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Poudel K, Ikeda A, Fukunaga H, Brune Drisse MN, Onyon LJ, Gorman J, Laborde A, Kishi R. How does formal and informal industry contribute to lead exposure? A narrative review from Vietnam, Uruguay, and Malaysia. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:371-388. [PMID: 36735953 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead industries are one of the major sources of environmental pollution and can affect human through different activities, including industrial processes, metal plating, mining, battery recycling, etc. Although different studies have documented the various sources of lead exposure, studies highlighting different types of industries as sources of environmental contamination are limited. Therefore, this narrative review aims to focus mainly on lead industries as significant sources of environmental and human contamination. CONTENT Based on the keywords searched in bibliographic databases we found 44 relevant articles that provided information on lead present in soil, water, and blood or all components among participants living near high-risk areas. We presented three case scenarios to highlight how lead industries have affected the health of citizens in Vietnam, Uruguay, and Malaysia. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK Factories conducting mining, e-waste processing, used lead-acid battery recycling, electronic repair, and toxic waste sites were the primary industries for lead exposure. Our study has shown lead exposure due to industrial activities in Vietnam, Uruguay, Malaysia and calls for attention to the gaps in strategic and epidemiologic efforts to understand sources of environmental exposure to lead fully. Developing strategies and guidelines to regulate industrial activities, finding alternatives to reduce lead toxicity and exposure, and empowering the public through various community awareness programs can play a crucial role in controlling exposure to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Poudel
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- WHO Collaborating Center for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
- Centre for Health Equity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- WHO Collaborating Center for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Marie-Noel Brune Drisse
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lesley Jayne Onyon
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia Gorman
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amalia Laborde
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Republic University of Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- WHO Collaborating Center for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan
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Pereira EC, Piai KDA, Salles FJ, Silva ASD, Olympio KPK. A comprehensive analysis of children's blood lead levels in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last eight years: Progress and recommendations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172372. [PMID: 38604359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In 2017 we published a review on blood lead levels (BLL) in children from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for data available up to 14th of March 2014 and recommended the identification and control of "lead hot spots". In the present study, an evaluation of progress toward reducing BLL in the region was carried out. A systematic review of the latest literature on lead exposure in the LAC region held on the PubMed, Web of Science and LILACS databases (January 2014 to March 2022) was conducted using the PRISMA methodology. Only original papers published in peer-reviewed English, Spanish, or Portuguese journals were eligible. A total of 558 papers were retrieved, 77 of which met the selection criteria and 31 (40.25 %) were carried out in Mexico. The prevalence of children with BLL above 10 μg. dL-1 was 22.08 % in the previous review versus 6.78 % in the current study. In the present review, the prevalence of children with BLL above 5 μg. dL-1 was 29.62 %, and only one study reported a BLL prevalence rate between 3.3 and 5 μg. dL-1. The highest BLLs were associated with well-known sources or occupational exposures. The number of countries (n = 13) that published data on BLL in children was lower compared to the previous review (n = 16). Most studies were conducted in areas with known lead exposure sources, similar to the earlier review. The percentage of children at risk of lead poisoning in the region remains unknown because few studies have published data on environmental exposure levels and most samples were relatively small. The recommendation to identify and control sources of lead exposure was maintained, while further suggestions for establishing a systematic public health surveillance system for lead were proposed to help reduce the knowledge gap and inform public health policy-making in LAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizeu Chiodi Pereira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kamila de Almeida Piai
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnes Soares da Silva
- Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental e Saúde do Trabalhador, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brazil
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Iaquinta F, Machado I. Biomonitoring of arsenic, lead, manganese and mercury in hair from a presumably exposed Uruguayan child population. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:107-116. [PMID: 37965871 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To perform an exposure assessment of arsenic, manganese, mercury and lead levels in hair samples from children from poor neighborhoods. Materials & methods: A total of 38 Caucasian children were recruited with the consent of their parents or tutors. Determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results & conclusion: Results were 0.045-0.12 μg/g-1 (arsenic), 0.56-2.05 μg/g-1 (manganese) and 0.34-27.8 μg/g-1 (lead). Lead results did not correlate with those previously reported in blood from the same individuals, suggesting that hair is not useful for exposure assessment of this contaminant. Mercury was determined for the first time in Uruguayan children showing levels <0.083 μg/g-1. Results revealed low-to-moderate metal exposure, except for some high lead findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Iaquinta
- Grupo de Bioanalítica y Especiación (BIOESP), Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Machado
- Grupo de Bioanalítica y Especiación (BIOESP), Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
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Chandravanshi LP, Agrawal P, Darwish HW, Trigun SK. Impairments of Spatial Memory and N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptors and Their Postsynaptic Signaling Molecules in the Hippocampus of Developing Rats Induced by As, Pb, and Mn Mixture Exposure. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1715. [PMID: 38137163 PMCID: PMC10742016 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to metal mixtures is recognized as a real-life scenario, needing novel studies that can assess their complex effects on brain development. There is still a significant public health concern associated with chronic low levels of metal exposure. In contrast to other metals, these three metals (As, Pb, and Mn) are commonly found in various environmental and industrial contexts. In addition to additive or synergistic interactions, concurrent exposure to this metal mixture may also have neurotoxic effects that differ from those caused by exposure to single components. The NMDA receptor and several important signaling proteins are involved in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, including CaMKII, postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein (SynGAP), a negative regulator of Ras-MAPK activity, and CREB. We hypothesized that alterations in the above molecular players may contribute to metal mixture developmental neurotoxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these metals and their mixture at low doses (As 4 mg, Pb 4 mg, and Mn 10 mg/kg bw/p.o) on NMDA receptors and their postsynaptic signaling proteins during developing periods (GD6 to PD59) of the rat brain. Rats exposed to As, Pb, and Mn individually or at the same doses in a triple-metal mixture (MM) showed impairments in learning and memory functions in comparison to the control group rats. Declined protein expressions of NR2A, PSD-95, p- CaMKII, and pCREB were observed in the metal mix-exposed rats, while the expression of SynGAP was found to be enhanced in the hippocampus as compared to the controls on PD60. Thereby, our data suggest that alterations in the NMDA receptor complex and postsynaptic signaling proteins could explain the cognitive dysfunctions caused by metal-mixture-induced developmental neurotoxicity in rats. These outcomes indicate that incessant metal mixture exposure may have detrimental consequences on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit P. Chandravanshi
- Department of Forensic Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201308, India; (L.P.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Department of Forensic Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201308, India; (L.P.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Rodríguez D, Barg G, Queirolo EI, Olson JR, Mañay N, Kordas K. Pyrethroid and Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Exposure, General Intellectual Abilities, and Executive Functions of School Children from Montevideo, Uruguay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5288. [PMID: 37047904 PMCID: PMC10093823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Children's developing brains are susceptible to pesticides. Less is known about the effect of exposure to chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids on executive functions (EF). We measured urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos, and urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), a general, nonspecific metabolite of pyrethroids in first-grade children from Montevideo, Uruguay (n = 241, age 80.6 ± 6.4 months, 58.1% boys). EFs were assessed with the Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional shift (IED), Spatial Span (SSP), and Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated (CANTAB) Battery. General intellectual ability (GIA) was assessed using the Woodcock-Muñoz Cognitive battery. Median (range) urinary TCPy and 3-PBA levels were 16.7 (1.9, 356.9) ng/mg of creatinine and 3.3 (0.3, 110.6) ng/mg of creatinine, respectively. In multivariable generalized linear models, urinary TCPy was inversely associated with postdimensional errors on the IED task β [95% CI]: -0.11 [-0.17, -0.06]. Urinary 3-PBA was inversely associated with the total number of trials -0.07 [-0.10, -0.04], and the total number of errors -0.12 [-0.18, -0.07] on the IED task. When TCPy and 3-PBA were modeled together, the associations did not differ from single-metabolite models. We found no evidence of effect modification by blood lead level (BLL). Pesticide exposure may affect EF performance in urban children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danelly Rodríguez
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (D.R.)
| | - Gabriel Barg
- Department of Neuroscience and Learning, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Elena I. Queirolo
- Department of Neuroscience and Learning, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - James R. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (D.R.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Nelly Mañay
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay (UDELAR), Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (D.R.)
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Tung PW, Kennedy EM, Burt A, Hermetz K, Karagas M, Marsit CJ. Prenatal lead (Pb) exposure is associated with differential placental DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in a human population. Epigenetics 2022; 17:2404-2420. [PMID: 36148884 PMCID: PMC9665158 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2126087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal lead (Pb) exposure is associated with adverse developmental outcomes and to epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in animal models and in newborn blood. Given the importance of the placenta in foetal development, we sought to examine how prenatal Pb exposure was associated with differential placental DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation and to identify affected biological pathways linked to developmental outcomes. Maternal (n = 167) and infant (n = 172) toenail and placenta (n = 115) samples for prenatal Pb exposure were obtained from participants in a US birth cohort, and methylation and hydroxymethylation data were quantified using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. An epigenome-wide association study was applied to identify differential methylation and hydroxymethylation associated with Pb exposure. Biological functions of the Pb-associated genes were determined by overrepresentation analysis through ConsensusPathDB. Prenatal Pb quantified from maternal toenail, infant toenail, and placenta was associated with 480, 27, and 2 differentially methylated sites (q < 0.05), respectively, with both increases and decreases associated with exposure. Alternatively, we identified 2, 1, and 14 differentially hydroxymethylated site(s) associated with maternal toenail, infant toenail, and placental Pb, respectively, with most showing increases in hydroxymethylation with exposure. Significantly overrepresented pathways amongst genes associated with differential methylation and hydroxymethylation (q < 0.10) included mechanisms pertaining to nervous system and organ development, calcium transport and regulation, and signalling activities. Our results suggest that both methylation and hydroxymethylation in the placenta can be variable based on Pb exposure and that the pathways impacted could affect placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wen Tung
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Kennedy
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Burt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Hermetz
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, Lebanon
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Signes-Pastor AJ, Romano ME, Jackson B, Braun JM, Yolton K, Chen A, Lanphear B, Karagas MR. Associations of maternal urinary arsenic concentrations during pregnancy with childhood cognitive abilities: The HOME study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 245:114009. [PMID: 35947921 PMCID: PMC9500348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk for intellectual deficits in children, but limited data exist from prospective epidemiologic studies, particularly at low arsenic exposure levels. We investigated the association between prenatal maternal urinary arsenic concentrations and childhood cognitive abilities in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study. We used anion exchange chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection to measure arsenic species content in pregnant women's urine. The summation of inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) refers to ∑As. We assessed children's cognitive function (n = 260) longitudinally at 1-, 2-, and 3-years using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, at 5 years using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, and at 8 years using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. We observed a modest decrease in mental development index and full-scale intelligence quotient at ages 3 and 5 years with each doubling of ∑As with estimated score (ß) differences and 95% confidence interval (CI) of -1.8 from -4.1 to 0.5 and -2.5 from -5.1 to 0.0, respectively. This trend was stronger and reached statistical significance among children whose mothers had lower iAs methylation capacity and low urinary arsenobetaine concentrations. Our findings suggest that arsenic exposure levels relevant to the general US population may affect children's cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Signes-Pastor
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, NH, USA; Unidad de Epidemiología de la Nutrición. Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Spain.
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, NH, USA.
| | - Brian Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, NH, USA
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Tung PW, Burt A, Karagas M, Jackson BP, Punshon T, Lester B, Marsit CJ. Association between placental toxic metal exposure and NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scales (NNNS) profiles in the Rhode Island Child Health Study (RICHS). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111939. [PMID: 34461121 PMCID: PMC8639656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to heavy metals has been linked to a variety of adverse outcomes in newborn health and later life. Toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) have been implicated to negatively affect newborn neurobehavior. Placental levels of these metals may provide additional understandings on the link between prenatal toxic metal exposures and neurobehavioral performances in newborns. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between placental concentrations of toxic metals and newborn neurobehavioral performance indicated through the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scales (NNNS) latent profiles. METHOD In the Rhode Island Child Health Study cohort (n = 625), newborn neurobehavioral performance was assessed with NNNS, and a latent profile analysis was used to define five discrete neurobehavioral profiles based on summary scales. Using multinomial logistic regression, we determined whether increased levels of placental toxic metals Cd, Mn and Pb associated with newborns assigned to the profile demonstrating atypical neurobehavioral performances. RESULTS Every doubling in placenta Cd concentration was associated with increased odds of newborns belonging to the atypical neurobehavior profile (OR: 2.72, 95% CI [1.09, 6.79]). Detectable placental Pb also demonstrated an increased odds of newborns assignment to the atypical profile (OR: 3.71, 95% CI [0.97, 13.96]) compared to being in the typical neurobehavioral profile. CONCLUSIONS Toxic metals Cd and Pb measured in placental tissue may adversely impact newborn neurobehavior. Utilizing the placenta as a prenatal toxic metal exposure biomarker is useful in elucidating the associated impacts of toxic metals on newborn health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wen Tung
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Burt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Barry Lester
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA; The Brown Center of the Study of Children at Risk, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Tung PW, Burt A, Karagas M, Jackson BP, Punshon T, Lester B, Marsit CJ. Prenatal exposure to metal mixtures and newborn neurobehavior in the Rhode Island Child Health Study. Environ Epidemiol 2022; 6:e194. [PMID: 35169672 PMCID: PMC8835549 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to metals can affect the developing fetus and negatively impact neurobehavior. The associations between individual metals and neurodevelopment have been examined, but little work has explored the potentially detrimental neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with the combined impact of coexisting metals. The objective of this study is to evaluate prenatal metal exposure mixtures in the placenta to elucidate the link between their combined effects on newborn neurobehavior. METHOD This study included 192 infants with available placental metal and NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale data at 24 hours-72 hours age. Eight essential and nonessential metals (cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc) detected in more than 80% of samples were tested for associations with atypical neurobehavior indicated by NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale using logistic regression and in a quantile g-computation analysis to evaluate the joint association between placental metal mixture and neurobehavioral profiles. RESULTS Individually, a doubling of placental cadmium concentrations was associated with an increased likelihood of being in the atypical neurobehavioral profile (OR = 2.39; 95% CI = 1.05 to 5.71). In the mixture analysis, joint effects of a quartile increase in exposure to all metals was associated with 3-fold increased odds of newborns being assigned to the atypical profile (OR = 3.23; 95% CI = 0.92 to 11.36), with cadmium having the largest weight in the mixture effect. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to relatively low levels of a mixture of placental metals was associated with adverse newborn neurobehavior. Examining prenatal metal exposures as a mixture is important for understanding the harmful effects of concomitant exposures in the vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wen Tung
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amber Burt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Margaret Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Barry Lester
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
- The Brown Center of the Study of Children at Risk, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Donangelo CM, Kerr BT, Queirolo EI, Vahter M, Peregalli F, Mañay N, Kordas K. Lead exposure and indices of height and weight in Uruguayan urban school children, considering co-exposure to cadmium and arsenic, sex, iron status and dairy intake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110799. [PMID: 33508259 PMCID: PMC10916356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Child growth depends on complex factors including diet, nutritional status, socioeconomic, and sanitary conditions, and exposure to environmental chemicals. Lead exposure is known to impair growth in young children but effects in school-age children are less clear. The effects of co-exposure to low-level lead and other toxic metals on child growth are not well understood. We examined cross-sectional associations of blood lead (BLL) with growth indices (Z scores of body mass index for age, BAZ, and height for age, HAZ) in Uruguayan urban school children (n = 259; ~7 y). Potential differences in these associations in children with lower vs. higher urinary inorganic arsenic metabolites (U-As), urinary cadmium (U-Cd), sex (42% girls), iron deficiency (ID, 39% children), or intake of dairy foods below recommended levels were examined. BLL was measured using AAS, U-As using HPLC-HGICP-MS, and U-Cd using ICP-MS. Dietary information was obtained by two 24-h recalls completed by caregivers. Children's linear growth was within age and sex-appropriate reference values. Overweight (BAZ > 1 2 SD) was found in 20.1%, and obesity (BAZ > 2 SD) in 18.5%, of children. Ranges (5th, 95th percentile) of biomarker concentrations were: BLL, 0.8-7.8 μg/dL; U-Cd, 0.01-0.2 μg/L, and U-As, 4.0-27.3 μg/L. BLL was inversely associated with HAZ ([95% CI]: 0.10 [-0.17, -0.03]) in covariate-adjusted models. Although this association was slightly more pronounced in girls, children without ID, and children with lower U-As, there was little evidence of effect modification due to overlapping CIs in stratified models. BLLs were not associated with BAZ, except for a suggestion of a negative relationship in girls (-0.10 [-0.23, 0.02]) but not boys [0.001 [-0.11, 0.12]). Our findings indicate that exposure to low levels of lead was associated with lower HAZ in apparently normally growing urban school children. Larger future studies should help elucidate if these associations persist over time and across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan T Kerr
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elena I Queirolo
- Departmento de Neurocognición, Centro de Investigación Mullin, Universidad Católica Del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marie Vahter
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fabiana Peregalli
- Departmento de Neurocognición, Centro de Investigación Mullin, Universidad Católica Del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nelly Mañay
- Departmento de Toxicología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Karakis I, Landau D, Gat R, Shemesh N, Tirosh O, Yitshak-Sade M, Sarov B, Novack L. Maternal metal concentration during gestation and pediatric morbidity in children: an exploratory analysis. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:40. [PMID: 33765932 PMCID: PMC7995788 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of studies linking exposure to metals with certain health outcomes focus on known toxic metals. Alternatively, this study assesses the extent to which exposure to a wider range of metals during gestation is associated with childhood morbidity. Methods We analyzed the concentrations of 25 metals found in urine samples of 111 pregnant women of Arab-Bedouin origin collected prior to birth. In addition, we collected medical records on their offspring for six years following birth, including every interaction with HMOs, local hospitals, and pharmacies. Results The main types of morbidities diagnosed and treated during this period were preterm births, malformations, asthma-like morbidity, cardiovascular and behavioral problems, and obesity. Multivariable analysis showed that offspring born before term were more likely to have been exposed to elevated maternal concentrations of zinc, thallium, aluminum, manganese, and uranium, all with adjusted relative risk above 1.40 for an increase by each quintile. Likewise, children with asthma had been exposed to higher levels of magnesium, strontium, and barium at gestation, while behavioral outcomes were associated with elevated biometals, i.e., sodium, magnesium, calcium, selenium, and zinc, as well as higher levels of lithium, cobalt, nickel, strontium, cadmium, vanadium, arsenic, and molybdenum. A heatmap of adjusted relative risk estimates indicates the considerable implications that exposure to metals may have for preterm birth and developmental outcomes. Conclusions The current study shows that perinatal exposure to metals is adversely associated with pediatric morbidity. Further such analyses on additional samples are warranted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12199-021-00963-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Karakis
- Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniella Landau
- Neonatology Department, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Roni Gat
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nofar Shemesh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ofir Tirosh
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maayan Yitshak-Sade
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Batia Sarov
- Department of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lena Novack
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. .,Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Sderot Rager 151, 84101, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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12
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Chandravanshi L, Shiv K, Kumar S. Developmental toxicity of cadmium in infants and children: a review. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2021; 36:e2021003-0. [PMID: 33730790 PMCID: PMC8207007 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2021003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several millions of people are exposed to cadmium worldwide due to natural and anthropogenic activities that led to their widespread distribution in the environment and have shown potential adverse effects on the kidneys, liver, heart and nervous system. Recently human and animal-based studies have been shown that In utero and early life exposure to cadmium can have serious health issues that are related to the risk of developmental disabilities and other outcomes in adulthood. Since, cadmium crosses the placental barrier and reaches easily to the fetus, even moderate or high-level exposure of this metal during pregnancy could be of serious health consequences which might be reflected either in the children’s early or later stages of life. Mortality from various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, kidney and neurological problems, correlation with In utero or early life exposure to cadmium has been found in epidemiological studies. Animal studies with strong evidence of various diseases mostly support for the human studies, as well as suggested a myriad mechanism by which cadmium can interfere with human health and development. More studies are needed to establish the mechanism of cadmium-induced toxicity with environmentally relevant doses in childhood and later life. In this review, we provide a comprehensive examination of the literature addressing potential long- term health issues with In utero and early life exposure to cadmium, as well as correlating with human and animal exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Chandravanshi
- Department of Forensic Science, College and Traffic Management- Institute of Road and Traffic Education, Faridabad - Haryana - 121010, India
| | - Kunal Shiv
- Division of Forensic Science, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida - 201306, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Forensic Science laboratory, Modinagar, Ghaziabad - 201204, India
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13
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Dórea JG. Exposure to environmental neurotoxic substances and neurodevelopment in children from Latin America and the Caribbean. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110199. [PMID: 32941839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental (and occupational) exposure to neurotoxic substances is a worldwide problem that can affect children's neurodevelopment (ND). In Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries there are over 300 million children living under the threat of neurodevelopmental delays due to toxic environmental exposure. Large industrial centers, intense mining and agricultural activities, along with changing complex ecosystems constitute a mosaic that drives contamination of air, water and the food chain. Neurotoxic contaminants such as pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides), chemicals of industrial use (phthalates), and metals (Hg, Pb, Al, As, F, Cd, Mo, Mn) are at the center of environmental exposure studies. Exposure to neurotoxic substances singly or in combination with other compounds or socioeconomic stressors (maternal education, socio-economic and nutritional status) intertwined with occupational and para-occupational exposure can affect ND (motor, cognition, behavior) of children. Significant negative effects of pesticides and neurotoxic elements on ND were found in all studied countries, affecting especially the less-privileged children from laboring families. Studies showed that exposures to the neurotoxicants in human milk are secondary to their more lasting effects during prenatal exposure. This review integrates exposure (prenatal and breastfeeding), metabolism, and ND effects of neurotoxicants. It highlights the overwhelming evidence showing that current levels of exposures are hazardous and detrimental to children's ND in LAC countries. The evidence indicates that a reduction in neurotoxicant exposure is essential to protect children's ND. Therefore, it is urgent to adopt policies and actions that prevent and remediate region-specific children's ND issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, DF, Brazil.
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14
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Bauer JA, Fruh V, Howe CG, White RF, Henn BC. Associations of metals and neurodevelopment: a review of recent evidence on susceptibility factors. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2020; 7:237-262. [PMID: 33777647 PMCID: PMC7993302 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic evidence exists that many metals are associated with adverse neurobehavioral effects in young children, including lead (Pb), methylmercury (meHg), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As)5-8. Importantly, chemical insult can vary depending on host factors and exposure circumstance. This systematic review summarizes the recent literature investigating modifying factors of the associations between metals and neurodevelopment, including immutable traits (sex or genetics) or exposure conditions (timing or co-exposures). RECENT FINDINGS Of the 53 studies included in this review, the number investigating modification of exposure effects were: 30 for sex, 21 for co-exposures, 12 for timing of exposure, and six for genetic modifiers. Sex-specific effects of metal-neurobehavioral associations were inconclusive for all metals, likely due to the heterogeneity of outcome domains assessed and the exposure time points measured. Seven studies evaluated both sex and exposure timing as modifying factors using deciduous teeth or other biomarkers with repeated measures to characterize metals exposure over time. Only five studies used statistical methods for mixtures to evaluate associations of more than two metals with neurobehavioral domains. SUMMARY Despite the expansion of research on susceptibility to the neurodevelopmental effects of metals exposure, considerable gaps remain. This work remains critical, as characterizing susceptible subpopulations can aid in identifying biological mechanisms and is fundamental for the protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Bauer
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta F White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Travis SC, Aga DS, Queirolo EI, Olson JR, Daleiro M, Kordas K. Catching flame retardants and pesticides in silicone wristbands: Evidence of exposure to current and legacy pollutants in Uruguayan children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140136. [PMID: 32927574 PMCID: PMC10989841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Children are exposed to many potentially toxic compounds in their daily lives and are vulnerable to the harmful effects. To date, very few non-invasive methods are available to quantify children's exposure to environmental chemicals. Due to their ease of implementation, silicone wristbands have emerged as passive samplers to study personal environmental exposures and have the potential to greatly increase our knowledge of chemical exposures in vulnerable population groups. Nevertheless, there is a limited number of studies monitoring children's exposures via silicone wristbands. In this study, we implemented this sampling technique in ongoing research activities in Montevideo, Uruguay which aim to monitor chemical exposures in a cohort of elementary school children. The silicone wristbands were worn by 24 children for 7 days; they were quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for 45 chemical pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and novel halogenated flame-retardant chemicals (NHFRs). All classes of chemicals, except NHFRs, were identified in the passive samplers. The average number of analytes detected in each wristband was 13 ±3. OPFRs were consistently the most abundant class of analytes detected. Median concentrations of ΣOPFRs, ΣPBDEs, ΣPCBs, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) were 1020, 3.00, 0.52 and 3.79 ng/g wristband, respectively. Two major findings result from this research; differences in trends of two OPFRs (TCPP and TDCPP) are observed between studies in Uruguay and the United States, and the detection of DDT, a chemical banned in several countries, suggests that children's exposure profiles in these settings may differ from other parts of the world. This was the first study to examine children's exposome in South America using silicone wristbands and clearly points to a need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Travis
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Elena I Queirolo
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Mónica Daleiro
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States.
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16
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Vuong AM, Yolton K, Braun JM, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Chemical mixtures and neurobehavior: a review of epidemiologic findings and future directions. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:245-256. [PMID: 32598325 PMCID: PMC7781354 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have historically focused on single toxicants, or toxic chemicals, and neurodevelopment, even though the interactions of chemicals and nutrients may result in additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or potentiating effects on neurological endpoints. Investigating the impact of environmentally-relevant chemical mixtures, including heavy metals and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), is more reflective of human exposures and may result in more refined environmental policies to protect the public. Objective In this review, we provide a summary of epidemiological studies that have analyzed chemical mixtures of heavy metals and EDCs and neurobehavior utilizing multi-chemical models, including frequentist and Bayesian methods. Content Studies investigating chemicals and neurobehavior have the opportunity to not only examine the impact of chemical mixtures, but they can also identify chemicals from a mixture that may play a key role in neurotoxicity, investigate interactive effects, estimate non-linear dose response, and identify potential windows of susceptibility. The examination of neurobehavioral domains is particularly challenging given that traits emerge and change over time and subclinical nuances of neurobehavior are often unrecognized. To date, only a handful of epidemiological studies examining neurodevelopment have utilized multi-pollutant models in the investigation of heavy metals and EDCs. However, these studies were successful in identifying contaminants of importance from the exposure mixtures. Summary and Outlook Investigators are encouraged to broaden their focus to include more environmentally relevant mixtures of chemicals using advanced statistical approaches, particularly to aid in identifying potential mechanisms underlying associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Vuong
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St, Box G-S121-2, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BCV5A 1S6,Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Zhang RY, Tu JB, Ran RT, Zhang WX, Tan Q, Tang P, Kuang T, Cheng SQ, Chen CZ, Jiang XJ, Chen C, Han TL, Zhang T, Cao XQ, Peng B, Zhang H, Xia YY. Using the Metabolome to Understand the Mechanisms Linking Chronic Arsenic Exposure to Microglia Activation, and Learning and Memory Impairment. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:720-739. [PMID: 32955723 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The activation of microglia is a hallmark of neuroinflammation and contributes to various neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic inorganic arsenic exposure is associated with impaired cognitive ability and increased risk of neurodegeneration. The present study aimed to investigate whether chronic inorganic arsenic-induced learning and memory impairment was associated with microglial activation, and how organic (DMAV 600 μM, MMAV 0.1 μM) and inorganic arsenic (NaAsO2 0.6 μM) affect the microglia. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups: a control group and a group exposed to arsenic in their drinking water (50 mg/L NaAsO2 for 24 weeks). The Morris water maze was performed to analyze neuro-behavior and transmission electron microscopy was used to assess alterations in cellular ultra-structures. Hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining were used to observe pathological changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Flow cytometry was used to reveal the polarization of the arsenic-treated microglia phenotype and GC-MS was used to assess metabolomic differences in the in vitro microglia BV-2 cell line model derived from mice. The results showed learning and memory impairments and activation of microglia in the cerebral cortex and dentate gyrus (DG) zone of the hippocampus, in mice chronically exposed to arsenic. Flow cytometry demonstrated that BV-2 cells were activated with the treatment of different arsenic species. The GC-MS data showed three important metabolites to be at different levels according to the different arsenic species used to treat the microglia. These included tyrosine, arachidonic acid, and citric acid. Metabolite pathway analysis showed that a metabolic pathways associated with tyrosine metabolism, the dopaminergic synapse, Parkinson's disease, and the citrate cycle were differentially affected when comparing exposure to organic arsenic and inorganic arsenic. Organic arsenic MMAV was predominantly pro-inflammatory, and inorganic arsenic exposure contributed to energy metabolism disruptions in BV-2 microglia. Our findings provide novel insight into understanding the neurotoxicity mechanisms of chronic arsenic exposure and reveal the changes of the metabolome in response to exposure to different arsenic species in the microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Bai Tu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Tu Ran
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Kuang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qun Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jun Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qing Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Yin Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Vahter M, Skröder H, Rahman SM, Levi M, Derakhshani Hamadani J, Kippler M. Prenatal and childhood arsenic exposure through drinking water and food and cognitive abilities at 10 years of age: A prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105723. [PMID: 32298878 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our studies of children in a rural Bangladeshi area, with varying concentrations of arsenic in well-water, indicated modest impact on child verbal cognitive function at 5 years of age. OBJECTIVES Follow-up of arsenic exposure and children's cognitive abilities at school-age. METHODS In a nested sub-cohort of the MINIMat supplementation trial, we assessed cognitive abilities at 10 years of age (n = 1523), using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). Arsenic in maternal urine and erythrocytes in early pregnancy, in child urine at 5 and 10 years, and in hair at 10 years, was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS Median urinary arsenic at 10 years was 58 µg/L (range 7.3-940 µg/L). Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis showed that, compared to the first urinary arsenic quintile at 10 years (<30 µg/L), the third and fourth quintiles (30-45 and 46-73 µg/L, respectively) had 6-7 points lower Full developmental raw scores (B: -7.23, 95% CI -11.3; -3.18, and B: -6.37, 95% CI -10.5; -2.22, respectively), corresponding to ~0.2 SD. Verbal comprehension and Perceptual reasoning seemed to be affected. Models with children's hair arsenic concentrations showed similar results. Maternal urinary arsenic in early pregnancy, but not late pregnancy, showed inverse associations with Full developmental scores (quintiles 2-4: B: -4.52, 95% CI -8.61; -0.43, B: -5.91, 95% CI -10.0; -1.77, and B: -5.98, 95%CI -10.2; -1.77, respectively, compared to first quintile), as well as with Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, and Processing speed, especially in girls (p < 0.05 for interaction of sex with Full developmental scores and Perceptual reasoning). In models with all exposure time points included, both concurrent exposure at 10 years and early prenatal exposure remained associated with cognitive abilities. CONCLUSIONS Both early prenatal and childhood arsenic exposure, even at low levels (about 50 µg/L in urine), was inversely associated with cognitive abilities at school-age, although the estimates were modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Skröder
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Levi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jena Derakhshani Hamadani
- International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Carroll R, White AJ, Keil AP, Meeker JD, McElrath TF, Zhao S, Ferguson KK. Latent classes for chemical mixtures analyses in epidemiology: an example using phthalate and phenol exposure biomarkers in pregnant women. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:149-159. [PMID: 31636370 PMCID: PMC6917962 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Latent class analysis (LCA), although minimally applied to the statistical analysis of mixtures, may serve as a useful tool for identifying individuals with shared real-life profiles of chemical exposures. Knowledge of these groupings and their risk of adverse outcomes has the potential to inform targeted public health prevention strategies. This example applies LCA to identify clusters of pregnant women from a case-control study within the LIFECODES birth cohort with shared exposure patterns across a panel of urinary phthalate metabolites and parabens, and to evaluate the association between cluster membership and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers. LCA identified individuals with: "low exposure," "low phthalates, high parabens," "high phthalates, low parabens," and "high exposure." Class membership was associated with several demographic characteristics. Compared with "low exposure," women classified as having "high exposure" had elevated urinary concentrations of the oxidative stress biomarkers 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (19% higher, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7, 32%) and 8-isoprostane (31% higher, 95% CI = -5, 64%). However, contrast examinations indicated that associations between oxidative stress biomarkers and "high exposure" were not statistically different from those with "high phthalates, low parabens" suggesting a minimal effect of higher paraben exposure in the presence of high phthalates. The presented example offers verification of latent class assignments through application to an additional data set as well as a comparison to another unsupervised clustering approach, k-means clustering. LCA may be more easily implemented, more consistent, and more able to provide interpretable output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Carroll
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra J White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings Global School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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20
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Dórea JG. Environmental exposure to low-level lead (Pb) co-occurring with other neurotoxicants in early life and neurodevelopment of children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108641. [PMID: 31421445 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a worldwide environmental contaminant that even at low levels influences brain development and affects neurobehavior later in life; nevertheless it is only a small fraction of the neurotoxicant (NT) exposome. Exposure to environmental Pb concurrent with other NT substances is often the norm, but their joint effects are challenging to study during early life. The aim of this review is to integrate studies of Pb-containing NT mixtures during the early life and neurodevelopment outcomes of children. The Pb-containing NT mixtures that have been most studied involve other metals (Mn, Al, Hg, Cd), metalloids (As), halogen (F), and organo-halogen pollutants. Co-occurring Pb-associated exposures during pregnancy and lactation depend on the environmental sources and the metabolism and half-life of the specific NT contaminant; but offspring neurobehavioral outcomes are also influenced by social stressors. Nevertheless, Pb-associated effects from prenatal exposure portend a continued burden on measurable neurodevelopment; they thus favor increased neurological health issues, decrements in neurobehavioral tests and reductions in the quality of life. Neurobehavioral test outcomes measured in the first 1000 days showed Pb-associated negative outcomes were frequently noticed in infants (<6 months). In older (preschool and school) children studies showed more variations in NT mixtures, children's age, and sensitivity and/or specificity of neurobehavioral tests; these variations and choice of statistical model (individual NT stressor or collective effect of mixture) may explain inconsistencies. Multiple exposures to NT mixtures in children diagnosed with 'autism spectrum disorders' (ASD) and 'attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders' (ADHD), strongly suggest a Pb-associated effect. Mixture potency (number or associated NT components and respective concentrations) and time (duration and developmental stage) of exposure often showed a measurable impact on neurodevelopment; however, net effects, reversibility and/or predictability of delays are insufficiently studied and need urgent attention. Nevertheless, neurodevelopment delays can be prevented and/or attenuated if public health policies are implemented to protect the unborn and the young child.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, DF, Brazil.
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Chandravanshi LP, Gupta R, Shukla RK. Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity by Dysfunctioning Cholinergic and Dopaminergic System in Brain of Developing Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:118-133. [PMID: 30051311 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic via drinking water throughout the globe is assumed to cause a developmental neurotoxicity. Here, we investigated the effect of perinatal arsenic exposure on the neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes in the corpus striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus that is critically involved in motor and cognition functions. In continuation of previous studies, this study demonstrates that perinatal exposures (GD6-PD21) to arsenic (2 or 4 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) cause hypo-activity in arsenic-exposed rats on PD22. The hypo-activity was found to be linked with a decrease in the mRNA and protein expression of the DA-D2 receptor. Further, a protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), levels of dopamine, and its metabolites were also significantly impaired in corpus striatum. The arsenic-exposed groups showed spatial learning and memory significantly below the average in a dose-dependent manner for the controls. Here, we evaluated the declined expression of CHRM2 receptor gene and protein expression of ChAT, PKCβ-1 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, which are critically involved in cognition functions including learning and memory. A trend of recovery was found in the cholinergic and dopaminergic system of the brain, but changes remained persisted even after the withdrawal of arsenic exposure on PD45. Taken together, our results indicate that perinatal arsenic exposure appears to be critical and vulnerable as the development of cholinergic and dopaminergic system continues during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit P Chandravanshi
- Division of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, 201307, India.
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
| | - Richa Gupta
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Rajendra K Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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Avram S, Udrea AM, Negrea A, Ciopec M, Duteanu N, Postolache C, Duda-Seiman C, Duda-Seiman D, Shaposhnikov S. Prevention of Deficit in Neuropsychiatric Disorders through Monitoring of Arsenic and Its Derivatives as Well as Through Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081804. [PMID: 31013686 PMCID: PMC6514589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are induced by various risk factors, including direct exposure to environmental chemicals. Arsenic exposure induces neurodegeneration and severe psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms by which brain damage is induced are not yet elucidated. Our aim is to better understand the molecular mechanisms of arsenic toxicity in the brain and to elucidate possible ways to prevent arsenic neurotoxicity, by reviewing significant experimental, bioinformatics, and cheminformatics studies. Brain damage induced by arsenic exposure is discussed taking in account: the correlation between neuropsychiatric disorders and the presence of arsenic and its derivatives in the brain; possible molecular mechanisms by which arsenic induces disturbances of cognitive and behavioral human functions; and arsenic influence during psychiatric treatments. Additionally, we present bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools used for studying brain toxicity of arsenic and its derivatives, new nanoparticles used as arsenic delivery systems into the human body, and experimental ways to prevent arsenic contamination by its removal from water. The main aim of the present paper is to correlate bioinformatics, cheminformatics, and experimental information on the molecular mechanism of cerebral damage induced by exposure to arsenic, and to elucidate more efficient methods used to reduce its toxicity in real groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Speranta Avram
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ana Maria Udrea
- National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomistilor Street 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Adina Negrea
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Piata Victoriei, 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Ciopec
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Piata Victoriei, 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Narcis Duteanu
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Piata Victoriei, 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Carmen Postolache
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Corina Duda-Seiman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timișoara, I.H.Pestalozzi 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Daniel Duda-Seiman
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes, Timişoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
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Claus Henn B, Austin C, Coull BA, Schnaas L, Gennings C, Horton MK, Hernández-Ávila M, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM, Wright RO, Arora M. Uncovering neurodevelopmental windows of susceptibility to manganese exposure using dentine microspatial analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:588-598. [PMID: 29247915 PMCID: PMC5965684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between manganese (Mn) and neurodevelopment may depend on dose and exposure timing, but most studies cannot measure exposure variability over time well. OBJECTIVE We apply temporally informative tooth-matrix biomarkers to uncover windows of susceptibility in early life when Mn is associated with visual motor ability in childhood. We also explore effect modification by lead (Pb) and child sex. METHODS Participants were drawn from the ELEMENT (Early Life Exposures in MExico and NeuroToxicology) longitudinal birth cohort studies. We reconstructed dose and timing of prenatal and early postnatal Mn and Pb exposures for 138 children by analyzing deciduous teeth using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Neurodevelopment was assessed between 6 and 16 years of age using the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities (WRAVMA). Mn associations with total WRAVMA scores and subscales were estimated with multivariable generalized additive mixed models. We examined Mn interactions with Pb and child sex in stratified models. RESULTS Levels of dentine Mn were highest in the second trimester and declined steeply over the prenatal period, with a slower rate of decline after birth. Mn was positively associated with visual spatial and total WRAVMA scores in the second trimester, among children with lower (< median) tooth Pb levels: one standard deviation (SD) increase in ln-transformed dentine Mn at 150 days before birth was associated with a 0.15 [95% CI: 0.04, 0.26] SD increase in total score. This positive association was not observed at high Pb levels. In contrast to the prenatal period, significant negative associations were found in the postnatal period from ~ 6 to 12 months of age, among boys only: one SD increase in ln-transformed dentine Mn was associated with a 0.11 [95% CI: - 0.001, - 0.22] to 0.16 [95% CI: - 0.04, - 0.28] SD decrease in visual spatial score. CONCLUSIONS Using tooth-matrix biomarkers with fine scale temporal profiles of exposure, we found discrete developmental windows in which Mn was associated with visual-spatial abilities. Our results suggest that Mn associations are driven in large part by exposure timing, with beneficial effects found for prenatal levels and toxic effects found for postnatal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research on Community Interventions, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan K Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Howard Hu
- University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Skröder H, Kippler M, Nermell B, Tofail F, Levi M, Rahman SM, Raqib R, Vahter M. Major Limitations in Using Element Concentrations in Hair as Biomarkers of Exposure to Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:067021. [PMID: 28669939 PMCID: PMC5743543 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair is a commonly used exposure biomarker for metals and other trace elements, but concern has been raised regarding its appropriateness for assessing the internal dose. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate children's hair as biomarker of internal dose for toxic (As, Mn, Cd, Pb) and essential elements (Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo). METHODS In 207 children (9-10 years of age), originating from a population-based cohort in rural Bangladesh, we measured concentrations of the selected elements in hair ( closest to the scalp) using ICP-MS. We compared these with previously measured concentrations in erythrocytes, urine, and water. For a subset of children (n=19), we analyzed four consecutive 2 cm pieces of hair. RESULTS There were strong associations between hair As and the other biomarkers (erythrocytes: rs=0.73, p<0.001; urine: rS=0.66, p<0.001); and water (rs=0.60, p<0.001); and there were significant correlations between Se in hair and erythrocytes (overall rs=0.38, p<0.001), and urine (rs=0.29, p<0.001). Hair Co and Mo showed weak correlations with concentrations in erythrocytes. Hair Mn was not associated with Mn in erythrocytes, urine, or water, and the geometric mean concentration increased almost five times from the 2 cm closest to the head to the 7th–8th cm (p<0.001). Also Mg, Ca, Co, Cd, and Pb increased from the scalp outward (>50% higher in 7th–8th cm compared with 1st–2nd cm, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hair was found to be a useful exposure biomarker of absorbed As and Se only. Of all measured elements, hair Mn seemed the least reflective of internal dose. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Skröder
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbro Nermell
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmida Tofail
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Michael Levi
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tamayo y Ortiz M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Hu H, Hernández-Ávila M, Wright R, Amarasiriwardena C, Lupoli N, Mercado-García A, Pantic I, Lamadrid-Figueroa H. Lead in candy consumed and blood lead levels of children living in Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:497-502. [PMID: 26974363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that lead exposure continues to pose a health risk in Mexico. Children are a vulnerable population for lead effects and Mexican candy has been found to be a source of exposure in children. There are no previous studies that estimates lead concentrations in candy that children living in Mexico City consume and its association with their blood lead level. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether there is an association between reported recent consumption of candies identified to have lead, and blood lead levels among children in Mexico City. METHODS A subsample of 171 children ages 2-6 years old, from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort study was assessed between June 2006 and July 2007. The candy reported most frequently were analyzed for lead using ICP-MS. The total weekly intake of lead through the consumption of candy in the previous week was calculated. Capillary blood lead levels (BLL) were measured using LeadCare (anodic stripping voltammetry). RESULTS Lead concentrations ≥0.1ppm, the FDA permitted level (range: 0.13-0.7ppm) were found in 6 samples out of 138 samples from 44 different brands of candy. Median BLL in children was 4.5µg/dl. After adjusting for child's sex, age, BMI, maternal education & occupation, milk consumption, sucking the candy wrapper, use of lead-glazed pottery, child exposure behavior, living near a lead exposure site and use of folk remedies, an increase of 1µg of lead ingested through candy per week was associated with 3% change (95% CI: 0.1%, 5.2%) in BLL. CONCLUSIONS Although lead concentrations in candy were mostly below the FDA permitted level, high lead concentrations were detected in 4% of the candy samples and 12% of brands analyzed. Although candy intake was modestly associated with children's BLL, lead should not be found in consumer products, especially in candy that children can consume due to the well documented long-lasting effect of lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Tamayo y Ortiz
- National Council of Science and Technology, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, Benito Juárez, Crédito Constructor, 03940 Ciudad de México, D.F, Mexico; National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Howard Hu
- University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 6, 155 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M7.
| | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Robert Wright
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Nicola Lupoli
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Adriana Mercado-García
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Ivan Pantic
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales #800, Miguel Hidalgo Lomas Virreyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, D.F, Mexico.
| | - Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Marcinek K, Wójciak RW, Krejpcio Z, Stanisławska-Kubiak M. An Assessment of the Consumption of Energy and Selected Minerals and Their Content in the Hair of Children Aged 1-4 Years. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:255-63. [PMID: 26289087 PMCID: PMC4791474 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the consumption of energy and selected minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu) and their content in the hair of children aged 1-4 years. Seventy-five children were divided into three age subgroups: 12-24-month-olds, 25-36-month-olds and 37-48-month-olds. The data on energy intake and consumption of nutrients were obtained by means of a nutritional interview. The content of elements in the hair was measured by means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with an AAS-3 spectrophotometer (Zeiss). The daily food rations of children aged 12-36 months were characterised by adequate energy value, but the values of Ca and K were too low, whereas the content of Mg, Zn and Cu was high. On the other hand, the daily food rations of children aged 37-48 months provided sufficient amounts of Mg and Zn, but the value of Cu was too high, whereas energy, Ca, K and Fe were too low. About 42.7% of the children under study were characterised by an abnormal state of nutrition. An inadequately balanced diet needs to be corrected by educating parents or guardians in appropriate nutrition. There are significant correlations (r > 0.9) between the supply of Ca in the diet of children aged 1-4 years and the content of this element in their hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marcinek
- />Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Wojciech Wójciak
- />Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- />Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- />Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Rodrigues EG, Bellinger DC, Valeri L, Hasan MOSI, Quamruzzaman Q, Golam M, Kile ML, Christiani DC, Wright RO, Mazumdar M. Neurodevelopmental outcomes among 2- to 3-year-old children in Bangladesh with elevated blood lead and exposure to arsenic and manganese in drinking water. Environ Health 2016; 15:44. [PMID: 26968381 PMCID: PMC4788832 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The people of Bangladesh are currently exposed to high concentrations of arsenic and manganese in drinking water, as well as elevated lead in many regions. The objective of this study was to investigate associations between environmental exposure to these contaminants and neurodevelopmental outcomes among Bangladeshi children. METHODS We evaluated data from 524 children, members of an ongoing prospective birth cohort established to study the effects of prenatal and early childhood arsenic exposure in the Sirajdikhan and Pabna Districts of Bangladesh. Water was collected from the family's primary drinking source during the first trimester of pregnancy and at ages 1, 12 and 20-40 months. At age 20-40 months, blood lead was measured and neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using a translated, culturally-adapted version of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III). RESULTS Median blood lead concentrations were higher in Sirajdikhan than Pabna (7.6 vs. <LODμg/dL, p <0.0001) and water arsenic concentrations were lower (1.5 vs 25.7 μg/L, p <0.0001). Increased blood lead was associated with decreased cognitive scores in Sirajdikhan (β = -0.17, SE = 0.09, p = 0.05), whereas increased water arsenic was associated with decreased cognitive scores in Pabna (β = -0.06, SE = 0.03, p = 0.05). Water manganese was associated with fine motor scores in an inverse-U relationship in Pabna. CONCLUSION Where blood lead levels are high, lead is associated with decreased cognitive scores on the BSID-III, and effects of other metals are not detected. In the setting of lower lead levels, the adverse effects of arsenic and manganese on neurodevelopment are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema G Rodrigues
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda Valeri
- Department of Psychiatry (Biostatistics), McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Molly L Kile
- Department of Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maitreyi Mazumdar
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Perinatal and Childhood Exposure to Cadmium, Manganese, and Metal Mixtures and Effects on Cognition and Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:284-94. [PMID: 26231505 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) neurotoxicity is well established. In recent years, a growing body of evidence suggests that environmental exposure to other metals including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) and their mixtures also poses public health threats. In this paper, we summarize the recent literature examining the relationship of prenatal and childhood environmental metal exposures with cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children. We conducted a literature search to identify epidemiologic studies that examined the relationship of Cd, Mn, and metal mixtures with children's neurodevelopmental/cognitive and behavioral outcomes. We restricted the search to peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2009 and March 2015. We identified a total of 31 articles of which 16, 17, and 16 studies examined the effects of Cd, Mn, or metal mixtures, respectively. Based on our review, there is suggestive evidence that prenatal/childhood Cd exposure may be associated with poorer cognition, but additional research is clearly needed. We found little evidence of behavioral effects of early life Cd exposure, and no studies found a significant relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Studies of early life Mn exposure consistently reported negative impacts on both cognition and behavior. There is also growing evidence that co-exposure to multiple metals can result in increased neurotoxicity compared to single-metal exposure, in particular during early life. Few studies have evaluated behavioral effects related to metal co-exposure.
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Low-level arsenic exposure and developmental neurotoxicity in children: A systematic review and risk assessment. Toxicology 2015; 337:91-107. [PMID: 26388044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Risk assessments of arsenic have focused on skin, bladder, and lung cancers and skin lesions as the sensitive cancer and non-cancer health endpoints, respectively; however, an increasing number of epidemiologic studies that can inform risk assessment have examined neurodevelopmental effects in children. We conducted a systematic review and risk assessment based on the epidemiologic literature on possible neurodevelopmental effects at lower arsenic exposures. Twenty-four cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies were identified that report on the association between low-level arsenic exposure (i.e., largely <100 μg/L of arsenic in drinking water) and neurological outcomes in children. Although the overall evidence does not consistently show a causal dose-response relationship at low doses, the most rigorously conducted studies from Bangladesh indicate possible inverse associations with cognitive function, predominantly involving concurrent arsenic exposure as measured by biomarkers (i.e., arsenic in urine or blood) and raw verbal test scores at ages 5-11 years. Issues such as non-comparability of outcome measures across studies; inaccuracies of biomarkers and other measures of inorganic arsenic exposure; potential effect modification by cultural practices; insufficient adjustment for nutritional deficiencies, maternal IQ, and other important confounders; and presence of other neurotoxicants in foreign populations limit generalizability to U.S. POPULATIONS Of the few U.S. studies available, the most rigorously conducted study did not find a consistent dose-response relationship between arsenic concentrations in tap water or toenails and decrements in IQ scores. Assuming that the strongest dose-response relationship from the most rigorous evidence from Bangladesh is generalizable to U.S. populations, possible reference doses were estimated in the range of 0.0004-0.001 mg/kg-day. These doses are higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose for chronic lifetime exposure, thus indicating protectiveness of the existing value for potential neurotoxicity in children. This reference dose is undergoing revision as EPA considers various health endpoints in the reassessment of inorganic arsenic health risks.
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