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Meevassana J, Mittrakulkij C, Toworrakul P, Saensuk W, Kamolratanakul S, Siritientong T, Ruangritchankul K, Kitkumthorn N. Evaluation of P53 immunostaining in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Biomed Rep 2024; 20:8. [PMID: 38124769 PMCID: PMC10731165 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
P53 is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in numerous types of cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of this mutation in cutaneous melanomas and to conduct clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome association analyses with the P53 mutation. P53 immunohistochemical staining was used as a surrogate marker for P53 mutation analysis to assess P53 status. In the present study, 50 pathological samples of cutaneous melanoma from 2012 to 2018 at Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok, Thailand), were subjected to anti-P53 immunohistochemistry, followed by an examination of the association between P53 statuses and clinical and pathological characteristics, along with clinical outcomes. A positive staining for anti-P53 antibody was detected in 30% of patients (15/50) with cutaneous melanomas. Positivity was significantly associated with female sex, nodular histological subtype and Breslow level 4. Cox regression analysis revealed that an age >65.5 years and Breslow grade 4 disease were associated with mortality. The Kaplan-Meier curve revealed a shorter duration of recurrence time in the P53 mutation than P53 wild type. In the present study, P53 mutations in specific cases of cutaneous melanoma were identified. Notably, patients who were older and/or had a Breslow score of 4 exhibited an increased risk of mortality. These findings suggested the potential involvement of P53 mutations in cutaneous melanoma, highlighting the necessity for further investigations to improve understanding of their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraroch Meevassana
- Center of Excellence in Burn and Wound Care, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanya Mittrakulkij
- Center of Excellence in Burn and Wound Care, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ponteera Toworrakul
- Center of Excellence in Burn and Wound Care, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wantamol Saensuk
- Center of Excellence in Burn and Wound Care, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supitcha Kamolratanakul
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Siritientong
- Center of Excellence in Burn and Wound Care, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Komkrit Ruangritchankul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Kitkumthorn
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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2
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Kuras M. Exploring the Complex and Multifaceted Interplay between Melanoma Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14403. [PMID: 37762707 PMCID: PMC10531837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a very aggressive skin cancer, characterized by a heterogeneous nature and high metastatic potential. The incidence of melanoma is continuously increasing worldwide, and it is one of the most common cancers in young adults. In the past twenty years, our understanding of melanoma biology has increased profoundly, and disease management for patients with disseminated disease has improved due to the emergence of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. However, a significant fraction of patients relapse or do not respond adequately to treatment. This can partly be explained by the complex signaling between the tumor and its microenvironment, giving rise to melanoma phenotypes with different patterns of disease progression. This review focuses on the key aspects and complex relationship between pathogenesis, genetic abnormalities, tumor microenvironment, cellular plasticity, and metabolic reprogramming in melanoma. By acquiring a deeper understanding of the multifaceted features of melanomagenesis, we can reach a point of more individualized and patient-centered disease management and reduced costs of ineffective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kuras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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O'Sullivan DE, Boyne DJ, Gogna P, Brenner DR, Cheung WY. Understanding Real-World Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes among Metastatic Melanoma Patients in Alberta, Canada. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4166-4176. [PMID: 37185430 PMCID: PMC10136717 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy and targeted therapies have been shown to considerably improve long-term survival outcomes in metastatic melanoma patients. Real-world evidence on the uptake of novel therapies and outcomes for this patient population in Canada are limited. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of all metastatic melanoma patients diagnosed in Alberta, Canada (2015-2018) using electronic medical records and administrative data. Information on BRAF testing for patients diagnosed in 2017 or 2018 was obtained through chart abstraction. In total, 434 metastatic melanoma patients were included, of which 110 (25.3%) were de novo metastatic cases. The median age at diagnosis was 66 years (IQR: 57-76) and 70.0% were men. BRAF testing was completed for the majority of patients (88.7%). Among all patients, 60.4%, 19.1%, and 6.0% initiated first-line, second-line, and third-line systemic therapy. The most common therapies were anti-PD-1 and targeted therapies. The two-year survival probability from first-line therapy, second-line therapy, and third-line therapy was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.44-0.57), 0.26 (95% CI: 0.17-0.40), and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.40-0.46), respectively. In the first-line setting, survival was highest for patients that received ipilimumab or ipilimumab plus nivolumab, while targeted therapy had the highest survival in the second-line setting. This study indicates that novel therapies improve survival in the real world but a considerable proportion of patients do not receive treatment with systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E O'Sullivan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Oncology Outcomes Initiative, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - Devon J Boyne
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Oncology Outcomes Initiative, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - Priyanka Gogna
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Darren R Brenner
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Oncology Outcomes Initiative, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - Winson Y Cheung
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Oncology Outcomes Initiative, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
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4
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Irfan A, Faisal S, Ahmad S, Al-Hussain SA, Javed S, Zahoor AF, Parveen B, Zaki MEA. Structure-Based Virtual Screening of Furan-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Tethered N-phenylacetamide Derivatives as Novel Class of hTYR and hTYRP1 Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030344. [PMID: 36986444 PMCID: PMC10059052 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (hTYR) is a key and rate-limiting enzyme along with human tyrosinase-related protein-1 (hTYRP1), which are among the most prominent targets of inhibiting hyper pigmentation and melanoma skin cancer. In the current in-silico computer-aided drug design (CADD) study, the structure-based screening of sixteen furan-1,3,4-oxadiazole tethered N-phenylacetamide structural motifs BF1-BF16 was carried out to assess their potential as hTYR and hTYRP1 inhibitors. The results revealed that the structural motifs BF1-BF16 showed higher binding affinities towards hTYR and hTYRP1 than the standard inhibitor kojic acid. The most bioactive lead furan-1,3,4-oxadiazoles BF4 and BF5 displayed stronger binding in affinities (-11.50 kcal/mol and -13.30 kcal/mol) than the standard drug kojic acid against hTYRP1 and hTYR enzymes, respectively. These were further confirmed by MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA binding energy computations. The stability studies involving the molecular dynamics simulations also provided stability insights into the binding of these compounds with the target enzymes, wherein it was found that they remain stable in the active sites during the 100 ns virtual simulation time. Moreover, the ADMET, as well as the medicinal properties of these novel furan-1,3,4-oxadiazole tethered N-phenylacetamide structural hybrids, also showed a good prospect. The excellent in-silico profiling of furan-1,3,4--oxadiazole structural motifs BF4 and BF5 provide a hypothetical gateway to use these compounds as potential hTYRP1 and hTYR inhibitors against melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Schanknecht E, Bachari A, Nassar N, Piva T, Mantri N. Phytochemical Constituents and Derivatives of Cannabis sativa; Bridging the Gap in Melanoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010859. [PMID: 36614303 PMCID: PMC9820847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is deadly, physically impairing, and has ongoing treatment deficiencies. Current treatment regimens include surgery, targeted kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, and combined approaches. Each of these treatments face pitfalls, with diminutive five-year survival in patients with advanced metastatic invasion of lymph and secondary organ tissues. Polyphenolic compounds, including cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids; both natural and synthetic, have emerging evidence of nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmacological potential, including specific anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and palliative utility. Cannabis sativa is a wellspring of medicinal compounds whose direct and adjunctive application may offer considerable relief for melanoma suffers worldwide. This review aims to address the diverse applications of C. sativa's biocompounds in the scope of melanoma and suggest it as a strong candidate for ongoing pharmacological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Schanknecht
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Terrence Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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6
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Hou C, Wu Q, Xu L, Cui R, Ou R, Li D, Xu Y. Exploiting the potential of extracellular vesicles as delivery vehicles for the treatment of melanoma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1054324. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1054324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer that originated from genetic mutations in the melanocytes, is still a troublesome medical problem under the current therapeutic approaches, which include surgical resection, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, biochemotherapy and targeted therapy. Nanotechnology has significantly contributed to the development of cancer treatment in the past few years, among which extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles secreted from almost all cells that play essential roles in many physiological and pathological processes. In terms of melanoma therapy, the unique physicochemical properties of EVs make them promising nanocarriers for drug transportation compared to other synthetic nanocarriers. Moreover, EVs can be further engineered to maximize their drug delivery potential. Herein, in this minireview, we gave a brief overview of EV-based drug delivery strategies for melanoma therapy, in which different therapeutics delivered via EVs were summarized. We also highlighted the current progress of the EV-based delivery platform for melanoma therapy in clinical trials. The obstacles to applying exosomes in clinical practice toward further translation of EVs melanoma therapy were also discussed at the end. In summary, EVs offer promising prospects for melanoma therapy, whilst the ways for unlocking EVs’ full potential in melanoma therapies should be further investigated by solving relevant issues which hamper EVs-based melanoma therapy translation in the future.
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7
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Characterization of Vemurafenib-Resistant Melanoma Cell Lines Reveals Novel Hallmarks of Targeted Therapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179910. [PMID: 36077308 PMCID: PMC9455970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the significant improvements in treatment of melanoma, the majority of patients develop resistance whose mechanisms are still not completely understood. Hence, we generated and characterized two melanoma-derived cell lines, primary WM793B and metastatic A375M, with acquired resistance to the RAF inhibitor vemurafenib. The morphology of the resistant primary WM793B melanoma cells showed EMT-like features and exhibited a hybrid phenotype with both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics. Surprisingly, the vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells showed a decreased migration ability but also displayed a tendency to collective migration. Signaling pathway analysis revealed the reactivation of MAPK and the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway depending on the vemurafenib-resistant cell line. The acquired resistance to vemurafenib caused resistance to chemotherapy in primary WM793B melanoma cells. Furthermore, the cell-cycle analysis and altered levels of cell-cycle regulators revealed that resistant cells likely transiently enter into cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and gain slow-cycling cell features. A decreased level of NME1 and NME2 metastasis suppressor proteins were found in WM793B-resistant primary melanoma, which is possibly the result of vemurafenib-acquired resistance and is one of the causes of increased PI3K/AKT signaling. Further studies are needed to reveal the vemurafenib-dependent negative regulators of NME proteins, their role in PI3K/AKT signaling, and their influence on vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cell characteristics.
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8
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Portuguese Propolis Antitumoral Activity in Melanoma Involves ROS Production and Induction of Apoptosis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113533. [PMID: 35684471 PMCID: PMC9182411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and life-threatening skin cancer type. The melanoma genome is the most frequently mutated, with the BRAF mutation present in 40–60% of melanoma cases. BRAF-mutated melanomas are characterized by a higher aggressiveness and progression. Adjuvant targeted treatments, such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors, are added to surgical excision in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanomas to maximize treatment effectiveness. However, resistance remains the major therapeutic problem. Interest in natural products, like propolis, for therapeutic applications, has increased in the last years. Propolis healing proprieties offer great potential for the development of novel cancer drugs. As the activity of Portuguese propolis has never been studied in melanoma, we evaluated the antitumoral activity of propolis from Gerês (G18.EE) and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol) in A375 and WM9 melanoma cell lines. Results from DPPH•/ABTS• radical scavenging assays indicated that the samples had relevant antioxidant activity, however, this was not confirmed in the cell models. G18.EE and its fractions decreased cell viability (SRB assay) and promoted ROS production (DHE/Mitotracker probes by flow cytometry), leading to activation of apoptotic signaling (expression of apoptosis markers). Our results suggest that the n-BuOH fraction has the potential to be explored in the pharmacological therapy of melanoma.
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Cabaço LC, Tomás A, Pojo M, Barral DC. The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887366. [PMID: 35619912 PMCID: PMC9128548 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís C Cabaço
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Chung YJ, Salvi A, Kalailingam P, Alnawaz M, Tan SH, Pan JY, Tan NS, Thanabalu T. N-WASP Attenuates Cell Proliferation and Migration through ERK2-Dependent Enhanced Expression of TXNIP. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040582. [PMID: 35453780 PMCID: PMC9029996 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Neural Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome Protein (N-WASP) regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling and can, it has been suggested, suppress several cancers. In this study, HSC-5 cells, a mammalian cell line with reduced N-WASP expression, were used to generate control cells and HSC-5 cells with increased N-WASP expression that is comparable to that of normal keratinocytes. The two cell lines were used to elucidate the regulation of cell proliferation and migration by N-WASP. Our findings suggest that N-WASP increases ERK2-dependent phosphorylation of FOXO1 and increases TXNIP expression, which reduces cell proliferation and migration. This study is the first to propose an antiproliferative role of N-WASP, which is mediated via ERK2, and it suggests new avenues for cancer therapeutic research and treatment. Abstract Neural Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome Protein (N-WASP) regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling. It has been known that reduced N-WASP expression in breast and colorectal cancers is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we found reduced N-WASP expression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patient samples. The SCC cell line HSC-5 with reduced N-WASP expression was used to generate HSC-5CN (control) and HSC-5NW (N-WASP overexpression) cells. HSC-5NW cells had reduced cell proliferation and migration compared to HSC-5CN cells. HSC-5NW cells had increased phospho-ERK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2), phosphorylated Forkhead box protein class O1 (FOXO1) and reduced nuclear FOXO1 staining compared to HSC-5CN cells. Proteasome inhibition stabilized total FOXO1, however, not nuclear staining, suggesting that FOXO1 could be degraded in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of ERK2 enhanced nuclear FOXO1 levels and restored cell proliferation and migration of HSC-5NW to those of HSC-5CN cells, suggesting that ERK2 regulates FOXO1 activity. The expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a FOXO1 target that inhibits thioredoxin and glucose uptake, was higher in HSC-5NW cells than in HSC-5CN cells. Knockdown of TXNIP in HSC-5NW cells restored cell proliferation and migration to those of HSC-5CN cells. Thus, we propose that N-WASP regulates cell proliferation and migration via an N-WASP-ERK2-FOXO1-TXNIP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat Joong Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (Y.J.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (M.A.); (N.S.T.)
| | - Amrita Salvi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (Y.J.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (M.A.); (N.S.T.)
| | - Pazhanichamy Kalailingam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (Y.J.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (M.A.); (N.S.T.)
| | - Myra Alnawaz
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (Y.J.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (M.A.); (N.S.T.)
| | - Suat Hoon Tan
- National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205, Singapore; (S.H.T.); (J.Y.P.)
| | - Jiun Yit Pan
- National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205, Singapore; (S.H.T.); (J.Y.P.)
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (Y.J.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (M.A.); (N.S.T.)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Thirumaran Thanabalu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (Y.J.C.); (A.S.); (P.K.); (M.A.); (N.S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6316-2832; Fax: +65-6791-3856
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GLI-1 polymorphisms of Hedgehog pathway as novel risk and prognostic biomarkers in melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2022; 32:11-17. [PMID: 34939981 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In adult organisms, deregulation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is significantly correlated with different malignancies. Currently, data associating genetic polymorphisms in the SHH pathway with melanoma are scarce and largely unknown. The objective of our study was to elucidate an association between gene polymorphisms in the SHH pathway and prognosis of melanoma skin cancer patients. The current study investigated the association of PTCH1 (rs357564), SMO (rs2228617) and GLI1 (rs2228224, rs2228226), polymorphisms with melanoma predisposition and prognosis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed by TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. The study involved 93 melanoma patients and 97 individuals in the control group. Melanoma patients with the variant mutant genotype GG of GLI1 rs2228226 polymorphism had poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.037, respectively). The multivariate analysis revealed that disease progression [hazard ratio (HR) = 14.434, P = 0.0001] and the GLI1 rs2228226 polymorphism (HR = 4.161, P = 0.006) persisted as independent prognostic factors. Mutated allele carriers (combined heterozygous and mutated genotypes) for GLI1 rs2228224 G and GLI1 rs2228226 G allele significantly increased melanoma risk [odds ratio (OR) = 2.261, P = 0.007; OR = 2.176, P = 0.010]. Our study demonstrated that genetic variants in GLI1, downstream member of the HH signaling pathway, are the risk factors for melanoma susceptibility and it can be a novel marker for melanoma prognosis. As a crucial SHH signaling member, GLI1 can also be regarded as a novel drug target for anti-cancer treatment in melanoma.
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Tarazón E, de Unamuno Bustos B, Murria Estal R, Pérez Simó G, Sahuquillo Torralba A, Simarro J, Palanca Suela S, Botella Estrada R. MiR-138-5p Suppresses Cell Growth and Migration in Melanoma by Targeting Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121931. [PMID: 34946880 PMCID: PMC8701232 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the existence of a miRNA regulatory network involving human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT), with miR-138-5p playing a central role in many types of cancers. However, little is known about the regulation of hTERT expression by microRNA (miRNAs) in melanocytic tumors. Here, we investigated the effects of miR-138-5p in hTERT regulation in melanoma cells lines. In vitro studies demonstrated higher miR-138-5p and lower hTERT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human epidermal melanocytes, compared with melanoma cell lines (A2058, A375, SK-MEL-28) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) observing a negative correlation between them. A2058 melanoma cells were selected to be transfected with miR-138-5p mimic or inhibitor. Using luciferase assay, hTERT was identified as a direct target of this miRNA. Overexpression of miR-138-5p detected by Western blot revealed a decrease in hTERT protein expression (p = 0.012), and qPCR showed a reduction in telomerase activity (p < 0.001). Moreover, suppressions in cell growth (p = 0.035) and migration abilities (p = 0.015) were observed in A2058-transfected cells using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry, respectively. This study identifies miR-138-5p as a crucial tumor suppressor miRNA involved in telomerase regulation. Targeting it as a combination therapy with immunotherapy or targeted therapies could be used in advanced melanoma treatment; however, more preclinical studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Tarazón
- Dermatology and Tisular Regeneration Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (E.T.); (B.d.U.B.); (R.M.E.); (A.S.T.); (R.B.E.)
| | - Blanca de Unamuno Bustos
- Dermatology and Tisular Regeneration Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (E.T.); (B.d.U.B.); (R.M.E.); (A.S.T.); (R.B.E.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Murria Estal
- Dermatology and Tisular Regeneration Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (E.T.); (B.d.U.B.); (R.M.E.); (A.S.T.); (R.B.E.)
| | - Gema Pérez Simó
- Clinical and Translational Cancer Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (G.P.S.); (J.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Service of Clinical Analysis, University Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sahuquillo Torralba
- Dermatology and Tisular Regeneration Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (E.T.); (B.d.U.B.); (R.M.E.); (A.S.T.); (R.B.E.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Simarro
- Clinical and Translational Cancer Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (G.P.S.); (J.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Service of Clinical Analysis, University Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarai Palanca Suela
- Clinical and Translational Cancer Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (G.P.S.); (J.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Service of Clinical Analysis, University Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9612-44586
| | - Rafael Botella Estrada
- Dermatology and Tisular Regeneration Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (E.T.); (B.d.U.B.); (R.M.E.); (A.S.T.); (R.B.E.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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13
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Cheng YC, Chang YA, Chen YJ, Sung HM, Bogeski I, Su HL, Hsu YL, Wang HMD. The Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma. Cells 2021; 10:2740. [PMID: 34685720 PMCID: PMC8535053 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. Recent studies have also explored the potential application of EVs in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EVs regulate melanoma development, progression, and their potentials to be applied in therapy. We initially describe vesicle components; discuss their effects on proliferation, anti-melanoma immunity, and drug resistance; and finally focus on the effects of EV-derived microRNAs on melanoma pathobiology. This work aims to facilitate our understanding of the influence of EVs on melanoma biology and initiate ideas for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
| | - Yu-An Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Min Sung
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (H.-M.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (H.-M.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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14
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Brito C, Costa-Silva B, Barral DC, Pojo M. Unraveling the Relevance of ARL GTPases in Cutaneous Melanoma Prognosis through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9260. [PMID: 34502169 PMCID: PMC8431576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the deadliest skin cancer, whose molecular pathways underlying its malignancy remain unclear. Therefore, new information to guide evidence-based clinical decisions is required. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factor-like (ARL) proteins are membrane trafficking regulators whose biological relevance in CM is undetermined. Here, we investigated ARL expression and its impact on CM prognosis and immune microenvironment through integrated bioinformatics analysis. Our study found that all 22 ARLs are differentially expressed in CM. Specifically, ARL1 and ARL11 are upregulated and ARL15 is downregulated regardless of mutational frequency or copy number variations. According to TCGA data, ARL1 and ARL15 represent independent prognostic factors in CM as well as ARL11 based on GEPIA and OncoLnc. To investigate the mechanisms by which ARL1 and ARL11 increase patient survival while ARL15 reduces it, we evaluated their correlation with the immune microenvironment. CD4+ T cells and neutrophil infiltrates are significantly increased by ARL1 expression. Furthermore, ARL11 expression was correlated with 17 out of 21 immune infiltrates, including CD8+ T cells and M2 macrophages, described as having anti-tumoral activity. Likewise, ARL11 is interconnected with ZAP70, ADAM17, and P2RX7, which are implicated in immune cell activation. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that ARL1, ARL11, and ARL15 may influence CM progression, prognosis, and immune microenvironment remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida de Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal;
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15
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Barros MR, da Silva LP, Menezes TM, Garcia YS, Neves JL. Efficient tyrosinase nano-inhibitor based on carbon dots behaving as a gathering of hydrophobic cores and key chemical group. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 207:112006. [PMID: 34343910 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Small organic molecules have been extensively applied to achieve enzymatic inhibition. Although numerous efforts have been made to deliver efficient inhibitors, small inhibitors applications are hindered by many drawbacks. Moreover, reporters comprising nanoparticle inhibitory activity against enzymes are very scarce in the literature. In this scenario, carbon nanodots (CDs) emerge as promising candidates for efficient enzyme inhibition due to their unique properties. Here, CDs specific molecular characteristics (core composition and chemical surface groups) have been investigated to produce a more potent enzyme inhibition. Mushroom tyrosinase (mTyr) has been adopted as an enzymatic prototype. The CDs revealed a high affinity to mTyr (Ka ≈ 106 M-1), mainly through hydrophobic forces and followed by slight mTyr structural alteration. CDs competitively inhibit mTyr, with low inhibition constant (KI = 517.7 ± 17.0 nM), which is up 70 fold smaller then the commercial inhibitor (kojic acid) and the starch nanoparticles previously reported. The results expose that the CDs act as a hydrophobic agglomerate with carboxyl groups on its surface, mimicking characteristics found on small molecule inhibitors (but with superior performance). All these results highlight the CD excellent potential as an efficient low toxic Tyr inhibitor, opening the prospect of using these nanoparticles in the cosmetic and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rodrigues Barros
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Pereira da Silva
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil.
| | - Thais Meira Menezes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil.
| | - Yarima Sanchez Garcia
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; Centro de estudos avanzados de Cuba, CEA, Valle Grande, La Lisa 17100, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Jorge Luiz Neves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil.
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16
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Revythis A, Shah S, Kutka M, Moschetta M, Ozturk MA, Pappas-Gogos G, Ioannidou E, Sheriff M, Rassy E, Boussios S. Unraveling the Wide Spectrum of Melanoma Biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081341. [PMID: 34441278 PMCID: PMC8391989 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers in medicine has become essential in clinical practice in order to help with diagnosis, prognostication and prediction of treatment response. Since Alexander Breslow’s original report on “melanoma and prognostic values of thickness”, providing the first biomarker for melanoma, many promising new biomarkers have followed. These include serum markers, such as lactate dehydrogenase and S100 calcium-binding protein B. However, as our understanding of the DNA mutational profile progresses, new gene targets and proteins have been identified. These include point mutations, such as mutations of the BRAF gene and tumour suppressor gene tP53. At present, only a small number of the available biomarkers are being utilised, but this may soon change as more studies are published. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of melanoma biomarkers and their utility for current and, potentially, future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Revythis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (A.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Sidrah Shah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (A.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mikolaj Kutka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (A.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michele Moschetta
- CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon, 21 CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Mehmet Akif Ozturk
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul 34353, Turkey;
| | - George Pappas-Gogos
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45111 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Ioannidou
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, West Suffolk Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Hardwick Lane, Bury St Edmunds IP33 2QZ, UK;
| | - Matin Sheriff
- Department of Urology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK;
| | - Elie Rassy
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institut, 94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (A.R.); (S.S.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: or or
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17
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm originating in the melanocytes in the skin. Although malignant melanoma is the third most common cutaneous cancer, it is recognized as the main cause of skin cancer-related mortality, and its incidence is rising. The natural history of malignant melanoma involves an inconsistent and insidious skin cancer with great metastatic potential. Increased ultra-violet (UV) skin exposure is undoubtedly the greatest risk factor for developing cutaneous melanoma; however, a plethora of risk factors are now recognized as causative. Moreover, modern oncology now considers melanoma proliferation a complex, multifactorial process with a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors all known to be contributory to tumorgenesis. Herein, we wish to outline the epidemiological, molecular, and biological processes responsible for driving malignant melanoma proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Miller
- Surgery, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IRL
| | - Niall M McInerney
- Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, IRL
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18
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Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Optoacoustic imaging of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1598-1609. [PMID: 33987867 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA, photoacoustic) imaging capitalizes on the synergistic combination of light excitation and ultrasound detection to empower biological and clinical investigations with rich optical contrast while effectively bridging the gap between micro and macroscopic imaging realms. State-of-the-art OA embodiments consistently provide images at micron-scale resolution through superficial tissue layers by means of focused illumination that can be smoothly exchanged for acoustic-resolution images at diffuse light depths of several millimetres to centimetres via ultrasound beamforming or tomographic reconstruction. Taken together, this unique multi-scale imaging capacity opens unprecedented capabilities for high-resolution in vivo interrogations of the skin at scalable depths. Moreover, diverse anatomical and functional information is retrieved via dynamic mapping of endogenous chromophores such as haemoglobin, melanin, lipids, collagen, water and others. This, along with the use of non-ionizing radiation, facilitates a clinical translation of the OA modalities. We review recent progress in OA imaging of the skin in preclinical and clinical studies exploiting the rich contrast provided by endogenous substances in tissues. The imaging capabilities of existing approaches are discussed in the context of initial translational studies on skin cancer, inflammatory skin diseases, wounds and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Li X, Zhou L, Zhang Y, He X, Lu H, Zhang L, Tian Y, Liu X, Zheng H, Shao J, Long M. mGPDH Deficiency leads to melanoma metastasis via induced NRF2. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5305-5315. [PMID: 33939274 PMCID: PMC8178277 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress critically influences carcinogenesis and the progression of melanoma, and aggressive malignant melanoma activity is due to its high metastatic ability. Some findings in several cancer cell lines have indicated that mGPDH, a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, also modulates oxidative stress. However, the role of mGPDH in melanoma remains elusive. Here, we report that the mGPDH protein level is decreased in human skin melanoma compared to normal skin and decreased in metastatic melanoma compared to primary melanoma. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that mGPDH depletion accelerated melanoma migration and invasion without affecting proliferation or apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found elevated NRF2 protein levels in human skin melanoma and mGPDH‐knockout (ko) metastatic xenografts in the lungs of nude mice. Moreover, in A375 melanoma cells, the loss of mGPDH‐induced NRF2 expression but did not affect NRF2 protein degradation. Additionally, melanoma metastasis induced by the loss of mGPDH was rescued by the further down‐regulation of NRF2 in vivo and in vitro. Consistently, mGPDH overexpression (oe) depressed NRF2 expression and attenuated the malignant properties of melanoma cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that mGPDH suppresses melanoma metastasis by inhibiting NRF2 and downstream oxidative signals, highlighting the therapeutic potential of mGPDH for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan He
- Department of Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongfeng Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiufei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqing Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Razavi A, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Pawelek J, Rezaei N. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for melanoma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:209-223. [PMID: 33481629 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1880895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a cancer treatment. After initial therapeutic success for hematologic malignancies, this approach has been extended for the treatment of solid tumors including melanoma. AREAS COVERED T cells need to be reprogramed to recognize specific antigens expressed only in tumor cells, a difficult problem since cancer cells are simply transformed normal cells. Tumor antigens, namely, CSPG4, CD70, and GD2 have been targeted by CAR-T cells for melanoma. Moreover, different co-stimulatory signaling domains need to be selected to direct T cell fate. In this review, various approaches for the treatment of melanoma and their effectiveness are comprehensively reviewed and the current status, challenges, and future perspective of CAR-T cell therapy for melanoma are discussed. Literature search was accomplished in three databases (PubMed, Google scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov). Published papers and clinical trials were screened and relevant documents were included by checking pre-defined eligibility criteria. EXPERT OPINION Despite obstacles and the risk of adverse events, CAR T cell therapy could be used for patients with treatment-resistant cancer. Clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy of this approach for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadehsadat Razavi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - John Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Brito C, Tomás A, Silva S, Bronze MR, Serra AT, Pojo M. The Impact of Olive Oil Compounds on the Metabolic Reprogramming of Cutaneous Melanoma Cell Models. Molecules 2021; 26:E289. [PMID: 33430068 PMCID: PMC7827395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, characterized by a high molecular and metabolic heterogeneity which contributes to therapy resistance. Despite advances in treatment, more efficient therapies are needed. Olive oil compounds have been described as having anti-cancer properties. Here, we clarified the cytotoxic potential of oleic acid, homovanillyl alcohol, and hydroxytyrosol on melanoma cells. Metabolic viability was determined 48 h post treatment of A375 and MNT1 cells. Metabolic gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation by Western blot. Hydroxytyrosol treatment (100 and 200 µM) significantly reduced A375 cell viability (p = 0.0249; p < 0.0001) which, based on the expression analysis performed, is more compatible with a predominant glycolytic profile and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. By contrast, hydroxytyrosol had no effect on MNT1 cell viability, which demonstrates an enhanced oxidative metabolism and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. This compound triggered cell detoxification and the use of alternative energy sources in A375 cells, inhibiting JNK and ERK pathways. Despite oleic acid and homovanillyl alcohol demonstrating no effect on melanoma cell viability, they influenced the MNT1 glycolytic rate and A375 detoxification mechanisms, respectively. Both compounds suppressed ERK activation in MNT1 cells. The distinct cell responses to olive oil compounds depend on the metabolic and molecular mechanisms preferentially activated. Hydroxytyrosol may have a cytotoxic potential in melanoma cells with predominant glycolytic metabolism and JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Ana Tomás
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Sandra Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.R.B.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.R.B.); (A.T.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- iMED, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.R.B.); (A.T.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.B.); (A.T.)
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22
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Amiri R, Tafvizi F, Ghanadan A. Comparison of SOX10 gene expression in melanoma and melanocytic nevus samples using Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Brito C, Barral DC, Pojo M. Subversion of Ras Small GTPases in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:575223. [PMID: 33072757 PMCID: PMC7538714 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.575223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence and mortality rate associated with the metastatic ability of cutaneous melanoma represent a major public health concern. Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most invasive human cancers, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Moreover, currently available therapies are not efficient in avoiding melanoma lethality. In this context, new biomarkers of prognosis, metastasis, and response to therapy are necessary to better predict the disease outcome. Additionally, the knowledge about the molecular alterations and dysregulated pathways involved in melanoma metastasis may provide new therapeutic targets. Members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases regulate various essential cellular activities, from signaling to membrane traffic and cytoskeleton dynamics. Therefore, it is not surprising that they are differentially expressed, and their functions subverted in several types of cancer, including melanoma. Indeed, Ras small GTPases were found to regulate melanoma progression and invasion. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulated by Ras small GTPases that are involved in melanoma tumorigenesis and progression may provide new therapeutic strategies to block these processes. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of Ras small GTPases in melanoma aggressiveness and the molecular mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we summarize the known involvement of these proteins in melanoma metastasis and how these players influence the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Sutterby E, Thurgood P, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K, Pirogova E. Microfluidic Skin-on-a-Chip Models: Toward Biomimetic Artificial Skin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002515. [PMID: 33460277 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of skin in the human body is indispensable, serving as a barrier, moderating homeostatic balance, and representing a pronounced endpoint for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Despite the extensive achievements of in vitro skin models, they do not recapitulate the complexity of human skin; thus, there remains a dependence on animal models during preclinical drug trials, resulting in expensive drug development with high failure rates. By imparting a fine control over the microenvironment and inducing relevant mechanical cues, skin-on-a-chip (SoC) models have circumvented the limitations of conventional cell studies. Enhanced barrier properties, vascularization, and improved phenotypic differentiation have been achieved by SoC models; however, the successful inclusion of appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands and pigmentation relevance have yet to be realized. The present Review collates the progress of SoC platforms with a focus on their fabrication and the incorporation of mechanical cues, sensors, and blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sutterby
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Medical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | | | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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25
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Deán-Ben XL, Weidenfeld I, Degtyaruk O, Ntziachristos V, Stiel AC, Razansky D. Deep tissue volumetric optoacoustic tracking of individual circulating tumor cells in an intracardially perfused mouse model. Neoplasia 2020; 22:441-446. [PMID: 32653834 PMCID: PMC7355386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread metastasis is the major cause of death from melanoma and other types of cancer. At present, the dynamic aspects of the metastatic cascade remain enigmatic. The feasibility to track circulating melanoma cells deep within living intact organisms can greatly impact our knowledge on tumor metastasis, but existing imaging approaches lack the sensitivity, spatio-temporal resolution or penetration depth to capture flowing tumor cells over large fields of view within optically-opaque biological tissues. Vast progress with the development of optoacoustic tomography technologies has recently enabled two- and three-dimensional imaging at unprecedented frame rates in the order of hundreds of Hertz, effectively mapping up to a million image voxels within a single volumetric snapshot. Herein, we employ volumetric optoacoustic tomography for real-time visualization of passage and trapping of individual B16 melanoma cells in the whole mouse brain. Detection of individual circulating melanoma cells was facilitated by substituting blood with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid that removes the strong absorption background in the optoacoustic images. The approach can provide new opportunities for studying trafficking and accumulation of metastatic melanoma cells in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany.
| | - Ina Weidenfeld
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Oleksiy Degtyaruk
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Andre C Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although commonly seen in dermatologist clinics, orthopaedic surgeons must be aware of these lesions in various ways. The five common musculoskeletal manifestations of melanoma will be discussed as well as the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of melanoma. With an index of suspicion and awareness of melanoma, a thorough history and detailed physical examination are critical in establishing a diagnosis. An adequately performed biopsy will confirm the diagnosis and assist in determining prognosis. As ambassadors of health for the musculoskeletal system, orthopaedic surgeons may be the first practitioners to encounter a pigmented skin lesion. Acral pigmented lesions should prompt a concern for melanoma with appropriate subsequent steps for management to follow. Finally, it is important for every orthopaedic surgeon to consider disseminated melanoma in the differential diagnosis of a skeletal metastasis, a deep soft-tissue mass, or lymphadenopathy in a patient with a previous history of a melanotic lesion.
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27
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Hallajzadeh J, Amirani E, Mirzaei H, Shafabakhsh R, Mirhashemi SM, Sharifi M, Yousefi B, Mansournia MA, Asemi Z. Circular RNAs: new genetic tools in melanoma. Biomark Med 2020; 14:563-571. [PMID: 32462914 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. New technologies have resulted in major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and other cancer types. Recently, some studies have investigated the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in different cancers. CircRNAs are a member of long noncoding RNA family mainly formed through back-splicing and have a closed-loop structure. These molecules affect several biological and oncogenic cascades in diverse ways via acting as microRNA sponge, interacting with RNA-binding proteins and acting as a transcription regulator. In this review, we made an insight into the impact of circRNA dysregulation in the melanoma tumorigenesis based on the presented evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Elaheh Amirani
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyyed M Mirhashemi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehran Sharifi
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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28
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Avagliano A, Fiume G, Pelagalli A, Sanità G, Ruocco MR, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Metabolic Plasticity of Melanoma Cells and Their Crosstalk With Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:722. [PMID: 32528879 PMCID: PMC7256186 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly aggressive and drug resistant solid tumor, showing an impressive metabolic plasticity modulated by oncogenic activation. In particular, melanoma cells can generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression by both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments, although CM energetic request mostly relies on glycolysis. The upregulation of glycolysis is associated with constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK signaling sustained by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. In this scenario, the growth and progression of CM are strongly affected by melanoma metabolic changes and interplay with tumor microenvironment (TME) that sustain tumor development and immune escape. Furthermore, CM metabolic plasticity can induce a metabolic adaptive response to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi), associated with the shift from glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Therefore, in this review article we survey the metabolic alterations and plasticity of CM, its crosstalk with TME that regulates melanoma progression, drug resistance and immunosurveillance. Finally, we describe hallmarks of melanoma therapeutic strategies targeting the shift from glycolysis toward OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Sanità
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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29
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Zhao G, Wei Z, Guo Y. MicroRNA-107 is a novel tumor suppressor targeting POU3F2 in melanoma. Biol Res 2020; 53:11. [PMID: 32169117 PMCID: PMC7071777 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is one of the major types of skin cancer. The metastatic melanoma is among the most lethal forms of malignant skin tumors. We hereby aimed to characterize a novel microRNA (miR) in the metastatic melanoma model. Methods First, we evaluated the expression of miR-107 in melanoma cells and tumor tissues. The comparison between primary and metastatic cancer tissues was also accessed. Next, we examined the impact of miR-107 on melanoma cell proliferation, cell cycle, colony formation, apoptotic activity, migration and matrix invasion. A downstream target of miR-107 was also predicted and validated functionally in melanoma cells. Results Our findings showed miR-107 was significantly downregulated in melanoma. Its expression was lowest in metastatic form. Over-expression of miR-107 reduced melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. POU3F2 was identified as the downstream target of miR-107. Over-expression of POU3F2 antagonized miR-107-mediated inhibitory effect on melanoma cells. Conclusion Our study has reported miR-107 as a novel tumor suppressive factor in the metastatic melanoma model. It has provided new avenue to manage melanoma and improve the survival rate in the advanced stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, No. 9 Zhongkang Road, Saertu District, Daqing, 163000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhili Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, No. 9 Zhongkang Road, Saertu District, Daqing, 163000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Shipping Warehouse, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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30
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Brás MM, Radmacher M, Sousa SR, Granja PL. Melanoma in the Eyes of Mechanobiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 32117980 PMCID: PMC7027391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body with several important functions that can be impaired by injury, genetic or chronic diseases. Among all skin diseases, melanoma is one of the most severe, which can lead to death, due to metastization. Mechanotransduction has a crucial role for motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization processes, since it deals with the response of cells to physical forces. Signaling pathways are important to understand how physical cues produced or mediated by the Extracellular Matrix (ECM), affect healthy and tumor cells. During these processes, several molecules in the nucleus and cytoplasm are activated. Melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the ECM, play a crucial role in melanoma formation. This manuscript will address the synergy among melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts cells and the ECM considering their mechanical contribution and relevance in this disease. Mechanical properties of melanoma cells can also be influenced by pigmentation, which can be associated with changes in stiffness. Mechanical changes can be related with the adhesion, migration, or invasiveness potential of melanoma cells promoting a high metastization capacity of this cancer. Mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and mechanoresponse will be highlighted with respect to the motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization in melanoma cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Manuela Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana R. Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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31
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Luís R, Brito C, Pojo M. Melanoma Metabolism: Cell Survival and Resistance to Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:203-223. [PMID: 32130701 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer, presenting the highest potential to form metastases, both locally and distally, which are associated with high death rates of melanoma patients. A high somatic mutation burden is characteristic of these tumours, with most common oncogenic mutations occurring in the BRAF, NRAS and NF1 genes. These intrinsic oncogenic pathways contribute to the metabolic switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation metabolisms of melanoma, facilitating tumour progression and resulting in a high plasticity and adaptability to unfavourable conditions. Moreover, melanoma microenvironment can influence its own metabolism and reprogram several immune cell subset functions, enabling melanoma to evade the immune system. The knowledge of the biology, molecular alterations and microenvironment of melanoma has led to the development of new targeted therapies and the improvement of patient care. In this work, we reviewed the impact of melanoma metabolism in the resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors and immunotherapies, emphasizing the requirement to evaluate metabolic alterations upon development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here we summarized the current understanding of the impact of metabolic processes in melanomagenesis, metastasis and microenvironment, as well as the involvement of metabolic pathways in the immune modulation and resistance to targeted and immunocheckpoint therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Luís
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E, Lisbon, Portugal
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32
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Oliveira S, Costa J, Faria I, Guerreiro SG, Fernandes R. Vitamin A Enhances Macrophages Activity Against B16-F10 Malignant Melanocytes: A New Player for Cancer Immunotherapy? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E604. [PMID: 31540438 PMCID: PMC6780654 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has been increasing. Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer irresponsive to radiation and chemotherapy, rendering this cancer a disease with poor prognosis: In order to surpass some of the limitations addressed to melanoma treatment, alternatives like vitamins have been investigated. In the present study, we address this relationship and investigate the possible role of vitamin A. Materials and Methods: We perform a co-culture assay using a macrophage cell model and RAW 264.7 from mouse, and also a murine melanoma cell line B16-F10. Macrophages were stimulated with both Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as control, and also with LPS plus vitamin A. Results: Using B16-F10 and RAW 264.7 cell lines, we were able to demonstrate that low concentrations of vitamin A increase cytotoxic activity of macrophages, whereas higher concentrations have the opposite effect. Conclusion: These findings can constitute a new point of view related to immunostimulation by nutrients, which may be considered one major preventive strategy by enhancing the natural defense system of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Oliveira
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Costa
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Faria
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana G Guerreiro
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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33
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Barros MR, Menezes TM, da Silva LP, Pires DS, Princival JL, Seabra G, Neves JL. Furan inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and impact on B16F10 cell toxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:1034-1041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Benitez MLR, Bender CB, Oliveira TL, Schachtschneider KM, Collares T, Seixas FK. Mycobacterium bovis BCG in metastatic melanoma therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7903-7916. [PMID: 31402426 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with a high mortality rate and with 96,480 new cases expected in 2019 in the USS. BRAFV600E, the most common driver mutation, is found in around 50% of melanomas, contributing to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. Dacarbazine (DTIC), an alkylate agent, was the first chemotherapeutic agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used as a standard treatment. Since then, immunotherapies have been approved for metastatic melanoma (MM) including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab checkpoint inhibitors that help decrease the risk of progression. Moreover, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) serves as an adjuvant therapy that induces the recruitment of natural killer NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and contributes to antitumor immunity. BCG can be administered in combination with chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents and can be genetically manipulated to produce recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains that express heterologous proteins or overexpress immunogenic proteins, increasing the immune response and improving patient survival. In this review, we highlight several studies utilizing rBCG immunotherapy for MM in combination with other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lucia Ruiz Benitez
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonnemann Bender
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larré Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tiago Collares
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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35
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Metabolic flexibility in melanoma: A potential therapeutic target. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:187-207. [PMID: 31362075 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) represents one of the most metastasizing and drug resistant solid tumors. CM is characterized by a remarkable metabolic plasticity and an important connection between oncogenic activation and energetic metabolism. In fact, melanoma cells can use both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression. However, the CM energetic demand mainly depends on glycolysis, whose upregulation is strictly linked to constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK pathway affected by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. Furthermore, the impressive metabolic plasticity of melanoma allows the development of resistance mechanisms to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) and the adaptation to microenvironmental changes. The metabolic interaction between melanoma cells and tumor microenvironment affects the immune response and CM growth. In this review article, we describe the regulation of melanoma metabolic alterations and the metabolic interactions between cancer cells and microenvironment that influence melanoma progression and immune response. Finally, we summarize the hallmarks of melanoma therapies and we report BRAF/MEK pathway targeted therapy and mechanisms of metabolic resistance.
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36
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Gao F, Sihver W, Bergmann R, Walther M, Stephan H, Belter B, Neuber C, Haase-Kohn C, Bolzati C, Pietzsch J, Pietzsch HJ. Radiochemical and radiopharmacological characterization of a 64 Cu-labeled α-MSH analog conjugated with different chelators. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:495-509. [PMID: 30912594 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabeled α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) derivatives have a high potential for diagnosis and treatment of melanoma, because of high specificity and binding affinity to the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). Hence, the α-MSH-derived peptide NAP-NS1 with a β-Ala linker (ε-Ahx-β-Ala-Nle-Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-NH2 ) was conjugated to different chelators: either to NOTA (p-SCN-Bn-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid), to a hexadentate bispidine carbonate derivative (dimethyl-9-(((4-nitrophenoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2,4-di(pyridin-2-yl)-3,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-1,5-dicarboxylate), or to DMPTACN (p-SCN-Ph-bis(2-pyridyl-methyl)-1,4,7-triaza-cyclononane), labeled with 64 Cu, and investigated in terms of radiochemical and radiopharmacological properties. For the three 64 Cu-labeled conjugates negligible transchelation, suitable buffer and serum stability, as well as appropriate water solubility, was determined. The three conjugates exhibited high binding affinity (low nanomolar range) in murine B16F10, human MeWo, and human TXM13 cells. The Bmax values of [64 Cu]Cu-bispidine-NAP-NS1 ([64 Cu]Cu-2) and [64 Cu]Cu-DMPTACN-NAP-NS1 ([64 Cu]Cu-3) were higher than those of [64 Cu]Cu-NOTA-NAP-NS1 ([64 Cu]Cu-1), implying that different charged chelate units might have an impact on binding capacity. Preliminary in vivo biodistribution studies suggested the main excretion pathway of [64 Cu]Cu-1 and [64 Cu]Cu-3 to be renal, while that of [64 Cu]Cu-2 seemed to be both renal and hepatobiliary. An initial moderate uptake in the kidney decreased clearly after 60 minutes. All three 64 Cu-labeled conjugates should be considered for further in vivo investigations using a suitable xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Walther
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cathleen Haase-Kohn
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cristina Bolzati
- Italian National Research Council - CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Energy Technologies ICMATE-CNR, Padova, Italy
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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37
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Runx2 stimulates neoangiogenesis through the Runt domain in melanoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8052. [PMID: 31142788 PMCID: PMC6541657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2 is a transcription factor involved in melanoma cell migration and proliferation. Here, we extended the analysis of Runt domain of Runx2 in melanoma cells to deepen understanding of the underlying mechanisms. By the CRISPR/Cas9 system we generated the Runt KO melanoma cells 3G8. Interestingly, the proteome analysis showed a specific protein signature of 3G8 cells related to apoptosis and migration, and pointed out the involvement of Runt domain in the neoangiogenesis process. Among the proteins implicated in angiogenesis we identified fatty acid synthase, chloride intracellular channel protein-4, heat shock protein beta-1, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, myosin-1c and caveolin-1. Upon querying the TCGA provisional database for melanoma, the genes related to these proteins were found altered in 51.36% of total patients. In addition, VEGF gene expression was reduced in 3G8 as compared to A375 cells; and HUVEC co-cultured with 3G8 cells expressed lower levels of CD105 and CD31 neoangiogenetic markers. Furthermore, the tube formation assay revealed down-regulation of capillary-like structures in HUVEC co-cultured with 3G8 in comparison to those with A375 cells. These findings provide new insight into Runx2 molecular details which can be crucial to possibly propose it as an oncotarget of melanoma.
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38
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Utilizing 808 nm laser for sensitizing of melanoma tumors to megavoltage radiation therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:87-93. [PMID: 31076924 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melanotic melanoma has high content of melanin and laser can destroy melanin-containing cells through thermal effect. In this study, the therapeutic effect of 808 nm laser therapy was investigated on B16-F10 melanoma tumor growth and tumor-bearing mice survival time. In addition, as laser can destroy melanin as the main cause of melanoma radioresistance, the effect of laser administration to enhance radiation therapy efficacy at B16-F10 cancer cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Laser therapy (1 W/cm2 × 4 min) could cause significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of melanoma tumors' growth (~ 61%) and about three times increase of the tumor-bearing mice survival time in comparison with no-treatment group. In addition, the mice which were treated with 1 W/cm2 × 4 min laser administration plus 6 Gy megavoltage radiation therapy exhibited ~ 68% lesser tumors' volume and 27 days increase of survival time in comparison with 6 Gy irradiated tumor-bearing mice. Also, significantly higher (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis percentage was observed at the histopathological slides of 1 W/cm2 × 4 min laser + RT treated mice tumors (57 ± 12%) in comparison with radiation therapy group (31 ± 10%). Therefore, not only laser therapy can inhibit melanoma tumors' growth per se but also its combination with radiation therapy can cause a significant enhancement of radiation therapy efficacy. The laser administration can be used as a radiosensitizing method for melanotic melanoma radiation therapy.
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39
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Wang R, He Y, Robinson V, Yang Z, Hessler P, Lasko LM, Lu X, Bhathena A, Lai A, Uziel T, Lam LT. Targeting Lineage-specific MITF Pathway in Human Melanoma Cell Lines by A-485, the Selective Small-molecule Inhibitor of p300/CBP. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2543-2550. [PMID: 30266801 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is responsible for approximately 80% of deaths from skin cancer. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a melanocyte-specific transcription factor that plays an important role in the differentiation, proliferation, and survival of melanocytes as well as in melanoma oncogenesis. MITF is amplified in approximately 15% of patients with metastatic melanoma. However, no small-molecule inhibitors of MITF currently exist. MITF was shown to associate with p300/CBP, members of the KAT3 family of histone acetyltransferase. p300 and CREB-binding protein (p300/CBP) regulate a wide range of cellular events such as senescence, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage response, and cellular differentiation. p300/CBP act as transcriptional coactivators for multiple proteins in cancers, including oncogenic transcription factors such as MITF. In this study, we showed that our novel p300/CBP catalytic inhibitor, A-485, induces senescence in multiple melanoma cell lines, similar to silencing expression of EP300 (encodes p300) or MITF We did not observe apoptosis and increase invasiveness upon A-485 treatment. A-485 regulates the expression of MITF and its downstream signature genes in melanoma cell lines undergoing senescence. In addition, expression and copy number of MITF is significantly higher in melanoma cell lines that undergo A-485-induced senescence than resistant cell lines. Finally, we showed that A-485 inhibits histone-H3 acetylation but did not displace p300 at promoters of MITF and its putative downstream genes. Taken together, we provide evidence that p300/CBP inhibition suppressed the melanoma-driven transcription factor, MITF, and could be further exploited as a potential therapy for treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yupeng He
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Ziping Yang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul Hessler
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Xin Lu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Albert Lai
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tamar Uziel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lloyd T Lam
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois.
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40
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Heo JR, Kim SM, Hwang KA, Kang JH, Choi KC. Resveratrol induced reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress‑mediated apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in the A375SM malignant melanoma cell line. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1427-1435. [PMID: 29916532 PMCID: PMC6089775 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a dietary product present in grapes, vegetables and berries, regulates several signaling pathways that control cell division, cell growth, apoptosis and metastasis. Malignant melanoma proliferates more readily in comparison with any other types of skin cancer. In the present study, the anti‑cancer effect of resveratrol on melanoma cell proliferation was evaluated. Treating A375SM cells with resveratrol resulted in a decrease in cell growth. The alteration in the levels of cell cycle‑associated proteins was also examined by western blot analysis. Treatment with resveratrol was observed to increase the gene expression levels of p21 and p27, as well as decrease the gene expression of cyclin B. In addition, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were confirmed at the cellular and protein levels using a 2',7'‑dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, TUNEL assay and western blot analysis. Resveratrol induced the ROS‑p38‑p53 pathway by increasing the gene expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase, while it induced the p53 and ER stress pathway by increasing the gene expression levels of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α and C/EBP homologous protein. The enhanced ROS‑p38‑p53 and ER stress pathways promoted apoptosis by downregulating B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) expression and upregulating Bcl‑2‑associated X protein expression. In conclusion, resveratrol appears to be an inducer of ROS generation and ER stress, and may be responsible for growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest of A375SM melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
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41
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Wrotek S, Brycht Ł, Wrotek W, Kozak W. Fever as a factor contributing to long-term survival in a patient with metastatic melanoma: A case report. Complement Ther Med 2018; 38:7-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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42
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Alizadeh N, Akbari V, Nurani M, Taheri A. Preparation of an injectable doxorubicin surface modified cellulose nanofiber gel and evaluation of its anti-tumor and anti-metastasis activity in melanoma. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:537-545. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Alizadeh
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics; Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Maryam Nurani
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics; Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Azade Taheri
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics; Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical sciences; Isfahan Iran
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43
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Bisevac JP, Djukic M, Stanojevic I, Stevanovic I, Mijuskovic Z, Djuric A, Gobeljic B, Banovic T, Vojvodic D. Association Between Oxidative Stress and Melanoma Progression. J Med Biochem 2018; 37:12-20. [PMID: 30581337 PMCID: PMC6294103 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overproduction of free radicals accompanied with their insufficient removal/neutralization by antioxidative defense system impairs redox hemostasis in living organisms. Oxidative stress has been shown to be involved in all the stages of carcinogenesis and malignant melanocyte transformation. The aim of this study was to examine association between oxidative stress development and different stages of melanoma. METHODS The measured oxidative stress parameters included: superoxide anion radical, total and manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde. Oxidative stress parameters were measured spectrophotometrically in serum samples from melanoma patients (n=72) and healthy control subjects (n=30). Patients were classified according to AJCC clinical stage. RESULTS Average superoxide anion and malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly higher in melanoma patients than in control group, with the highest value of superoxide anion in stage III, while malondialdehyde highest value was in stage IV. The activity of total and manganese superoxide dismutase was insignificantly higher in melanoma patients than in control group, while catalase activity was significantly higher. The highest activity of total activity of manganese superoxide dismutase was in stage IV. Catalase activity was increasing with the disease progression achieving the maximum in stage III. CONCLUSION Results of our study suggest that melanoma is oxidative stress associated disease, as well as deteriorated cell functioning at mitochondrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirjana Djukic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Stanojevic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Mijuskovic
- Medical Faculty, University of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Dermatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djuric
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Borko Gobeljic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Banovic
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
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44
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Harris AL, Lee SE, Dawson LK, Marlow LA, Edenfield BH, Durham WF, Flotte TJ, Thompson M, Small DL, Synnott AJ, Markovic SN, Copland JA. Targeting the cyclin dependent kinase and retinoblastoma axis overcomes standard of care resistance in BRAF V600E -mutant melanoma. Oncotarget 2017. [PMID: 29541385 PMCID: PMC5834273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) mouse models were used to discover new therapies for naïve and drug resistant BRAFV600E -mutant melanoma. Tumor histology, oncogenic protein expression, and antitumor activity were comparable between patient and PDTX-matched models thereby validating PDTXs as predictive preclinical models of therapeutic response in patients. PDTX models responsive and non-responsive to BRAF/MEK standard of care (SOC) therapy were used to identify efficacious combination therapies. One such combination includes a CDK4/6 inhibitor that blocks cell cycle progression. The rationale for this is that the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is 95% wildtype in BRAF mutant melanoma. We discovered that 77/77 stage IV metastatic melanoma tissues were positive for inactive phosphorylated pRb (pRb-Ser780). Rb is hyperphosphorylated and inactivated by CDK4/6:cyclin D1 and when restored to its hypophosphorylated active form blocks cell cycle progression. The addition of a CDK4/6 inhibitor to SOC therapy was superior to SOC. Importantly, triple therapy in an upfront treatment and salvage therapy setting provided sustained durable response. We also showed that CDK4/6 blockade resensitized drug resistant melanoma to SOC therapy. Durable response was associated with sustained suppression of pRb-Ser780. Thus, reactivation of pRb may prove to be a clinical biomarker of response and the mechanism responsible for durable response. In light of recent clinical trial data using this triple therapy against BRAFV600E -mutant melanoma, our findings demonstrating superior and prolonged durable response in PDTX models portend use of this therapeutic strategy against naïve and SOC resistant BRAFV600E -mutant metastatic melanoma coupled with pRB-Ser780 as a biomarker of response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura A Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J Flotte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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45
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Hanson K, Robinson SD, Al-Yousuf K, Hendry AE, Sexton DW, Sherwood V, Wheeler GN. The anti-rheumatic drug, leflunomide, synergizes with MEK inhibition to suppress melanoma growth. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3815-3829. [PMID: 29423085 PMCID: PMC5790502 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, which develops from the pigment producing cells called melanocytes, is the most deadly form of skin cancer. Unlike the majority of other cancers, the incidence rates of melanoma are still on the rise and the treatment options currently available are being hindered by resistance, limited response rates and adverse toxicity. We have previously shown that an FDA approved drug leflunomide, used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), also holds potential therapeutic value in treating melanoma especially if used in combination with the mutant BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib. We have further characterized the function of leflunomide and show that the drug reduces the number of viable cells in both wild-type and BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cell lines. Further experiments have revealed leflunomide reduces cell proliferation and causes cells to arrest in G1 of the cell cycle. Cell death assays show leflunomide causes apoptosis at treatment concentrations of 25 and 50 µM. To determine if leflunomide could be used combinatorialy with other anti-melanoma drugs, it was tested in combination with the MEK inhibitor, selumetinib. This combination showed a synergistic effect in the cell lines tested. This drug combination led to an enhanced decrease in tumor size when tested in vivo compared to either drug alone, demonstrating its potential as a novel combinatorial therapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Hanson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stephen D Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Karamallah Al-Yousuf
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Present address: Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adam E Hendry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Darren W Sexton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Present address: Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Victoria Sherwood
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Present address: Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Grant N Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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46
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Sadozai H, Gruber T, Hunger RE, Schenk M. Recent Successes and Future Directions in Immunotherapy of Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1617. [PMID: 29276510 PMCID: PMC5727014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health burden associated with melanoma continues to increase while treatment options for metastatic melanoma are limited. Nevertheless, in the past decade, the field of cancer immunotherapy has witnessed remarkable advances for the treatment of a number of malignancies including metastatic melanoma. Although the earliest observations of an immunological antitumor response were made nearly a century ago, it was only in the past 30 years, that immunotherapy emerged as a viable therapeutic option, in particular for cutaneous melanoma. As such, melanoma remains the focus of various preclinical and clinical studies to understand the immunobiology of cancer and to test various tumor immunotherapies. Here, we review key recent developments in the field of immune-mediated therapy of melanoma. Our primary focus is on therapies that have received regulatory approval. Thus, a brief overview of the pathophysiology of melanoma is provided. The purported functions of various tumor-infiltrating immune cell subsets are described, in particular the recently described roles of intratumoral dendritic cells. The section on immunotherapies focuses on strategies that have proved to be the most clinically successful such as immune checkpoint blockade. Prospects for novel therapeutics and the potential for combinatorial approaches are delineated. Finally, we briefly discuss nanotechnology-based platforms which can in theory, activate multiple arms of immune system to fight cancer. The promising advances in the field of immunotherapy signal the dawn of a new era in cancer treatment and warrant further investigation to understand the opportunities and barriers for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sadozai
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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47
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Chagani S, Wang R, Carpenter EL, Löhr CV, Ganguli-Indra G, Indra AK. Ablation of epidermal RXRα in cooperation with activated CDK4 and oncogenic NRAS generates spontaneous and acute neonatal UVB induced malignant metastatic melanomas. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:736. [PMID: 29121869 PMCID: PMC5679438 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of cutaneous malignant melanoma is critical for improved diagnosis and treatment. Keratinocytic nuclear receptor Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα) has a protective role against melanomagenesis and is involved in the regulation of keratinocyte and melanocyte homeostasis subsequent acute ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. METHODS We generated a trigenic mouse model system (RXRα ep-/- | Tyr-NRAS Q61K | CDK4 R24C/R24C ) harboring an epidermal knockout of Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα ep-/- ), combined with oncogenic NRAS Q61K (constitutively active RAS) and activated CDK4 R24C/R24C (constitutively active CDK4). Those mice were subjected to a single neonatal dose of UVB treatment and the role of RXR α was evaluated by characterizing the molecular and cellular changes that took place in the untreated and UVB treated trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice compared to the control mice with functional RXRα. RESULTS Here we report that the trigenic mice develops spontaneous melanoma and exposure to a single neonatal UVB treatment reduces the tumor latency in those mice compared to control mice with functional RXRα. Melanomas from the trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice are substantial in size, show increased proliferation, exhibit increased expression of malignant melanoma markers and exhibit enhanced vascularization. Altered expression of several biomarkers including increased expression of activated AKT, p21 and cyclin D1 and reduced expression of pro-apoptotic marker BAX was observed in the tumor adjacent normal (TAN) skin of acute ultraviolet B treated trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase in p21 and Cyclin D1 in the TAN skin of un-irradiated trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice, suggesting that those changes might be consequences of loss of functional RXRα in the melanoma microenvironment. Loss of RXRα in the epidermal keratinocytes in combination with oncogenic NRAS Q61K and CDK4 R24C/R24C mutations in trigenic mice led to significant melanoma invasion into the draining lymph nodes as compared to controls with functional RXRα. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the protective role of keratinocytic RxRα in (1) suppressing spontaneous and acute UVB-induced melanoma, and (2) preventing progression of the melanoma to malignancy in the presence of driver mutations like activated CDK4 R24C/R24C and oncogenic NRAS Q61K .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmeen Chagani
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, OSU, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Evan L Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, 97239, OR, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA.
- Linus Pauling Institute, OSU, Corvallis, OR, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, 97239, OR, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, OHSU, Portland, 97239, OR, USA.
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Abdul Hamid MF, Ban Yu-Lin A, Hassan TM, Mohammad N. Metastatic melanoma: a rare cause of central airway obstruction. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-221545. [PMID: 29103009 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A middle-aged woman with recurrent malignant melanoma presented initially with massive left pleural effusion. There was a complete obliteration of the left main bronchus on flexible bronchoscopy caused by a mass. Serial cryo-debulking of the tumour was done under rigid bronchoscopy; however, the outcome was not favourable due to the aggressive tumour growth. Vemurafenib was planned after thoracic radiation. She was not keen for the biologics treatment due to financial constraints. We report a case of central airway obstruction due to recurrent aggressive melanoma. More evaluations are needed on the role of interventional pulmonologist for bronchoscopic debulking of this rapidly growing tumour as well as the role of biological agents in treating such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Ban Yu-Lin
- Medical Department, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Tidi Maharani Hassan
- Medical Department, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Nurashikin Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Haridas P, McGovern JA, McElwain SD, Simpson MJ. Quantitative comparison of the spreading and invasion of radial growth phase and metastatic melanoma cells in a three-dimensional human skin equivalent model. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3754. [PMID: 28890854 PMCID: PMC5590551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard two-dimensional (2D) cell migration assays do not provide information about vertical invasion processes, which are critical for melanoma progression. We provide information about three-dimensional (3D) melanoma cell migration, proliferation and invasion in a 3D melanoma skin equivalent (MSE) model. In particular, we pay careful attention to compare the structure of the tissues in the MSE with similarly-prepared 3D human skin equivalent (HSE) models. The HSE model is identically prepared to the MSE model except that melanoma cells are omitted. Using the MSE model, we examine melanoma migration, proliferation and invasion from two different human melanoma cell lines. One cell line, WM35, is associated with the early phase of the disease where spreading is thought to be confined to the epidermis. The other cell line, SK-MEL-28, is associated with the later phase of the disease where spreading into the dermis is expected. METHODS 3D MSE and HSE models are constructed using human de-epidermised dermis (DED) prepared from skin tissue. Primary fibroblasts and primary keratinocytes are used in the MSE and HSE models to ensure the formation of a stratified epidermis, with a well-defined basement membrane. Radial spreading of cells across the surface of the HSE and MSE models is observed. Vertical invasion of melanoma cells downward through the skin is observed and measured using immunohistochemistry. All measurements of invasion are made at day 0, 9, 15 and 20, providing detailed time course data. RESULTS Both HSE and MSE models are similar to native skin in vivo, with a well-defined stratification of the epidermis that is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. In the HSE and MSE we find fibroblast cells confined to the dermis, and differentiated keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the MSE, melanoma cells form colonies in the epidermis during the early part of the experiment. In the later stage of the experiment, the melanoma cells in the MSE invade deeper into the tissues. Interestingly, both the WM35 and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells lead to a breakdown of the basement membrane and eventually enter the dermis. However, these two cell lines invade at different rates, with the SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells invading faster than the WM35 cells. DISCUSSION The MSE and HSE models are a reliable platform for studying melanoma invasion in a 3D tissue that is similar to native human skin. Interestingly, we find that the WM35 cell line, that is thought to be associated with radial spreading only, is able to invade into the dermis. The vertical invasion of melanoma cells into the dermal region appears to be associated with a localised disruption of the basement membrane. Presenting our results in terms of time course data, along with images and quantitative measurements of the depth of invasion extends previous 3D work that has often been reported without these details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Haridas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqui A. McGovern
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean D.L. McElwain
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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50
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Cervenka PD, Perez L, Perez DE, Jones B. Melanoma Metastasis to the Mandible—Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75:2025.e1-2025.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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