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Batista F, Moreira RS, Filho VB, Moura H, Wagner G, Miletti LC. Shotgun proteomics of detergent-solubilized proteins from Trypanosoma evansi. J Proteomics 2024; 304:105231. [PMID: 38906247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra, is the most prevalent pathogenic salivarian trypanosome and affects the majority of domesticated and wild animals in endemic regions. This work aimed to analyze detergent-solubilized T. evansi proteins and identify potential diagnostic biomarkers for surra. Triton X-114-extracted membrane-enriched proteins (MEP) of T. evansi bloodstream forms were analyzed using a gel-free technique (LC-ESI-MS/MS). 247 proteins were identified following the MS analysis of three biological and technical replicates. Two of these proteins were predicted to have a GPI-anchor, 100 (40%) were predicted to have transmembrane domains, and 166 (67%) were predicted to be membrane-bound based on at least one of six features: location (WolfPSORT, DeepLoc-2.0, Protcomp-9.0), transmembrane, GPI, and gene ontology. It was predicted that 76 (30%) of proteins had membrane evidence. Typical membrane proteins for each organelle were identified, among them ISG families (64, 65, and 75 kDa), flagellar calcium-binding protein, 24 kDa calflagin, syntaxins and oligosaccharyltransferase some of which had previously been studied in other trypanosomatids. T. evansi lacks singletons and exclusive orthologous groups, whereas three distinct epitopes have been identified. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD040594. SIGNIFICANCE: Trypanosoma evansi is a highly prevalent parasite that induces a pathological condition known as "surra" in various species of ungulates across five continents. The infection gives rise to symptoms that are not pathognomonic, thereby posing challenges in its diagnosis and leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. A significant challenge arises from the absence of a diagnostic test capable of distinguishing between Trypanosoma equiperdum and T. evansi, both of which are implicated in equine diseases. Therefore, there is a pressing need to conduct research on the biochemistry of the parasite in order to identify proteins that could potentially serve as targets for differential diagnosis or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Batista
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Renato Simões Moreira
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Gaspar, R. Adriano Kormann, 510 - Bela Vista, Gaspar, SC 89111-009, Brazil
| | - Vilmar Benetti Filho
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima. Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318. Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Hércules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Glauber Wagner
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima. Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318. Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil.
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Odongo S, Jin BK, Nguyen HTT, Radwanska M, Magez S. A Nanobody/Monoclonal Antibody "hybrid" sandwich technology offers an improved immunoassay strategy for detection of African trypanosome infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012294. [PMID: 38950072 PMCID: PMC11244815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of reliable devices for diagnosis of Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) presents a limitation to control of the disease. Existing high-sensitivity technologies such as PCR are costly, laborious, time-consuming, complex, and require skilled personnel. Hence, utilisation of most diagnostics for AAT is impracticable in rural areas, where the disease occurs. A more accessible point-of-care test (POCT) capable of detecting cryptic active infection, without relying on expensive equipment, would facilitate AAT detection. In turn, early management, would reduce disease incidence and severity. Today, several ongoing research projects aim at modifying complex immunoassays into POCTs. In this context, we report the development of an antigen (Ag) detection sandwich ELISA prototype for diagnosis of T. congolense infections, which is comprised of nanobody (Nb) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) reagents. The Nb474H used here, originated from a past study. Briefly, the Nb was engineered starting from mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes of an alpaca immunized with soluble lysate of Trypanosoma congolense (TC13). T. congolense glycosomal fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (TcoALD) was discovered as the cognate Ag of Nb474H. In this study, splenocytes were harvested from a mouse immunized with recombinant TcoALD and fused with NS01 cells to generate a hybridoma library. Random screening of the library on TcoALD retrieved a lone binder, designated IgM8A2. Using Nb474H as Ag-capture reagent in combination with the IgM8A2 monoclonal antibody Ag-detection reagent resulted in a tool that effectively detects native TcoALD released during infection by T. congolense parasites. Hitherto, development of POCT for detection of active trypanosome infection is elusive. The Nanobody/Monoclonal Antibody (Nb/mAb) "hybrid" sandwich technology offers prospects for exploration, using the unique specificity of Nb as a key determinant in Ag capturing, while using the versatility of monoclonal Ab to adapt to various detection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Odongo
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Jin
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, WE14, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, WE10, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Cruz-Saavedra L, Ospina C, Patiño LH, Villar JC, Sáenz Pérez LD, Cantillo-Barraza O, Jaimes-Dueñez J, Ballesteros N, Cáceres T, Vallejo G, Ramírez JD. Enhancing Trypanosomatid Identification and Genotyping with Oxford Nanopore Sequencing: Development and Validation of an 18S rRNA Amplicon-Based Method. J Mol Diagn 2024; 26:323-336. [PMID: 38360211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids, including Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, present significant medical and veterinary challenges, causing substantial economic losses, health complications, and even fatalities. Diagnosing and genotyping these species and their genotypes is often complex, involving multiple steps. This study aimed to develop an amplicon-based sequencing (ABS) method using Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing to enhance Trypanosomatid detection and genotyping. The 18S rDNA gene was targeted for its inter-species conservation. The Trypanosomatid-ABS method effectively distinguished between 11 Trypanosoma species (including Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma vivax, and Trypanosoma rangeli) and 6 Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (TcI to TcVI and TcBat), showing strong concordance with conventional methods (κ index of 0.729, P < 0.001). It detected co-infections between Trypanosomatid genera and T. cruzi, with a limit of detection of one parasite per mL. The method was successfully applied to human, animal, and triatomine samples. Notably, TcI predominated in chronic Chagas samples, whereas TcII and TcIV were found in the acute stage. Triatomine vectors exhibited diverse Trypanosomatid infections, with Triatoma dimidiata mainly infected with TcI and occasional TcBat co-infections, and Rhodnius prolixus showing TcI and TcII infections, along with T. rangeli co-infections and mixed TcII infections. Animals were infected with T. vivax, T. theileri, and T. evansi. The ABS method's high resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy make it a valuable tool for understanding Trypanosomatid dynamics, enhancing disease control strategies, and enabling targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Ospina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz H Patiño
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan C Villar
- Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez
- Research Group in Animal Sciences-GRICA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia (UCC), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Nathalia Ballesteros
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Cáceres
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Vallejo
- Tropical Parasitology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Juan D Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Swetha K, Reddy BS, Shobhamani B, Sivajothi S. Clinico-haematobiochemical and cardiac alterations in Trypanosoma evansi infected buffaloes of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10381-5. [PMID: 38652411 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The present research aimed to document the incidence, clinical signs, haematological, and serum biochemical alterations, as well as electrocardiography and echocardiography findings in 62 buffaloes (selected from a total of 240) infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The study spanned one year, from January 2022 to December 2022. Morphological identification of Trypanosoma evansi was done by the presence of a centrally positioned nucleus with a small sub-terminal kinetoplast at the posterior position through microscopic examination of Giemsa stained peripheral blood smears. The incidence of trypanosomosis were determined to be 26% (62/240) using stained blood smear examination and 41% (98/240) through polymerase chain reaction assay. Clinical signs exhibited by buffaloes with trypanosomosis included the lack of rumination (94%; 58/62), anorexia (90%; 56/62), emaciation (87%; 54/62), loss of milk yield (84%; 52/62), ocular discharges (82%; 51/62), depressed demeanour (81%; 50/62), sunken eye balls (61%; 38/62), fever (60%; 37/62), scleral congestion (56%; 35/62) and intermittent fever (42%; 26/62). Cardiovascular clinical findings in affected buffaloes included tachycardia (44%; 27/62), cardiac arrhythmia (24%; 15/62), cardiac murmurs (19%; 12/62) and muffled heart sounds (18%; 11/62). In the present study, buffaloes with trypanosomosis exhibited significant reduction in haemoglobin (p = 0.008), packed cell volume (p = 0.004), total erythrocyte count (p = 0.003), mean corpuscular volume (p = 0.042), total leucocyte count (p = 0.048) and absolute neutrophil count (p = 0.012); a significant increase in absolute eosinophil count (p = 0.011) and absolute monocyte count (p = 0.008) compared to the apparently healthy buffaloes. Additionally significant decrease in albumin (p = 0.001), A/G ratio (p = 0.007), calcium (p = 0.008), glucose (p = 0.007), phosphorous (p = 0.048), sodium (p = 0.008), potassium (p = 0.041) and chloride (p = 0.046) were observed in buffaloes with trypanosomosis compared to healthy ones. Buffaloes with trypanosomosis also showed significant increase in globulin (p = 0.004), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.008), bilirubin (p = 0.034), blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.071), creatinine (p = 0.029), cholesterol (p = 0.046), lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.009), gamma-glutamyl transferase (p = 0.004) and creatine kinase-myoglobin binding levels (p = 0.005). Electrocardiography explorations in buffaloes with trypanosomosis revealed sinus tachycardia, low voltage QRS complex, ST segment elevation, wide QRS complex, sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, wandering pace maker, first degree atrio ventricular block, biphasic T wave and tall T wave. Echocardiography examination unveiled cardiac chamber dilatation, ventricular wall thickening and indications of pericarditis/cardiac tamponade. Necropsy was carried on the dead buffaloes during the study period disclosed severely congested blood vessels on epicardial surface, endocardial haemorrhages, and presence of pericardial fluid. Histopathological examination of the heart revealed hyaline degeneration, haemorrhages in the cardiac muscles and varying degrees of degenerative changes. Additionally, the pericardium displayed increased thickness due to presence of more elastic fibres, fibroblast cells in the myocardium, discontinuity of muscle layers, vascular congestion, perivascular mono nuclear cell infiltration and augmented thickness of the endocardium with fibroblast cell proliferation. The study's conclusion highlights cardiac alterations as secondary complications in buffaloes infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Further investigations are recommended to elucidate therapeutic modifications and refine the treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambala Swetha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, 516360, India
| | - Bhavanam Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, 516360, India.
| | - Bollam Shobhamani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, 516360, India
| | - Sirigireddy Sivajothi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Rojas A, Germitsch N, Oren S, Sazmand A, Deak G. Wildlife parasitology: sample collection and processing, diagnostic constraints, and methodological challenges in terrestrial carnivores. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:127. [PMID: 38481271 PMCID: PMC10938792 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Wild terrestrial carnivores play a crucial role as reservoir, maintenance, and spillover hosts for a wide parasite variety. They may harbor, shed, and transmit zoonotic parasites and parasites of veterinary importance for domestic hosts. Although wild carnivores are globally distributed and comprise many different species, some living in close proximity to human settlements, only a few studies have investigated parasites of wild terrestrial carnivores using non-specific techniques. Access to samples of wild carnivores may be challenging as some species are protected, and others are secretive, possibly explaining the data paucity. Considering the importance of wild carnivores' health and ecological role, combined with the lack of specific diagnostic methodologies, this review aims to offer an overview of the diagnostic methods for parasite investigation in wild terrestrial carnivores, providing the precise techniques for collection and analysis of fecal, blood, and tissue samples, the environmental impact on said samples, and the limitations researchers currently face in analyzing samples of wild terrestrial carnivores. In addition, this paper offers some crucial information on how different environmental factors affect parasite detection postmortem and how insects can be used to estimate the time of death with a specific highlight on insect larvae. The paper contains a literature review of available procedures and emphasizes the need for diagnostic method standardization in wild terrestrial carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Nina Germitsch
- Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Oren
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Abdel-Rady A, Alhassan A, Mostafa W, Elhaig MM. Parasitological, Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi among Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedaries) with Evaluation of Antitrypanosomal Drugs. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:465-470. [PMID: 38190015 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in naturally diseased Dromedary camels in Dammam, Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The detection of Trypanosoma evansi was performed using the parasitological, serological, and molecular diagnosis and a comparison between such methods were analyzed. In addition, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of selected antitrypanosomal drugs, cymelarsan and quinapyrmine (aquin-1.5), was trialed for treatment of diagnosed infected cases. METHODS A total 350 randomly selected camels were evaluated using thin blood smear (TBS), RoTat1.2 PCR and CATT/T. evansi techniques. RESULTS The total prevalence was 6.9%, 7.7%, and 32.8% by TBS, RoTat1.2 PCR and CATT/T. evansi techniques, respectively. Although PCR detect T. evansi in more samples than TBS, the agreement was good (K = 0.9). Among the CATT/T. evansi results, PCR detect T. evansi in 12 and 15 CATT positive and negative camels, respectively, with low agreement (Kappa = 0.1). The use of cymelarsan and quinapyramine sulfate in the treatment of naturally infected cases demonstrated a very efficient therapeutic response. CONCLUSION It was found that 1. Comparing the CATT/T. evansi and PCR results, the positivity of CATT was higher than PCR detection, while the agreement was poor (K = 0.1). 2. Cymelarsan and aquin-1.5 proved to be effective in the treatment of naturally infected camels, but cymelarsan presented with higher effectiveness (100%) than aquin-treated camels (83.3%). a 3. The use of cymelarsan and CATT is recommended for disease treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdel-Rady
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, PO Box 71526, Assiut, Egypt.
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah Alhassan
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa Mostafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Henríquez AM, Tejedor-Junco MT, González-Martín M, Morales Doreste M, Martín Martel S, Paone M, Cecchi G, Corbera JA. An Atlas of Surra in Spain: A Tool to Support Epidemiological Investigations and Disease Control. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:243. [PMID: 38254411 PMCID: PMC10812746 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a global animal issue, causing significant economic losses, particularly in Africa. In Spain, only one pathogenic species, Trypanosoma evansi, has been identified so far. It was first detected in a dromedary camel in the Canary Islands in 1997. Since then, numerous cases of the disease, known as Surra, have been diagnosed, prompting various studies and efforts in control and surveillance. Given the lack of a comprehensive database that consolidates the most relevant data in this area, the development of a national atlas, with a focus on the Canary Islands, to incorporate all available information on T. evansi in Spain became a necessity. For the development of the atlas, a repository was constructed, encompassing a range of datasets and documents spanning from 1997 to 2022. Information from each source, and in particular georeferenced locations and results of blood tests on animals, were extracted and integrated into a comprehensive database. A total of 31 sources were analysed, providing a total of 99 georeferenced locations and 12,433 animal samples. Out of these samples, 601 (mostly from dromedaries) were found to be positive for T. evansi. The Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi), a serological test, was the most commonly used diagnostic method, and it showed a higher prevalence for all tested animal species. Positive cases were mainly concentrated in the Canary Islands, specifically in the eastern islands, with isolated cases found in the province of Alicante (Iberian Peninsula). This atlas provides an overview of the history and occurrence of Surra in Spain, and it represents a valuable tool for future control initiatives and for research. Still, the need for more studies remains, especially for further testing of potential hosts other than camelids and for the examination of their potential transmission vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Melián Henríquez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
- Departmento de Ciencias Clínicas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe “Físico”, 17, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Margarita González-Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
- Departmento de Ciencias Clínicas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe “Físico”, 17, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales Doreste
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario-Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (HCV-ULPGC), Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Sergio Martín Martel
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario-Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (HCV-ULPGC), Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Massimo Paone
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario-Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (HCV-ULPGC), Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain
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da Silveira JAG, Moreira SM, do Nascimento AF, de Oliveira MM, dos Santos HA, Estevam LGTDM, Pereira CR, Oliveira AGG, D’Elia ML, Araujo ADC, Silva JMM. Preparing Collared Peccary ( Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) for Reintroduction into the Wild: A Screening for Parasites and Hemopathogens of a Captive Population. Pathogens 2024; 13:47. [PMID: 38251354 PMCID: PMC10819336 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The reintroduction of captive animals to the wild helps restore endangered species, but it risks pathogen transmission, harming wild populations. Such transmission can impact the genetic diversity and long-term viability of these populations. This study assessed parasite diversity and load in captive Pecari tajacu, a species native to the Americas and culturally significant to Brazilian indigenous culture, prior to reintroduction. Samples from 24 peccaries were analyzed for ectoparasites, hemopathogens, and stool parasites with direct and molecular analysis. Findings showed that various parasites were present. Two peccaries (8.3%) were infested by the adult tick Amblyomma sculptum. Six (25.0%) tested positive for Trypanosoma evansi, four (16.7%) for hemobacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, twelve (50.0%) for hemotropic Mycoplasma, and seven (29.2%) for Leishmania braziliensis. Stool samples indicated multiple parasites, with sixteen (66.7%) peccaries infected by Strongylida order parasites, Spiruridae in three (12.5%), and Ascaris suum in one (4.2%) animal. Cysts of Balantidium sp. were found in twenty (83.3%), Entamoeba polecki in five (20.8%), and Iodamoeba bütschlii in two (8.3%) peccaries. To our current knowledge, this is the first global report of Leishmania braziliensis, Iodamoeba bütschlii, and Entamoeba polecki in P. tajacu, irrespective of the environment, including both captivity and wild conditions. Some of these parasites are common in domestic animals, and others are zoonotic, indicating potential interspecies pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Magela Moreira
- Department of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Minas Gerais-Campus Bambuí, Bambuí 38900-000, MG, Brazil; (S.M.M.); (A.F.d.N.)
| | - Ariane Flávia do Nascimento
- Department of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Minas Gerais-Campus Bambuí, Bambuí 38900-000, MG, Brazil; (S.M.M.); (A.F.d.N.)
| | - Marco Miguel de Oliveira
- Biological Science, State University of Minas Gerais-Unit Ituiutaba, Ituiutaba 38302-192, MG, Brazil;
| | - Hudson Andrade dos Santos
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (H.A.d.S.); (A.d.C.A.)
| | | | | | - Anna Gabriela Guimarães Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Andreina de Carvalho Araujo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (H.A.d.S.); (A.d.C.A.)
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9
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Kim J, Álvarez-Rodríguez A, Li Z, Radwanska M, Magez S. Recent Progress in the Detection of Surra, a Neglected Disease Caused by Trypanosoma evansi with a One Health Impact in Large Parts of the Tropic and Sub-Tropic World. Microorganisms 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 38257871 PMCID: PMC10819111 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Surra is a wasting disease triggered by infection with Trypanosoma evansi, a protozoan blood parasite that causes mortality and morbidity in a broad spectrum of wild and domestic animals and occasionally humans. Trypanosoma evansi has the widest geographical spread among all pathogenic trypanosomes, inflicting significant worldwide economic problems due to its adverse effects on meat and milk production. For diagnosis, most endemic countries continue to rely on traditional parasitological and serological techniques, such as the analysis of blood smears by microscopy and the Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi). Although these techniques suffer from a limited positive predictive value (PPV), resource constraints in endemic countries often hinder the adoption of more advanced diagnostic tools such as PCR. This paper addresses diverse diagnostic approaches for identifying T. evansi and assesses their viability in field settings. Moreover, it underscores the urgency of transitioning towards molecular diagnostic techniques such as Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) for dependable high-PPV point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Finally, this review delves into strategies to enhance and refine next-generation diagnostics for Surra as part of a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Kim
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrés Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zeng Li
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology WE14, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Hussen J, AL-Jabr OA, Alkuwayti MA, Alrabiah NA, Falemban B, Alouffi A, Al Salim WS, Kamyingkird K, Desquesnes M. A Flow Cytometry Study of the Binding and Stimulation Potential of Inactivated Trypanosoma evansi toward Dromedary Camel Leukocytes. Pathogens 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 38251329 PMCID: PMC10820945 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surra, a wasting disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is one of the major animal health burdens in camel-rearing countries, imposing significant economic losses due to reduced fertility and high mortality rates. The present study used inactivated T. evansi (from the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomes/Trypanosoma evansi; CATT/T. evansi) and flow cytometry to investigate their binding and activation potential toward camel leukocyte subsets. Labeling T. evansi with propidium iodide (PI) enabled their flow cytometric enumeration and identification with forward scatter (FSC; indicative for cell size) and side scatter (SSC; indicative for cell internal complexity) characteristics that are comparable with values reported for Trypanosoma cruzi. The incubation of PI-labeled non-opsonized T. evansi with camel leukocyte populations revealed that camel monocytes have the highest potential to bind T. evansi, followed by granulocytes and lymphocytes. The identification of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on camel immune cells and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in T. evansi that are responsible for this different binding capacity requires further studies. Stimulation of camel neutrophils with Trypanosoma evansi induced shape change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-formation. To ensure that T. evansi, in the parasite concentration used in this study, is not apoptotic or necrotic to camel leukocytes, we evaluated cell apoptosis and necrosis after stimulation with T. evansi. The results revealed no impact of T. evansi stimulation for 2 h on the cell viability of camel leukocytes. Subsequent work may focus on the diagnostic employment of labeled T. evansi and flow cytometry for the detection of anti-Trypanosoma antibodies in camel serum. In addition, more efforts should be deployed to investigate the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms and the escape mechanisms of T. evansi in camels. To complete these data, further studies using the living or freshly killed parasites could also be implemented in camels and/or horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
| | - Omar A. AL-Jabr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
| | - Mayyadah Abdullah Alkuwayti
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Noof Abdulrahman Alrabiah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Baraa Falemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S. Al Salim
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 31300 Toulouse, France;
- Interactions Hosts-Vectors-Parasites-Environment in the Tropical Neglected Disease due to Trypanosoma-Tids (INTERTRYP), University Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
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11
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Zhyldyz A, Aitakin K, Atabek B, Elmurat J, Rysbek N, Jailobek O, Ahedor B, Otgonsuren D, Mumbi NNM, Guswanto A, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. An epidemiological survey of vector-borne pathogens infecting cattle in Kyrgyzstan. Parasitol Int 2023; 97:102791. [PMID: 37544641 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cattle production is a major contributor to the national economy of Kyrgyzstan. Most cattle in Kyrgyzstan are managed via extensive systems and graze in communal pastures. As a result, infestations with ectoparasites are widespread, implying that various vector-borne diseases might be common in cattle. However, methods to control such infectious diseases are not available in Kyrgyzstan because the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) infecting cattle remains unclear. The present study was therefore designed to survey Kyrgyz cattle for VBPs. We prepared blood DNA samples from 319 cattle in Kyrgyzstan and screened them with specific PCR assays for detecting Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia naoakii, Theileria annulata, Theileria orientalis, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma theileri, and Anaplasma marginale infections. Our findings indicated that the surveyed cattle were infected with six of the eight pathogens targeted, with the exceptions being B. naoakii and Try. evansi. The most common pathogen was T. orientalis (84.3%), followed by B. bigemina (47.6%), T. annulata (16.6%), A. marginale (11.6%), Try. theileri (7.2%), and B. bovis (2.5%). Additional screening of the B. bovis- and B. bigemina-negative samples with a Babesia genus-specific 18S rRNA PCR identified two positive samples, and sequencing analysis confirmed that each of them was infected with either Babesia major or Babesia occultans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. occultans, Try. theileri, and A. marginale infections in cattle in Kyrgyzstan. Our findings suggest that cattle in Kyrgyzstan are at high risk of infectious diseases caused by VBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atambekova Zhyldyz
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Kamarli Aitakin
- Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Berdikulov Atabek
- Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Jetigenov Elmurat
- Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named After. K.I. Scryabin, Mederova Str. 68, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Nurgaziev Rysbek
- Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named After. K.I. Scryabin, Mederova Str. 68, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Orozov Jailobek
- Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Believe Ahedor
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ngigi Noel Muthoni Mumbi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Azirwan Guswanto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; WOAH Reference Laboratories for Bovine Babesiosis and Equine Piroplasmosis, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Jaimes-Dueñez J, Jiménez-Leaño Á, Enrique-Niño S, Arias-Landazábal N, Bedoya-Ríos M, Rangel-Pachón D. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of the infection by Babesia, Theileria and Trypanosoma species in horses from northeastern Colombia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102208. [PMID: 37348426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Piroplasmosis and trypanosomiasis are debilitating diseases of great economic impact on the equine industry of Latin America. Considering the lack of studies in the northeastern part of Colombia, this study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical and genetic features associated with infection of the Babesia, Theileria, and Trypanosoma species in horses from this geographical area. Two hundred and eighty horses from the Arauca, Meta, and Santander departments were molecularly analyzed for infection with Babesia caballi, Theileria equi, Trypanosoma evansi, and Trypanosoma vivax. Furthermore, clinical, epidemiological and entomological analyses were performed on the data sets. Molecular analysis showed 25.7% and 3.9% prevalence for T. equi and T. evansi, respectively, without positive animals for B. caballi and T. vivax. There were no differences in the prevalence of T. equi between departments, whereas T. evansi was detected exclusively in Santander. A total of 633 ticks were collected from 72 horses across the three departments, with 84.7% corresponding to Dermacentor nitens, 10.9% to Amblyomma cajennense (sensu lato) (s.l). and 4.4% to Rhipicephalus microplus. For T. equi, genetic analyses showed that Colombian isolates belong to genotype C of species, along with sequences of Brazil and Mexico. Epidemiological analysis revealed a significant association between tick infestation and lack of vector control with molecular infection of T. equi, whereas clinical analysis revealed a significant reduction in packed cell volume, red blood cells, and mean corpuscular volume in positive animals to this pathogen. Furthermore, molecular infection by T. evansi was associated with epidemiological characteristics in the Santander department. In conclusion, our analysis revealed a moderate infection rate by T. equi of genotype C in horses from northeastern Colombia, which affects their clinical conditions. Control of ticks and treatment of symptomatic animals should be considered to reduce the economic impact associated with these infections in the equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Ángela Jiménez-Leaño
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Samuel Enrique-Niño
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Norberto Arias-Landazábal
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Miguel Bedoya-Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - David Rangel-Pachón
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Tejedor-Junco MT, Melián Henríquez A, Peláez Puerto P, Ramos MD, González-Martín M, Morales Doreste M, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Martín Martel S, Corbera JA. Surveillance and control of Trypanosoma evansi in the canary Islands: A descriptive analysis. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106990. [PMID: 37479160 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the occurrence of Surra, a disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, in camels in the Canary Islands. The 1997 detection of T. evansi in camels in the Canary Islands led to the implementation of an initial control program, resulting in a decrease in prevalence. Following an outbreak in 2014, and due to the impossibility of eradicating it using the conventional measures, a lazaret was set up to separate positive and suspicious animals, in addition to the control measures previously implemented. Stomoxys calcitrans was the only vector captured, and no other animals tested were found to be positive for T. evansi. In November 2019, the last camels that tested serologically positive were detected; however, since February 2018, no camels that tested positive for PCR have been found in the farms were the outbreak was detected, suggesting that the sanitary measures implemented are adequate. The duration of the outbreak control and potential eradication for the disease has yet to be established. This study provides evidence to facilitate the control of African Animal Trypanosomosis in endemic areas of the world, which may contribute to revise the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) protocol to implement recommendations of surveillance and control strategies for animal Trypanosomosis in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Adrián Melián Henríquez
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pedro Peláez Puerto
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Canary Islands Government, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ramos
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Canary Islands Government, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales Doreste
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal; Université de Montpellier, Cirad, IRD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- Université de Montpellier, Cirad, IRD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar, Sénégal; CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, 31076 Toulouse, France; National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Sergio Martín Martel
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
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Verma R, Das G, Singh AP, Kumar S, Nath S, Sengupta PP, Sankar M, Tiwari A, Gupta V, Srivastava S. Molecular and genetic diversity in isolates of Trypanosoma evansi from naturally infected horse and dogs by using RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Madhya Pradesh, India. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7347-7356. [PMID: 37439897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite that can infect a wide range of animals and is widespread around the world. In this study, we analyzed four fatal cases of T. evansi infection using clinical, parasitological, and molecular approaches. We also explored the genetic diversity, demographic history, and population-genetic structure of T. evansi using available Rode Trypanozoon antigenic type (RoTat) 1.2 gene sequences. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical findings of infected animals revealed high fever, anemia, weakness, and anorexia. The animals were treated with diminazene aceturate, which was moderately effective, and hematobiochemical parameters showed changes in hemoglobin and glucose levels. The molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi was analyzed using the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed two distinct clusters of T. evansi circulating in India. The genetic diversity indices, neutrality tests, gene flow, and genetic differentiation outcomes confirmed the genetic diversity of the T. evansi population, with a lack of uniformity. The identification of two distinct clusters, exhibiting differential demographic histories and evolutionary forces, implies that the clusters may have undergone independent evolutionary trajectories or experienced different environmental pressures. CONCLUSION The present findings underlined the need of an early and precise diagnosis in order to treat and control T. evansi infections, and the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene is an important genetic marker for understanding the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of T. evansi. This knowledge can be used to create tailored strategies to control and manage the infection in an endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India.
| | - Giridhari Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Ajit Pratap Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Jabalpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Campus, Jabalpur, 482004, (MP), India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Subhradal Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- Parasitology Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore, 560064, KA, India
| | - Muthu Sankar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, (UP), India
| | - Amita Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Shraddha Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
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15
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Rani R, Sethi K, Gupta S, Virmani N, Kumar S, Kumar R. Intracellular ROS production and apoptotic effect of quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids on the growth of Trypanosoma evansi. Acta Trop 2023; 245:106980. [PMID: 37419379 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate poses huge economic threat to the livestock industry of several countries of Asia, Africa, South America and Europe continents of the world. Limited number of available chemical drugs, incidents of growing drug resistance, and related side effects encouraged the use of herbal substitutes. In the present investigation, the impact of six alkaloids of quinoline and isoquinoline group was evaluated on the growth and multiplication of Trypanosoma evansi and their cytotoxic effect was examined on horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an in vitro system. Quinine, quinindine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, berbamine and emetine showed potent trypanocidal activities with IC50/24 h values 6.631 ± 0.244, 8.718 ± 0.081, 16.96 ± 0.816, 33.38 ± 0.653, 2.85 ± 0.065, and 3.12 ± 0.367 µM, respectively, which was comparable to the standard anti-trypanosomal drug, quinapyramine sulfate (20 µM). However, in the cytotoxicity assay, all the drugs showed dose dependent cytotoxic effect and quinine, berbamine and emetine showed selectivity index more than 5, based of ration of CC50 to IC50. Among the selected alkaloids, quinidine, berbamine and emetine exhibited higher apoptotic effects in T. evansi. Likewise, drug treated parasites showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, increased apoptosis in combination with ROS generation could be responsible for the observed trypanocidal effect which could be further evaluated in T. evansi-infected mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Rani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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Janse van Rensburg HD, Suganuma K, N'Da DD. In vitro trypanocidal activities and structure-activity relationships of ciprofloxacin analogs. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10704-9. [PMID: 37481633 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropical diseases, such as African trypanosomiasis, by their nature and prevalence lack the necessary urgency regarding drug development, despite the increasing need for novel, structurally diverse antitrypanosomal drugs, using different mechanisms of action that would improve drug efficacy and safety. Traditionally antibacterial agents, the fluoroquinolones, reportedly possess in vitro trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma brucei organisms. During our research, the fluroquinolone, ciprofloxacin (1), and its analogs (2-24) were tested against bloodstream forms of T. brucei brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, and T. congolense and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (cytotoxicity). Ciprofloxacin [CPX (1)] demonstrated selective trypanocidal activity against T. congolense (IC50 7.79 µM; SI 39.6), whereas the CPX derivatives (2-10) showed weak selective activity (25 < IC50 < 65 µM; 2 < SI < 4). Selectivity and activity of the CPX and 1,2,3-triazole (TZ) hybrids (11-24) were governed by their chemical functionality at C-3 (carboxylic acid, or 4-methylpiperazinyl amide) and their electronic effect (electron-donating or electron-withdrawing para-benzyl substituent), respectively. Trypanocidal hits in the micromolar range were identified against bloodstream forms of T. congolense [CPX (1); CPX amide derivatives 18: IC50 8.95 µM; SI 16.84; 22: IC50 5.42 µM; SI 25.2] and against T. brucei rhodesiense (CPX acid derivative 13: IC50 4.51 µM; SI 10.2), demonstrating more selectivity toward trypanosomes than mammalian cells. Hence, the trypanocidal hit compound 22 may be optimized by retaining the 4-methylpiperazine amide functional group (C-3) and the TZ moiety at position N-15 and introducing other electron-withdrawing ortho-, meta-, and/or para-substituents on the aryl ring in an effort to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and increase the trypanocidal activity. Structure-activity relationships of ciprofloxacin-1,2,3-triazole hybrids were governed by the chemical functionality at C-3 and electronic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Marques J, das Neves GB, Ungri AM, de Souza Franco C, Galdino NADL, Ribeiro BG, Borges GK, Miletti LC. Comparative study of three novel ion exchange resins with DEAE-cellulose for the purification of Trypanosoma evansi. Anal Biochem 2023; 676:115226. [PMID: 37422062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange chromatography is a method that uses the different surface charges of trypanosomes and blood cells to separate them. This makes it possible to use molecular and immunological methods to diagnose or study these protozoans. DEAE-cellulose resin is commonly used to perform this method. The goal of this study was to compare three novel chromatographic resins designated as PURIFICA™ (Y-C2N®, Y-HONOH®, and Y-CNC3®). The resins were evaluated based on their ability to isolate the parasite, purification time, examination of parasite viability and morphology, and trypanosome recovery potential after passing through the columns. In terms of the evaluated parameters, there was no significant difference between DEAE-cellulose and the three tested resins in most experiments. However, PURIFICA™ (Y-C2N®, Y-HONOH®, and Y-CNC3®) resins are less expensive and easier to prepare than DEAE-Cellulose, making them an alternative for the purification of Trypanosoma evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Marques
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriella Bassi das Neves
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Martins Ungri
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia de Souza Franco
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Brenda Guedes Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Kaiser Borges
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, 88520-000, Brazil.
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18
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Villena FE, Puicón VH, López AM, Rivera K, Pannebaker D, Valdivia HO, Arévalo H. Parasitological and molecular detection of Trypanosoma evansi in a dog from Tocache, San Martin, Peru. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 42:100895. [PMID: 37321797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first case report of canine trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in Peru. The case was admitted to a veterinary clinic in the Peruvian Amazon region of San Martin with severe clinical symptomatology which resulted in the dog's death. Microscopy screening showed the presence of trypomastigotes in blood and bone marrow and postmortem histopathology found damage at the cardiac, lung, kidney and spleen levels. Collected specimens were tested by nested-PCR which were positive for Trypanosoma spp., but negative for T. cruzi. High-throughput sequencing determined that the infecting species was closely related to T. equiperdom/evansi and subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the sample was related to T. evansi. The presence of T. evansi in the area highlights the need for increased surveillance to assess the impact of surra in the region and to develop measures to prevent socioeconomic damage resulting from infections in domestic and farm animals as well as prevent zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor H Puicón
- Laboratorio de Histopatología Animal, Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Tarapoto, Peru
| | - Alicia M López
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Tarapoto, Peru
| | | | - Danielle Pannebaker
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru.
| | - Heriberto Arévalo
- Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Tarapoto, Peru; Laboratorio Referencial Regional de Salud Pública San Martin, Tarapoto, Peru
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19
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Khan W, Hafeez MA, Lateef M, Awais M, Wajid A, Shah BA, Ali S, Asif Z, Ahmed M, Kakar N, Nisar Mengal A, Wahab M. Parasitological, molecular, and epidemiological investigation of Trypanosoma evansi infection among dromedary camels in Balochistan province. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07884-6. [PMID: 37278940 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surra is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), which affects a wide variety of animals worldwide. The disease has a severe impact on the productivity, health, and working capacity of camels and causes mortality and extensive economic losses if not diagnosed early. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence of T. evansi infection in dromedaries in Balochistan province. In the present study, 393 blood samples (indigenous, n = 240; imported, n=153) were collected from one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and were tested by molecular methods to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi in three districts (Pishin, Nushki, and Lasbella) of Balochistan province. The overall prevalence of T. evansi among examined camel samples was 28.24% (95% confidence interval (CI): 24.02-32.89%). The risk of T. evansi infection in adult camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odd-ration (OR) = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3357-5.3164%). Moreover, male camels were six times more likely to get an infection than female camels. The detection of T. evansi infection in camels sampled in summer and spring was 3.12- and 5.10-fold higher, respectively, than in camels sampled in winter. In conclusion, our findings showed a high rate of T. evansi infection in camels from the three districts. Our study emphasizes the need for a strict surveillance program and risk assessment studies as prerequisites for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mian Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Lateef
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, FLSI, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan.
| | - Bilal Ahmed Shah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sikandar Ali
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zian Asif
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Ahmed
- Livestock & Dairy Development (L&DD) Department, Balochistan Province, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Kakar
- Livestock & Dairy Development (L&DD) Department, Balochistan Province, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Nisar Mengal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wahab
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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20
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Javanshir A, Tavassoli M, Esmaeilnejad B. Morphological, serological, molecular detection, and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi in horses of different regions in Iran. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07888-2. [PMID: 37272975 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of "surra" is enzootic in Iran. The current study aimed to detect T. evansi in horses from different regions of Iran using morphological, serological, and molecular methods. In 2021, 400 blood samples were collected from horses in eight regions. Eighty horses showed clinical signs such as cachexia (n = 64), fever (n = 36), foot edema (n = 40), and abdominal edema (n = 32), and 320 horses appeared healthy. All samples from the studied regions were evaluated for the presence of trypanosomes using direct analysis of blood smears, mercuric chloride, and PCR-based tests. In total, 12% (95% CI: ± 3.1%), 21% (95% CI: ± 3.9%), and 21% (84) of animals were positive for Trypanosoma in microscopic, serologic, and molecular analyses, respectively. All animals positive for SSU rDNA PCR were from Qom, Semnan, and Golestan regions. Further molecular analyses on 84 PCR-positive horses revealed that 29 horses scored positive in PCR using primers of trypanozoon species and 5 scored positive in PCR using primers of Trypanosoma evansi type A. All samples (n = 5) were from Qom region. The 205-bp fragments of T. evansi RoTat 1.2VSG (accession numbers: ON017789-93) analyzed and compared to other isolates sequence from GenBank BLAST search. It has close similarities with isolates from Pakistan, Egypt, Malaysia, Kenya, and India. Data herein demonstrated that horses from Iran were at high risk of T. evansi infection. Comprehensive control programs, such as those based on the application of repellants and traps, and also, compliance with quarantine standards are recommended for minimizing the risk of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Javanshir
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Bijan Esmaeilnejad
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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21
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Al-Harrasi M, Al-Habsi K, Ali H, Al-Marzooqi W, Al-Kharousi K, Al-Hamrashdi A, El-Tahir HA, Elshafie EI. Circulation of Trypanosoma evansi antibodies and risk variables among dromedary camels in Al Batinah governorates, Sultanate of Oman. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY: REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2023; 40:100863. [PMID: 37068866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a blood protozoan infects camels with Surra disease and causes high economic losses. The current study was focused on estimating the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Surra disease among camels, using 425 blood samples collected from 45 farms in nine Wilayats of Al Batinah governorates in the Sultanate of Oman. Host and environmental risk factors associated with T. evansi seroprevalence were analyzed by questionnaire arranged during sample collection. The overall seroprevalence by the serological CATT/T. evansi was 19.5% (83/425, CI: 16.0-23.6%). The seroconversion rate between the two governorates of north and south Al Batinah was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the highest frequency was in Al Musannah at 41.7% (10/24, CI: 22.1-63.4%), and the lowest was in Al Khaburah at 10.5% (6/57, CI: 4.0-21.5%). Most of the owners in Al Khaburah (82.5%) were aware of T. evansi importance, and therefore they kept camels separate from ruminants. The ticks-free camels, racing camels and camels less than five years old showed higher T. evansi seroprevalence than other camels. The mean total protein was significantly (t = 2.817, p = 0.006) higher in seropositive camels (6.49 ± 0.75) compared to seronegative ones (6.25 ± 0.55), whereas PCV was not statistically different between the positive (28.96 ± 4.33) and negative camels (29.83 ± 3.63). Further studies are highly recommended to determine the prevalence and type of T. evansi in camels and ruminants in different governorates in Oman, especially in the Dhofar region, where the highest camel density is reported in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Al-Harrasi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalid Al-Habsi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Waleed Al-Marzooqi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Kaadhia Al-Kharousi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abeer Al-Hamrashdi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hatim Ali El-Tahir
- Animal Health Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, Muscat, Oman; Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Elshafie I Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Phongphaew W, Wongsali C, Boonyakong T, Samritwatchasai T, Chimnoi W, Kamyingkird K. Histopathology and virulence of an in vitro-adapted Trypanosoma evansi TEDC 953 strain (Thailand isolate) in mice. Vet World 2023; 16:1008-1017. [PMID: 37576763 PMCID: PMC10420718 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1008-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Trypanosoma evansi is a blood and tissue protozoan parasite affecting domestic and wild animals. The T. evansi Thai strain, namely, T. evansi from dairy cattle number 953 (TEDC 953) strain, has been successfully isolated from dairy cattle and cultivated in vitro. The in vitro-cultivated parasite is useful for biological studies, evaluation of novel chemotherapeutic agents, and production of antigens for diagnostic tests. This study aimed to observe the histopathology and virulence of an in vitro-adapted T. evansi TEDC 953 strain in vivo. Materials and Methods The histopathology and virulence of the TEDC 953 strain were clarified in mice. Six mice were infected with 1 × 105 trypomastigotes of TEDC 953 strain intraperitoneally, and four mice were in the negative control. Parasitemia was monitored daily, and the mice were euthanized on 30 days post-infection (DPI). Internal organs were collected for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results Histopathological lesions were found in the liver, lung, heart, kidney, spleen, and brain of the inoculated mice. The main histopathological feature was lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in parenchyma and perivascular areas of multiple organs, and the severity of histopathological changes was related to the presence of trypomastigotes in the regional vessels. Granulomatous inflammation was seen in meninges, pleura, renal capsule, renal pelvis, and spleen of some infected mice. Four mice died at 17, 24, 26, and 27 DPI with an average parasitemia of 4.05 × 1011 trypomastigotes/mL. The average survival time was 23.5 DPI (mice = 4). Conclusion This study confirmed that the TEDC 953 strain is infectious and pathogenic in mice after the continuously cultivated in vitro. To replace the use of experimental animals, the in vitro-cultivated parasite can be used instead in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallaya Phongphaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Charuwan Wongsali
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thanisorn Boonyakong
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Research Support Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Samritwatchasai
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Research Support Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wissanuwat Chimnoi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Priyowidodo D, Sahara A, Prastowo J, Nurcahyo W, Firdausy LW. Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in a naturally infected cat in Indonesia using bioassay and molecular techniques. Vet World 2023; 16:828-833. [PMID: 37235144 PMCID: PMC10206981 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.828-833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The prevalence of surra in domestic cat is seldom and it is caused by Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. However, molecular diagnostic approaches are required owing to similarities in their morphology. In Yogyakarta, a domestic cat was diagnosed with trypanosomiasis; however, the causative species was undetermined. Therefore, we aimed to molecularly and biologically identify the isolate. Materials and Methods Approximately 1 mL of blood from an infected cat was collected into EDTA tube and separated for inoculation into donor mice, blood smear, and DNA isolation. Two donor mice was then used for increasing the number of parasite in order to infect 10 experimental mice. Parasitemia was monitored daily in each experimental mouse by preparing a wet mount and Giemsa-stained thin blood smear. The blood of experimental mice that reached the peak of parasitemia was then collected and used for DNA isolation. Each blood sample, which collected from infected cat and experimental mice, was then isolated and amplified the DNA by polymerase chain reaction using ITS-1. The parasitemia pattern and viability of the animals were observed to determine the biological characteristics of trypanosomatid, while to assess the molecular characteristics, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 amplification was used. Results The prepatent period of this trypanosomatid is between 2 and 4 dpi, whereas the life span of mice is approximately 4-10 dpi. Morphologically, the trypomastigote in the cat blood smear had long slender and intermediate shapes. However, only the long slender form was detected. Among the total of 410 nucleotides (NT) of ITS-1 sequences, 25 NT substitutions differed between the cat and mouse isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both samples had a close genetic relationship with T. evansi. Conclusion Trypanosoma evansi, a highly virulent trypanosomatid, was isolated from a cat in Yogyakarta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Priyowidodo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ana Sahara
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Joko Prastowo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lintang Winantya Firdausy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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24
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Cannabis sativa: A look at protozoa, helminths, insect vectors, and pests. Fitoterapia 2023; 166:105467. [PMID: 36893925 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Active principles extracted from plants, such as essential oils, have been commonly described in the literature as therapeutic targets for numerous pathological conditions. Cannabis sativa, which has an ancient and peculiar history, has been used for various purposes, from recreational to compounds of pharmacotherapeutic and industrial importance, such as pesticides based on this plant. It is a plant that contains approximately 500 described cannabinoid compounds and is the target of in vitro and in vivo studies at different locations. This review clarifies the role of cannabinoid compounds in parasitic infections caused by helminths and protozoa. In addition, this study briefly presented the use of C. sativa constituents in the formulation of pesticides for vector control, as the latter topic is justified by the economic burden faced by several regions where vector-borne diseases are a troubling reality. Studies involving cannabis compounds with pesticidal potential should be encouraged, especially those that evaluate their effectiveness against the different life cycles of insects, seeking to interrupt vector proliferation after egg laying. Actions aimed at the management and cultivation of plant species with ecologically correct pharmacotherapeutic and pesticide potentials are becoming urgent.
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25
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Nguyen HTT, Magez S, Radwanska M. From helping to regulating – A transcriptomic profile of Ifng+ Il10+ Il21+ Cd4+ Th1 cells indicates their role in regulating inflammation during experimental trypanosomosis. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1127022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTrypanosoma evansi parasite infections cause a chronic animal wasting disease called Surra, and cases of atypical Human Trypanosomosis (aHT). In experimental models, T. evansi infections are hallmarked by the early onset of excessive inflammation. Therefore, balancing the production of inflammatory cytokines by anti-inflammatory IL-10 is crucial for prolonged survival.MethodsTo improve the understanding of trypanosomosis induced immunopathology, we used scRNA-seq data from an experimental chronic T. evansi infection mouse model, resembling natural infection in terms of disease characteristics. Results and discussionFor the first time, obtained results allowed to assess the transcriptomic profile and heterogeneity of splenic CD4+ T cell subsets, during a trypanosome infection. Here, the predominant subpopulation of T cells was represented by Tbx21(T-bet)+Ccr5+ Id2+ type 1 helper T cells (Th1), followed by Icos+ Cxcr5+Follicular T helper cells (Tfh) and very minor fraction of Il2ra(CD25)+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Interestingly, the profile of Th1 cells shows that besides Ifng, these cells express high levels of Il10 and Il21, coding for anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. This coincides with the elevated expression of key genes involved in IL-10 and IL-21 secretion pathway such as Stat1 and Stat3, as well as the transcriptional factors Prdm1 (Blimp 1), and Maf (c-Maf). In contrast, there is virtually no IL-10 transcription detected in the Treg population. Finally, differential gene expression and gene ontology analysis of infection-induced Ifng+ Il10+ Il21+ Th1 cells highlights their suppressive function on T cell activation, differentiation and INF-γ production itself. This indicates that during trypanosome infections, the Ifng+ Il10+ Il21+ Th1 cells, rather than Tregs, assume an immune regulatory role that is needed for dampening inflammation.
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Changbunjong T, Chaiphongpachara T, Weluwanarak T. Species Discrimination of Stomoxys Flies S. bengalensis, S. calcitrans, and S. sitiens (Diptera: Muscidae) Using Wing Geometric Morphometrics. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040647. [PMID: 36830433 PMCID: PMC9951760 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The flies of the genus Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae), are regarded as pests of veterinary and medical importance. In Thailand, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) is the most abundant species and is widely distributed throughout the country. This Stomoxys species can coexist with two other morphologically similar species: Stomoxys bengalensis Picard, 1908, and Stomoxys sitiens Rondani, 1873. Hence, discriminating using morphological characteristics is difficult, especially if the specimen is damaged or loses its diagnostic characteristics. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the landmark-based geometric morphometric (GM) approach to discriminate among the three Stomoxys spp.: S. bengalensis, S. calcitrans, and S. sitiens. Left-wing images of S. bengalensis (n = 120), S. calcitrans (n = 150), and S. sitiens (n = 155) were used for the GM analyses. The results of the wing shape analyses revealed that the GM approach was highly effective for discriminating three Stomoxys, with high accuracy scores ranging from 93.75% to 100%. This study adds to the evidence that landmark-based GM is an excellent alternative approach for discriminating Stomoxys species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Moreira RS, Calomeno NA, das Neves GB, do Nascimento LFN, Filho VB, Wagner G, Miletti LC. Trypanosoma evansi secretome carries potential biomarkers for Surra diagnosis. J Proteomics 2023; 272:104789. [PMID: 36464092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a parasite that is phylogenetically close to Trypanosoma brucei and is the causative agent of a disease known as surra. Surra is responsible for a high mortality rate in livestock and large economic losses in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. This work aimed to analyze in vitro secreted proteins from T. evansi and identify potential treatment and diagnostic biomarkers for surra diagnosis. Two groups were used. In one group the parasites were purified using a DEAE-Cellulose column and maintained in a secretion medium while in the other group the parasites were not purified. Each group was further divided to be maintained at either 37 °C or 27 °C. We identified 246 proteins through mass spectrometry and found that the temperature appears to modulate protein secretion. We found minimal variations in the protein pools from pure and non-purified sets. We observed an emphasis on proteins associated to vesicles, glycolysis, and cellular homeostasis through the enrichment of GO. Also, we found that most secretome proteins share homologous proteins with T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. vivax, T. equiperdum, and T. b. rhodesiense secretome but unique T. evansi epitopes with potential biomarkers for surra diagnosis were detected. SIGNIFICANCE: Trypanosoma evansi is a parasite of African origin that is phylogenetically close to Trypanosoma brucei. As with other trypanosomatids and blood parasites, its infection causes non-pathognomonic symptoms, which makes its diagnosis difficult. One great problem is the fact that no diagnostic test differentiates between Trypanosoma equiperdum and T. evansi, which is a problem in South America and Asia, and Africa. Thus, it is urgent to study the biochemistry of the parasite to discover proteins that can be used for differential diagnosis or be possible therapeutic targets. In addition, the study of the secretome can point out proteins that are used by the parasite in its interactions with the host, helping to understand the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Simões Moreira
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Gaspar, R. Adriano Kormann, 510 - Bela Vista, Gaspar, SC 89111-009, Brazil
| | - Nathália Anderson Calomeno
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Bassi das Neves
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Flávio Nepomuceno do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Vilmar Benetti Filho
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318, Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Glauber Wagner
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318, Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil.
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Mdachi RE, Ogolla KO, Auma JE, Wamwiri FN, Kurgat RK, Wanjala KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Chemuliti JK, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281180. [PMID: 36730273 PMCID: PMC9894490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanocidal resistance is a major cause of treatment failure. This study evaluated the sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates collected from Marsabit and Isiolo counties, Kenya. A total of 2,750 camels were screened using parasitological tests for trypanosomes. Of the screened camels, 113 tested positive from which 40 T. evansi isolates were tested using the single dose mice sensitivity test. Five treatment groups each comprising of 6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1x105 trypanosomes of each isolate and treated 24 hours later with isometamidium chloride at 1 mg/kg, homidium chloride at 1mg/kg, diminazene aceturate at 20 mg/kg and quinapyramine sulphate & chloride at 1 mg/kg. The fifth group was left untreated (positive control). The mice were monitored daily for 60 days. A survey on camel owners' practices that influence development of resistance to trypanocidal drugs was then conducted. Results indicated presence of drug resistance in all the 7 study sites that had infected camels. Seven of the isolates tested were resistant to diminazene aceturate whereas, 28, 33 and 34 were resistant to isometamidium chloride, quinapyramine sulphate & chloride and homidium chloride, respectively. Seven (17.5%) isolates of the 40 tested were sensitive to all 4 drugs, whereas, 7.5%, 10%,55% and 10% were resistant to 1,2,3 and 4 drugs, respectively. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance was 75%. Survey data indicated that camel management practices influenced the prevalence and degree of drug resistance. In conclusion, the multiple drug resistance observed in the two counties may not be an indication of total trypanocidal drug failure. Judicious treatment of confirmed trypanosomiasis cases with correct dosage would still be effective in controlling the disease since the observed resistance was at the population and not clonal level. However, integrated control of the disease and the vectors using available alternative methods is recommended to reduce drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)\East African Community, Kigali, Rwanda
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Ramos CJR, de Souza Franco C, da Luz SP, Marques J, de Souza KM, do Nascimento LFN, das Neves GB, Moreira RS, Miletti LC. First record of Trypanosoma evansi DNA in Dichelacera alcicornis and Dichelacera januarii (Diptera: Tabanidae) flies in South America. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:4. [PMID: 36604766 PMCID: PMC9817266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma evansi infects a large number of wild and domestic animals and causes a spoliative disease known as surra. It is mechanically transmitted, mainly by biting flies of the genera Tabanus and Stomoxys. The detection of T. evansi DNA in the feeding apparatus of Dichelacera alcicornis and Dichelacera januarii from South America is reported, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. METHODS Tabanids were collected weekly from February 2018 to February 2019 from two sites. The feeding apparatus was removed and DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were performed. RESULTS A 205-base pair fragment of the variant surface protein RoTat 1.2 gene, confirmed by DNA sequencing, was amplified from the feeding apparatus of D. alcicornis and D. januarii. CONCLUSIONS This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first record of T. evansi DNA in South American tabanids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos José Raupp Ramos
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil ,grid.440565.60000 0004 0491 0431Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Laranjeiras do Sul, Rodovia BR 158—Km 405, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR 85301-970 Brazil
| | - Cintia de Souza Franco
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Sabrina Pogere da Luz
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Júlia Marques
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Ketriane Mota de Souza
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Luiz Flávio Nepomuceno do Nascimento
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Gabriella Bassi das Neves
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Renato Simões Moreira
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil ,grid.462200.20000 0004 0370 3270Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Lages, Rua Heitor Villa Lobos 222, São Francisco, Lages, SC 88506-400 Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
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Ogolla KO, Chemuliti JK, Wamwiri FN, Auma JE, Kurgat RK, Wanjala KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Mdachi RE, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Spatial-Temporal Variations in Parasitological Prevalence and Host-Related Risk Factors of Camel Trypanosomiasis and Its Vectors in North Eastern Kenya: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:7218073. [PMID: 37153519 PMCID: PMC10162873 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7218073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel trypanosomiasis (Surra) is endemic in the Horn of Africa. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations in Surra prevalence, vector dynamics, and host-related risk factors is important in developing effective control strategies. A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the Surra parasitological prevalence, livestock reservoirs, vector density/diversity, and host-related risk factors in Kenya. Random samples of 847, 1079, and 824 camels were screened at the start of the dry season, peak dry season, and during the rainy season, respectively. Blood samples were examined using the dark ground/phase contrast buffy-coat technique, and Trypanosoma species were identified based on their movement and morphology in wet and stained thin smears. Reservoir status for Trypanosoma evansi was assessed in 406 cattle and 372 goats. A rainy and dry seasons entomological surveys were conducted to determine the Surra vector abundance/diversity and spatiotemporal density changes. Surra prevalence was 7.1%, 3.4%, and 4.1% at the start of the dry season, peak dry season, and rainy season, respectively. Camel co-infections by Trypanozoon (T. evansi or Trypanosoma brucei brucei) and Trypanosoma vivax were recorded. Spatial variations in Surra prevalence were recorded at the beginning of dry (X (7, N = 846) 2 = 110.9, p ≤ 0.001), peak dry (X (7, N = 1079) 2 = 42.2, p ≤ 0.001), and rainy (X (7, N = 824) 2 = 29.1, p ≤ 0.001) seasons. The screened cattle and goats tested negative for Trypanozoon (T. evansi or T. b. brucei), while two cattle tested positive for Trypanosoma congolense. Biting fly catches were composed of a single species from Tabanus, Atylotus, Philoliche, Chrysops, and Stomoxys genera. The total catches for Philoliche, Chrysops, and Stomoxys were higher in the rainy than dry season consistent with the prevalence results. Surra remains an important camel disease in the region with its prevalence varying in space and time. Camel co-infections by Trypanozoon (T. evansi or T. b. brucei) and T. vivax necessitate proper diagnosis of suspected cases and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy O. Ogolla
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Joanna E. Auma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Richard K. Kurgat
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Kennedy B. Wanjala
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Phylis M. Alusi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Raymond E. Mdachi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Phoebe W. Mukiria
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)/East African Community, Kigali, Rwanda
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Gebre T, Kapitano B, Beyene D, Alemu D, Beshir A, Worku Z, Kifle T, Selamu A, Debas E, Kalsa A, Asfaw N, Zhao W, Paone M, Cecchi G. The national atlas of tsetse flies and African animal trypanosomosis in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:491. [PMID: 36578020 PMCID: PMC9798648 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the largest cattle population in Africa and vast swathes of fertile lands infested by tsetse flies, trypanosomosis is a major challenge for Ethiopian farmers. Managing the problem strategically and rationally requires comprehensive and detailed information on disease and vector distribution at the national level. To this end, the National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT) developed a national atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) for Ethiopia. METHODS This first edition of the atlas focused on the tsetse-infested areas in western Ethiopia. Data were collected between 2010 and 2019 in the framework of national surveillance and control activities. Over 88,000 animals, mostly cattle, were tested with the buffy-coat technique (BCT). Odour-enhanced traps were deployed in approximately 14,500 locations for the entomological surveys. Animal- and trap-level data were geo-referenced, harmonized and centralized in a single database. RESULTS AAT occurrence was confirmed in 86% of the districts surveyed (107/124). An overall prevalence of 4.8% was detected by BCT in cattle. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) of positive animals was 22.4, compared to 26.1 of the negative. Trypanosoma congolense was responsible for 61.9% of infections, T. vivax for 35.9% and T. brucei for 1.7%. Four tsetse species were found to have a wide geographic distribution. The highest apparent density (AD) was reported for Glossina pallidipes in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (SNNPR) (3.57 flies/trap/day). Glossina tachinoides was the most abundant in Amhara (AD 2.39), Benishangul-Gumuz (2.38), Gambela (1.16) and Oromia (0.94) regions. Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and G. morsitans submorsitans were detected at lower densities (0.19 and 0.42 respectively). Only one specimen of G. longipennis was captured. CONCLUSIONS The atlas establishes a reference for the distribution of tsetse and AAT in Ethiopia. It also provides crucial evidence to plan surveillance and monitor control activities at the national level. Future work on the atlas will focus on the inclusion of data collected by other stakeholders, the broadening of the coverage to tsetse-free areas and continuous updates. The extension of the atlas to data on control activities is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berisha Kapitano
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ethiopia Country Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dereje Alemu
- Animal Health Institute, Bedelle Animal Health Centre, Bedelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ahimedin Beshir
- Animal Health Institute, Bedelle Animal Health Centre, Bedelle, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Worku
- Animal Health Institute, Asossa Animal Health Centre, Asossa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Kifle
- Animal Health Institute, Asossa Animal Health Centre, Asossa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayana Selamu
- Animal Health Institute, Finote Selam Animal Health Centre, Finote Selam, Ethiopia
| | - Endalew Debas
- Animal Health Institute, Finote Selam Animal Health Centre, Finote Selam, Ethiopia
| | - Aschenaki Kalsa
- Animal Health Institute, Arba Minch Animal Health Centre, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Netsanet Asfaw
- Animal Health Institute, Arba Minch Animal Health Centre, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Weining Zhao
- grid.420153.10000 0004 1937 0300Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Paone
- grid.420153.10000 0004 1937 0300Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- grid.420153.10000 0004 1937 0300Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
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Rani R, Sethi K, Kumar S, Varma RS, Kumar R. Natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives as potential drug molecules against trypanosome parasites. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:786-817. [PMID: 35852920 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a number of 1,4-naphthoquinones have been isolated from natural resources and several of naphthoquinone derivatives with diverse structural motif have been synthesized; they possess a multitude of biochemical properties and modulate numerous pharmacological roles that offer new targets for addressing the challenges pertaining to novel drug developments. Among natural naphthoquinones, lapachol, α-lapachone, β-lapachone, lawsone, juglone, and plumbagin have been evaluated for its potential as antitrypanosomal activities. The chemotherapeutic drugs available for combating human trypanosomiasis, that is, American trypanosomiasis and African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively, and animal tripanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi have a problem of drug resistance and several toxic effect. Therefore, search of alternative effective drug molecules, without toxic effects, have enthused the researchers for searching new drug entity with potential clinical efficacy. In the search for new antitrypanosomal compound, this review focuses on different natural quinones and their synthetic derivatives associated with antitrypanosomal studies. In this context, this review will be useful for the development of new antitrypanosomal drugs mainly based on different structural modification of natural and synthetic naphthoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Rani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Nguyen HTT, Radwanska M, Magez S. Tipping the balance between erythroid cell differentiation and induction of anemia in response to the inflammatory pathology associated with chronic trypanosome infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051647. [PMID: 36420267 PMCID: PMC9676970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection caused by extracellular single-celled trypanosomes triggers a lethal chronic wasting disease in livestock and game animals. Through screening of 10 Trypanosoma evansi field isolates, exhibiting different levels of virulence in mice, the current study identifies an experimental disease model in which infection can last well over 100 days, mimicking the major features of chronic animal trypanosomosis. In this model, despite the well-controlled parasitemia, infection is hallmarked by severe trypanosomosis-associated pathology. An in-depth scRNA-seq analysis of the latter revealed the complexity of the spleen macrophage activation status, highlighting the crucial role of tissue resident macrophages (TRMs) in regulating splenic extramedullary erythropoiesis. These new data show that in the field of experimental trypanosomosis, macrophage activation profiles have so far been oversimplified into a bi-polar paradigm (M1 vs M2). Interestingly, TRMs exert a double-sided effect on erythroid cells. On one hand, these cells express an erythrophagocytosis associated signature. On another hand, TRMs show high levels of Vcam1 expression, known to support their interaction with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). During chronic infection, the latter exhibit upregulated expression of Klf1, E2f8, and Gfi1b genes, involved in erythroid differentiation and extramedullary erythropoiesis. This process gives rise to differentiation of stem cells to BFU-e/CFU-e, Pro E, and Baso E subpopulations. However, infection truncates progressing differentiation at the orthochromatic erythrocytes level, as demonstrated by scRNAseq and flow cytometry. As such, these cells are unable to pass to the reticulocyte stage, resulting in reduced number of mature circulating RBCs and the occurrence of chronic anemia. The physiological consequence of these events is the prolonged poor delivery of oxygen to various tissues, triggering lactic acid acidosis and the catabolic breakdown of muscle tissue, reminiscent of the wasting syndrome that is characteristic for the lethal stage of animal trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Chaiphongpachara T, Weluwanarak T, Changbunjong T. Intraspecific variation in wing geometry among Tabanus rubidus (Diptera: Tabanidae) populations in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:920755. [PMID: 36118331 PMCID: PMC9480827 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.920755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tabanus rubidus (Wiedemann, 1821) (Diptera: Tabanidae) is a hematophagous insect of veterinary and medical importance and is the predominant Tabanus spp. in Thailand. It is a potential mechanical vector of Trypanosoma evansi, which causes surra in domestic and wild animals. Wing geometric morphometrics is widely used as morphological markers for species identification and to assess the insect population structure. Herein, we investigated the intraspecific variation in wing geometry among T. rubidus populations in Thailand using landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis. Tabanus rubidus females were collected from five populations in four geographical regions in Thailand. The left wings of 240 specimens were removed and digitized using 22 landmarks for analysis. While wing size variations were found between some populations, wing shape variations were detected in all. These intraspecific variations in T. rubidus populations indicate an adaptive response to the local environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Tanasak Changbunjong
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European Regulations on Camel Germplasm Movement within the European Union: A Current Framework Based on Safety. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172255. [PMID: 36077975 PMCID: PMC9454657 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/686 (hereafter Reg. 686) regulates the traceability and animal health for the movement of germinal material of camels within the EU. Given that the camel breeding industry is in a strong phase of growth, an amount of germinal material of terrestrial animals—including those belonging to the Camelidae family—is moved between the member states. The authors performed an analysis of Reg. 686 addressing veterinarians and breeders who want to sell high-quality germinal material or genetically improve their herds. Abstract With the aim of developing livestock breeding, the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/686 (hereafter referred to as Reg. 686) has taken steps to define traceability and animal health for the movement of germ material within the European Union (EU), including that of camelid species. Despite the economic importance of the camel market and the efforts of the EU to regulate their movements, there are considerable difficulties in the collection of semen and its freezing, limiting the use of artificial insemination in this species. If, on the one hand, there is little diffusion of the camel breeding and, consequently, limited diffusion of animals and germplasm, there will probably be a significant increase over the years. To avoid the spread of emerging diseases—or even those no longer present in Europe—the entry of genetic material from non-EU countries must be strictly monitored. Camels are rarely clinically compliant, but can transfer even fatal diseases to domestic ungulate farms in the EU. Based on these considerations, we conducted a narrative review of the European regulations on this issue, focusing on aspects related to their application in camels.
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Sharma M, Patil CS, Saharan S, Gupta AK, Gupta S, Jain VK. Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Trypanosoma theileri Infection Associated with Peritonitis in Crossbred Cow: A Rare Case Report. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1767-1772. [PMID: 35951220 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study reports a very rare case of Trypanosoma theileri like infection in the peritoneal fluid of a 6-year-old female Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar. The aim of the clinical study was to report an unusual case of T. theileri-like infection associated with peritonitis and its therapeutic management. METHODS For confirmatory diagnosis, peritoneal fluid and blood sample was collected from animal for haemato-biochemical examination, buffy coat examination and detection of Trypanosoma antigen by monoclonal antibody-based latex agglutination test. RESULTS Animal had history of anorexia, high fever, oedematous swelling on the abdominal area and decrease in milk yield since 1 week. Clinical examination revealed high fever, congested conjunctival mucus membrane and oedematous inflammatory swelling on the abdominal region. Haematological examination on Day 1 revealed relative neutrophilia and eosinophilia, whereas other parameters measured were on the lower side of normal range. Thin blood smear examination did not reveal any parasite on first attempt. However, after confirmation of Trypanosoma species in peritoneal fluid collected by FNAC, buffy coat examination of blood sample was also found positive for Trypanosoma species. On Day 2, haematological examination revealed neutrophilic leucocytosis, eosinophilia and anaemia. Blood sample was also found serologically positive for Trypanosoma antigen by monoclonal antibody based latex agglutination test. Biochemical examination revealed increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, hyperglycemia, hyperprotienemia and decreased levels of sodium and chloride ions. Animal was primarily treated with isometamidium chloride (Nyzom®) @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight (IM, single dose) along with supportive therapy. CONCLUSION Animal showed clinical recovery after 10 days of treatment. Post-recovery, blood sample of the animal was re-examined for parasite and other blood parameters and it was found negative for presence of Trypanosoma infection along with restoration of haematological values. Hence, the present study concludes the confirmatory diagnosis and therapeutic use of isometamidium hydrochloride along with anti-inflammatory drugs to Trypanosoma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Sharma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - C S Patil
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Sandeep Saharan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Akhil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - V K Jain
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
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Gupta S, Vohra S, Sethi K, Gupta S, Bera BC, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:240. [PMID: 35869164 PMCID: PMC9307293 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High cytotoxicity and increasing resistance reports of existing chemotherapeutic agents against T. evansi have raised the demand for novel, potent, and high therapeutic index molecules for the treatment of surra in animals. In this regard, repurposing approach of drug discovery has provided an opportunity to explore the therapeutic potential of existing drugs against new organism. With this objective, the macrocyclic lactone representative, ivermectin, has been investigated for the efficacy against T. evansi in the axenic culture medium. To elucidate the potential target of ivermectin in T. evansi, mRNA expression profile of 13 important drug target genes has been studied at 12, 24, and 48 h interval. In the in vitro growth inhibition assay, ivermectin inhibited T. evansi growth and multiplication significantly (p < 0.001) with IC50 values of 13.82 μM, indicating potent trypanocidal activity. Cytotoxicity assays on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Vero cell line showed that ivermectin affected the viability of cells with a half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) at 17.48 and 22.05 μM, respectively. Data generated showed there was significant down-regulation of hexokinase (p < 0.001), ESAG8 (p < 0.001), aurora kinase (p < 0.001), casein kinase 1 (p < 0.001), topoisomerase II (p < 0.001), calcium ATPase 1 (p < 0.001), ribonucleotide reductase I (p < 0.05), and ornithine decarboxylase (p < 0.01). The mRNA expression of oligopeptidase B remains refractory to the exposure of the ivermectin. The arginine kinase 1 and ribonucleotide reductase II showed up-regulation on treatment with ivermectin. The ivermectin was found to affect glycolytic pathways, ATP-dependent calcium ATPase, cellular kinases, and other pathway involved in proliferation and maintenance of internal homeostasis of T. evansi. These data imply that intervention with alternate strategies like nano-formulation, nano-carriers, and nano-delivery or identification of ivermectin homologs with low cytotoxicity and high bioavailability can be explored in the future as an alternate treatment for surra in animals.
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Suprihati E, Suwanti LT, Yudhana A, Kusumaningrum AI. Comparison of ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 primer sensitivity for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi local isolates in experimental rats using a polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2022; 15:1772-1778. [PMID: 36185509 PMCID: PMC9394150 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1772-1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Surra is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The detection method using conventional parasitological tests has not always shown positive results in blood parasite detection, although the livestock has presented with clinical signs. Therefore, a fast and accurate diagnosis is necessary to prevent the disease predominately in field isolates. This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of molecular detection method using two different specific primers, namely, Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS-1) and Trypanosoma brucei repeat 1/2 (TBR-1/2) against T. evansi field isolates from Banten Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The isolates of T. evansi used in this study were collected from Banten Province and cultured and preserved by the National Research Center for Veterinary Science, Indonesia. Eighteen experimental rats were divided into three equal groups, which were categorized as control, 1 × 101, and 1 × 104 infective doses. The isolates were injected into all experimental albino rats intraperitoneally. All samples were tested using conventional blood smear, card agglutination test (CATT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: The results of the CATT examination in all treatments showed negative results. However, PCR results showed that two different primers, namely, ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 had been successfully detected T. evansi from infected experimental rats, proven by positive PCR band appeared in 480 base pairs (bp) and 164 bp, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the molecular diagnostic test using PCR method, TBR-1/2 primer is more sensitive to detect T. evansi compared to ITS-1 primer. The present finding provides preliminary data for studying the efficiency of different primers if practically applied as a standard diagnostic test for trypanosomiasis, especially in Indonesian livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Suprihati
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Yudhana
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Andika Indra Kusumaningrum
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Diall O, Desquesnes M, Faye B, Dia ML, Jacquiet P, Sazmand A, Otranto D, Touratier L. Development of a progressive control pathway for Trypanosoma evansi infection (surra) in camels in Africa. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhutia WD, Gupta S, Rani R, Batra K, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kinase and protease inhibitors against Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:473-485. [PMID: 35751782 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a causative agent of chronic wasting and fatal disease of livestock and wild animals known as surra. In this study, repurposing approach based on drug target was used to investigate the efficacy of kinase inhibitors (Barasertib-HQPA, BAR and Palbociclib isethionate, PAL) and protease inhibitors (Z-pro-prolinal, Z-PRO and Leupeptin hemisulphate, LEU) against T. evansi in HMI-9 medium. BAR, PAL and Z-PRO exhibited IC50 values of 13.52 µM, 0.6375 µM and 63.20 µM against T. evansi in terms of growth inhibition, in the contrary, LEU failed to exhibit a significant growth inhibition at any time interval. Furthermore, oligopeptidase B and aurora kinase genes of T. evansi were targeted to determine the effect of these drugs on quantitative mRNA expression, which showed significant (p < 0.01) up-regulation of both genes in the BAR and PAL-exposed population at 12 h of exposure, whereas, Z-PRO showed only significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of aurora kinase gene at 12 h interval. In cytotoxicity assay, BAR exhibited 52% and 41% cytotoxicity at 50 μM concentration (about five folds the IC50 value) on equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of 25% and 24% were recorded at 10 μM concentration (about ten folds to the IC50 value) of PAL in equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Of these, BAR and PAL, which were found effective under in vitro trials, raised the longevity of mice at higher doses during in vivo trials. Data generated showed that kinase inhibitors have higher potential to explore therapeutic molecules against surra organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchuk Dorjee Bhutia
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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Serem EK, Bargul JL, Ngari MM, Abdullahi OA, Mburu DM. Farmers' knowledge, perceptions, and practices on animal trypanosomosis and the tsetse fly vector: A cross-sectional study around Kenya's Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve at the livestock-wildlife interface. OPEN RESEARCH AFRICA 2022; 5:22. [PMID: 37600566 PMCID: PMC10439355 DOI: 10.12688/openresafrica.13397.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) is a veterinary disease caused by trypanosomes transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies. AAT causes huge agricultural losses in sub-Saharan Africa. Both tsetse flies and trypanosomosis (T&T) are endemic in the study area inhabited by smallholder livestock farmers at the livestock-wildlife interface around Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve (ASFR) in Kilifi County on the Kenyan coast. We assessed farmers' knowledge, perceptions and control practices towards T&T. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during November and December 2017 to collect data from 404 randomly selected cattle-rearing households using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to determine farmers' knowledge, perceptions, and control practices towards T&T. Demographic factors associated with knowledge of T&T were assessed using a logistic regression model. Results: Participants consisted of 53% female, 77% married, 30% elderly (>55 years), and the majority (81%) had attained primary education or below. Most small-scale farmers (98%) knew the tsetse fly by its local name, and 76% could describe the morphology of the adult tsetse fly by size in comparison to the housefly's ( Musca domestica). Only 16% of the farmers knew tsetse flies as vectors of livestock diseases. Higher chances of adequate knowledge on T&T were associated with the participants' (i) age of 15-24 years (aOR 2.88 (95% CI 1.10-7.52), (ii) level of education including secondary (aOR 2.46 (95% CI 1.43-4.24)) and tertiary (aOR 3.80 (95% CI 1.54-9.37)), and (iii) employment status: self-employed farmers (aOR 6.54 (95% CI 4.36-9.80)). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that small-scale farmers around ASFR have limited knowledge of T&T. It is envisaged that efforts geared towards training of the farmers would bridge this knowledge gap and sharpen the perceptions and disease control tactics to contribute to the prevention and control of T&T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick K Serem
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, P.O Box 195-80108 Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, P.O Box 195-80108, Kenya
| | - Joel L Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, P.O Box 62000-00200, Kenya
- Animal Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Moses M Ngari
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, P.O Box 195-80108 Kilifi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Clinical Trials Facility, Kilifi, P.O Box 230-80108, Kenya
| | - Osman A Abdullahi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, P.O Box 195-80108 Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, P.O Box 195-80108, Kenya
| | - David M Mburu
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, P.O Box 195-80108, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, P.O Box 195-80108, Kenya
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Molecular Analysis of Trypanosome Infections in Algerian Camels. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1246-1253. [PMID: 35657485 PMCID: PMC9399045 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surra is an economically important livestock disease in many low- and middle-income countries, including those of Northern Africa. The disease is caused by the biting fly-transmitted subspecies Trypanosoma brucei evansi, which is very closely related to the tsetse-transmitted subspecies T. b. brucei and the sexually transmitted subspecies T. b. equiperdum. At least two phylogenetically distinct groups of T. b. evansi can be distinguished, called type A and type B. These evolved from T. b. brucei independently. The close relationships between the T. brucei subspecies and the multiple evolutionary origins of T. b. evansi pose diagnostic challenges. METHODS Here we use previously established and newly developed PCR assays based on nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers to type the causative agent of recent trypanosome infections of camels in Southern Algeria. RESULTS/CONCLUSION We confirm that these infections have been caused by T. b. evansi type A. We also report a newly designed PCR assay specific for T. b. evansi type A that we expect will be of diagnostic use for the community.
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Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) can be experimentally infected with both marine and freshwater fish trypanosomes. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108288. [PMID: 35660532 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are haemoflagellates found in vertebrate species and many of them can cause death in infected hosts including fish and humans. With the development of high-density farming in marine and freshwater fish aquaculture systems, severe disease or death, caused by trypanosomiasis, has been frequently reported. However, due to the lack of a model system, particularly for marine fish trypanosomes, and a paucity in the understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of these parasites, effective treatment for fish trypanosomiasis is significantly hampered. The goldfish is the common model system for freshwater fish trypanosomes, mainly of the species Trypanosoma carassii, while a similar model for marine fish trypanosomes has not yet been established. To address this issue, we found that Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) could be easily infected with a marine fish trypanosome, Trypanosoma epinepheli isolated from Lates calcarifer. Obvious clinical symptoms, associated with a high parasitemia (>108/ml), were found in the infected tilapias and more than 70% mortality was recorded in individuals within 20 days of infection. Interestingly, we also found that the Nile tilapia could also be infected with a freshwater fish trypanosome isolated from the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and caused significant death (more than 13%) in infected fish. This system not only provides an economical and effective laboratory model to study the biology and pathogenesis of marine and freshwater fish trypanosomes, but also provides a useful platform to develop vaccines and screen compounds for the protection and treatment of fish trypanosomiasis.
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Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8933. [PMID: 35624132 PMCID: PMC9142598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surra is a non-cyclic parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and spread by biting flies. The disease has a severe impact on camel health, productivity, and market value, posing a significant threat to food safety and the economy. In a cross-sectional study, 370 blood samples were collected from camels in three Egyptian governorates. Samples were tested using parasitological (thin blood smear (TBS)), card agglutination test for T. evansi (CATT), and PCR to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. evansi among examined camels was 17.3%, 18.9% and 22.7% using TBS, CATT and PCR methods, respectively. The risk of T. evansi infection in older camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odds ratio (OR) = 9; 95% CI: 3.5–23.1), particularly during spring (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1–5.7). Furthermore, females and poor conditioned camels were 2.6 and four times more likely to get infection than males and good conditioned camels, respectively. The level of agreement between diagnostics tests were perfect kappa (> 0.83). Moreover, CATT showed higher sensitivity (0.83; 95% CI: 0.74–0.91) than TBS (0.76; 95% CI: 0.66–0.85) and both had perfect specificity (100%). In conclusion, our findings revealed a high rate of T. evansi infection in camels from the three Egyptian governorates. The CATT is a good test for routine use in control program of trypanosomiasis in camels.
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Risk factors for equine trypanosomosis and hematological analysis of horses in Paraguay. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106543. [PMID: 35643185 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomosis, caused by Trypanozoon trypanosomes (Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum), and Trypanosoma vivax, is endemic to South American countries and has a negative impact on the livestock industry. However, the risk factors for trypanosomosis in Paraguay remain unknown. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for equine trypanosomosis in Paraguay based on a PCR-based molecular survey and individual horse sampling data. In this study, 739 blood samples were collected from horses in 16 departments of Paraguay between August 2019 and November 2020. To elucidate the risk factors for trypanosome infection, the relationship between trypanosome infection status detected by PCR and the location, sex, age, breed of horses, and season of sample collection was analyzed. There were no significant differences in trypanosome prevalence in horses between the eastern and western regions, ages, or breeds of horses in Paraguay. Sex and season were identified as risk factors for trypanosome infection in horses in Paraguay in the current study. These results suggest that the rainy-summer season, when vectors increase in number and their blood-sucking activity, could be the most important risk factor for trypanosome infection in Paraguay horses. Preventive measures and treatments should be developed to address these factors.
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Fesseha H, Eshetu E, Mathewos M, Tilante T. Study on Bovine Trypanosomiasis and Associated Risk Factors in Benatsemay District, Southern Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221101833. [PMID: 35614880 PMCID: PMC9125069 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is an endemic livestock disease in Ethiopia that hinders livestock production and productivity, especially in fertile agricultural western and southwestern areas. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based and parasitological studies were conducted from October 2020 to July 2021 in the Benatsemay district, southern Ethiopia to assess the knowledge of livestock owners about trypanosomosis, its prevalence, and host-related risk factors associated with bovine trypanosomosis in the area. According to the questionnaire survey, trypanosomosis was the main bottleneck to cattle in two of the selected study Sites in the Benatsemay district. The parasitological survey revealed that 11.46% (44/384) of the cattle were infected with trypanosomosis. Moreover, Trypanosoma congolense (9.11%) is the leading trypanosome species in the area, followed by T. vivax (31.8%). The adult age group (16.15%), poor-conditioned cattle (22.22%), and black-skinned cattle (34.24%) were significantly associated (P < .05) with trypanosomosis infection in the study area. Furthermore, the mean packed cell volume (PCV) of parasitaemic cattle (22.75%) was significantly (P < .05) lower than that of aparasitaemic cattle (29.23%). Therefore, the present study revealed that the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area and participatory vector control and the rational use of trypanocidal drugs should be implemented to control trypanosomosis in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haben Fesseha
- Haben Fesseha, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, 138 Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
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Kangethe RT, Winger EM, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Wijewardana V, Lamien CE, Unger H, Coetzer TH, Cattoli G, Diallo A. Low Dose Gamma Irradiation of Trypanosoma evansi Parasites Identifies Molecular Changes That Occur to Repair Radiation Damage and Gene Transcripts That May Be Involved in Establishing Disease in Mice Post-Irradiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852091. [PMID: 35634275 PMCID: PMC9136415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma evansi is responsible for causing surra in a variety of mammalian hosts and is spread by many vectors over a wide geographical area making it an ideal target for irradiation as a tool to study the initial events that occur during infection. Parasites irradiated at the representative doses 100Gy, 140Gy, and 200Gy were used to inoculate BALB/c mice revealing that parasites irradiated at 200Gy were unable to establish disease in all mice. Cytokine analysis of mice inoculated with 200Gy of irradiated parasites showed significantly lower levels of interleukins when compared to mice inoculated with non-irradiated and 100Gy irradiated parasites. Irradiation also differentially affected the abundance of gene transcripts in a dose-dependent trend measured at 6- and 20-hours post-irradiation with 234, 325, and 484 gene transcripts affected 6 hours post-irradiation for 100Gy-, 140Gy- and 200Gy-irradiated parasites, respectively. At 20 hours post-irradiation, 422, 381, and 457 gene transcripts were affected by irradiation at 100Gy, 140Gy, and 200Gy, respectively. A gene ontology (GO) term analysis was carried out for the three representative doses at 6 hours and 20 hours post-irradiation revealing different processes occurring at 20 hours when compared to 6 hours for 100Gy irradiation. The top ten most significant processes had a negative Z score. These processes fall in significance at 140Gy and even further at 200Gy, revealing that they were least likely to occur at 200Gy, and thus may have been responsible for infection in mice by 100Gy and 140Gy irradiated parasites. When looking at 100Gy irradiated parasites 20 hours post-irradiation processes with a positive Z score, we identified genes that were involved in multiple processes and compared their fold change values at 6 hours and 20 hours. We present these genes as possibly necessary for repair from irradiation damage at 6 hours and suggestive of being involved in the establishment of disease in mice at 20 hours post-irradiation. A potential strategy using this information to develop a whole parasite vaccine is also postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Richard T. Kangethe,
| | - Eva M. Winger
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tirumala Bharani K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa H.T. Coetzer
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- UMR CIRAD INRA, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
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48
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Sengupta PP, Jacob SS, Chandu AGS, Das S. Silent Trypanosoma evansi infection in humans from India revealed by serological and molecular surveys, and characterized by variable surface glycoprotein gene sequences. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106369. [PMID: 35157840 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of emerging atypical human trypanosomosis is gaining momentum due to increasing detection and its possible impact on human health. A cross sectional study of atypical human trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi was carried out in Kolkata and Canning area of West Bengal state of India where previously a death was reported. METHODS In this study blood and serum samples from 173 individuals were collected during August to December 2014. To check the presence of antibodies against T. evansi, card agglutination test and for the presence of T. evansi specific DNA, PCR were conducted. RESULTS T. evansi infection was identified in 5.2% (9/173) human blood samples by CATT serological test (Card agglutination test for trypanosomosis). PCR targeting VSG gene sequences suggested active T. evansi infection in 2.89% (5/173). VSG gene sequences herein determined for five isolates from human cases shared high similarity (89.4-100%). Phylogenetic inference clustered the human isolates with other isolates from different host species from India and other countries, forming a clade exclusive of Indian isolates (84.0 to 100% sequence similarity). CONCLUSION First report of symptomless human T. evansi infection detected by combined serological and PCR assays. First phylogenetic analysis of VSG gene sequences including human isolates of T. evansi in which Indian isolates of T. evansi from human and other hosts clustered in a single clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Atru Gnana Surya Chandu
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Satadal Das
- Peerless Hospital and B. K. Roy Research Center, Kolkata - 700094, West Bengal, India.
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Chaiphongpachara T, Duvallet G, Changbunjong T. Wing Phenotypic Variation among Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations in Thailand. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050405. [PMID: 35621741 PMCID: PMC9143182 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is the predominant Stomoxys spp. in Thailand and is considered a pest for livestock, pets, wildlife, and occasionally humans. This study investigated the phenotypic variation in the wing size and shape of S. calcitrans populations from different geographical regions in Thailand using landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis. Results showed strong spatial variation in wing shape among S. calcitrans populations and thus suggested the existence of phenotypic plasticity in this fly. Abstract Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) is a cosmopolitan hematophagous ectoparasite of veterinary and medical importance. It is an important mechanical vector of several animal pathogens and can cause significant economic losses. However, the morphological variation of this species remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic variation in the wing size and shape of S. calcitrans populations in Thailand based on a landmark-based geometric morphometric approach. Specimens were collected from five populations in five geographical regions in Thailand. A total of 490 left wings of S. calcitrans (245 female and 245 male individuals) were used for geometric morphometric analysis. Wing size differences were detected between some populations of S. calcitrans, whereas wing shape differences were found among populations. Therefore, the phenotypic variation in S. calcitrans populations indicated that these populations are adaptive responses to local environmental pressures, suggesting the presence of phenotypic plasticity in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand;
| | - Gerard Duvallet
- UMR5175, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Changbunjong T, Boonmasawai S, Sungpradit S, Weluwanarak T, Leesombun A. Contact and Fumigant Activities of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil against the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1122. [PMID: 35567123 PMCID: PMC9102086 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is a cosmopolitan hematophagous fly of medical and veterinary importance. It is widely considered a major livestock pest that can cause significant economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium (L.) essential oil against S. calcitrans based on contact and fumigant toxicity tests. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the essential oil showed the dominance (93.79%) of limonene in the total essential oil composition. Furthermore, the insecticidal test results showed that the mortality of flies increased with concentration and time within 24 h of exposure. In the contact toxicity test, the median lethal dose was 105.88 µg/fly, while the 90% lethal dose was 499.25 µg/fly. As for the fumigant toxicity test, the median lethal concentration was 13.06 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 43.13 mg/L air. These results indicate that C. aurantium essential oil exhibits insecticidal activity against S. calcitrans. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for achieving stable fly control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Arpron Leesombun
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
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