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Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yu Q, Song S, Brenna JT, Shen Y, Ye K. Higher ratio of plasma omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is associated with greater risk of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality: A population-based cohort study in UK Biobank. eLife 2024; 12:RP90132. [PMID: 38578269 PMCID: PMC10997328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been associated with various chronic diseases and mortality, but results are conflicting. Few studies examined the role of omega-6/omega-3 ratio in mortality. Methods We investigated plasma omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs and their ratio in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large prospective cohort, the UK Biobank. Of 85,425 participants who had complete information on circulating PUFAs, 6461 died during follow-up, including 2794 from cancer and 1668 from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Associations were estimated by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for relevant risk factors. Results Risk for all three mortality outcomes increased as the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 PUFAs increased (all Ptrend <0.05). Comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles, individuals had 26% (95% CI, 15-38%) higher total mortality, 14% (95% CI, 0-31%) higher cancer mortality, and 31% (95% CI, 10-55%) higher CVD mortality. Moreover, omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in plasma were all inversely associated with all-cause, cancer, and CVD mortality, with omega-3 showing stronger effects. Conclusions Using a population-based cohort in UK Biobank, our study revealed a strong association between the ratio of circulating omega-6/omega-3 PUFAs and the risk of all-cause, cancer, and CVD mortality. Funding Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institute of Health under the award number R35GM143060 (KY). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States
| | - Yitang Sun
- Department of Genetics, University of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GeorgiaUnited States
| | - Suhang Song
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New YorkUnited States
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts of Pediatrics, of Nutrition, and of Chemistry, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TexasUnited States
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Genetics, University of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States
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Zhang Y, Sun Y, Song S, Khankari NK, Brenna JT, Shen Y, Ye K. Associations of plasma omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids with overall and 19 site-specific cancers: a population-based cohort study in UK Biobank. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.21.24301568. [PMID: 38343844 PMCID: PMC10854355 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.21.24301568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Previous epidemiological studies of the associations between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cancer incidence have been inconsistent. We investigated the associations of plasma omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs with the incidence of overall and 19 site-specific cancers in a large prospective cohort. Methods 253,138 eligible UK Biobank participants were included in our study. With a mean follow-up of 12.9 years, 29,838 participants were diagnosed with cancer. The plasma levels of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs were expressed as percentages of total fatty acids (omega-3% and omega-6%). Results In our main models, both omega-6% and omega-3% were inversely associated with overall cancer incidence (HR per SD = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96-0.99; HR per SD = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.97-1.00; respectively). Of the 19 site-specific cancers available, 14 were associated with omega-6% and five with omega-3%, all indicating inverse associations, with the exception that prostate cancer was positively associated with omega-3% (HR per SD = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 - 1.05). Conclusions Our population-based cohort study in UK Biobank indicates small inverse associations of plasma omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs with the incidence of overall and most site-specific cancers, although there are notable exceptions, such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, US
| | - Yitang Sun
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, US
| | - Suhang Song
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, US
| | - Nikhil K. Khankari
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, US
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, US
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts of Pediatrics, of Nutrition, and of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, US
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, US
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, US
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Subbiah V, Xie C, Dunshea FR, Barrow CJ, Suleria HAR. The Quest for Phenolic Compounds from Seaweed: Nutrition, Biological Activities and Applications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2094406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vigasini Subbiah
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cundong Xie
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafiz A. R. Suleria
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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4
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Kim H, Kim JK. Evidence on Statins, Omega-3, and Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review. World J Mens Health 2022; 40:412-424. [PMID: 35021299 PMCID: PMC9253794 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake selections might play a crucial role in prostate cancer (PCa) occurrence and progression. Several studies have investigated whether statin use could reduce PCa risk but with conflicting results. Nevertheless, a significantly decreased incidence of advanced PCa has been consistently noted. Statins may also reduce the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in men with PCa after receiving active treatment. However, the influence of statin usage on BCR and PCa progression in men with high prostate-specific antigen levels has been found to be insignificant. In contrast, the combined use of a statin and metformin was significantly related to the survival status of PCa patients. However, some studies have revealed that the intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid (ω-3) from fish or fish oil supplements may elevate PCa risk. Several meta-analyses on ω-3 consumption and PCa have shown controversial results for the relationship between PCa and ω-3 consumption. However, studies with positive results for various genotypes, fatty acid intake or levels, and PCA risk are emerging. This review highlights the association among statins, ω-3, and PCa. The findings summarized here may be helpful for clinicians counseling patients related to PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanik Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung Kwon Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Lee KH, Seong HJ, Kim G, Jeong GH, Kim JY, Park H, Jung E, Kronbichler A, Eisenhut M, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Koyanagi A, Hong SH, Dragioti E, de Rezende LFM, Jacob L, Keum N, van der Vliet HJ, Cho E, Veronese N, Grosso G, Ogino S, Song M, Radua J, Jung SJ, Thompson T, Jackson SE, Smith L, Yang L, Oh H, Choi EK, Shin JI, Giovannucci EL, Gamerith G. Consumption of Fish and ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1134-1149. [PMID: 32488249 PMCID: PMC7490175 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have suggested that ω-3 fatty acid intake may have a protective effect on cancer risk; however, its true association with cancer risk remains controversial. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses to summarize and evaluate the evidence for the association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and cancer outcomes. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to December 1, 2018. We included meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between intake of fish or ω-3 fatty acid and cancer risk (gastrointestinal, liver, breast, gynecologic, prostate, brain, lung, and skin) and determined the level of evidence of associations. In addition, we appraised the quality of the evidence of significant meta-analyses by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. We initially screened 598 articles, and 15 articles, including 57 meta-analyses, were eligible. Among 57 meta-analyses, 15 reported statistically significant results. We found that 12 meta-analyses showed weak evidence of an association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and risk of the following types of cancer: liver cancer (n = 4 of 6), breast cancer (n = 3 of 14), prostate cancer (n = 3 of 11), and brain tumor (n = 2 of 2). In the other 3 meta-analyses, studies of endometrial cancer and skin cancer, there were no assessable data for determining the evidence levels. No meta-analysis showed convincing, highly suggestive, or suggestive evidence of an association. In the sensitivity analysis of meta-analyses by study design, we found weak associations between ω-3 fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk in cohort studies, but no statistically significant association in case-control studies. However, the opposite results were found in case of brain tumor risk. Although ω-3 fatty acids have been studied in several meta-analyses with regard to a wide range of cancer outcomes, only weak associations were identified in some cancer types, with several limitations. Considering the nonsignificant or weak evidence level, clinicians and researchers should cautiously interpret reported associations between ω-3 fatty acid consumption and cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Seong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Kim
- Keimyung University College of Nursing, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hun Jeong
- College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeob Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbong Park
- Yonsei University Graduate School, Department of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jung
- Yonsei University Graduate School, Department of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Department of Pediatrics, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Louis Jacob
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - NaNa Keum
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevor Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada,Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hans Oh
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Address correspondence to EKC (e-mail: )
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Address correspondence to JIS (e-mail: )
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriele Gamerith
- Internal Medicine V, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids Survey in Men under Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: from Intake to Prostate Tissue Level. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071616. [PMID: 31315273 PMCID: PMC6683032 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids (ω3), particularly long-chain ω3 (LCω3), have protective effects against prostate cancer (PCa) in experimental studies. Observational studies are conflicting, possibly because of the biomarker used. This study aimed at evaluating associations between grade reclassification and ω3 levels assessed in prostatic tissue, red blood cells (RBC), and diet. We conducted a validation cross-sectional study nested within a phase II clinical trial. We identified 157 men diagnosed with low-risk PCa who underwent a first active surveillance repeat prostate biopsy session. Fatty acid (FA) intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and their levels measured in prostate tissue and RBC. Associations were evaluated using logistic regression. At first repeat biopsy session, 39 (25%) men had high-grade PCa (grade group ≥2). We found that high LCω3-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level in prostate tissue (odds ratio (OR) 0.25; 95% (confidence interval (CI) 0.08–0.79; p-trend = 0.03) was associated with lower odds of high-grade PCa. Similar results were observed for LCω3 dietary intake (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.11-0.83; p-trend = 0.02) but no association for RBC. LCω3-EPA levels in the target prostate tissue are inversely associated with high-grade PCa in men with low-risk PCa, supporting that prostate tissue FA, but not RBC FA, is a reliable biomarker of PCa risk.
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Gevariya N, Besançon M, Robitaille K, Picard V, Diabaté L, Alesawi A, Julien P, Fradet Y, Bergeron A, Fradet V. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease prostate cancer progression associated with an anti-tumor immune response in eugonadal and castrated mice. Prostate 2019; 79:9-20. [PMID: 30073695 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest effects of dietary fat on prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Targeting omega (ω)-3:ω6 fatty acids (FA) ratio could be beneficial against PCa by favorably modulating inflammation. Here, we studied the effects of ω3- and ω6-enriched diets on prostate tumor growth and inflammatory response in androgen-deprived and non-deprived conditions. METHODS Immune-competent eugonadal and castrated C57BL/6 mice were injected with TRAMP-C2 prostate tumor cells and daily fed with ω3- or ω6-enriched diet. FA and cytokine profiles were measured in blood and tumors using gas chromatography and multiplex immunoassay, respectively. Immune cell infiltration in tumors was profiled by multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS ω3-enriched diet decreased prostate TRAMP-C2 tumor growth in immune-competent eugonadal and castrated mice. Cytokines associated with Th1 immune response (IL-12 [p70], IFN-γ, GM-CSF) and eosinophil recruitment (eotaxin-1, IL-5, and IL-13) were significantly elevated in tumors of ω3-fed mice. Using in vitro experiments, we confirmed ω3 FA-induced eotaxin-1 secretion by tumor cells and that eotaxin-1 secretion was regulated by androgens. Analysis of immune cell infiltrating tumors showed no major difference of immune cells' abundance between ω3- and ω6-enriched diets. CONCLUSIONS ω3-enriched diet reduces prostate tumor growth independently of androgen levels. ω3 FA can inhibit tumor cell growth and induce a local anti-tumor inflammatory response. These findings warrant further examination of dietary ω3's potential to slow down the progression of androgen-sensitive and castrate-resistant PCa by modulating immune cell function in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Gevariya
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marjorie Besançon
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Robitaille
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Picard
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lamoussa Diabaté
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anwar Alesawi
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval-CHUL, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Tantawy SA, Elgohary HM, Kamel DM. Trans-perineal pumpkin seed oil phonophoresis as an adjunctive treatment for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Res Rep Urol 2018; 10:95-101. [PMID: 30271759 PMCID: PMC6149936 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s167896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant number of men who are younger than 50 years visit urologists for interminable prostatitis. This study aimed to thoroughly investigate the effect of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) phonophoresis on chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CNBP). Subjects and methods Sixty patients with CNBP were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A, wherein patients were treated with PSO using phonophoresis; Group B, where patients underwent transperineal continuous low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS); and Group C, wherein patients underwent placebo LIUS. All three groups received their corresponding treatments daily for up to 3 weeks. The NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), residual urine determined by urodynamic measurements, and flow rate were used to analyze study outcomes. The white blood cell (WBC) count in the prostatic secretion was determined. Results Comparisons of the intragroup mean values of all measurements in Groups A and B before and after the end of the treatment showed a significant improvement in residual urine, flow rate, WBC count, and NIH-CPSI (p < 0.05), whereas no significant change was found in Group C (p > 0.05). Between-group comparisons of all variables showed a significant difference was found after intervention (p < 0.05). Postintervention comparisons between Groups A and B showed a significant difference in all measurements, except for WBC, in favor of Group A. Comparing the changes between Groups A and C, a significant difference was found in all measurements (p < 0.05). Furthermore, all parameters differed significantly when comparing Groups B and C (p < 0.05). Conclusion The current study showed that PSO phonophoresis can produce a significant effect in the management of CNBP and can, therefore, be considered a safe, noninvasive method for the treatment of CNBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed A Tantawy
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre of Radiation, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, .,Physiotherapy Department, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Ahlia University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain,
| | - Hany Mi Elgohary
- Department of Physiotherapy for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia M Kamel
- Physiotherapy Department, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Ahlia University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain, .,Department of Physiotherapy for Women's Health, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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9
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Burns JL, Nakamura MT, Ma DWL. Differentiating the biological effects of linoleic acid from arachidonic acid in health and disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:1-4. [PMID: 30103919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids are associated with the development of many chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and several cancers. This review explores the literature surrounding the combined and individual roles of n-6 PUFAs linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) as they relate to immune and inflammatory response, cardiovascular health, liver health, and cancer. The evidence suggests that a pro-inflammatory view of LA and AA may be over simplified. Overall, this review highlights gaps in our understanding of the biological roles of LA, AA and their complex relationship with n-3 PUFA and the need for future studies that examine the roles of individual fatty acids, rather than groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L Burns
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manabu T Nakamura
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Guertin MH, Robitaille K, Pelletier JF, Duchesne T, Julien P, Savard J, Bairati I, Fradet V. Effects of concentrated long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation before radical prostatectomy on prostate cancer proliferation, inflammation, and quality of life: study protocol for a phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:64. [PMID: 29321047 PMCID: PMC5763552 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in north-American men. Few dietary or lifestyle interventions have been tested to prevent prostate cancer progression. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation represents a promising intervention for prostate cancer patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3), more precisely eicosapentaenoic acid monoacylglyceride (MAG-EPA) supplementation, on prostate cancer proliferation, inflammation mediators and quality of life among men who will undergo radical prostatectomy. METHODS/DESIGN We propose a phase IIb, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of MAG-EPA supplementation for 130 men who will undergo radical prostatectomy as treatment for a prostate cancer of Gleason score ≥ 7 in an academic cancer center in Quebec City. Participants will be randomized to 6 capsules of 625 mg of fish oil (MAG-EPA) per capsule containing 500 mg of EPA daily or to identically looking capsules of high oleic acid sunflower oil (HOSO) as placebo. The intervention begins 4 to 10 weeks prior to radical prostatectomy (baseline) and continues for one year after surgery. The primary endpoint is the proliferative index (Ki-67) measured in prostate cancer cells at radical prostatectomy. A secondary endpoint includes prostate tissue levels of inflammatory mediators (cytokines and proteins) at time of radical prostatectomy. Changes in blood levels of inflammatory mediators, relative to baseline levels, at time of radical prostatectomy and 12 months after radical prostatectomy will also be evaluated. Secondary endpoints also include important aspects of psychosocial functioning and quality of life such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive complaints and prostate cancer-specific quality of life domains. The changes in these outcomes, relative to baseline levels, will be evaluated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after radical prostatectomy. DISCUSSION The results from this trial will provide crucial information to clarify the role of omega-3 supplementation on prostate cancer proliferation, inflammation and quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02333435. Registered on December 17, 2014. Last updated September 6, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Guertin
- Oncology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval - L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 6 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Karine Robitaille
- Oncology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval - L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 6 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Jean-François Pelletier
- Oncology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval - L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 6 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Thierry Duchesne
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la médecine, Bureau, Québec, QC 1056 Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval - CHUL, 2705, boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Josée Savard
- Oncology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval - L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 6 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Isabelle Bairati
- Oncology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval - L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 6 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Oncology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval - L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 6 rue McMahon, Québec, QC Canada
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Saha SK, Lee SB, Won J, Choi HY, Kim K, Yang GM, Dayem AA, Cho SG. Correlation between Oxidative Stress, Nutrition, and Cancer Initiation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1544. [PMID: 28714931 PMCID: PMC5536032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate or excessive nutrient consumption leads to oxidative stress, which may disrupt oxidative homeostasis, activate a cascade of molecular pathways, and alter the metabolic status of various tissues. Several foods and consumption patterns have been associated with various cancers and approximately 30-35% of the cancer cases are correlated with overnutrition or malnutrition. However, several contradictory studies are available regarding the association between diet and cancer risk, which remains to be elucidated. Concurrently, oxidative stress is a crucial factor for cancer progression and therapy. Nutritional oxidative stress may be induced by an imbalance between antioxidant defense and pro-oxidant load due to inadequate or excess nutrient supply. Oxidative stress is a physiological state where high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are generated. Several signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis can additionally control ROS generation and regulate ROS downstream mechanisms, which could have potential implications in anticancer research. Cancer initiation may be modulated by the nutrition-mediated elevation in ROS levels, which can stimulate cancer initiation by triggering DNA mutations, damage, and pro-oncogenic signaling. Therefore, in this review, we have provided an overview of the relationship between nutrition, oxidative stress, and cancer initiation, and evaluated the impact of nutrient-mediated regulation of antioxidant capability against cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jihye Won
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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12
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Comparison of Six Methylation Methods for Fatty Acid Determination in Yak Bone Using Gas Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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KRUK J, ABOUL-ENEIN H. What Are the Links of Prostate Cancer with Physical Activity and Nutrition? : A Systematic Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:1558-1567. [PMID: 28053921 PMCID: PMC5207096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. The purpose of this study was to provide a brief synthesis the current knowledge for the effects of physical activity (PA) and nutrition on PCa risk. METHODS A systematic review of English languages reviews, meta-analysis, and original articles published from 2009 to 2015 extracted from the following websites: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Health Source, Science Direct, and their references. RESULTS The review of the literature led to the selection of 12 review or meta-analysis studies and 15 lately published observational studies. Most of studies reported relationship of recreational and occupational PA and vegetables, fruits, vitamins, red/processed meats, and fats consumption with risk of PCa. Decreased risk for PCa associated with exercise was reported in seven of the ten articles on this topic. The inverse association of vegetables and/or fruit intake with PCa risk was reported in eight of 13 papers. The effect of meat/fat intake on PCa was estimated in four articles finding increased risk. There was heterogeneity between studies, and findings are inconsistent. CONCLUSION Physical activity does not significantly reduce the risk of PCa; however, vigorous exercise may reduce the risk of aggressive tumor. Besides, there is a lack of definitive evidence supporting the preventive role of diet against PCa. Due to many other benefits of regular moderate-vigorous PA and a diet high in vegetables and fruits and low in red/processed meats and fats, these lifestyle patterns may be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna KRUK
- Dept. of Prevention and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland,Corresponding Author:
| | - Hassan ABOUL-ENEIN
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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14
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Zhang Z, Garzotto M, Beer TM, Thuillier P, Lieberman S, Mori M, Stoller WA, Farris PE, Shannon J. Effects of ω-3 Fatty Acids and Catechins on Fatty Acid Synthase in the Prostate: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1309-1319. [PMID: 27646578 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1224365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal and human studies suggest fish oil and green tea may have protective effect on prostate cancer. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) has been hypothesized to be linked to chemoprotective effects of both compounds. This study evaluated the independent and joint effects of fish oil (FO) and green tea supplement (epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG) on FAS and Ki-67 levels in prostate tissue. Through a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial with 2 × 2 factorial design, 89 men scheduled for repeat prostate biopsy following an initial negative prostate biopsy were randomized into either FO alone (1.9 g DHA + EPA/day), EGCG alone (600 mg/day), a combination of FO and EGCG, or placebo. We used linear mixed-effects models to test the differences of prostate tissue FAS and Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry between pre- and post-intervention within each group, as well as between treatment groups. Results did not show significant difference among treatment groups in pre-to-post-intervention changes of FAS (P = 0.69) or Ki-67 (P = 0.26). Comparing placebo group with any of the treatment groups, we did not find significant difference in FAS or Ki-67 changes (all P > 0.05). Results indicate FO or EGCG supplementation for a short duration may not be sufficient to produce biologically meaningful changes in FAS or Ki-67 levels in prostate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- a OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Mark Garzotto
- b Department of Urology , Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Tomasz M Beer
- c Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Philippe Thuillier
- a OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA.,c Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA.,d Department of Dermatology , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Stephen Lieberman
- e Department of Urology , Kaiser Permanente Northwest , Clackamas , Oregon , USA
| | - Motomi Mori
- a OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA.,c Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Wesley A Stoller
- a OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Paige E Farris
- a OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | - Jackilen Shannon
- a OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , Oregon , USA
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15
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Dinwiddie MT, Terry PD, Whelan J, Patzer RE. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Consumption and Prostate Cancer: A Review of Exposure Measures and Results of Epidemiological Studies. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:452-68. [PMID: 26595854 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1032444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) may play a role in the development of prostate cancer, but the results of epidemiologic studies have been equivocal. Associations in humans may vary depending on study design, measurement methodology of fatty acid intake, intake ranges, and stage of cancer development. To address this, we identified 36 published studies through PubMed (Medline) from 1993 through 2013 on long-chain n-3s and prostate cancer. Exposure measurements included dietary assessment and biomarker levels. Associations for total, early, and late stage prostate cancer were examined by subgroup of study design and exposure measure type and by using forest plots to illustrate the relative strength of associations within each subgroup. We also tested for potential threshold effects by considering studies that included measurement cut-points that met intake levels recommended by the American Heart Association. We found no consistent evidence supporting a role of n-3s in either the causation or prevention of prostate cancer at any stage or grade. Results did not vary appreciably by study design, exposure measurement, intake level, or stage of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Terry
- a Department of Public Health.,c University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee ; Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center , Knoxville , Tennessee
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16
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Chiu HH, Tsai SJ, Tseng YJ, Wu MS, Liao WC, Huang CS, Kuo CH. An efficient and robust fatty acid profiling method for plasma metabolomic studies by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451:183-90. [PMID: 26436485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted metabolomic analysis of fatty acids has linked the dysregulation of fatty acids to many diseases. This study selected five frequently used fatty acid derivatization methods for comparison. METHODS We compared the method precisions and derivatization efficiencies, the most economical and best performing method was subjected to method validation. Twenty-four fatty acid standards were used to validate the method, which was later applied to the investigation of potential fatty acid markers of breast cancer. RESULTS The acetyl chloride method was demonstrated to provide the best derivatization efficiency and lowest cost for plasma samples. The ionic liquid column successfully separated positional and geometric fatty acid isomers within 26 min under the optimized conditions. Intra-day and inter-day CVs for most of the fatty acids were <10%. Over 90% of the results showed recoveries within 85%-115%. The validated method was applied to investigate potential fatty acid markers of breast cancer. The fatty acid profiling results revealed that 3 fatty acids (C22:0, C24:0, C18:2n6) were significantly lower in both pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the proposed method is an accurate, efficient and economical method for plasma metabolomic studies of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Hsuan Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jeng Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Y Jane Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | | | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
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17
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Wolfram G, Bechthold A, Boeing H, Ellinger S, Hauner H, Kroke A, Leschik-Bonnet E, Linseisen J, Lorkowski S, Schulze M, Stehle P, Dinter J. Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 67:141-204. [PMID: 26414007 DOI: 10.1159/000437243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.
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Marventano S, Kolacz P, Castellano S, Galvano F, Buscemi S, Mistretta A, Grosso G. A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:611-22. [PMID: 26307560 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1077790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been considered of great interest for human health due to their potential anti-inflammatory action that may protect from a number of chronic-degenerative diseases with an inflammatory pathogenesis. This review aimed to report the most updated evidence of both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs effect on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression in humans. Attention has been also paid to those studies exploring the effects of the ratio intake. Results from pooled analyses of human studies reported a general positive effect of n-3 PUFAs intake on all outcomes considered. In contrast, the role of n-6 PUFAs on human health needs to be better assessed in order to clearly identify which compound exerts beneficial/harmful effects. Only a limited number of clinical studies considered the n-3:n-6 PUFAs ratio, rather reporting contrasting results. A number of limitations when considering the ratio between these two families of PUFAs have risen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marventano
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Paulina Kolacz
- b Department of Human Nutrition , Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow , Krakow , Poland
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Fabio Galvano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Silvio Buscemi
- d Department of Internal Medicine , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Mistretta
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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Dueregger A, Schöpf B, Eder T, Höfer J, Gnaiger E, Aufinger A, Kenner L, Perktold B, Ramoner R, Klocker H, Eder IE. Differential Utilization of Dietary Fatty Acids in Benign and Malignant Cells of the Prostate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135704. [PMID: 26285134 PMCID: PMC4540467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells adapt via metabolic reprogramming to meet elevated energy demands due to continuous proliferation, for example by switching to alternative energy sources. Nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies and amino acids may be utilized as preferred substrates to fulfill increased energy requirements. In this study we investigated the metabolic characteristics of benign and cancer cells of the prostate with respect to their utilization of medium chain (MCTs) and long chain triglycerides (LCTs) under standard and glucose-starved culture conditions by assessing cell viability, glycolytic activity, mitochondrial respiration, the expression of genes encoding key metabolic enzymes as well as mitochondrial mass and mtDNA content. We report that BE prostate cells (RWPE-1) have a higher competence to utilize fatty acids as energy source than PCa cells (LNCaP, ABL, PC3) as shown not only by increased cell viability upon fatty acid supplementation but also by an increased ß-oxidation of fatty acids, although the base-line respiration was 2-fold higher in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, BE RWPE-1 cells were found to compensate for glucose starvation in the presence of fatty acids. Of notice, these findings were confirmed in vivo by showing that PCa tissue has a lower capacity in oxidizing fatty acids than benign prostate. Collectively, these metabolic differences between benign and prostate cancer cells and especially their differential utilization of fatty acids could be exploited to establish novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dueregger
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oncotyrol GmbH, Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd Schöpf
- Oncotyrol GmbH, Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oroboros Instruments, High-Resolution Respirometry, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresa Eder
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Höfer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erich Gnaiger
- Oroboros Instruments, High-Resolution Respirometry, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66/6, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Astrid Aufinger
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Perktold
- Diätologie, FHG-Zentrum Für Gesundheitsberufe Tirol GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhold Ramoner
- Diätologie, FHG-Zentrum Für Gesundheitsberufe Tirol GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oncotyrol GmbH, Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris E. Eder
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Xu C, Han FF, Zeng XT, Liu TZ, Li S, Gao ZY. Fat Intake Is Not Linked to Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131747. [PMID: 26186528 PMCID: PMC4505895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the late 1960s, the average global supply of fat has increased by 20 g per capita per day. While fat intake has been considered a potential risk factor for prostate cancer (Pca), the hypothesis from previous epidemiologic studies remained equivocal. Materials and Methods Relevant cohort studies were identified through a literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Wiley Online Library up to March 1, 2015. A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis were used to assess the relationship between fat intake and the risk for Pca. Results We identified 14 cohort studies, which included 37,349 cases and a total of 751,030 participants. We found no evidence of a non-linear association between fat intake and the risk for Pca. Overall, the summarized relative risks for every 28.35 g increment a day was 0.99 (95%CI: 0.98, 1.01; P=0.94; n=13) for total fat intake, 1.00 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.00; P=0.72; n=9) for saturated fat, 0.99 (95%CI: 0.95, 1.03; P=0.55; n=7) for polyunsaturated fat, and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.95, 1.04; P=0.85; n=8) for monounsaturated fat. Additionally, there was no link to the risk for advanced stage Pca regarding total fat intake (RR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.08; P=0.63; n=5), saturated fat (RR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.84, 1.11; P=0.61; n=6), polyunsaturated fat (RR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.79, 1.17; P=0.68; n=6), or monounsaturated fat (RR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.86, 1.07; P=0.42; n=6). Subgroup and sensitively analyses showed consistent results. Conclusion Little evidence from published cohort studies supports the statement that total fat, saturated fat or unsaturated fat intake increases the risk for Pca or advanced stage Pca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Fang Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong-Zu Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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HU ZHIMEI, QI HAIXIA, ZHANG RUIXUE, ZHANG KUN, SHI ZHEMIN, CHANG YANAN, CHEN LINFENG, ESMAEILI MOHSEN, BANIAHMAD ARIA, HONG WEI. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits the growth of hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells by promoting the degradation of the androgen receptor. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3769-3774. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Alexander DD, Bassett JK, Weed DL, Barrett EC, Watson H, Harris W. Meta-Analysis of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LCω-3PUFA) and Prostate Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:543-54. [PMID: 25826711 PMCID: PMC4440629 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1015745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the potential association between LCω-3PUFAs and prostate cancer (PC). A comprehensive literature search was performed through 2013 to identify prospective studies that examined dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCω-3PUFA) or blood biomarkers of LCω-3PUFA status and risk of PC. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to generate summary relative risk estimates (SRREs) for LCω-3PUFAs and total PC, and by stage and grade. Subgroup analyses were also conducted for specific fatty acids and other study characteristics. Twelve self-reported dietary intake and 9 biomarker studies from independent study populations were included in the analysis, with 446,243 and 14,897 total participants, respectively. No association between LCω-3PUFAs and total PC was observed (SRRE = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.93–1.09) for the dietary intake studies (high vs. low LCω-3PUFAs category comparison) or for the biomarker studies (SRRE of 1.07, 95% CI: 0.94–1.20). In general, most summary associations for the dietary intake studies were in the inverse direction, whereas the majority of summary associations for the biomarker studies were in the positive direction, but all were weak in magnitude. The results from this meta-analysis do not support an association between LCω-3PUFAs and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Alexander
- a EpidStat Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA and Evergreen , Colorado , USA
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23
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Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, Li D. Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Epidemiol 2015; 25:261-74. [PMID: 25787237 PMCID: PMC4375280 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20140120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested inconsistent associations between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk. We performed a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies investigating both dietary intake and circulating n-3 PUFAs and PCa risk. PubMed and EMBASE prior to February 2014 were searched, and 16 publications were eligible. Blood concentration of docosahexaenoic acid, but not alpha-linolenic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid, showed marginal positive association with PCa risk (relative risk for 1% increase in blood docosahexaenoic acid concentration: 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.05; I(2) = 26%; P = 0.05 for linear trend), while dietary docosahexaenoic acid intake showed a non-linear positive association with PCa risk (P < 0.01). Dietary alpha-linolenic acid was inversely associated with PCa risk (relative risk for 0.5 g/day increase in alpha-linolenic acid intake: 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.00; I(2) = 0%; P = 0.04 for linear trend), which was dominated by a single study. Subgroup analyses indicated that blood eicosapentaenoic acid concentration and blood docosahexaenoic acid concentration were positively associated with aggressive PCa risk and nonaggressive PCa risk, respectively. Among studies with nested case-control study designs, a 0.2% increase in blood docosapentaenoic acid concentration was associated with a 3% reduced risk of PCa (relative risk 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.00; I(2) = 44%; P = 0.05 for linear trend). In conclusion, different individual n-3 PUFA exposures may exhibit different or even opposite associations with PCa risk, and more prospective studies, especially those examining dietary n-3 PUFAs and PCa risk stratified by severity of cancer, are needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Fu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University
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Lin PH, Aronson W, Freedland SJ. Nutrition, dietary interventions and prostate cancer: the latest evidence. BMC Med 2015; 13:3. [PMID: 25573005 PMCID: PMC4286914 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of mortality in US men and the prevalence continues to rise world-wide especially in countries where men consume a 'Western-style' diet. Epidemiologic, preclinical and clinical studies suggest a potential role for dietary intake on the incidence and progression of PCa. 'This minireview provides an overview of recent published literature with regard to nutrients, dietary factors, dietary patterns and PCa incidence and progression. Low carbohydrates intake, soy protein, omega-3 (w-3) fat, green teas, tomatoes and tomato products and zyflamend showed promise in reducing PCa risk or progression. A higher saturated fat intake and a higher β-carotene status may increase risk. A 'U' shape relationship may exist between folate, vitamin C, vitamin D and calcium with PCa risk. Despite the inconsistent and inconclusive findings, the potential for a role of dietary intake for the prevention and treatment of PCa is promising. The combination of all the beneficial factors for PCa risk reduction in a healthy dietary pattern may be the best dietary advice. This pattern includes rich fruits and vegetables, reduced refined carbohydrates, total and saturated fats, and reduced cooked meats. Further carefully designed prospective trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hwa Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3487, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - William Aronson
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Urology, Durham, NC USA
- Duke Prostate Center, Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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Dueregger A, Heidegger I, Ofer P, Perktold B, Ramoner R, Klocker H, Eder IE. The use of dietary supplements to alleviate androgen deprivation therapy side effects during prostate cancer treatment. Nutrients 2014; 6:4491-519. [PMID: 25338271 PMCID: PMC4210931 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western societies, is typically androgen-dependent, a characteristic that underlies the rationale of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Approximately 90% of patients initially respond to ADT strategies, however many experience side effects including hot flashes, cardiotoxicity, metabolic and musculoskeletal alterations. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the ability of dietary supplements to alleviate adverse effects arising from ADT. In particular, we focus on herbal compounds, phytoestrogens, selenium (Se), fatty acids (FA), calcium, and Vitamins D and E. Indeed, there is some evidence that calcium and Vitamin D can prevent the development of osteoporosis during ADT. On the other hand, caution should be taken with the antioxidants Se and Vitamin E until the basis underlying their respective association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and PCa tumor development has been clarified. However, many other promising supplements have not yet been subjected large-scale clinical trials making it difficult to assess their efficacy. Given the demographic trend of increased PCa diagnoses and dependence on ADT as a major therapeutic strategy, further studies are required to objectively evaluate these supplements as adjuvant for PCa patients receiving ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dueregger
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Philipp Ofer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Bernhard Perktold
- Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Reinhold Ramoner
- Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Iris E Eder
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
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Abstract
The benefits of long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) from fish or administered as supplements remain controversial regarding prostate cancer (PCa). Based on the currently available evidence no clear benefit of n-3 PUFA intake to generally reduce PCa incidence has been found. On the other hand n-3 PUFAs have a clear influence on the development of already existing PCa. The intake of n-3-PUFAs considerably reduces the risk of metastasis and PCa-related mortality.
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Scientific Opinion on the extension of use for DHA and EPA-rich algal oil fromSchizochytriumsp. as a Novel Food ingredient. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Development and application of a comparative fatty acid analysis method to investigate voriconazole-induced hepatotoxicity. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:126-34. [PMID: 25150729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As fatty acids play an important role in biological regulation, the profiling of fatty acid expression has been used to discover various disease markers and to understand disease mechanisms. This study developed an effective and accurate comparative fatty acid analysis method using differential labeling to speed up the metabolic profiling of fatty acids. METHODS Fatty acids were derivatized with unlabeled (D0) or deuterated (D3) methanol, followed by GC-MS analysis. The comparative fatty acid analysis method was validated using a series of samples with different ratios of D0/D3-labeled fatty acid standards and with mouse liver extracts. RESULTS Using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse model, we found that the fatty acid profiles after LPS treatment were similar between the conventional single-sample analysis approach and the proposed comparative approach, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of approximately 0.96. We applied the comparative method to investigate voriconazole-induced hepatotoxicity and revealed the toxicity mechanism as well as the potential of using fatty acids as toxicity markers. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the comparative fatty acid profiling technique was determined to be fast and accurate and allowed the discovery of potential fatty acid biomarkers in a more economical and efficient manner.
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Moreel X, Allaire J, Léger C, Caron A, Labonté MÈ, Lamarche B, Julien P, Desmeules P, Têtu B, Fradet V. Prostatic and dietary omega-3 fatty acids and prostate cancer progression during active surveillance. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:766-76. [PMID: 24824038 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The association between omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids and prostate cancer has been widely studied. However, little is known about the impact of prostate tissue fatty acid content on prostate cancer progression. We hypothesized that compared with the estimated dietary ω-3 fatty acids intake and the ω-3 fatty acids levels measured in red blood cells (RBC), the prostate tissue ω-3 fatty acid content is more strongly related to prostate cancer progression. We present the initial observations from baseline data of a phase II clinical trial conducted in a cohort of 48 untreated men affected with low-risk prostate cancer, managed under active surveillance. These men underwent a first repeat biopsy session within 6 months after the initial diagnosis of low-risk prostate cancer, at which time 29% of the men had progressed from a Gleason score of 6 to a Gleason score of 7. At the first repeat biopsy session, fatty acid levels were assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, and determined in the RBC and in the prostate tissue biopsy. We found that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer progression when measured directly in the prostate tissue. Thus, this initial interim study analysis suggests that prostate tissue ω-3 fatty acids, especially EPA, may be protective against prostate cancer progression in men with low-risk prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Moreel
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janie Allaire
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Léger
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Caron
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Labonté
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Patrice Desmeules
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Quebec-Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Quebec-Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada;
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Wise LA, Radin RG, Kumanyika SK, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Prospective study of dietary fat and risk of uterine leiomyomata. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:1105-16. [PMID: 24598152 PMCID: PMC3985214 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyomata (UL) are the primary indication for hysterectomy and are 2-3 times more common in black than white women. High dietary fat intake has been associated with increased endogenous concentrations of estradiol, a sex steroid hormone that is known to influence UL risk. OBJECTIVE We assessed the relation of dietary fat intake (total, subtypes, and selected food sources) with UL incidence. DESIGN Data were from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study. Over an 8-y period (2001-2009), 12,044 premenopausal women were followed for a first diagnosis of UL. Diet was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire in 2001. Cox regression models were used to compute incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS During 75,687 person-years of follow-up, there were 2695 incident UL cases diagnosed by ultrasound (n = 2191) or surgery (n = 504). Intakes of total fat and fat subtypes were not appreciably associated with UL risk overall, although statistically significant associations were observed for specific saturated (inverse) and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (positive) fatty acids. With respect to polyunsaturated fats, the IRR for the highest compared with lowest quintiles of marine fatty acid intake [the sum of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid] was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.34; P-trend = 0.005). The IRR for the highest compared with lowest categories of dark-meat fish consumption was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.28). CONCLUSIONS In US black women, the most consistent associations of fat intake with UL were small increases in risk associated with intakes of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate which components of fatty foods, if any, are related to UL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Wise
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (LAW, RGR, EAR-N, JRP, and LR), and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (SKK)
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31
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Calder PC, Deckelbaum RJ. Dietary fatty acids in health and disease: greater controversy, greater interest. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:111-5. [PMID: 24448268 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- aHuman Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton bNIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK cDepartment of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
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Li J, Li C, Han J, Zhang C, Shang D, Yao Q, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Liu W, Zhou M, Yang H, Su F, Li X. The detection of risk pathways, regulated by miRNAs, via the integration of sample-matched miRNA-mRNA profiles and pathway structure. J Biomed Inform 2014; 49:187-97. [PMID: 24561483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of genome-wide, sample-matched miRNA (miRNAs)-mRNA expression data provides a powerful tool for the investigation of miRNAs and genes involved in diseases. The identification of miRNA-regulated pathways has been crucial for analysis of the role of miRNAs. However, the classical identification method fails to consider the structural information of pathways and the regulation of miRNAs simultaneously. We proposed a method that simultaneously integrated the change in gene expression and structural information in order to identify pathways. Our method used fold changes in miRNAs and gene products, along with the quantification of the regulatory effect on target genes, to measure the change in gene expression. Topological characteristics were investigated to measure the influence of gene products on entire pathways. Through the analysis of multiple myeloma and prostate cancer expression data, our method was proven to be effective and reliable in identifying disease risk pathways that are regulated by miRNAs. Further analysis showed that the structure of a pathway plays a crucial role in the recognition of the pathway as a factor in disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Chunquan Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Junwei Han
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Desi Shang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Qianlan Yao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Meng Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Haixiu Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Fei Su
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China.
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Baena Ruiz R, Salinas Hernández P. Diet and cancer: risk factors and epidemiological evidence. Maturitas 2013; 77:202-8. [PMID: 24374225 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet represents 30-35% of risk factors that contribute to the onset of cancer. Some foods and dietary patterns have been linked to the risk of various cancers. However epidemiological available data are not consistent for many foods and the associations with cancer risk remain unclear. The concerns about this issue are considered like a "Hot topic" for oncologists and general population. OBJECTIVE The aim of this report is to present a review of the published epidemiologic research to date reflecting the most current scientific evidence related to diet and cancer risk. DESIGN EMBASE and PubMed-NCBI were searched for relevant articles up to October 2013 that identified potentials interactions between foods or dietary patterns with cancer risk. RESULTS There is no conclusive evidence as an independent risk factor for isolated nutrients versus adoption of dietary patterns for cancer risk. Moderate physical activity after breast cancer diagnosis contributes to 40% reduction of recurrence/disease-specific mortality. Cancer colon risk derived from meat intake is influenced by both total intake and its frequency. The interaction of phenolic compounds on metabolic and signaling pathways like P450, MAP kinase, PI3 kinase, IGF-1, NF-kB and ROS seems to exert an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and tumor metastasis and induces apoptosis in various types of cancer cells, including colon, lung, prostate, hepatocellular or breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS There is a direct relationship between unhealthy diet and lifestyle with the increase of tumor development and cancer risk. For this reason, a good nutritional status based on a balanced diet constitutes one of the main preventive factors from tumors. However the mixed results from epidemiologic studies hinder to get unequivocal and consistent evidence about the interaction between diet and cancer risk. More epidemiological studies will be needed in the future to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Baena Ruiz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital La Zarzuela, Madrid, Spain.
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Wang Z, Fan J, Liu M, Yeung S, Chang A, Chow MSS, Pon D, Huang Y. Nutraceuticals for prostate cancer chemoprevention: from molecular mechanisms to clinical application. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1613-26. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.833183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hoang JJ, Baron S, Volle DH, Lobaccaro JMA, Trousson A. Lipids, LXRs and prostate cancer: Are HDACs a new link? Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chua ME, Sio MCD, Sorongon MC, Morales ML. The relevance of serum levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E333-43. [PMID: 23766835 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically analyze the evidence for an association between serum level long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) and prostate cancer risk from human epidemiological studies. STUDY PROCEDURES: We searched biomedical literature databases up to November 2011 and included epidemiological studies with description of long chain n-3 PUFA and incidence of prostate cancer in humans. Critical appraisal was done by two independent reviewers. Data were pooled using the general variance-based method with random-effects model; effect estimates were expressed as risk ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi(2) and quantified by I(2), publication bias was also determined. RESULTS In total, 12 studies were included. Significant negative association was noted between high serum level of n-3 PUFA doc-osapentaenoic acid (DPA) and total prostate cancer risk (RR:0.756; 95% CI 0.599, 0.955; p = 0.019). Likewise, a positive association between high blood level of fish oil contents, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and high-grade prostate tumour incidence (RR:1.381; 95% CI 1.050, 1.817; p = 0.021) was noted; however, this finding was evident only after adjustment was done on interstudy variability through the removal of a lower quality study from the pool. CONCLUSIONS High serum levels of long chain n-3 PUFA DPA is associated with reduced total prostate cancer risk. While high blood level of EPA and DHA is possibly associated with increased high-grade prostate tumour risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Chua
- Institute of Urology and Research and Biotechnology Division, St. Luke's Medical Center, Philippines
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Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AM, MacInnis RJ, Gibson RA, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids, dietary fatty acids and prostate cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1882-91. [PMID: 23575905 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Animal and experimental studies have demonstrated that long-chain n-3 fatty acids inhibit the development of prostate cancer, whereas n-6 fatty acids might promote it. We performed a case-cohort analysis within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study using a random sample of 1,717 men and 464 prostate cancer cases to investigate associations between fatty acids assessed in plasma phospholipids (PPLs) or diet (estimated using a 121-item food frequency questionnaire) and prostate cancer risk. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression. Prostate cancer risk was positively associated with %PPL saturated fatty acids (SFAs); HR [95% CI] = 1.51 [1.06, 2.16] (Q5 vs. Q1, fifth vs. first quintile); p-trend = 0.003. HRs (Q5 to Q2 vs. Q1) were significantly elevated for %PPL palmitic acid. %PPL oleic acid was inversely associated with risk, HR = 0.62 [0.43, 0.91] (Q5 vs. Q1); p-trend = 0.04. No statistically significant linear trends were observed for dietary intakes. The HRs were elevated for moderate intakes of linoleic acid (Q2 and Q3 vs. Q1, 1.58 [1.10, 2.28] and 1.70 [1.18, 2.46], respectively), but the increase was not significant for higher intakes (Q4 and Q5). No association varied significantly by tumour aggressiveness (all p-homogeneity > 0.1). Prostate cancer risk was positively associated with %PPL SFA, largely attributable to palmitic acid and inversely associated with %PPL monounsaturated fatty acids, largely attributable to oleic acid. Higher risks were also observed for dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fats, primarily linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Bassett
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia.
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38
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Lenihan-Geels G, Bishop KS, Ferguson LR. Alternative sources of omega-3 fats: can we find a sustainable substitute for fish? Nutrients 2013; 5:1301-15. [PMID: 23598439 PMCID: PMC3705349 DOI: 10.3390/nu5041301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) containing fish oils is putting pressure on fish species and numbers. Fisheries provide fish for human consumption, supplement production and fish feeds and are currently supplying fish at a maximum historical rate, suggesting mass-scale fishing is no longer sustainable. However, the health properties of EPA and DHA long-chain (LC) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) demonstrate the necessity for these oils in our diets. EPA and DHA from fish oils show favourable effects in inflammatory bowel disease, some cancers and cardiovascular complications. The high prevalence of these diseases worldwide indicates the requirement for alternative sources of LC-PUFA. Strategies have included plant-based fish diets, although this may compromise the health benefits associated with fish oils. Alternatively, stearidonic acid, the product of α-linolenic acid desaturation, may act as an EPA-enhancing fatty acid. Additionally, algae oils may be a promising omega-3 PUFA source for the future. Algae are beneficial for multiple industries, offering a source of biodiesel and livestock feeds. However, further research is required to develop efficient and sustainable LC-PUFA production from algae. This paper summarises the recent research for developing prospective substitutes for omega-3 PUFA and the current limitations that are faced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Lenihan-Geels
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +64-9-9234471; Fax: +64-9-3035962
| | - Karen S. Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
| | - Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Blood level omega-3 Fatty acids as risk determinant molecular biomarker for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013:875615. [PMID: 23589776 PMCID: PMC3621295 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous researches involving dietary methods have shown
conflicting findings. Authors sought to assess the association of
prostate cancer risk with blood levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) through a meta-analysis of human
epidemiological studies in available online databases (July,
2012). After critical appraisal by two independent reviewers,
Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOQAS) was used to
grade the studies. Six case control and six nested case control
studies were included. Results showed nonsignificant association
of overall effect estimates with total or advanced prostate cancer
or high-grade tumor. High blood level of alpha-linolenic acid
(ALA) had nonsignificant positive association with total prostate
cancer risk. High blood level of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) had
significant negative association with total prostate cancer risk.
Specific n-3 PUFA in fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had positive association with
high-grade prostate tumor risk only after adjustment of interstudy
variability. There is evidence that high blood level of DPA that
is linked with reduced total prostate cancer risk and elevated
blood levels of fish oils, EPA, and DHA is associated with
high-grade prostate tumor, but careful interpretation is needed
due to intricate details involved in prostate carcinogenesis and
N-3 PUFA metabolism.
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