently labeled CTCs were detectable with mean SNR of 26 dB. NIR-DiFC also exhibited orders significantly lower autofluorescence and false-alarm rates than blue-green DiFC. Conclusions NIR-DiFC allows use of emerging NIR contrast agents. Our work could pave the way for future use of NIR-DiFC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Pace
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Fernando Ivich
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eric Marple
- EmVision LLC, Loxahatchee, Florida, United States
| | - Mark Niedre
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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12
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Kumánovics A, Sadighi Akha AA. Flow cytometry for B-cell subset analysis in immunodeficiencies. J Immunol Methods 2022; 509:113327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Peinelt A, Bremm M, Kreyenberg H, Cappel C, Banisharif-Dehkordi J, Erben S, Rettinger E, Jarisch A, Meisel R, Schlegel PG, Beck O, Bug G, Klusmann JH, Klingebiel T, Huenecke S, Bader P. Monitoring of Circulating CAR T Cells: Validation of a Flow Cytometric Assay, Cellular Kinetics, and Phenotype Analysis Following Tisagenlecleucel. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830773. [PMID: 35309367 PMCID: PMC8926389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a potent new treatment option for relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies. As the monitoring of CAR T cell kinetics can provide insights into the activity of the therapy, appropriate CAR T cell detection methods are essential. Here, we report on the comprehensive validation of a flow cytometric assay for peripheral blood CD19 CAR T cell detection. Further, a retrospective analysis (n = 30) of CAR T cell and B cell levels over time has been performed, and CAR T cell phenotypes have been characterized. Serial dilution experiments demonstrated precise and linear quantification down to 0.05% of T cells or 22 CAR T cell events. The calculated detection limit at 13 events was confirmed with CAR T cell negative control samples. Inter-method comparison with real-time PCR showed appreciable correlation. Stability testing revealed diminished CAR T cell values already one day after sample collection. While we found long-term CAR T cell detectability and B cell aplasia in most patients (12/17), some patients (5/17) experienced B cell recovery. In three of these patients the coexistence of CAR T cells and regenerating B cells was observed. Repeat CAR T cell infusions led to detectable but limited re-expansions. Comparison of CAR T cell subsets with their counterparts among all T cells showed a significantly higher percentage of effector memory T cells and a significantly lower percentage of naïve T cells and T EMRA cells among CAR T cells. In conclusion, flow cytometric CAR T cell detection is a reliable method to monitor CAR T cells if measurements start without delay and sufficient T cell counts are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peinelt
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Melanie Bremm
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hermann Kreyenberg
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudia Cappel
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Banisharif-Dehkordi
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Erben
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Rettinger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Jarisch
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roland Meisel
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul-Gerhardt Schlegel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Beck
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gesine Bug
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Klingebiel
- Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Huenecke
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Li W, Zhou Y, Deng Y, Khoo BL. Early Predictor Tool of Disease Using Label-Free Liquid Biopsy-Based Platforms for Patient-Centric Healthcare. Cancers (Basel) 2022. [PMID: 35159085 DOI: 10.3390/cancfers14030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo phenotypic changes or mutations during treatment, making detecting protein-based or gene-based biomarkers challenging. Here, we used algorithmic analysis combined with patient-derived tumor models to derive an early prediction tool using patient-derived cell clusters from liquid biopsy (LIQBP) for cancer prognosis in a label-free manner. The LIQBP platform incorporated a customized microfluidic biochip that mimicked the tumor microenvironment to establish patient clusters, and extracted physical parameters from images of each sample, including size, thickness, roughness, and thickness per area (n = 31). Samples from healthy volunteers (n = 5) and cancer patients (pretreatment; n = 4) could be easily distinguished with high sensitivity (91.16 ± 1.56%) and specificity (71.01 ± 9.95%). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the multiple unique quantitative parameters reflected patient responses. Among these, the ratio of normalized gray value to cluster size (RGVS) was the most significant parameter correlated with cancer stage and treatment duration. Overall, our work presented a novel and less invasive approach for the label-free prediction of disease prognosis to identify patients who require adjustments to their treatment regime. We envisioned that such efforts would promote the management of personalized patient care conveniently and cost effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yunlan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen-Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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15
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Early Predictor Tool of Disease Using Label-Free Liquid Biopsy-Based Platforms for Patient-Centric Healthcare. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030818. [PMID: 35159085 PMCID: PMC8834418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We proposed a comprehensive early prediction tool based on liquid biopsy for the label-free phenotypic analysis of cell clusters from clinical samples (n = 31). Our custom algorithm analysis, combined with a microfluidic-based tumor model, was designed to assess and stratify cancer patients in a label-free, cost-effective, and user-friendly way. Multiple quantitative phenotypic parameters (cluster size, thickness, roughness, and thickness per area) were derived from the profiling of the patient-derived cell clusters. Our platform could distinguish healthy donors from pretreatment cancer patients with high sensitivity (91.16 ± 1.56%) and specificity (71.01 ± 9.95%). In addition, the ratio of normalized gray value to cluster size (RGVS) parameter was significantly correlated to treatment duration and cancer stage. In conclusion, our patient-centric, early prediction tool will allow the prognosis of patients in a relatively less invasive manner, which can help clinicians identify diseases or indicate the need for new treatment strategies. Abstract Cancer cells undergo phenotypic changes or mutations during treatment, making detecting protein-based or gene-based biomarkers challenging. Here, we used algorithmic analysis combined with patient-derived tumor models to derive an early prediction tool using patient-derived cell clusters from liquid biopsy (LIQBP) for cancer prognosis in a label-free manner. The LIQBP platform incorporated a customized microfluidic biochip that mimicked the tumor microenvironment to establish patient clusters, and extracted physical parameters from images of each sample, including size, thickness, roughness, and thickness per area (n = 31). Samples from healthy volunteers (n = 5) and cancer patients (pretreatment; n = 4) could be easily distinguished with high sensitivity (91.16 ± 1.56%) and specificity (71.01 ± 9.95%). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the multiple unique quantitative parameters reflected patient responses. Among these, the ratio of normalized gray value to cluster size (RGVS) was the most significant parameter correlated with cancer stage and treatment duration. Overall, our work presented a novel and less invasive approach for the label-free prediction of disease prognosis to identify patients who require adjustments to their treatment regime. We envisioned that such efforts would promote the management of personalized patient care conveniently and cost effectively.
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16
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Chong Y, Jung YC, Hwang E, Cho HJ, Kang MW, Na MH. Circulating Tumor Cell Detection in Lung Cancer Animal Model. J Chest Surg 2021; 54:460-465. [PMID: 34667135 PMCID: PMC8646057 DOI: 10.5090/jcs.21.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis and recurrence of primary cancer are the main causes of cancer mortality. Disseminated tumor cells refer to cancer cells that cause metastasis from primary cancer to other organs. Several recent studies have suggested that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with the clinical stage, cancer recurrence, cancer metastasis, and prognosis. There are several methods of isolating CTCs from whole blood; in particular, using a membrane filtration system is advantageous due to its cost-effectiveness and availability in clinical settings. In this study, an animal model of lung cancer was established in nude mice using the human large cell lung cancer cell line H460. METHODS Six-week-old nude mice were used. The H460 lung cancer cell line was injected subcutaneously into the nude mice. Blood samples were obtained from the orbital area before cell line injection, 2 weeks after injection, and 2 weeks after tumor excision. Blood samples were filtered using a polycarbonate 12-well Transwell membrane (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). An indirect immunofluorescence assay was performed with the epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody. The number of stained cells was counted using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The average size of the tumor masses was 35.83 mm. The stained cells were counted before inoculation, 2 weeks after inoculation, and 2 weeks after tumor excision. Cancer cells generally increased after inoculation and decreased after tumor resection. CONCLUSION The CTC detection method using the commercial polycarbonate 12-well Transwell (Corning Inc.) membrane is advantageous in terms of cost-effectiveness and convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooyoung Chong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Chae Jung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Euidoo Hwang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min-Woong Kang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung Hoon Na
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Jayaweera SPE, Wanigasinghe Kanakanamge SP, Rajalingam D, Silva GN. Carfilzomib: A Promising Proteasome Inhibitor for the Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:740796. [PMID: 34858819 PMCID: PMC8631731 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is crucial for the degradation of intracellular proteins and plays an important role in mediating a number of cell survival and progression events by controlling the levels of key regulatory proteins such as cyclins and caspases in both normal and tumor cells. However, compared to normal cells, cancer cells are more dependent on the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) due to the accumulation of proteins in response to uncontrolled gene transcription, allowing proteasome to become a potent therapeutic target for human cancers such as multiple myeloma (MM). Up to date, three proteasome inhibitors namely bortezomib (2003), carfilzomib (2012) and ixazomib (2015) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM. This review mainly focuses on the biochemical properties, mechanism of action, toxicity profile and pivotal clinical trials related to carfilzomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor that binds irreversibly with proteasome to overcome the major toxicities and resistance associated with bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dharshika Rajalingam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayathri N Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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18
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Shi L, Esfandiari L. Emerging on-chip electrokinetic based technologies for purification of circulating cancer biomarkers towards liquid biopsy: A review. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:288-308. [PMID: 34791687 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer can significantly reduce mortality and save lives. However, the current cancer diagnosis is highly dependent on costly, complex, and invasive procedures. Thus, a great deal of effort has been devoted to exploring new technologies based on liquid biopsy. Since liquid biopsy relies on detection of circulating biomarkers from biofluids, it is critical to isolate highly purified cancer-related biomarkers, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free nucleic acids (cell-free DNA and cell-free RNA), small extracellular vesicles (exosomes), and proteins. The current clinical purification techniques are facing a number of drawbacks including low purity, long processing time, high cost, and difficulties in standardization. Here, we review a promising solution, on-chip electrokinetic-based methods, that have the advantage of small sample volume requirement, minimal damage to the biomarkers, rapid, and label-free criteria. We have also discussed the existing challenges of current on-chip electrokinetic technologies and suggested potential solutions that may be worthy of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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19
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Patel DA, Blay J. Seeding metastases: The role and clinical utility of circulating tumour cells. Tumour Biol 2021; 43:285-306. [PMID: 34690152 DOI: 10.3233/tub-210001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral human blood is a readily-accessible source of patient material in which circulating tumour cells (CTCs) can be found. Their isolation and characterization holds the potential to provide prognostic value for various solid cancers. Enumeration of CTCs from blood is becoming a common practice in informing prognosis and may guide therapy decisions. It is further recognized that enumeration alone does not capture perspective on the heterogeneity of tumours and varying functional abilities of the CTCs to interact with the secondary microenvironment. Characterizing the isolated CTCs further, in particular assessing their functional abilities, can track molecular changes in the disease progress. As a step towards identifying a suite of functional features of CTCs that could aid in clinical decisions, developing a CTC isolation technique based on extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions may provide a more solid foundation for isolating the cells of interest. Techniques based on size, charge, density, and single biomarkers are not sufficient as they underutilize other characteristics of cancer cells. The ability of cancer cells to interact with ECM proteins presents an opportunity to utilize their full character in capturing, and also allows assessment of the features that reveal how cells might behave at secondary sites during metastasis. This article will review some common techniques and recent advances in CTC capture technologies. It will further explore the heterogeneity of the CTC population, challenges they experience in their metastatic journey, and the advantages of utilizing an ECM-based platform for CTC capture. Lastly, we will discuss how tailored ECM approaches may present an optimal platform to capture an influential heterogeneous population of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep A Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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20
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Patil RA, Srinivasarao M, Amiji MM, Low PS, Niedre M. Fluorescence Labeling of Circulating Tumor Cells with a Folate Receptor-Targeted Molecular Probe for Diffuse In Vivo Flow Cytometry. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1280-1289. [PMID: 32519245 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently developed a new instrument called "diffuse in vivo flow cytometry" (DiFC) for enumeration of rare fluorescently labeled circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in small animals without drawing blood samples. Until now, we have used cell lines that express fluorescent proteins or were pre-labeled with a fluorescent dye ex vivo. In this work, we investigated the use of a folate receptor (FR)-targeted fluorescence molecular probe for in vivo labeling of FR+ CTCs for DiFC. PROCEDURES We used EC-17, a FITC-folic acid conjugate that has been used in clinical trials for fluorescence-guided surgery. We studied the affinity of EC-17 for FR+ L1210A and KB cancer cells. We also tested FR- MM.1S cells. We tested the labeling specificity in cells in culture in vitro and in whole blood. We also studied the detectability of labeled cells in mice in vivo with DiFC. RESULTS EC-17 showed a high affinity for FR+ L1210A and KB cells in vitro. In whole blood, 85.4 % of L1210A and 80.9 % of KB cells were labeled above non-specific background with EC-17, and negligible binding to FR- MM.1S cells was observed. In addition, EC-17-labeled CTCs were readily detectable in circulation in mice with DiFC. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the feasibility of labeling CTCs with a cell-surface receptor-targeted probe for DiFC, greatly expanding the potential utility of the method for pre-clinical animal models. Because DiFC uses diffuse light, this method could be also used to enumerate CTCs in larger animal models and potentially even in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani A Patil
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Mark Niedre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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21
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Zhu X, Suo Y, Fu Y, Zhang F, Ding N, Pang K, Xie C, Weng X, Tian M, He H, Wei X. In vivo flow cytometry reveals a circadian rhythm of circulating tumor cells. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:110. [PMID: 34045431 PMCID: PMC8160330 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is an established biomarker of cancer metastasis. The circulation dynamics of CTCs are important for understanding the mechanisms underlying tumor cell dissemination. Although studies have revealed that the circadian rhythm may disrupt the growth of tumors, it is generally unclear whether the circadian rhythm controls the release of CTCs. In clinical examinations, the current in vitro methods for detecting CTCs in blood samples are based on a fundamental assumption that CTC counts in the peripheral blood do not change significantly over time, which is being challenged by recent studies. Since it is not practical to draw blood from patients repeatedly, a feasible strategy to investigate the circadian rhythm of CTCs is to monitor them by in vivo detection methods. Fluorescence in vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) is a powerful optical technique that is able to detect fluorescent circulating cells directly in living animals in a noninvasive manner over a long period of time. In this study, we applied fluorescence IVFC to monitor CTCs noninvasively in an orthotopic mouse model of human prostate cancer. We observed that CTCs exhibited stochastic bursts over cancer progression. The probability of the bursting activity was higher at early stages than at late stages. We longitudinally monitored CTCs over a 24-h period, and our results revealed striking daily oscillations in CTC counts that peaked at the onset of the night (active phase for rodents), suggesting that the release of CTCs might be regulated by the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Pang
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, 100192, Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilu Tian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Hao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xunbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China.
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, 100081, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 100142, Beijing, China.
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22
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Song J, Yu Z, Dong B, Zhu M, Guo X, Ma Y, Zhao S, Yang T. Clinical significance of circulating tumour cells and Ki-67 in renal cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:156. [PMID: 34034739 PMCID: PMC8152311 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumour of the genitourinary system. We aimed to analyse the potential value of metastasis-related biomarkers, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and the proliferative marker Ki-67 in the diagnosis of RCC. Methods Data from 24 laparoscopic radical nephrectomies (RNs) and 17 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies (PNs) were collected in 2018. The numbers and positive rates of CTCs and circulating tumour microemboli (CTM) in the peripheral blood were obtained at three different time points: just before surgery, immediately after surgery and 1 week after surgery. Ki-67 protein expression was evaluated in the RCC tissue by immunohistochemistry. Results Except for the statistically significant association between the preoperative CTC counts and tumour size, no association between the number and positive rate of perioperative CTCs and clinicopathological features was found. The CTC counts gradually decreased during the perioperative period, and at 1 week after surgery, they were significantly lower than those before surgery. High Ki-67 expression was significantly positively correlated with preoperative CTC counts. In addition, Ki-67 expression was higher in the high CTC group (≥ 5 CTCs). Conclusion Our results suggest that surgical nephrectomy is associated with a decrease in CTC counts in RCC patients. CTCs can act as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of RCC. A careful and sufficient long-term follow-up is needed for patients with high preoperative CTC counts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-021-02268-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Song
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingqi Dong
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingkai Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkang Ma
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiming Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiejun Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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Enhancing Prediction Performance by Add-On Combining Circulating Tumor Cell Count, CD45 neg EpCAM neg Cell Count on Colorectal Cancer, Advance, and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112521. [PMID: 34063929 PMCID: PMC8196640 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Information describing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds promise for clinical applications. However, conventional CTCs enumeration could ignore the CTCs more relevant to cancer metastasis. Thus, negative selection CTC enumeration was proposed, by which information on the numbers of CTCs and CD45neg EpCAMneg cells can be obtained. By combining this approach with the conventional biomarker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), this study aimed to explore whether any combination of these biomarkers could improve the predictive performance for colorectal cancer (CRC) or its status. Results revealed that a combination of the two cell populations showed improved performance (AUROC: 0.893) for CRC prediction over the use of only one population. Compared with CEA alone, the combination of the three biomarkers increased the performance (AUROC) for advanced CRC prediction from 0.643 to 0.727. Compared with that of CEA alone for metastatic CRC prediction, the AUROC was increased from 0.780 to 0.837 when the CTC count was included. Abstract Conventional circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration could ignore the CTCs more relevant to cancer metastasis. Thus, negative selection CTC enumeration was proposed, by which information on two cellular biomarkers (numbers of CTCs and CD45neg EpCAMneg cells) can be obtained. By combining this approach with the conventional biomarker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), this study aimed to explore whether any combination of these biomarkers could improve the predictive performance for colorectal cancer (CRC) or its status. In this work, these two cell populations in healthy donors and CRC patients were quantified. Results revealed that enumeration of these two cell populations was able to discriminate healthy donors from CRC patients, even patients with non-advanced CRC. Moreover, the combination of the two cell populations showed improved performance (AUROC: 0.893) for CRC prediction over the use of only one population. Compared with CEA alone, the combination of the three biomarkers increased the performance (AUROC) for advanced CRC prediction from 0.643 to 0.727. Compared with that of CEA alone for metastatic CRC prediction, the AUROC was increased from 0.780 to 0.837 when the CTC count was included. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of these two cellular biomarkers with CEA improved the predictive performance for CRC and its status.
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24
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Molodysky E, Grant R. Person-to-Person Cancer Transmission via Allogenic Blood Transfusion. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:641-649. [PMID: 33773525 PMCID: PMC8286663 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.3.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recognized capability of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) to seed tumors, allogenic blood transfusions are not presently screened for the presence of CTCs. Previous research has examined blood transfusions and the associated risk of cancer recurrence, but not cancer of unknown primary (CUP) occurrence. The Hypothesis explored in this paper proposes that there is potential for cancers to be transmitted from donor-to-patient via CTCs in either blood transfusions or organ transplants or both. This proposed haematogenic tumor transmission will be discussed in relation to two scenarios involving the introduction of donor-derived CTC's from allogeneic blood transfusions into either known cancer surgery patients or into non-cancer patients. The source of CTCs arises either from the donor with a 'clinically dormant cancer' or a 'pre-clinical cancer' existing as yet undiagnosed, in the donor. Given the significant number of allogenic blood transfusions that occur worldwide on a yearly basis, allogenic blood transfusions have the potential to expose a substantial number of non-cancer recipients to the transmission of CTCs and associated tumor risk. This risk is greatly amplified in the low-income nations where the blood collection and processing protocols, including exclusion and screening criteria are less stringent than those in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Molodysky
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ross Grant
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, Sydney Australia.
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25
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Yang B, Davis JM, Gomez TH, Younes M, Zhao X, Shen Q, Wang R, Ko TC, Cao Y. Characteristic pancreatic and splenic immune cell infiltration patterns in mouse acute pancreatitis. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:28. [PMID: 33531047 PMCID: PMC7852096 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systemic evaluation of immune cell infiltration patterns in experimental acute pancreatitis (AP) is lacking. Using multi-dimensional flow cytometry, this study profiled infiltrating immune cell types in multiple AP mouse models. METHODS Three AP models were generated in C57BL/6 mice via cerulein (CAE) injection, alcohol and palmitoleic acid (EtOH + POA) injection, and alcohol diet feeding and cerulein (EtOH + CAE) injection. Primary pancreatic cells and splenocytes were prepared, and multi-dimensional flow cytometry was performed and analyzed by manual gating and computerized PhenoGraph, followed by visualization with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). RESULTS CAE treatment induced a time-dependent increase of major innate immune cells and a decrease of follicular B cells, and TCD4+ cells and the subtypes in the pancreas, whereas elicited a reversed pattern in the spleen. EtOH + POA treatment resulted in weaker effects than CAE treatment. EtOH feeding enhanced CAE-induced amylase secretion, but unexpectedly attenuated CAE-induced immune cell regulation. In comparison with manual gating analysis, computerized analysis demonstrated a remarkable time efficiency and reproducibility on the innate immune cells and B cells. CONCLUSIONS The reverse pattern of increased innate and decreased adaptive immune cells was consistent in the pancreas in CAE and EtOH + POA treatments. Alcohol feeding opposed the CAE effect on immune cell regulation. Together, the immune profiling approach utilized in this study provides a better understanding of overall immune responses in AP, which may facilitate the identification of intervention windows and new therapeutic strategies. Computerized analysis is superior to manual gating by dramatically reducing analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baibing Yang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joy M Davis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Thomas H Gomez
- Center of Laboratory Animal Medicine and Care, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mamoun Younes
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Run Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tien C Ko
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yanna Cao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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26
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Singh B, Arora S, D'Souza A, Kale N, Aland G, Bharde A, Quadir M, Calderón M, Chaturvedi P, Khandare J. Chemo-specific designs for the enumeration of circulating tumor cells: advances in liquid biopsy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2946-2978. [PMID: 33480960 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advanced materials and chemo-specific designs at the nano/micrometer-scale have ensured revolutionary progress in next-generation clinically relevant technologies. For example, isolating a rare population of cells, like circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the blood amongst billions of other blood cells, is one of the most complex scientific challenges in cancer diagnostics. The chemical tunability for achieving this degree of exceptional specificity for extra-cellular biomarker interactions demands the utility of advanced entities and multistep reactions both in solution and in the insoluble state. Thus, this review delineates the chemo-specific substrates, chemical methods, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemical platforms used for isolation and enumeration of CTCs in advancing the relevance of liquid biopsy in cancer diagnostics and disease management. We highlight the synthesis of cell-specific, tumor biomarker-based, chemo-specific substrates utilizing functionalized linkers through chemistry-based conjugation strategies. The capacity of these nano/micro substrates to enhance the cell interaction specificity and efficiency with the targeted tumor cells is detailed. Furthermore, this review accounts for the importance of CTC capture and other downstream processes involving genotypic and phenotypic CTC analysis in real-time for the detection of the early onset of metastases progression and chemotherapy treatment response, and for monitoring progression free-survival (PFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and eventually overall survival (OS) in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Singh
- Actorius Innovations and Research Pvt. Ltd, Pune, 411057, India.
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27
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Harris KS, Shi L, Foster BM, Mobley ME, Elliott PL, Song CJ, Watabe K, Langefeld CD, Kerr BA. CD117/c-kit defines a prostate CSC-like subpopulation driving progression and TKI resistance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1465. [PMID: 33446896 PMCID: PMC7809150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence, and may also represent a subset of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In our prior study, CTCs in advanced prostate cancer patients were found to express CD117/c-kit in a liquid biopsy. Whether CD117 expression played an active or passive role in the aggressiveness and migration of these CTCs remained an open question. In this study, we show that CD117 expression in prostate cancer patients is associated with decreased overall and progression-free survival and that activation and phosphorylation of CD117 increases in prostate cancer patients with higher Gleason grades. To determine how CD117 expression and activation by its ligand stem cell factor (SCF, kit ligand, steel factor) alter prostate cancer aggressiveness, we used C4-2 and PC3-mm human prostate cancer cells, which contain a CD117+ subpopulation. We demonstrate that CD117+ cells display increased proliferation and migration. In prostaspheres, CD117 expression enhances sphere formation. In both 2D and 3D cultures, stemness marker gene expression is higher in CD117+ cells. Using xenograft limiting dilution assays and serial tumor initiation assays, we show that CD117+ cells represent a CSC population. Combined, these data indicate that CD117 expression potentially promotes tumor initiation and metastasis. Further, in cell lines, CD117 activation by SCF promotes faster proliferation and invasiveness, while blocking CD117 activation with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) decreased progression in a context-dependent manner. We demonstrate that CD117 expression and activation drives prostate cancer aggressiveness through the CSC phenotype and TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koran S Harris
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Brittni M Foster
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Mary E Mobley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Phyllis L Elliott
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Conner J Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Bethany A Kerr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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28
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Sarikonda G, Mathieu M, Natalia M, Pahuja A, Xue Q, Pierog PL, Trampont PC, Decman V, Reynolds S, Hanafi LA, Sun YS, Eck S, Hedrick MN, Stewart JJ, Tangri S, Litwin V, Dakappagari N. Best practices for the development, analytical validation and clinical implementation of flow cytometric methods for chimeric antigen receptor T cell analyses. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 100:79-91. [PMID: 33373096 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells are recognized as efficacious therapies with demonstrated ability to produce durable responses in blood cancer patients. Regulatory approvals and acceptance of these unique therapies by patients and reimbursement agencies have led to a significant increase in the number of next generation CAR T clinical trials. Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for comprehensive profiling of individual CAR T cells at multiple stages of clinical development, from product characterization during manufacturing to longitudinal evaluation of the infused product in patients. There are unique challenges with regard to the development and validation of flow cytometric methods for CAR T cells; moreover, the assay requirements for manufacturing and clinical monitoring differ. Based on the collective experience of the authors, this recommendation paper aims to review these challenges and present approaches to address them. The discussion focuses on describing key considerations for the design, optimization, validation and implementation of flow cytometric methods during the clinical development of CAR T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanashyam Sarikonda
- Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis subsidiary, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Mahwish Natalia
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anil Pahuja
- Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis subsidiary, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Qiong Xue
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Piotr L Pierog
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Vilma Decman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven Eck
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Shabnam Tangri
- Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis subsidiary, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Naveen Dakappagari
- Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., a Novartis subsidiary, Carlsbad, California, USA
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29
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Williams AL, Fitzgerald JE, Ivich F, Sontag ED, Niedre M. Short-Term Circulating Tumor Cell Dynamics in Mouse Xenograft Models and Implications for Liquid Biopsy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:601085. [PMID: 33240820 PMCID: PMC7677561 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.601085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are widely studied using liquid biopsy methods that analyze fractionally-small peripheral blood (PB) samples. However, little is known about natural fluctuations in CTC numbers that may occur over short timescales in vivo, and how these may affect detection and enumeration of rare CTCs from small blood samples. METHODS We recently developed an optical instrument called "diffuse in vivo flow cytometry" (DiFC) that uniquely allows continuous, non-invasive counting of rare, green fluorescent protein expressing CTCs in large blood vessels in mice. Here, we used DiFC to study short-term changes in CTC numbers in multiple myeloma and Lewis lung carcinoma xenograft models. We analyzed CTC detections in over 100 h of DiFC data, and considered intervals corresponding to approximately 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of the PB volume. In addition, we analyzed changes in CTC numbers over 24 h (diurnal) periods. RESULTS For rare CTCs (fewer than 1 CTC per ml of blood), the use of short DiFC intervals (corresponding to small PB samples) frequently resulted in no detections. For more abundant CTCs, CTC numbers frequently varied by an order of magnitude or more over the time-scales considered. This variance in CTC detections far exceeded that expected by Poisson statistics or by instrument variability. Rather, the data were consistent with significant changes in mean numbers of CTCs on the timescales of minutes and hours. CONCLUSIONS The observed temporal changes can be explained by known properties of CTCs, namely, the continuous shedding of CTCs from tumors and the short half-life of CTCs in blood. It follows that the number of cells in a blood sample are strongly impacted by the timing of the draw. The issue is likely to be compounded for multicellular CTC clusters or specific CTC subtypes, which are even more rare than single CTCs. However, we show that enumeration can in principle be improved by averaging multiple samples, analysis of larger volumes, or development of methods for enumeration of CTCs directly in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Fernando Ivich
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eduardo D. Sontag
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark Niedre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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30
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Lambert C, Yanikkaya Demirel G, Keller T, Preijers F, Psarra K, Schiemann M, Özçürümez M, Sack U. Flow Cytometric Analyses of Lymphocyte Markers in Immune Oncology: A Comprehensive Guidance for Validation Practice According to Laws and Standards. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2169. [PMID: 33042129 PMCID: PMC7528430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many anticancer therapies such as antibody-based therapies, cellular therapeutics (e.g., genetically modified cells, regulators of cytokine signaling, and signal transduction), and other biologically tailored interventions strongly influence the immune system and require tools for research, diagnosis, and monitoring. In flow cytometry, in vitro diagnostic (IVD) test kits that have been compiled and validated by the manufacturer are not available for all requirements. Laboratories are therefore usually dependent on modifying commercially available assays or, most often, developing them to meet clinical needs. However, both variants must then undergo full validation to fulfill the IVD regulatory requirements. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping is a multiparametric analysis of parameters, some of which have to be repeatedly adjusted; that must be considered when developing specific antibody panels. Careful adjustments of general rules are required to meet legal and regulatory requirements in the analysis of these assays. Here, we describe the relevant regulatory framework for flow cytometry-based assays and describe methods for the introduction of new antibody combinations into routine work including development of performance specifications, validation, and statistical methodology for design and analysis of the experiments. The aim is to increase reliability, efficiency, and auditability after the introduction of in-house-developed flow cytometry assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Lambert
- University Hospital, Immunology Laboratory, FRE-CNRS 3312, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | | - Frank Preijers
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Katherina Psarra
- Department of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mustafa Özçürümez
- Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Klinische Immunologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Sommer U, Eck S, Marszalek L, Stewart JJ, Bradford J, McCloskey TW, Green C, Vitaliti A, Oldaker T, Litwin V. High-sensitivity flow cytometric assays: Considerations for design control and analytical validation for identification of Rare events. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 100:42-51. [PMID: 32940947 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current consensus recommendation papers dealing with the unique requirements for the analytical validation of assays performed by flow cytometry address the validation of sensitivity (both analytical and functional) only in general terms. In this paper, a detailed approach for designing and validating the sensitivity of rare event methods is described. The impact of panel design and optimization on the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and suggestions for reporting data near, or below, the LLOQ are addressed. This paper serves to provide best practices for the development, optimization, and analytical validation of flow cytometric assays designed to assess rare events. Note that this paper does not discuss clinical sensitivity validation, which addresses the positive and negative predictive value of the test result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sommer
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Eck
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cherie Green
- A Member of Roche Group, Development Sciences Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alessandra Vitaliti
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teri Oldaker
- Oldaker Consulting, San Clemente, California, USA
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32
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Weis P, Helm J, Page L, Lauruschkat CD, Lazariotou M, Einsele H, Loeffler J, Ullmann AJ, Wurster S. Development and evaluation of a whole blood-based approach for flow cytometric quantification of CD154+ mould-reactive T cells. Med Mycol 2020; 58:187-196. [PMID: 31095327 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154+ mould-reactive T cells were proposed as a novel biomarker in the diagnosis of invasive mycoses. As PBMC-based protocols for flow cytometric quantification of these cells are logistically challenging and susceptible to preanalytic delays, this study evaluated and optimized a whole blood-based method for the detection of mould-reactive T cells. Blood collection tubes containing costimulatory antibodies and Aspergillus fumigatus mycelial lysates were inoculated with heparinized whole blood from healthy adults, and detection rates of CD154+/CD4+A. fumigatus reactive T cells were compared with PBMC-based detection using samples from the same donors. In contrast to the PBMC-based method, double costimulation with αCD28 and αCD49d was crucial for reliable whole blood stimulation. Optimizing stimulation schemes for both matrixes, significantly higher specific T-cell detection rates were achieved by the whole blood-based method, whereas the unspecific background stimulation remained low. MHC II-dependent CD154+ upregulation was demonstrated for both matrixes. Excellent correlation and reproducible conversion factors between whole blood and PBMC-based results were observed. Using frozen ready-to-use test tubes containing costimulatory antibodies and lysates, detection rates of specific T cells were comparable to freshly prepared blood collection tubes. The optimized whole blood-based protocol was also used to detect Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizomucor pusillus reactive T cells, resulting in 1.5- to 2.7-fold higher detection rates compared with PBMC-based measurement. In summary, the whole blood protocol is a robust, highly sensitive, and cost-effective method for mould-reactive T-cell quantification, allowing for point-of-care sample stimulation and contributing to better assay standardization in multi-centre evaluation of mould reactive T-cell quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Weis
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Helm
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Page
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chris D Lauruschkat
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Lazariotou
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Ullmann
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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33
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Chu PY, Hsieh CH, Wu MH. The Combination of Immunomagnetic Bead-Based Cell Isolation and Optically Induced Dielectrophoresis (ODEP)-Based Microfluidic Device for the Negative Selection-Based Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:921. [PMID: 32903713 PMCID: PMC7438881 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative selection-based circulating tumor cell (CTC) isolation is able to harvest viable, label-free, and clinically meaningful CTCs from the cancer patients' blood. Nevertheless, its main shortcoming is its inability to isolate high-purity CTCs, restricting subsequent CTC-related analysis. To address this issue, this study proposed a two-step optically-induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP) cell manipulation to process the cell sample harvested by negative selection-/immunomagnetic microbeads-based CTC isolation. The working mechanism is that the ODEP force acting on the cells with and without magnetic microbeads binding is different. Accordingly, the use of ODEP cell manipulation in a microfluidic system was designed to first separate and then isolate the cancer cells from other magnetic microbead-bound cells. Immunofluorescent microscopic observation and ODEP cell manipulation were then performed to refine the purity of the cancer cells. In this study, the optimum operating conditions for effective cell isolation were determined experimentally. The results revealed that the presented method was able to further refine the purity of cancer cell in the sample obtained after negative selection-based CTC isolation with high cell purity (81.6~86.1%). Overall, this study proposed the combination of immunomagnetic bead-based cell isolation and ODEP cell manipulation for the negative selection-based isolation of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Chu
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou), Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsien Wu
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou), Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Akpe V, Kim TH, Brown CL, Cock IE. Circulating tumour cells: a broad perspective. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200065. [PMCID: PMC7423436 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have recently been identified as valuable biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic evaluations, as well for monitoring therapeutic responses to treatments. CTCs are rare cells which may be present as one CTC surrounded by approximately 1 million white blood cells and 1 billion red blood cells per millilitre of peripheral blood. Despite the various challenges in CTC detection, considerable progress in detection methods have been documented in recent times, particularly for methodologies incorporating nanomaterial-based platforms and/or integrated microfluidics. Herein, we summarize the importance of CTCs as biological markers for tumour detection, highlight their mechanism of cellular invasion and discuss the various challenges associated with CTC research, including vulnerability, heterogeneity, phenotypicity and size differences. In addition, we describe nanomaterial agents used for electrochemistry and surface plasmon resonance applications, which have recently been used to selectively capture cancer cells and amplify signals for CTC detection. The intrinsic properties of nanomaterials have also recently been exploited to achieve photothermal destruction of cancer cells. This review describes recent advancements and future perspectives in the CTC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Akpe
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Tak H. Kim
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Christopher L. Brown
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ian E. Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Wang Z, Gagliardi M, Mohamadi RM, Ahmed SU, Labib M, Zhang L, Popescu S, Zhou Y, Sargent EH, Keller GM, Kelley SO. Ultrasensitive and rapid quantification of rare tumorigenic stem cells in hPSC-derived cardiomyocyte populations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay7629. [PMID: 32440533 PMCID: PMC7227422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect rare human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in differentiated populations is critical for safeguarding the clinical translation of cell therapy, as these undifferentiated cells have the capacity to form teratomas in vivo. The detection of hPSCs must be performed using an approach compatible with traceable manufacturing of therapeutic cell products. Here, we report a novel microfluidic approach, stem cell quantitative cytometry (SCQC), for the quantification of rare hPSCs in hPSC-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) populations. This approach enables the ultrasensitive capture, profiling, and enumeration of trace levels of hPSCs labeled with magnetic nanoparticles in a low-cost, manufacturable microfluidic chip. We deploy SCQC to assess the tumorigenic risk of hPSC-derived CM populations in vivo. In addition, we isolate rare hPSCs from the differentiated populations using SCQC and characterize their pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Mark Gagliardi
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Reza M. Mohamadi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sharif U. Ahmed
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Libing Zhang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sandra Popescu
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Yuxiao Zhou
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Gordon M. Keller
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Karimi N, Oloomi M, Orafa Z. Circulating Tumor Cells Detection in Patients with Early Breast Cancer Using MACS Immunomagnetic Flow Cytometry. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2020; 12:148-156. [PMID: 32695277 PMCID: PMC7368115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) detection in peripheral blood of epithelial cancer patients is an indicator of the presence of primary tumors and metastasis. The CTC phenotype detection uses epithelial markers in defining, detecting, and isolating CTCs. Circulating cell-separation technologies, with the epithelial origin, can be identified by epithelial biomarkers, with different techniques such as flow cytometry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of molecular Cytokeratins (CKs), CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19 (Pan-CK) and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) markers for CTC detection. METHODS The Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) was used to identify CTCs in the blood of patients. Specific antibodies to EpCAM and Pan-CK were used and analyzed by flow cytometry. In this study, 35 blood samples of patients with breast cancer were assessed before any treatment and 35 healthy blood samples as the control were evaluated. RESULTS Expression of CK markers in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients was statistically significant with p≤0.05, specifically at stages II-IV, but it was not significant in patients at stage I and healthy controls. Biomarkers expression in the blood of patients and healthy controls was assessed along with the pathologic characteristics of patients. CONCLUSION CTC assessment by flow cytometry in patients with breast cancer could not only be used for detection but also can be considered as a source of specific and subjective evaluation for monitoring the therapy. Besides, the sensitivity and specificity of CTC detection were shown that could be enhanced by specific CK markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mana Oloomi
- Corresponding author: Mana Oloomi, Ph.D., Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 66953311, Fax: +98 21 66465132, E-mail:
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Jiménez-Zenteno AK, Cerf A. Liquid Biopsy Based on Circulating Cancer-Associated Cells: Bridging the Gap from an Emerging Concept to a Mainstream Tool in Precision Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e1900164. [PMID: 32293131 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The concept of liquid biopsy and the isolation and analysis of circulating biomarkers from blood samples is proposed as a surrogate to solid biopsies and can have the potential to revolutionize the management of patients with cancer. The relevance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the importance of the information they carry is acknowledged by the medical community. But what are the barriers to clinical adoption? This review draws a panorama of the biological implications of CTCs, their physical and biochemical properties, and the current technological bottlenecks for their analysis in relation with the medical needs. Keys and considerations to bridge the technological and clinical gaps that still need to be overcome to be able to introduce CTCs in clinical routine are finally synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Cerf
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31400, Toulouse, France
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Patil R, Tan X, Bartosik P, Detappe A, Runnels JM, Ghobrial I, Lin CP, Niedre M. Fluorescence monitoring of rare circulating tumor cell and cluster dissemination in a multiple myeloma xenograft model in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 31456386 PMCID: PMC6983486 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.8.085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are of great interest in cancer research because of their crucial role in hematogenous metastasis. We recently developed “diffuse in vivo flow cytometry” (DiFC), a preclinical research tool for enumerating extremely rare fluorescently labeled CTCs directly in vivo. In this work, we developed a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-compatible version of DiFC and used it to noninvasively monitor tumor cell numbers in circulation in a multiple myeloma (MM) disseminated xenograft mouse model. We show that DiFC allowed enumeration of CTCs in individual mice overtime during MM growth, with sensitivity below 1 CTC mL − 1 of peripheral blood. DiFC also revealed the presence of CTC clusters (CTCCs) in circulation to our knowledge for the first time in this model and allowed us to calculate CTCC size, frequency, and kinetics of shedding. We anticipate that the unique capabilities of DiFC will have many uses in preclinical study of metastasis, in particular, with a large number of GFP-expressing xenograft and transgenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani Patil
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Xuefei Tan
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Peter Bartosik
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alexandre Detappe
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Judith M. Runnels
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Irene Ghobrial
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mark Niedre
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Mark Niedre, E-mail:
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Lopresti A, Malergue F, Bertucci F, Liberatoscioli ML, Garnier S, DaCosta Q, Finetti P, Gilabert M, Raoul JL, Birnbaum D, Acquaviva C, Mamessier E. Sensitive and easy screening for circulating tumor cells by flow cytometry. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128180. [PMID: 31194699 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) represent an easy, repeatable and representative access to information regarding solid tumors. However, their detection remains difficult because of their paucity, their short half-life, and the lack of reliable surface biomarkers. Flow cytometry (FC) is a fast, sensitive and affordable technique, ideal for rare cells detection. Adapted to CTCs detection (i.e. extremely rare cells), most FC-based techniques require a time-consuming pre-enrichment step, followed by a 2-hours staining procedure, impeding on the efficiency of CTCs detection. We overcame these caveats and reduced the procedure to less than one hour, with minimal manipulation. First, cells were simultaneously fixed, permeabilized, then stained. Second, using low-speed FC acquisition conditions and two discriminators (cell size and pan-cytokeratin expression), we suppressed the pre-enrichment step. Applied to blood from donors with or without known malignant diseases, this protocol ensures a high recovery of the cells of interest independently of their epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and can predict which samples are derived from cancer donors. This proof-of-concept study lays the bases of a sensitive tool to detect CTCs from a small amount of blood upstream of in-depth analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Lopresti
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Research, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Lucia Liberatoscioli
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Severine Garnier
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Quentin DaCosta
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Gilabert
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Luc Raoul
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Acquaviva
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Gene Expression Analysis of Immunomagnetically Enriched Circulating Tumor Cell Fraction in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 2019; 22:381-390. [PMID: 29725990 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular characterization of tumors could be a key to therapeutic decision-making with regards to targeted therapies in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). A convenient solution may be non-invasive liquid biopsy testing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). For this reason, CTC-enriched samples obtained by immunomagnetic separation (AdnaTest®) were studied as a source material for high-throughput gene expression analysis using BioMark™. PATIENTS AND METHODS CTC-enriched samples from 41 CRPC patients previously determined to be CTC positive using the AdnaTest® were retrospectively re-analysed for androgen receptor (AR) messenger RNA (mRNA), using the updated AdnaTest®. Blood samples were drawn two times from each patient: at the time of CRPC diagnosis and after the third docetaxel cycle. A gene expression panel of 27 genes related to CRPC therapeutic decision-making, including AR full length (ARFL) and splice variant 7 (ARV7), was retrospectively analyzed on a BioMark™ platform in 29 of 41 patients. RESULTS The AdnaTest® detected AR mRNA in three-quarters of CTC-positive samples taken at the time of CRPC diagnosis and after the third docetaxel cycle. AR detection was associated with a shorter disease-specific survival (45.0 vs. 20.4 months) at the time of CRPC diagnosis. ARFL expression at the time of CRPC diagnosis, measured on the BioMark™ platform, was associated with a lower decrease of serum level of prostate-specific antigen (sPSA) (p = 0.029), i.e., worse therapy response. ARV7 was found in 38% of the ARFL--positive samples at both analyzed timepoints. CONCLUSION Detection of AR expression by AdnaTest® in CTC-enriched samples may help predict patients' survival. These AdnaTest® CTC-enriched samples can be used in a high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of gene expression, provided that the specificity of the assay for each individual gene is properly validated. The BioMark™ platform can be used for the simultaneous detection of ARFL and ARV7 and other genes in CTC-enriched samples from CRPC patients.
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Activated dendritic cells and monocytes in HIV immunological nonresponders: HIV-induced interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with low future CD4+ recovery. AIDS 2019; 33:1117-1129. [PMID: 30789356 PMCID: PMC6511429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: To explore monocyte and dendritic cell immune responses, and their association with future CD4+ gain in treated HIV patients with suboptimal CD4+ recovery. Design: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected, virally suppressed individuals on antiretroviral therapy for at least 24 months; 41 immunological nonresponders (INRs) (CD4+ cell count <400 cells/μl) and 26 immunological responders (CD4+ cell count >600 cells/μl). Ten HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive and 10 HIV-negative healthy persons served as controls. CD4+ cell counts were registered after median 2.4 and 4.7 years. Methods: Monocyte, dendritic-cell and T-cell activation and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. In INR and immunological responder subgroups matched on age and nadir CD4+ cell count, upregulation of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in monocytes and dendritic cells and cytokines in cell supernatants were measured in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with aldrithiol-2-inactivated HIV-1. Results: The INR group displayed higher spontaneous activation of both monocytes (HLA-DR+) and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (HLA-DR+, CD83+ and CD86+) compared with immunological responders, and this was associated with increased T-cell activation (CD38+HLA-DR+), an effector memory T-cell phenotype and activated Tregs. The IP-10 response in monocytes after in-vitro HIV stimulation was negatively associated with prospective CD4+ gain. IP-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and cytokines levels were comparable between the groups, but inversely correlated with activated Tregs in INRs. Conclusion: HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune recovery demonstrated more activated monocytes and in particular dendritic cells, compared with patients with acceptable CD4+ gain. A high level of HIV-specific IP-10 expression in monocytes may be predictive of future CD4+ recovery.
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Medeiros B, Allan AL. Molecular Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Lung: Clinical and Experimental Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2272. [PMID: 31071959 PMCID: PMC6540248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, and >90% of breast cancer-related deaths are associated with metastasis. Breast cancer spreads preferentially to the lung, brain, bone and liver; termed organ tropism. Current treatment methods for metastatic breast cancer have been ineffective, compounded by the lack of early prognostic/predictive methods to determine which organs are most susceptible to developing metastases. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive breast cancer metastasis is crucial for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Lung metastasis is of particular concern as it is associated with significant patient morbidity and a mortality rate of 60-70%. This review highlights the current understanding of breast cancer metastasis to the lung, including discussion of potential new treatment approaches for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Medeiros
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology and Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
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Kim TH, Wang Y, Oliver CR, Thamm DH, Cooling L, Paoletti C, Smith KJ, Nagrath S, Hayes DF. A temporary indwelling intravascular aphaeretic system for in vivo enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1478. [PMID: 30932020 PMCID: PMC6443676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have become an established biomarker for prognosis in patients with various carcinomas. However, current ex vivo CTC isolation technologies rely on small blood volumes from a single venipuncture limiting the number of captured CTCs. This produces statistical variability and inaccurate reflection of tumor cell heterogeneity. Here, we describe an in vivo indwelling intravascular aphaeretic CTC isolation system to continuously collect CTCs directly from a peripheral vein. The system returns the remaining blood products after CTC enrichment, permitting interrogation of larger blood volumes than classic phlebotomy specimens over a prolonged period of time. The system is validated in canine models showing capability to screen 1-2% of the entire blood over 2 h. Our result shows substantial increase in CTC capture, compared with serial blood draws. This technology could potentially be used to analyze large number of CTCs to facilitate translation of analytical information into future clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - C Ryan Oliver
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Costanza Paoletti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kaylee J Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are of great interest in cancer research, but methods for their enumeration remain far from optimal. We developed a new small animal research tool called “Diffuse in vivo Flow Cytometry” (DiFC) for detecting extremely rare fluorescently-labeled circulating cells directly in the bloodstream. The technique exploits near-infrared diffuse photons to detect and count cells flowing in large superficial arteries and veins without drawing blood samples. DiFC uses custom-designed, dual fiber optic probes that are placed in contact with the skin surface approximately above a major vascular bundle. In combination with a novel signal processing algorithm, DiFC allows counting of individual cells moving in arterial or venous directions, as well as measurement of their speed and depth. We show that DiFC allows sampling of the entire circulating blood volume of a mouse in under 10 minutes, while maintaining a false alarm rate of 0.014 per minute. In practice, this means that DiFC allows reliable detection of circulating cells below 1 cell per mL. Hence, the unique capabilities of DiFC are highly suited to biological applications involving very rare cell types such as the study of hematogenous cancer metastasis.
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Zhou Y, Ma Z, Ai Y. Hybrid microfluidic sorting of rare cells based on high throughput inertial focusing and high accuracy acoustic manipulation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31186-31195. [PMID: 35529382 PMCID: PMC9072550 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to isolate rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples is essential to perform liquid biopsy as a routine diagnostic and prognostic test. Both label-free and surface biomarker-based cell sorting technologies have been developed to address the demand in high-integrity isolation of rare CTCs for cancer research. Label-free cell sorting mainly relies on the size difference between CTCs and blood cells; thus, it lacks sufficient sorting specificity. Surface biomarker-based cell sorting is highly specific; however, it requires expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming labeling due to the use of multiple sets of surface biomarkers. Because of the complex nature and high heterogeneity of tumorigenesis, it is difficult to rely on a single sorting process for high-integrity rare cell isolation. In this study, for the first time, we present a hybrid microfluidic cell sorting method combining high throughput size-dependent inertial focusing for size-based pre-enrichment and high accuracy fluorescence activated acoustic sorting for single cell isolation. After one single hybrid sorting process, we have demonstrated at least 2500-fold purity enrichment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells spiked in diluted whole blood samples with cell viability maintained at 91 ± 1% (viability before sorting was 94 ± 2%). This developed hybrid microfluidic cell sorting technique provides a promising solution for rare cell isolation needed in a variety of biological research and clinical applications. The first example of integration of sized-based inertial sorting and surface biomarker-based acoustic sorting to achieve >2500-fold enrichment of rare cell populations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinning Zhou
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore 487372
- Singapore
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore 487372
- Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore 487372
- Singapore
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Galaal K, Lopes A, Pritchard C, Barton A, Wingham J, Marques EMR, Faulds J, Palmer J, Vickery PJ, Ralph C, Ferreira N, Ewings P. Trial of intraoperative cell salvage versus transfusion in ovarian cancer (TIC TOC): protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e024108. [PMID: 30389760 PMCID: PMC6224724 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynaecological cancer, with more than 7000 new cases registered in the UK in 2014. In patients suitable for surgery, the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidance for treatment recommends surgical resection of all macroscopic tumour, followed by chemotherapy. The surgical procedure can be extensive and associated with substantial blood loss which is conventionally replaced with a donor blood transfusion. While often necessary and lifesaving, the use of donor blood is associated with increased risks of complications and adverse surgical outcomes. Intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) is a blood conservation strategy in which red cells collected from blood lost during surgery are returned to the patient thus minimising the use of donor blood. This is the protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial with an embedded qualitative study and feasibility economic evaluation. If feasible, a later definitive trial will test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ICS reinfusion versus donor blood transfusion in ovarian cancer surgery. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Sixty adult women scheduled for primary or interval ovarian cancer surgery at participating UK National Health Service Trusts will be recruited and individually randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive ICS reinfusion or donor blood (as required) during surgery. Participants will be followed up by telephone at 30 days postoperatively for adverse events monitoring and by postal questionnaire at 6 weeks and 3 monthly thereafter, to capture quality of life and resource use data. Qualitative interviews will capture participants' and clinicians' experiences of the study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been granted ethical approval by the South West-Exeter Research Ethics Committee (ref: 16/SW/0256). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and will inform the design of a larger trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN19517317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadra Galaal
- Gynaeoncology, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Colin Pritchard
- Research, Development and Innovation, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Andrew Barton
- NIHR research and Design Services (South West), NIHR South West Research Design Service, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | - John Faulds
- Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Joanne Palmer
- Research, Development and Innovation, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Catherine Ralph
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | | | - Paul Ewings
- NIHR research and Design Services (South West), NIHR South West Research Design Service, Plymouth, UK
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Kumar N, Ravikumar N, Tan JYH, Akbary K, Patel RS, Kannan R. Current Status of the Use of Salvaged Blood in Metastatic Spine Tumour Surgery. Neurospine 2018; 15:206-215. [PMID: 30071572 PMCID: PMC6226127 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1836140.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To review the current status of salvaged blood transfusion (SBT) in metastatic spine tumour surgery (MSTS), with regard to its safety and efficacy, contraindications, and adverse effects. We also aimed to establish that the safety and adverse event profile of SBT is comparable and at least equal to that of allogeneic blood transfusion. MEDLINE and Scopus were used to search for relevant articles, based on keywords such as "cancer surgery," "salvaged blood," and "circulating tumor cells." We found 159 articles, of which 55 were relevant; 20 of those were excluded because they used other blood conservation techniques in addition to cell salvage. Five articles were manually selected from reference lists. In total, 40 articles were reviewed. There is sufficient evidence of the clinical safety of using salvaged blood in oncological surgery. SBT decreases the risk of postoperative infections and tumour recurrence. However, there are some limitations regarding its clinical applications, as it cannot be employed in cases of sepsis. In this review, we established that earlier studies supported the use of salvaged blood from a cell saver in conjunction with a leukocyte depletion filter (LDF). Furthermore, we highlight the recent emergence of sufficient evidence supporting the use of intraoperative cell salvage without an LDF in MSTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Nivetha Ravikumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Joel Yong Hao Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Kutbuddin Akbary
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ravish Shammi Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rajesh Kannan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Tawara K, Bolin C, Koncinsky J, Kadaba S, Covert H, Sutherland C, Bond L, Kronz J, Garbow JR, Jorcyk CL. OSM potentiates preintravasation events, increases CTC counts, and promotes breast cancer metastasis to the lung. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:53. [PMID: 29898744 PMCID: PMC6001163 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic and chronic inflammatory conditions in patients with breast cancer have been associated with reduced patient survival and increased breast cancer aggressiveness. This paper characterizes the role of an inflammatory cytokine, oncostatin M (OSM), in the preintravasation aspects of breast cancer metastasis. Methods OSM expression levels in human breast cancer tissue samples were assessed using tissue microarrays, and expression patterns based on clinical stage were assessed. To determine the in vivo role of OSM in breast cancer metastasis to the lung, we used three orthotopic breast cancer mouse models, including a syngeneic 4T1.2 mouse mammary cancer model, the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenograft model, and an OSM-knockout (OSM-KO) mouse model. Progression of metastatic disease was tracked by magnetic resonance imaging and bioluminescence imaging. Endpoint analysis included circulating tumor cell (CTC) counts, lung metastatic burden analysis by qPCR, and ex vivo bioluminescence imaging. Results Using tissue microarrays, we found that tumor cell OSM was expressed at the highest levels in ductal carcinoma in situ. This finding suggests that OSM may function during the earlier steps of breast cancer metastasis. In mice bearing MDA-MB-231-Luc2 xenograft tumors, peritumoral injection of recombinant human OSM not only increased metastases to the lung and decreased survival but also increased CTC numbers. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a gp130 family inflammatory cytokine has been shown to directly affect CTC numbers. Using a 4T1.2 syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer, we found that mice bearing 4T1.2-shOSM tumors with knocked down tumor expression of OSM had reduced CTCs, decreased lung metastatic burden, and increased survival compared with mice bearing control tumors. CTC numbers were further reduced in OSM-KO mice bearing the same tumors, demonstrating the importance of both paracrine- and autocrine-produced OSM in this process. In vitro studies further supported the hypothesis that OSM promotes preintravasation aspects of cancer metastasis, because OSM induced both 4T1.2 tumor cell detachment and migration. Conclusions Collectively, our findings suggest that OSM plays a crucial role in the early steps of metastatic breast cancer progression, resulting in increased CTCs and lung metastases as well as reduced survival. Therefore, early therapeutic inhibition of OSM in patients with breast cancer may prevent breast cancer metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-0971-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tawara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Celeste Bolin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Jordan Koncinsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Sujatha Kadaba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Hunter Covert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Caleb Sutherland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Laura Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | | | - Joel R Garbow
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Cheryl L Jorcyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725, USA.
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Lauruschkat CD, Wurster S, Page L, Lazariotou M, Dragan M, Weis P, Ullmann AJ, Einsele H, Löffler J. Susceptibility of A. fumigatus-specific T-cell assays to pre-analytic blood storage and PBMC cryopreservation greatly depends on readout platform and analytes. Mycoses 2018; 61:549-560. [PMID: 29611226 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mould-specific T cells detectable by flow cytometry or ELISPOT were proposed as a novel biomarker in invasive aspergillosis. To define protocols facilitating sample shipment and longitudinal analysis, this study evaluated the susceptibility of different functional assays for A. fumigatus-specific T-cell quantification and characterisation to pre-analytic delays. PBMCs from 6 healthy donors were analysed after immediate isolation, after 6 hours whole blood storage or after cryopreservation using 3 different common media. Functional responses to A. fumigatus lysate stimulation were comparatively assessed by flow cytometry, ELISPOT and 14-plex cytokine assay. After 6 hours pre-analytic storage, all functional assays showed reduced detection rates, higher coefficients of variation (CV) and widely varying individual recovery indices of specific T-cell response. While cryopreservation resulted in sufficient yields and largely unaltered cellular composition, outcomes of functional readouts significantly differed from freshly processed samples. For CD154-based flow cytometry, only cryopreservation in RPMI supplemented with autologous serum resulted in satisfactory detection rates and CVs. For ELISPOT and cytokine secretion assays, none of the cryopreservation protocols provided sufficient concordance with immediately processed samples. Even using the same readout platform, individual analytes widely varied in their susceptibility to cryopreservation, highlighting that distinct optimisation is required depending on the downstream assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Lauruschkat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Page
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Lazariotou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mariola Dragan
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Weis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Ullmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Emerging and Established Models of Bone Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060176. [PMID: 29865211 PMCID: PMC6024970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death and drives patient morbidity as well as healthcare costs. Bone is the primary site of metastasis for several cancers—breast and prostate cancers in particular. Efforts to treat bone metastases have been stymied by a lack of models to study the progression, cellular players, and signaling pathways driving bone metastasis. In this review, we examine newly described and classic models of bone metastasis. Through the use of current in vivo, microfluidic, and in silico computational bone metastasis models we may eventually understand how cells escape the primary tumor and how these circulating tumor cells then home to and colonize the bone marrow. Further, future models may uncover how cells enter and then escape dormancy to develop into overt metastases. Recreating the metastatic process will lead to the discovery of therapeutic targets for disrupting and treating bone metastasis.
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