1
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Cao X, Fu YX, Peng H. Promising Cytokine Adjuvants for Enhancing Tuberculosis Vaccine Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:477. [PMID: 38793728 PMCID: PMC11126114 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), remains a formidable global health challenge, affecting a substantial portion of the world's population. The current tuberculosis vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), offers limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults, underscoring the critical need for innovative vaccination strategies. Cytokines are pivotal in modulating immune responses and have been explored as potential adjuvants to enhance vaccine efficacy. The strategic inclusion of cytokines as adjuvants in tuberculosis vaccines holds significant promise for augmenting vaccine-induced immune responses and strengthening protection against M. tuberculosis. This review delves into promising cytokines, such as Type I interferons (IFNs), Type II IFN, interleukins such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, and IL-21, alongside the use of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an adjuvant, which has shown effectiveness in boosting immune responses and enhancing vaccine efficacy in tuberculosis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China;
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China;
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China
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2
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Ruffin AT, Wittling MC, Cole AC, Paulos CM. IL15 and IL21: Better When Membrane-Tethered Together on Antitumor T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1431-1433. [PMID: 38289325 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Systemic administration of homeostatic γ-chain cytokines mediates antitumor responses in some patients treated with adoptive immunotherapy. Yet many patients experience toxic side effects. New work presented herein suggests these limitations can be overcome by membrane-tethering IL15 and IL21 to T-cell products. This finding has major implications in advancing medicine. See related article by Nguyen et al., p. 1555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana T Ruffin
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Megen C Wittling
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna C Cole
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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Isvoranu G, Chiritoiu-Butnaru M. Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369743. [PMID: 38638431 PMCID: PMC11024325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an immunostimulatory cytokine which belongs to the common gamma-chain family of cytokines. It plays an import role in the development, differentiation, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, in particular T and natural killer (NK) cells. Since its discovery in 2000, IL-21 has been shown to regulate both adaptive and immune responses associates with key role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Recent advances indicate IL-21 as a promising target for cancer treatment and encouraging results were obtained in preclinical studies which investigated the potency of IL-21 alone or in combination with other therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitory molecules, oncolytic virotherapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Furthermore, IL-21 showed antitumor effects in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer, with minimal side effects in several clinical trials. In the present review, we will outline the recent progress in IL-21 research, highlighting the potential of IL-21 based therapy as single agent or in combination with other drugs to enhance cancer treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghita Isvoranu
- Department of Animal Husbandry,” Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marioara Chiritoiu-Butnaru
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Ma M, Xie Y, Liu J, Wu L, Liu Y, Qin X. Biological effects of IL-21 on immune cells and its potential for cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111154. [PMID: 37977064 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is one of the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune system. Produced by various immune cells, IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on innate and adaptive immune responses via regulation of natural killer, T, and B cells. An anti-tumor role of IL-21 has also been reported in the literature, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the tumor cell. Anti-tumor effect of IL-21 enhances when combined with other agents that target tumor cells, immune regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules. Therefore, understanding the biology of IL-21 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reducing its systemic toxic and side effects is crucial to ensure the maximum benefits of anti-tumor treatment strategies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the biological functions, roles in tumors, and the recent advances in preclinical and clinical research of IL-21 in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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5
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Balzasch BM, Cerwenka A. Microenvironmental signals shaping NK-cell reactivity in cancer. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250103. [PMID: 37194594 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the postulation of the "missing-self" concept, much progress has been made in defining requirements for NK-cell activation. Unlike T lymphocytes that process signals from receptors in a hierarchic manner dominated by the T-cell receptors, NK cells integrate receptor signals more "democratically." Signals originate not only the downstream of cell-surface receptors triggered by membrane-bound ligands or cytokines, but are also mediated by specialized microenvironmental sensors that perceive the cellular surrounding by detecting metabolites or the availability of oxygen. Thus, NK-cell effector functions are driven in an organ and disease-dependent manner. Here, we review the latest findings on how NK-cell reactivity in cancer is determined by the reception and integration of complex signals. Finally, we discuss how this knowledge can be exploited to guide novel combinatorial approaches for NK-cell-based anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Balzasch
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunosciences (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunosciences (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Fantini M, Arlen PM, Tsang KY. Potentiation of natural killer cells to overcome cancer resistance to NK cell-based therapy and to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275904. [PMID: 38077389 PMCID: PMC10704476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cellular components of the innate immune system that can recognize and suppress the proliferation of cancer cells. NK cells can eliminate cancer cells through direct lysis, by secreting perforin and granzymes, or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC involves the binding of the Fc gamma receptor IIIa (CD16), present on NK cells, to the constant region of an antibody already bound to cancer cells. Cancer cells use several mechanisms to evade antitumor activity of NK cells, including the accumulation of inhibitory cytokines, recruitment and expansion of immune suppressor cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), modulation of ligands for NK cells receptors. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the antitumor activity of NK cells with the goal of overcoming cancer cells resistance to NK cells. The three main strategies to engineer and boost NK cells cytotoxicity include boosting NK cells with modulatory cytokines, adoptive NK cell therapy, and the employment of engineered NK cells to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy. Although the first two strategies improved the efficacy of NK cell-based therapy, there are still some limitations, including immune-related adverse events, induction of immune-suppressive cells and further cancer resistance to NK cell killing. One strategy to overcome these issues is the combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that mediate ADCC and engineered NK cells with potentiated anti-cancer activity. The advantage of using mAbs with ADCC activity is that they can activate NK cells, but also favor the accumulation of immune effector cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Several clinical trials reported that combining engineered NK cells with mAbs with ADCC activity can result in a superior clinical response compared to mAbs alone. Next generation of clinical trials, employing engineered NK cells with mAbs with higher affinity for CD16 expressed on NK cells, will provide more effective and higher-quality treatments to cancer patients.
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7
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Eivary SHA, Kheder RK, Najmaldin SK, Kheradmand N, Esmaeili SA, Hajavi J. Implications of IL-21 in solid tumor therapy. Med Oncol 2023; 40:191. [PMID: 37249661 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer, the most deadly disease, is known as a recent dilemma worldwide. Presently different treatments are used for curing cancers, especially solid cancers. Because of the immune-enhancing functions of cytokine, IL-21 as a cytokine may have new possibilities to manipulate the immune system in disease conditions, as it stimulates NK and CTL functions and drives IgG antibody production. Indeed, IL-21 has been revealed to elicit antitumor-immune responses in several tumor models. Combining IL-21 with other agents, which target tumor cells, immune-regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules enhances this activity. The exciting breakthrough in the results obtained in pre-clinical situations has led to the early outset of present developing clinical trials in cancer patients. In the paper, we have reviewed the function of IL-21 in solid tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Abtahi Eivary
- Department of Medical Sciences of Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Para-Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ramiar Kamal Kheder
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Soran K Najmaldin
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Nahid Kheradmand
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Jafar Hajavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran.
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8
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Berger A, Colpitts SJ, Zych M, Paige CJ. Engineered murine IL-21-secreting leukemia cells induce granzyme B + T cells and CD4 +CD44 +CD62L - effector memory cells while suppressing regulatory T cells, leading to long-term survival. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03442-2. [PMID: 37061631 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the use of an IL-21 cell-based anti-leukemia treatment in a mouse model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 70Z/3 leukemia cells, engineered to secrete IL-21 and injected into the peritoneum of syngeneic mice, induced a strong anti-leukemia response resulting in 100% survival. Mice that mounted an IL-21-induced anti-leukemia immune response were immune to the parent cell line (no IL-21) when rechallenged.Above a certain threshold, IL-21 secretion correlated with improved survival compared to mice injected with parent 70Z/3 cells. IL-21 was detected in serum with peak levels on day 7, correlating with the maximum expansion of IL-21-secreting 70Z/3 cells which subsequently were eliminated. Mice injected with IL-21-secreting leukemia cells had elevated numbers of granzyme B+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peritoneum, compared to mice injected with the parent cell line. Regulatory T cells, which increased greatly in 70Z/3-injected mice, failed to do so in mice injected with IL-21-secreting cells. Upon rechallenge, IL-21-primed mice went through a secondary immune response, primarily requiring CD4+ T cells, triggering a significant increase of CD4+CD44+CD62L- effector memory T cells. Adoptive transfer of T cells from IL21-primed/rechallenged hosts into naïve mice was successful, indicating that IL-21-primed antigen-experienced T cells convey immunity to naïve mice.Our study shows that delivery of IL-21 in a cell-based anti-leukemia protocol has the potential to induce a potent immune response leading to cancer elimination and long-term immunity-properties which make IL-21 an attractive candidate for cancer immunotherapy. Protecting against tumor antigens as well as improving cancer immunity is justified, as current strategies are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Morgan Zych
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Christopher J Paige
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Room 8-105, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Williams MV, Mena-Palomo I, Cox B, Ariza ME. EBV dUTPase: A Novel Modulator of Inflammation and the Tumor Microenvironment in EBV-Associated Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:855. [PMID: 36765813 PMCID: PMC9913121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that put into question the classical dogma that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exists in cells as either a lytic virus in which new progeny is produced or in a latent state in which no progeny is produced. Notably, a third state has now been described, known as the abortive-lytic phase, which is characterized by the expression of some immediate early (IE) and early (E) genes, but no new virus progeny is produced. While the function of these IE and E gene products is not well understood, several recent studies support the concept they may contribute to tumor promotion by altering the tumor microenvironment (TME). The mechanisms by which these viral gene products may contribute to tumorigenesis remain unclear; however, it has been proposed that some of them promote cellular growth, immune evasion, and/or inhibit apoptosis. One of these EBV early gene products is the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) encoded by BLLF3, which not only contributes to the establishment of latency through the production of activin A and IL-21, but it may also alter the TME, thus promoting oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall V. Williams
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Irene Mena-Palomo
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brandon Cox
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Ariza
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Lim JS, Kim CR, Shin KS, Park HJ, Yoon TJ. Red Ginseng Extract and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Synergistically Enhance Immunity Against Cancer Cells and Antitumor Metastasis Activity in Mice. J Med Food 2023; 26:27-35. [PMID: 36576794 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.k.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of combined administration of red ginseng (RG) extracts and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on immunostimulatory activity and tumor metastasis inhibition were investigated in mice. For the immunostimulatory activity, splenocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell activity, including the production of granzyme B (GrB) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and serum level of cytokine such as IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-21 were assessed. Peyer's patch cells obtained from mice administered with RG+GABA were cultured, and the cytokine level in the culture supernatant and bone marrow (BM) cell proliferation activity were examined. The proliferative activity of splenocytes was significantly higher in the RG-GABA treatment group than in RG or GABA alone (P < .05). In the experimental tumor metastasis model, oral administration of RG+GABA showed a higher antitumor metastatic effect compared to that of RG or GABA alone. Oral administration of RG+GABA significantly augmented NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against YAC-1 tumor cells. In addition, the production of GrB and IFN-γ was stimulated in the culture supernatant of NK cells and YAC-1 cells. Serum concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-21 in mice with RG+GABA were significantly higher compared to the corresponding blood levels in mice administered with RG or GABA alone. The RG+GABA group showed significant BM cell proliferation and increased production of IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor compared to that in the monotherapy groups. Therefore, RG may have a synergistic effect with GABA for enhancing the host defense system such as BM proliferation and NK cell activity in a tumor metastasis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sik Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yuhan University, Buchoen, Korea
| | - Chae Rim Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yuhan University, Buchoen, Korea.,DoGenBio Co., Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-gu, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Zhou Y, Quan G, Liu Y, Shi N, Wu Y, Zhang R, Gao X, Luo L. The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090311. [PMID: 36936961 PMCID: PMC10018032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin-2 Family contains six kinds of cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21, all of which share a common γ chain. Many cytokines of the IL-2 family have been reported to be a driving force in immune cells activation. Therefore, researchers have tried various methods to study the anti-tumor effect of cytokines for a long time. However, due to the short half-life, poor stability, easy to lead to inflammatory storms and narrow safety treatment window of cytokines, this field has been tepid. In recent years, with the rapid development of protein engineering technology, some engineered cytokines have a significant effect in tumor immunotherapy, showing an irresistible trend of development. In this review, we will discuss the current researches of the IL-2 family and mainly focus on the application and achievements of engineered cytokines in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyihua Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqi Quan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
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12
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Wang X, Yang X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Shang S, Wang W, Wang Y. Combination of Expanded Allogeneic NK Cells and T Cell-Based Immunotherapy Exert Enhanced Antitumor Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010251. [PMID: 36612246 PMCID: PMC9818244 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies based on immune checkpoint blockade, neoantigen-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-T) have achieved favorable clinical outcomes in tumor treatment. However, sustained immune response and tumor regression have been observed only in a few patients due to immune escape. Natural killer (NK) cells can mediate direct tumor lysis and target cancer cells with low or no expression of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) that are no longer recognized by T cells during immune escape. Therefore, the combination of T cell-based immunotherapy and NK cell therapy is a promising strategy for improving antitumor response and response rate. However, allogeneic NK cells for adoptive cell therapy have been limited by both the required cell number and quality. Here, we developed an efficient manufacturing system that relies on genetically modified K562 cells for the expansion of high-quality NK cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. NK cells with the optimal expansion and activity were identified by comparing the different culture systems. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the cooperation of NK cells with tumor-reactive T cells or with NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-T cells further enhanced tumors lysis, especially against tumors with downregulated HLA-I expression. The advantages of HLA-mismatch and non-rejection by other allogeneic immune cells demonstrated the potential of "off-the-shelf" NK cells with the capacity to target tumors for immunotherapy. Our results indicate that the combination strategy based on T cell and allogeneic NK cell immunotherapy might have potential for overcoming the barrier of immune incompetence caused by HLA-I downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yueping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yunshuo Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Siqi Shang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
- LeaLing Biopharma Company, Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yueying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (Y.W.)
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13
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Wang Y, Huang G, Hou Q, Pan H, Cai L. Cell surface-nanoengineering for cancer targeting immunoregulation and precise immunotherapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022:e1875. [PMID: 36567668 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Living cells have become ideal therapeutic agents for cancer treatment owing to their innate activities, such as efficient tumor targeting and delivery, easy engineering, immunomodulatory properties, and fewer adverse effects. However, cell agents are often fragile to rigorous tumor microenvironment (TME) and limited by inadequate therapeutic responses, leading to unwanted treatment efficacy. Cell nanomodification, particularly the cell surface-nanoengineering has emerged as reliable and efficient strategy that not only combines cell activity properties with nanomaterials but also endows them with extra novel functions, enabling to achieve remarkable treatment results. In this review, we systematically introduce two major strategies have been adopted to develop cell surface engineering with nanomaterials, mainly including living cell nano-backpacks and cell membrane-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs). Based on various functional NPs and cell types, we focus on reviewing the cell-surface nanoengineering for targeted drug delivery, immune microenvironment regulation, and precisely antitumor therapy. The advances and challenges of cell surface-nanoengineered antitumor agents for cancer therapy applications are further discussed in future clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the advances in cell surface-engineering for targeting immunoregulation and treatment and could contribute to the future of advanced cell-based antitumor therapeutic applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China.,Department of Urology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guojun Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hou
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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CD4+IL9+ (Th9) cells as the major source of IL-9, potentially modulate Th17/Treg mediated host immune response during experimental cerebral malaria. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Valeri A, García-Ortiz A, Castellano E, Córdoba L, Maroto-Martín E, Encinas J, Leivas A, Río P, Martínez-López J. Overcoming tumor resistance mechanisms in CAR-NK cell therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953849. [PMID: 35990652 PMCID: PMC9381932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive results of autologous CAR-T cell therapy in refractory B lymphoproliferative diseases, CAR-NK immunotherapy emerges as a safer, faster, and cost-effective approach with no signs of severe toxicities as described for CAR-T cells. Permanently scrutinized for its efficacy, recent promising data in CAR-NK clinical trials point out the achievement of deep, high-quality responses, thus confirming its potential clinical use. Although CAR-NK cell therapy is not significantly affected by the loss or downregulation of its CAR tumor target, as in the case of CAR-T cell, a plethora of common additional tumor intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms that could also disable NK cell function have been described. Therefore, considering lessons learned from CAR-T cell therapy, the emergence of CAR-NK cell therapy resistance can also be envisioned. In this review we highlight the processes that could be involved in its development, focusing on cytokine addiction and potential fratricide during manufacturing, poor tumor trafficking, exhaustion within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and NK cell short in vivo persistence on account of the limited expansion, replicative senescence, and rejection by patient’s immune system after lymphodepletion recovery. Finally, we outline new actively explored alternatives to overcome these resistance mechanisms, with a special emphasis on CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genetic engineering approaches, a promising platform to optimize CAR-NK cell function to eradicate refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valeri
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena García-Ortiz
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Castellano
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Córdoba
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Maroto-Martín
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Encinas
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Leivas
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Río
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Biomedical Innovation Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (H12O-CNIO) Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Joaquín Martínez-López,
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Sottoriva K, Paik NY, White Z, Bandara T, Shao L, Sano T, Pajcini KV. A Notch/IL-21 signaling axis primes bone marrow T cell progenitor expansion. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e157015. [PMID: 35349492 PMCID: PMC9090257 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term impairment in T cell-mediated adaptive immunity is a major clinical obstacle following treatment of blood disorders with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although T cell development in the thymus has been extensively characterized, there are significant gaps in our understanding of prethymic processes that influence early T cell potential. We have uncovered a Notch/IL-21 signaling axis in bone marrow common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells. IL-21 receptor expression was driven by Notch activation in CLPs, and in vivo treatment with IL-21 induced Notch-dependent CLP proliferation. Taking advantage of this potentially novel signaling axis, we generated T cell progenitors ex vivo, which improved repopulation of the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs of mice in an allogeneic transplant model. Importantly, Notch and IL-21 activation were equally effective in the priming and expansion of human cord blood cells toward the T cell fate, confirming the translational potential of the combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Yoon Paik
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Zachary White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Teruyuki Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Holder PG, Lim SA, Huang CS, Sharma P, Dagdas YS, Bulutoglu B, Sockolosky JT. Engineering interferons and interleukins for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114112. [PMID: 35085624 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are a class of potent immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted in response to various stimuli and act locally to regulate many aspects of human physiology and disease. Cytokines play important roles in cancer initiation, progression, and elimination, and thus, there is a long clinical history associated with the use of recombinant cytokines to treat cancer. However, the use of cytokines as therapeutics has been limited by cytokine pleiotropy, complex biology, poor drug-like properties, and severe dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, cytokines are crucial mediators of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity and have the potential to enhance immunotherapeutic approaches to treat cancer. Development of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination immunotherapies has reinvigorated interest in cytokines as therapeutics, and a variety of engineering approaches are emerging to improve the safety and effectiveness of cytokine immunotherapy. In this review we highlight recent advances in cytokine biology and engineering for cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Olguin-Calderón D, Velásquez-Ortiz MG, Huerta-Robles HMR, López-Herrera G, Segura-Méndez NH, O'Farrill-Romanillos P, Scheffler-Mendoza S, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, García-Cruz ML, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Staines-Boone TA, Santos-Argumedo L, Berrón-Ruiz L. Atypical patterns of STAT3 phosphorylation in subpopulations B cells in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:428-436. [PMID: 35177260 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by defective B cell differentiation and antibody production. Interleukin (IL)-21 activates STAT3, a potent regulator of B cell differentiation into plasma cells. We have studied the phosphorylation of STAT3 in CVID patients and its contribution to B cells subsets. METHODS We studied 23 CVID patients and 14 healthy donors (HD), determining pSTAT3 in naïve and memory B cells, stimulated with IL-21 at 15 and 60 min. RESULTS pSTAT3 was increased in total (p = 0.044), naïve (p = 0.023), and memory (p = 0.001) B cells at 60 min in CVID patients compared with HD. We classified patients by the percentage of isotype-switched memory B cells. We observed an increase in pSTAT3 at 60 min in memory B cells in both CVID groups of patients (p = 0.026, p = 0.007, respectively). Interestingly, the analysis of each group individually; demonstrated that patients with decreased memory B cells exhibited an increase in pSTAT3 at 60 min (p = 0.023), while HD had an expected decrease in pSTAT3 (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION CVID patients showed an increased atypical of pSTAT3, which could affect the differentiation of B cells. Further studies in the IL-21 pathway are necessary to understand how this alteration could promote differentiation defects in patient B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H M Raquel Huerta-Robles
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría SSA, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela López-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría SSA, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nora H Segura-Méndez
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico
| | | | - Selma Scheffler-Mendoza
- Servicio de Inmunología y Alergia, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría SSA, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Sara E Espinosa-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría SSA, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tamara A Staines-Boone
- Servicio de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Noreste IMSS, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Laura Berrón-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría SSA, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Abdel-Azim H, Dave H, Jordan K, Rawlings-Rhea S, Luong A, Wilson AL. Alignment of practices for data harmonization across multi-center cell therapy trials: a report from the Consortium for Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:193-204. [PMID: 34711500 PMCID: PMC8792313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune effector cell (IEC) therapies have revolutionized our approach to relapsed B-cell malignancies, and interest in the investigational use of IECs is rapidly expanding into other diseases. Current challenges in the analysis of IEC therapies include small sample sizes, limited access to clinical trials and a paucity of predictive biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity associated with IEC therapies. Retrospective and prospective multi-center cell therapy trials can assist in overcoming these barriers through harmonization of clinical endpoints and correlative assays for immune monitoring, allowing additional cross-trial analysis to identify biomarkers of failure and success. The Consortium for Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy (CPCI) offers a unique platform to address the aforementioned challenges by delivering cutting-edge cell and gene therapies for children through multi-center clinical trials. Here the authors discuss some of the important pre-analytic variables, such as biospecimen collection and initial processing procedures, that affect biomarker assays commonly used in IEC trials across participating CPCI sites. The authors review the recent literature and provide data to support recommendations for alignment and standardization of practices that can affect flow cytometry assays measuring immune effector function as well as interpretation of cytokine/chemokine data. The authors also identify critical gaps that often make parallel comparisons between trials difficult or impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hema Dave
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie Rawlings-Rhea
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annie Luong
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley L Wilson
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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20
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Liu H, Wang R, An D, Liu H, Ye F, Li B, Zhang J, Liu P, Zhang X, Yao S, Zhong Z, Feng H, Feng M. An engineered IL-21 with half-life extension enhances anti-tumor immunity as a monotherapy or in combination with PD-1 or TIGIT blockade. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108307. [PMID: 34735918 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has exhibited anti-tumor activity in preclinical and clinical studies; however, its modest efficacy and short half-time has limited its therapeutic utility as a monotherapy. Therefore, we engineered a fusion protein (IL-21-αHSA) in which a nanobody targeting human serum albumin (HSA) was fused to the C-terminus of rhIL-21. The αHSA nanobody displayed broad species cross-reactivity and bound to a HSA epitope that does not overlap with the FcRn binding site, thus providing a strategic design for half-life extension. The IL-21-αHSA fusion protein showed increased stability compared to rhIL-21, while retaining its bioactivity in a liquid solution for at least 6 months. Moreover, IL-21-αHSA showed a dramatically extended half-life and prolonged exposure in cynomolgus monkeys, with the t1/2 and AUC nearly 10 and 50 times greater than that of rhIL-21, respectively. Furthermore, IL-21-αHSA displayed enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in two syngeneic mouse models. Notably, IL-21-αHSA increased the anti-tumor effect of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) blockades when used in combination, with a protection against tumor rechallenge, suggesting the formation of long-term anti-tumor memory response. KEGG analysis identified significantly enriched pathways associated with anti-tumor immune response, with increased expression of genes associated with CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxicity. Overall, these data support further clinical evaluation of IL-21-αHSA as a monotherapy or in combination with immune checkpoint blockades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchuan Liu
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duopeng An
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Anwita Biosciences, INC., San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Baoxian Li
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Peixiang Liu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyang Zhong
- Anwita Biosciences, INC., San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Hui Feng
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Najar M, Merimi M, Faour WH, Lombard CA, Moussa Agha D, Ouhaddi Y, Sokal EM, Lagneaux L, Fahmi H. In Vitro Cellular and Molecular Interplay between Human Foreskin-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and the Th17 Cell Pathway. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1736. [PMID: 34684029 PMCID: PMC8537928 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreskin, considered a biological waste material, has been shown to be a reservoir of therapeutic cells. The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from the foreskin (FSK-MSCs) are being evaluated in cell-based therapy for degenerative, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Within the injured/inflamed tissue, proinflammatory lymphocytes such as IL-17-producing T helper cells (Th17) may interact with the stromal microenvironment, including MSCs. In this context, MSCs may encounter different levels of T cells as well as specific inflammatory signals. Uncovering the cellular and molecular changes during this interplay is central for developing an efficient and safe immunotherapeutic tool. To this end, an in vitro human model of cocultures of FSK-MSCs and T cells was established. These cocultures were performed at different cell ratios in the presence of an inflammatory setting. After confirming that FSK-MSCs respond to ISCT criteria by showing a typical phenotype and multilineage potential, we evaluated by flow cytometry the expression of Th17 cell markers IL-17A, IL23 receptor and RORγt within the lymphocyte population. We also measured 15 human Th17 pathway-related cytokines. Regardless of the T cell/MSC ratio, we observed a significant increase in IL-17A expression associated with an increase in IL-23 receptor expression. Furthermore, we observed substantial modulation of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, INF-γ, sCD40, and TNF-α secretion. These findings suggest that FSK-MSCs are receptive to their environment and modulate the T cell response accordingly. The changes within the secretome of the stromal and immune environment are likely relevant for the therapeutic effect of MSCs. FSK-MSCs represent a valuable cellular product for immunotherapeutic purposes that needs to be further clarified and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (M.N.); (L.L.)
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Makram Merimi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.M.); (D.M.A.)
- LBBES Laboratory, Genetics and Immune Cell Therapy Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Wissam H. Faour
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos 5053, Lebanon;
| | - Catherine A. Lombard
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Douâa Moussa Agha
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.M.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Yassine Ouhaddi
- Orthopaedics Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital (MGH), The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
| | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (M.N.); (L.L.)
| | - Hassan Fahmi
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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Garcia-Lacarte M, Grijalba SC, Melchor J, Arnaiz-Leché A, Roa S. The PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint in Normal Germinal Centers and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4683. [PMID: 34572910 PMCID: PMC8471895 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides a recognized role of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in anti-tumour immune evasion, there is accumulating evidence that PD-1/PD-L1 interactions between B and T cells also play an important role in normal germinal center (GC) reactions. Even when smaller in number, T follicular helper cells (TFH) and regulatory T (TFR) or B (Breg) cells are involved in positive selection of GC B cells and may result critical in the lymphoma microenvironment. Here, we discuss a role of PD-1/PD-L1 during tumour evolution in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a paradigm of GC-derived lymphomagenesis. We depict a progression model, in two phases, where malignant B cells take advantage of positive selection signals derived from correct antigen-presentation and PD-1/PD-L1 inter-cellular crosstalks to survive and initiate tumour expansion. Later, a constant pressure for the accumulation of genetic/epigenetic alterations facilitates that DLBCL cells exhibit higher PD-L1 levels and capacity to secrete IL-10, resembling Breg-like features. As a result, a complex immunosuppressive microenvironment is established where DLBCL cells sustain proliferation and survival by impairing regulatory control of TFR cells and limiting IL-21-mediated anti-tumour functions of TFH cells and maximize the use of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling to escape from CD8+ cytotoxic activity. Integration of these molecular and cellular addictions into a framework may contribute to the better understanding of the lymphoma microenvironment and contribute to the rationale for novel PD-1/PD-L1-based combinational immunotherapies in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Garcia-Lacarte
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara C. Grijalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
| | - Javier Melchor
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adrián Arnaiz-Leché
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
| | - Sergio Roa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Cancer—Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Abdin SM, Paasch D, Morgan M, Lachmann N. CARs and beyond: tailoring macrophage-based cell therapeutics to combat solid malignancies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002741. [PMID: 34462325 PMCID: PMC8407221 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent understanding of the role and contribution of immune cells in disease onset and progression has pioneered the field of immunotherapies. Use of genetic engineering to deliver, correct or enhance immune cells has been clinically successful, especially in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Indeed, one of the most attractive approaches is the introduction of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to immune cells, such as T cells. Recent studies revealed that adapting this platform for use in macrophages may widen the spectrum of CAR applications for better control of solid tumors and, thus, extend this treatment strategy to more patients with cancer. Given the novel insights into tumor-associated macrophages and new targeting strategies to boost anticancer therapy, this review aims to provide an overview of the current status of the role of macrophages in cancer therapy. The various genetic engineering approaches that can be used to optimize macrophages for use in oncology are discussed, with special attention dedicated to the implication of the CAR platform on macrophages for anticancer therapy. The current clinical status, challenges and future perspective of macrophage-based drugs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaa M Abdin
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Paasch
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Morgan
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany .,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,RESIST, Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
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24
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Zhang L, Zhang XT, Jin P, Zhao H, Liu X, Sheng Q. Effects of oral administration of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on serum immunity indexes, colonic immune factors, fecal odor, and fecal flora in mice. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13593. [PMID: 34289202 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on growth, immunity indexes, fecal flora, and fecal odor in mice, 40 mice were randomly allotted to four groups, and each was administrated with nothing, S. platensis, probiotics, or both for 28 days, respectively. Then, many indexes were measured. The results showed that S. platensis was more effective (P < 0.001) than probiotics in improving mice's feed conversion ration (FCR). In immunity, probiotics administration increased (P < 0.042) serum IgE, IgM, IFN-γ, colonic AHR, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression and decreased (P < 0.039) serum IL-1α, IL-21, IL-22, and colonic ARNT gene expression. However, the S. platensis showed weaker effect, which increased (P < 0.025) the serum IgE, IgM, TNF-α, and the colonic AHR and NF-κB protein expression, and decreased (P < 0.01) serum IL-21. Probiotics consumption decreased the fecal odor by decreasing (P < 0.02) fecal Escherichia coli, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and skatole contents, and the S. platensis decreased (P = 0.04) the IAA. These results indicated that oral administration of probiotics, S. platensis, or both of them in mice probably benefited body's immunity and reduced fecal odor. However, their mechanisms were still unclear and need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Xing Tao Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Pingting Jin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingkai Sheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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25
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Gonzalez-Junca A, Liu FD, Nagaraja AS, Mullenix A, Lee CT, Gordley RM, Frimannsson DO, Maller O, Garrison BS, Iyer D, Benabbas A, Truong TA, Quach A, Tian M, Martinez R, Savur R, Perry-McNamara A, Nguyen D, Almudhfar N, Blanco C, Huynh C, Nand A, Lay YAE, Magal A, Mangalampalli S, Lee PJ, Lu TK, Lee G. SENTI-101, a Preparation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Engineered to Express IL12 and IL21, Induces Localized and Durable Antitumor Immunity in Preclinical Models of Peritoneal Solid Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1508-1520. [PMID: 34210826 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced peritoneal carcinomatosis including high-grade ovarian cancer has poor prognoses and a poor response rate to current checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies; thus, there is an unmet need for effective therapeutics that would provide benefit to these patients. Here we present the preclinical development of SENTI-101, a cell preparation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal (also known as stem) cells (MSC), which are engineered to express two potent immune-modulatory cytokines, IL12 and IL21. Intraperitoneal administration of SENTI-101 results in selective tumor-homing and localized and sustained cytokine production in murine models of peritoneal cancer. SENTI-101 has extended half-life, reduced systemic distribution, and improved antitumor activity when compared with recombinant cytokines, suggesting that it is more effective and has lower risk of systemic immunotoxicities. Treatment of tumor-bearing immune-competent mice with a murine surrogate of SENTI-101 (mSENTI-101) results in a potent and localized immune response consistent with increased number and activation of antigen presenting cells, T cells and B cells, which leads to antitumor response and memory-induced long-term immunity. Consistent with this mechanism of action, co-administration of mSENTI-101 with checkpoint inhibitors leads to synergistic improvement in antitumor response. Collectively, these data warrant potential clinical development of SENTI-101 for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and high-grade ovarian cancer.Graphical abstract: SENTI-101 schematic and mechanism of actionSENTI-101 is a novel cell-based immunotherapeutic consisting of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) engineered to express IL12 and IL21 intended for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis including high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Upon intraperitoneal administration, SENTI-101 homes to peritoneal solid tumors and secretes IL12 and IL21 in a localized and sustained fashion. The expression of these two potent cytokines drives tumor infiltration and engagement of multiple components of the immune system: antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells, resulting in durable antitumor immunity in preclinical models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gonzalez-Junca
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Frances D Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Archana S Nagaraja
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Alyssa Mullenix
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Chen-Ting Lee
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Russell M Gordley
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel O Frimannsson
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ori Maller
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Brian S Garrison
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Dharini Iyer
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California.,Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Anissa Benabbas
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Tiffany A Truong
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Allison Quach
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mengxi Tian
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Rowena Martinez
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Rishi Savur
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Alyssa Perry-McNamara
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Denny Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Niran Almudhfar
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Carmina Blanco
- Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Christina Huynh
- Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Asish Nand
- Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Yu-An E Lay
- Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ashita Magal
- Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sravani Mangalampalli
- Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Philip J Lee
- Department of Technology and Operations, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Gary Lee
- Department of Research and Development, Senti Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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26
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Ongaro T, Guarino SR, Scietti L, Palamini M, Wulhfard S, Neri D, Villa A, Forneris F. Inference of molecular structure for characterization and improvement of clinical grade immunocytokines. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107696. [PMID: 33493635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of cancer is gaining a growing biopharmaceutical interest. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, namely immunocytokines, represent a promising solution for the regulation of the immune system at the site of disease. The three-dimensional arrangement of these molecules can profoundly influence their biological activity and pharmacokinetic properties. Structural techniques might provide important insight in the 3D arrangement of immunocytokines. Here, we performed structure investigations on clinical grade fusion proteins L19-IL2, IL12-L19L19 and L19L19-IL2 to elucidate their quaternary organization. Crystallographic characterization of the common L19 antibody fragment at a resolution of 2.0-Å was combined with low-resolution studies of the full-length chimeric molecules using small-angle synchrotron X-ray scattering (SAXS) and negative stain electron microscopy. Characterization of the full-length quaternary structures of the immunocytokines in solution by SAXS consistently supported the diabody structure in the L19-IL2 immunocytokine and allowed generation of low-resolution models of the chimeric proteins L19L19-IL2 and IL12-L19L19. Comparison with 3D reconstructions obtained from negative-stain electron microscopy revealed marked flexibility associated to the linker regions connecting the cytokine and the antibody components of the chimeric proteins. Collectively, our results indicate that low-resolution molecular structure characterizations provide useful complementary insights for the quality control of immunocytokines, constituting a powerful tool to guide the design and the subsequent optimization steps towards clinical enhancement of these chimeric protein reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Ongaro
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia Italy; Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore R Guarino
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Luigi Scietti
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Martina Palamini
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Sarah Wulhfard
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia Italy.
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27
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Wilz SW. A clinical trial of IL-15 and IL-21 combination therapy for COVID-19 is warranted. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 58:49-50. [PMID: 33199178 PMCID: PMC7583616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection suggest that both the humoral and cytotoxic arms of the immune system are weak in patients with severe COVID-19 disease when compared to mild disease. A cytokine storm is also induced in severe disease. IL-15 has been shown to support the cytotoxic arm of the immune response. IL-21 has been shown to support both the cytotoxic and humoral arms of the immune response. In addition, in some settings, Il-21 has been shown to actually decrease IL-6 and TNF-alpha production, reducing the inflammatory proteins involved in the cytokine storm. Furthermore, in other settings, the combination of IL-15 and IL-21 has been shown to be more effective than either interleukin alone in promoting an effective immune response. Therefore, a clinical trial that examines the use of the combination of IL-15 and IL-21 for COVID-19 patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Wilz
- Boston VA Healthcare System, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, United States.
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28
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Harvey RD, Carthon BC, Lewis C, Hossain MS, Zhang C, Chen Z, Harris WB, Alese OB, Shaib W, Bilen MA, Lawson DH, Wu C, Steuer CE, El-Rayes BF, Khuri FR, Lonial S, Waller EK, Ramalingam SS, Owonikoko TK. Phase 1 safety and pharmacodynamic study of lenalidomide combined with everolimus in patients with advanced solid malignancies with efficacy signal in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1228-1234. [PMID: 32704173 PMCID: PMC7553949 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purpose: The combination of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor and lenalidomide showed enhanced preclinical cytotoxicity. We conducted a phase 1 study in advanced solid tumour patients to assess safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamic (PD) outcomes. Methods We employed a 3+3 dose escalation design to establish the safety and recommended phase 2 doses (RP2D) of daily everolimus and lenalidomide in patients with advanced solid tumours. The starting doses were 5 and 10 mg, respectively, with planned escalation to maximum single-agent doses of 10 and 25 mg in the absence of dose-limiting toxicity. PD endpoints of lymphocyte subsets and immune cytokines were assessed in peripheral blood using multiparameter flow cytometry and LUMINEX assay. Efficacy was evaluated by cross-sectional imaging after every two cycles of treatment. Results The study enrolled 44 patients, median age of 58 years and 28 males (63.6%). The RP2D was established as 10 and 25 mg daily continuously for everolimus and lenalidomide. Common (>5%) grade ≥3 adverse events included rash (19%), neutropenia (19%), hypokalaemia (11%) and fatigue (9%). Best efficacy outcomes in 36 evaluable patients were partial response in 5 (13.8%), stable disease in 24 (55.8%) and progressive disease in 7 (19.4%) patients. PD assessment revealed significant association of cytokine levels (interleukin-2 (IL2), IL21 and IL17), baseline activated and total CD8+ lymphocytes and change in B cell lymphocytes and activated NK cells with clinical benefit. Conclusions The study demonstrated the safety of everolimus and lenalidomide with promising efficacy signal in thyroid and adenoid cystic cancers. Clinical Trial Registration NCT01218555
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donald Harvey
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bradley C Carthon
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen Lewis
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Hossain
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Statistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Statistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wayne B Harris
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olatunji B Alese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Walid Shaib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehmet A Bilen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David H Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Wu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Conor E Steuer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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29
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Liu H, Liu P, Sun D, Xing D, Wang X, Yang J, Wang S. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of interleukin-21 regulates the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:3006-3014. [PMID: 32782618 PMCID: PMC7400353 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an important cytokine that is currently being investigated for its potential use in tumor immunotherapy in the future. In tumor cells, IL-21 stimulates the immune response by increasing the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, B cells and CD8+ T cells, which in turn induces the apoptosis of tumor cells. The therapeutic effects of IL-21 have been investigated in several types of disease and numerous clinical trials are in progress. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of IL-21 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro. IL-21 expression was detected in OSCC tissues via RT-qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses. The results demonstrated that IL-21 protein expression decreased in OSCC tissues. IL-21 was overexpressed using adenovirus in CAL-27 cells. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay demonstrated that overexpression of IL-21 inhibited cell proliferation. Furthermore, overexpression of IL-21 inhibited cell migration, detected by the wound healing assay, and promoted cell apoptosis, detected by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry analysis. The results demonstrated that overexpression of IL-21 inhibited activation of the JNK signaling pathway. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that IL-21 may function as a potent antitumor agent in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Dayuan Xing
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Jinge Yang
- Department of Emergency, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Shengzhi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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30
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Tarazona R, Lopez-Sejas N, Guerrero B, Hassouneh F, Valhondo I, Pera A, Sanchez-Correa B, Pastor N, Duran E, Alonso C, Solana R. Current progress in NK cell biology and NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:879-899. [PMID: 32130453 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the complex interactions between the immune system and tumour cells from different origins has opened the possibility to design novel procedures of antitumoral immunotherapy. One of these novel approaches is based on the use of autologous or allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells to treat cancer. In the last decade, different strategies to activate NK cells and their use in adoptive NK cell-based therapy have been established. Although NK cells are often considered as a uniform cell population, several phenotypic and functionally distinct NK cells subsets exist in healthy individuals, that are differentially affected by ageing or by apparently innocuous viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). In addition, further alterations in the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors are found in NK cells from cancer patients, likely because of their interaction with tumour cells. Thus, NK cells represent a promising strategy for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer already tested in phase 1/2 clinical trials. However, the existence of NK cell subpopulations expressing different patterns of activating and inhibitory receptors and different functional capacities, that can be found to be altered not only in cancer patients but also in healthy individuals stratified by age or CMV infection, makes necessary a personalized definition of the procedures used in the selection, expansion, and activation of the relevant NK cell subsets to be successfully used in NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Pera
- University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Pastor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther Duran
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Corona Alonso
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,Immunology Unit, IMIBIC-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rafael Solana
- University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,Immunology Unit, IMIBIC-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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31
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Kintz H, Nylen E, Barber A. Inclusion of Dap10 or 4-1BB costimulation domains in the chPD1 receptor enhances anti-tumor efficacy of T cells in murine models of lymphoma and melanoma. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104069. [PMID: 32106933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) utilize costimulatory domains to enhance anti-tumor efficacy. However, it is unclear which costimulatory domain is preferable. Therefore, the intracellular domains of CD28, Dap10, 41BB, GITR, ICOS, or OX40 were compared in a murine chimeric PD1 (chPD1) receptor that targets tumor-associated PD1 ligands. Upon antigen restimulation, T cells expressing chPD1-CD28 receptors had reduced lytic capacity. While most of the chPD1 T cell receptors secreted pro-inflammatory (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-17, and IL-21) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), chPD1-Dap10 did not secrete IL-10. Furthermore, chPD1-Dap10 and -41BB receptors induced a memory precursor phenotype, had enhanced persistence in vivo, and superior therapeutic efficacy in murine models of T cell lymphoma and melanoma compared to chPD1-CD28 or chPD1-GITR expressing T cells. Therefore, each costimulatory domain induces differential effects in CAR-expressing T cells and inclusion of Dap10 or 4-1BB costimulatory domains may induce a preferential cytokine profile and differentiation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Kintz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Emily Nylen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Amorette Barber
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA.
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Franke F, Kirchenbaum GA, Kuerten S, Lehmann PV. IL-21 in Conjunction with Anti-CD40 and IL-4 Constitutes a Potent Polyclonal B Cell Stimulator for Monitoring Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020433. [PMID: 32069813 PMCID: PMC7072853 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of antigen-specific memory B cells for immune monitoring requires their activation, and is commonly accomplished through stimulation with the TLR7/8 agonist R848 and IL-2. To this end, we evaluated whether addition of IL-21 would further enhance this TLR-driven stimulation approach; which it did not. More importantly, as most antigen-specific B cell responses are T cell-driven, we sought to devise a polyclonal B cell stimulation protocol that closely mimics T cell help. Herein, we report that the combination of agonistic anti-CD40, IL-4 and IL-21 affords polyclonal B cell stimulation that was comparable to R848 and IL-2 for detection of influenza-specific memory B cells. An additional advantage of anti-CD40, IL-4 and IL-21 stimulation is the selective activation of IgM+ memory B cells, as well as the elicitation of IgE+ ASC, which the former fails to do. Thereby, we introduce a protocol that mimics physiological B cell activation through helper T cells, including induction of all Ig classes, for immune monitoring of antigen-specific B cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridolin Franke
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (F.F.); (G.A.K.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (F.F.); (G.A.K.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (F.F.); (G.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-965-6311
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Xue D, Yang P, Wei Q, Li X, Lin L, Lin T. IL‑21/IL‑21R inhibit tumor growth and invasion in non‑small cell lung cancer cells via suppressing Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and PD‑L1 expression. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1697-1706. [PMID: 31573051 PMCID: PMC6777672 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered to be one of the world's deadliest diseases, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases. The present study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of interleukin-21 (IL-21), and its receptor IL-21R, in NSCLC. Lung tissues and blood samples of NSCLC were used to measure IL-21, IL-21R and programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression using ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. Following treatment with different doses of IL-21, the proliferation, invasion and migration of human NSCLC cell line A549 was evaluated using a cell counting kit-8, colony formation, Transwell and scratch wound healing assays, respectively. Additionally, IL-21R and PD-L1 expression in A549 cells was detected using western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. IL-21R silencing was subsequently used to investigate its effects in cell proliferation, invasion and migration. PD-L1, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression were measured. Finally, Wnt/β-catenin signaling expression was evaluated using western blot analysis following treatment with IL-21. Cells were then treated with lithium chloride (LiCl), which is an agonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and the levels of PD-L1, IL-1β and TNF-α were detected. The results revealed that IL-21 and IL-21R expression in the lung tissues and blood samples of patients with NSCLC were decreased, while PD-L1 expression was increased, compared with normal tissues or healthy controls. Treatment of A549 cells with IL-21 upregulated IL-21R expression, downregulated PD-L1 and inhibited cell growth and metastasis in a dose-dependent manner. Following IL-21R silencing, the effects of IL-21 treatment were reversed, suggesting that IL-21 acted on A549 cells through binding to IL-21R. In addition, the results demonstrated that IL-21 treatment reduced the expression levels of proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, whereas activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with the LiCl agonist upregulated PD-L1, IL-1β and TNF-α expression. In conclusion, the IL-21/IL-21R axis reduced the growth and invasion of NSCLC cells via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PD-L1 expression. The present results may provide a novel molecular target for NSCLC diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Qiongying Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Tingyan Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Interleukin 21 Receptor/Ligand Interaction Is Linked to Disease Progression in Pancreatic Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091104. [PMID: 31540511 PMCID: PMC6770770 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) displays a marked fibro-inflammatory microenvironment in which infiltrated immune cells fail to eliminate the tumor cells and often—rather paradoxically—promote tumor progression. Of special interest are tumor-promoting T cells that assume a Th17-like phenotype because their presence in PDAC tissue is associated with a poor prognosis. In that context, the role of IL-21, a major cytokine released by Th17-like cells, was assessed. In all tissue samples (n = 264) IL-21+ immune cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and high density of those cells was associated with poor prognosis. In the majority of patients (221/264), tumor cells expressed the receptor for IL-21 (IL-21R) and also a downstream target of IL-21, Blimp-1 (199/264). Blimp-1 expression closely correlated with IL-21R expression and multivariate analysis revealed that expression of both IL-21R and Blimp-1 was associated with shorter survival time of the patients. In vitro data using pancreatic tumor cells lines provided a possible explanation: IL-21 activated ERK and STAT3 pathways and upregulated Blimp-1. Moreover, IL-21 increased invasion of tumor cell lines in a Blimp-1-dependent manner. As an in vivo correlate, an avian xenograft model was used. Here again Blimp-1 expression was significantly upregulated in IL-21 stimulated tumor cells. In summary, our data showed an association of IL-21+ immune cell infiltration and IL-21 receptor expression in PDAC with poor survival, most likely due to an IL-21-mediated promotion of tumor cell invasion and enhanced colony formation, supporting the notion of the tumor-promoting abilities of the tumor microenvironment.
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Shahid A, Bharadwaj M. The connection between the Th17 cell related cytokines and cancer stem cells in cancer: Novel therapeutic targets. Immunol Lett 2019; 213:9-20. [PMID: 31278971 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the subpopulation of cells present in the different types of cancers with capabilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity when transplanted into an animal host. The research work on the CSC has been providing a promising approach for the improvement of cancer therapies in the future. The CSCs have a close connection with the cytokines related with the T helper 17 (Th17) cell and other factors present in the tumor microenvironment, and these play a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. The properties of CSCs are well defined in various type of tumor which is mainly developed by chemically and spontaneously in murine cancer model but in human defined primarily on acute myeloid leukemia, glioma, and breast cancer. The role of Th1, Th2, Natural Killer cells are well described in the cancer biology, but the Th17 cells are the subset which is recently exploited, and lots of research are going on. In this Review, we summarize current findings of the characteristics and functions of the Th17 cell and its signature cytokines in different cancers and their interconnections with cancer stem cells and with their markers. We have also discussed the functional properties of CSCs and how the CSCs markers can be distinguished from normal stem cells markers. We have also talked about the strategies that are efficiently targeting of CSCs and Th17 cells in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Shahid
- Molecular Biology Group, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department of Health Research, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Molecular Biology Group, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department of Health Research, Noida, 201301, India.
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Avalos-Navarro G, Muñoz-Valle JF, Daneri-Navarro A, Quintero-Ramos A, Franco-Topete RA, Morán-Mendoza ADJ, Oceguera-Villanueva A, Bautista-Herrera LA, Topete-Camacho A, Del Toro-Arreola A. Circulating soluble levels of MIF in women with breast cancer in the molecular subtypes: relationship with Th17 cytokine profile. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:385-391. [PMID: 31102004 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a health problem worldwide; there is evidence that inflammatory cytokines are increased in BC. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has multiple effects on immune cells, inflammation and cancer. Besides, in previous studies, contradictory and uncertain results have been presented on the implication of Th17 cytokine profile in BC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of MIF and the Th17 cytokine profile in BC and their association with their molecular subtypes and clinical stage. A total of 150 women with BC of Ella Binational Breast Cancer Study and 60 healthy women (HW) were evaluated in cross-sectional study. The molecular subtypes were identified by immunohistochemistry. The plasma levels of MIF were quantified by ELISA and Th17 cytokine profile by multiplex system. MIF and IL-17 were significantly increased in BC versus HW (11.1 vs. 5.2 ng/mL and 14.8 pg/mL vs. 2.5 pg/mL p < 0.001, respectively). Our analysis showed that both MIF and IL-17A were associated with increased risk of breast cancer (OR 3.85 CI 95% 1.98-7.50 and OR 4.51 95% 1.83-11.15, respectively), higher in aggressive subtypes Luminal B, HER2 and TN. Likewise, we observed positive correlation between MIF and IL-17A (p < 0.001). In addition, IL-17E was lower in BC versus HW (p <0.001). Likewise, we observed a positive correlation between MIF and IL-17A (p < 0.001). In conclusion, both MIF and IL-17A were associated with high risk for breast cancer and aggressive molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Avalos-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, CP 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adrian Daneri-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, CP 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Antonio Quintero-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, CP 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ramon Antonio Franco-Topete
- Laboratorio de Patología, Departamento de Patología y Microbiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Nuevo Hospital Civil, Juan I. Menchaca", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luis Alberto Bautista-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Antonio Topete-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, CP 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alicia Del Toro-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, CP 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Costa RT, Araújo ORD, Brunialti MKC, Assunção MSC, Azevedo LCP, Freitas F, Salomão R. T helper type cytokines in sepsis: time-shared variance and correlation with organ dysfunction and hospital mortality. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:79-85. [PMID: 31112675 PMCID: PMC9425672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the kinetics of cytokines belonging to the T helper1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 profiles in septic patients, and their correlations with organ dysfunction and hospital mortality. Methods This was a prospective observational study in a cohort of septic patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICU) of three Brazilian general hospitals. A total of 104 septic patients and 53 health volunteers (controls) were included. Plasma samples were collected within the first 48 h of organ dysfunction or septic shock (0D), after seven (D7) and 14 days (D14) of follow-up. The following cytokines were measured by flow cytometry: Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-17, IL-21, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Results IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and IL-10 concentrations were higher in septic patients than in controls (p < 0.001), while IL-12/23p40 presented higher levels in the controls (p = 0.003). IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17 correlated with Sequential [Sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) D0, D1 and D3 (except for IL-6 at D0). IL-8 was associated with renal and cardiovascular dysfunction. In a mixed model analysis, IL-10 estimated means were lower in survivors than in deceased (p = 0.014), while IL-21 had an estimated mean of 195.8 pg/mL for survivors and 98.5 for deceased (p = 0.03). Cytokines were grouped in four factors according to their kinetics over the three dosages (D0, D7, D14). Group 1 encompassed IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and G-CSF while Group 3 encompassed IL-17 and IL-12/23p40. Both correlated with SOFA (D0) (p = 0.039 and p = 0.003, respectively). IL-21 (Group 4) was higher in those who survived. IL-2, TNF-α and GM-CSF (Group 2) showed no correlation with outcomes. Conclusion Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines shared co-variance in septic patients and were related to organ dysfunctions and hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Teixeira Costa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departmento de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; AC Camargo Cancer Center, Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlei Ribeiro de Araújo
- Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica (IOP), Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e a Criança com Cancer (GRAACC), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Flávio Freitas
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital São Paulo, Unidade de Dor e Terapia Intensiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Salomão
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departmento de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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El-Kadiry AEH, Rafei M. Restoring thymic function: Then and now. Cytokine 2019; 120:202-209. [PMID: 31108430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thymic vulnerability, a leading cause of defective immunity, was discovered decades ago. To date, several strategies have been investigated to unveil any immunorestorative capacities they might confer. Studies exploiting castration, transplantation, adoptive cell therapies, hormones/growth factors, and cytokines have demonstrated enhanced in vitro and in vivo thymopoiesis, albeit with clinical restrictions. In this review, we will dissect the thymus on a physiological and pathological level and discuss the pros and cons of several strategies esteemed thymotrophic from a pre-clinical perspective. Finally, we will shed light on interleukin (IL)-21, a pharmacologically-promising cytokine with a significant thymotrophic nature, and elaborate on its potential clinical efficacy and safety in immune-deficient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed El-Hakim El-Kadiry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Moutih Rafei
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Qc, Canada.
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Kim SH, Park SY, Lim MC, Lee ES, Lee EG, Han SE, Kim YH, Kwon BS, Choi BK. Delayed IL-21 treatment preferentially expands peptide-specific CD8 + T cells by reducing bystander activation of T cells. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:497-513. [PMID: 30760061 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We previously reported a simple and practical procedure to generate peptide-specific CD8+ T cells using peptide and IL-2, which is applied to produce human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-specific CD8+ T cells for clinical use. We have modified the procedure to enhance the amplification of peptide-specific CD8+ T cells adding IL-21. MATERIALS & METHODS Using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-restricted cytomegalovirus/pp65-specific CD8+ T cells of healthy volunteers, we optimized the culture conditions by adjusting the dose and timing of IL-21 treatment. RESULTS & CONCLUSION By adding IL-21, we accelerated the expansion rate of cytomegalovirus/pp65-specific CD8+ T cells by reducing bystander activation of T cells. We expect that the procedure including IL-21 would improve the production rate of hTERT- and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1)-specific CD8+ T cells for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Kim
- Immunotherapeutics Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Park
- Common Cancer Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea.,Center for Uterine Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
| | - Myong Cheol Lim
- Center for Uterine Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea.,Cancer Healthcare Research Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Management, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Immunotherapeutics Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea.,Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
| | - Eun Gyeong Lee
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
| | - Seoung-Eun Han
- Immunotherapeutics Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Rare Cancer Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Eutilex, Co., Ltd, Suite# 1401 Daeryung Technotown 17 Gasan digital 1-ro 25, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08594, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
| | - Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Korea
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Recurrent Stimulation of Natural Killer Cell Clones with K562 Expressing Membrane-Bound Interleukin-21 Affects Their Phenotype, Interferon-γ Production, and Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020443. [PMID: 30669565 PMCID: PMC6359338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A pattern of natural killer cell (NK cell) heterogeneity determines proliferative and functional responses to activating stimuli in individuals. Obtaining the progeny of a single cell by cloning the original population is one of the ways to study NK cell heterogeneity. In this work, we sorted single cells into a plate and stimulated them via interleukin (IL)-2 and gene-modified K562 feeder cells that expressed membrane-bound IL-21 (K562-mbIL21), which led to a generation of phenotypically confirmed and functionally active NK cell clones. Next, we applied two models of clone cultivation, which differently affected their phenotype, lifespan, and functional activity. The first model, which included weekly restimulation of clones with K562-mbIL21 and IL-2, resulted in the generation of relatively short-lived (5⁻7 weeks) clones of highly activated NK cells. Levels of human leukocyte antigen class II molecule-DR isotype (HLA-DR) expression in the expanded NK cells correlated strongly with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production. The second model, in which NK cells were restimulated weekly with IL-2 alone and once on the sixth week with K562-mbIL21 and IL-2, produced long-lived clones (8⁻14 weeks) that expanded up to 10⁷ cells with a lower ability to produce IFN-γ. Our method is applicable for studying variability in phenotype, proliferative, and functional activity of certain NK cell progeny in response to the stimulation, which may help in selecting NK cells best suited for clinical use.
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Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells are important regulators of cellular immune response. Newly discovered interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+ T cells are known as T helper 17 cells (Th17). They are distinct subset from the T helper type 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) lineages. The differentiation of Th17 cells has been intensively studied; however, the role of Th17 cells in different diseases including cancer is still under investigation. Besides IL-17 family cytokines, Th17 cells produce IL-22, IL-21, and IL-26. The dysregulated function of Th17 cells and their cytokines could contribute to pathology of diseases, including cancer. The role of cytokines of Th17 cells such as IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22 in cancer will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayten Nalbant
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
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Streltsova MA, Erokhina SA, Kanevskiy LM, Lee DA, Telford WG, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. Analysis of NK cell clones obtained using interleukin-2 and gene-modified K562 cells revealed the ability of "senescent" NK cells to lose CD57 expression and start expressing NKG2A. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208469. [PMID: 30517188 PMCID: PMC6281266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we analyzed the phenotype and growth of human NK cell clones obtained by the stimulation of individual NK cells with IL-2 and gene-modified K562 feeder cells expressing membrane-bound IL-21 (K562-mbIL21). We generated clones from NK cells at distinct differentiation and activation stages, determined by CD56, CD57 and HLA-DR expression levels. Less differentiated CD56bright NK cell subsets showed higher cloning efficiency compared with more differentiated CD56dim subsets, especially with the CD57bright subset. However, clones from the CD56dimCD57– subset lived longer on average than other subsets. Moreover, several clones with the highest cell numbers were derived from CD56dimCD57–HLA-DR−cells. Most of the clones including those derived from more differentiated CD56dimCD57+/–NKG2A– NK cells showed a less-differentiated NKG2A+ phenotype. Also, CD57– cells were frequently observed in clones derived from CD57+ NK cells suggesting the loss of CD57 during the cloning process. On the other hand, KIR surface expression once detected for a clone never disappeared entirely, confirming irreversibility of the KIR expression. In summary, we have demonstrated that in specific conditions terminally differentiated CD57+ human NK cells are able to acquire the CD57– phenotype that was previously not observed and, thus, was considered impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Streltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sofya A Erokhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid M Kanevskiy
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dean A Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - William G Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
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He Y, Lou X, Jin Z, Yu L, Deng L, Wan H. Mahuang decoction mitigates airway inflammation and regulates IL-21/STAT3 signaling pathway in rat asthma model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 224:373-380. [PMID: 29906536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nowadays, bronchial asthma is still a severe disease threatening human health, and it is incumbent upon us to seek effective therapeutic drugs. Mahuang decoction (MHD), a classic famous Chinese prescription, has been used for thousands of years to prevent phlegm from forming, stop coughing and relieve asthma, but the relevant mechanism has not been thoroughly clarified. This study aims to investigate the anti-airway inflammation effect of MHD and the possible molecular mechanism underlying IL21/STAT3 signaling pathway, so as to provide guidance for the treatment of MHD on bronchial asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specific pathogen free SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, model group, positive group (Compound methoxyphenamine), MHD-treated groups at doses of 10 ml/kg, 5 ml/kg and 2.5 ml/kg, 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal control group, rats in other groups were sensitized with ovalbumin via introperitoneal injection and challenged with ovalbumin inhalation to trigger asthma model. At 24 h after the last excitation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of every rat was drawn and the number of inflammatory cells was analyzed using cell counting method. ELISA method was performed to determine the concentrations of TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1α, MMP-9, TIMP-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-α in rat serum. The protein expressions of IL-21, IL-21R, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in murine pulmonary tissues were assessed with western blotting analysis. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the airway wall and airway smooth muscle of murine pulmonary tissues significantly thickened and massive inflammatory cells infiltration occurred around the bronchus in the model group, and the cell counts of WBC and EOS in BALF were also apparently increased, which indicated the rat asthma model was successfully established. MHD or Compound methoxyphenamine not only alleviated the pulmonary inflammatory pathological damages, but also down- regulated the numbers of WBC and EOS in BALF. What's more, the levels of TXB2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, ILs-(2, 4, 5) and TNF-α in rat serum were lessened by the treatment of MHD. In western blotting analysis, treatment with 10 ml/kg or 5 ml/kg MHD markedly declined the increased protein expressions of IL-21, IL-21R, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in lung tissues of asthmatic rats to normal level. CONCLUSION MHD intervention demonstrated a strong inhibitory action on the secretion of inflammatory mediators as well as the inflammatory cell infiltration in pulmonary tissues of asthmatic rats, and also depressed the protein expressions of IL-21, IL-21R, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in pulmonary tissues. MHD effectively mitigates airway inflammation and regulates the IL-21/STAT3 signaling pathway in rat asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Xiaohui Lou
- Dongyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jinhua 322100, China.
| | - Zhan Jin
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Ling Deng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Wouters MCA, Nelson BH. Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating B Cells and Plasma Cells in Human Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6125-6135. [PMID: 30049748 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells contribute positively to antitumor immunity; however, the role of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIL-B) and plasma cells (PC) remains controversial, leading to differing opinions about whether immunotherapies should be designed to enhance or inhibit these cells. Through a comprehensive PubMed search, we reviewed publications with cohorts of 50 or more cases in which the prognostic value of TIL-B/PC was assessed by immunohistochemistry and/or gene-expression analysis. Sixty-nine studies representing 19 cancers met our review criteria. The large majority of studies assessed TIL-B by immunohistochemical detection of CD20. Of these, 50.0% reported a positive prognostic effect for CD20+ TIL-B, whereas the remainder found a neutral (40.7%) or negative (9.3%) effect. These differences in prognostic effect were not attributable to cancer type, other clinicopathologic factors, or differing technical approaches. The prognostic significance of TIL-B/PC was generally concordant with that of CD3+ and/or CD8+ T cells, and the prognostic effect of T cells was generally stronger when TIL-B and/or PC were also present. Additionally, 21 studies inferred the presence of TIL-B/PC from gene-expression data, and a large majority reported a positive prognostic effect. Although more studies are required involving additional cancer types and independent patient cohorts, the weight of evidence supports a positive role for TIL-B and PC in antitumor immunity, suggesting that enhancement of these responses should be considered in the design of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ramos Muniz MG, Palfreeman M, Setzu N, Sanchez MA, Saenz Portillo P, Garza KM, Gosselink KL, Spencer CT. Obesity Exacerbates the Cytokine Storm Elicited by Francisella tularensis Infection of Females and Is Associated with Increased Mortality. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3412732. [PMID: 30046592 PMCID: PMC6038682 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3412732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of the human disease tularemia, results in the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, termed the cytokine storm. Excess metabolic byproducts of obesity accumulate in obese individuals and activate the same inflammatory signaling pathways as F. tularensis infection. In addition, elevated levels of leptin in obese individuals also increase inflammation. Since leptin is produced by adipocytes, we hypothesized that increased fat of obese females may make them more susceptible to F. tularensis infection compared with lean individuals. Lean and obese female mice were infected with F. tularensis and the immunopathology and susceptibility monitored. Plasma and tissue cytokines were analyzed by multiplex ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Obese mice were more sensitive to infection, developing a more intense cytokine storm, which was associated with increased death of obese mice compared with lean mice. This enhanced inflammatory response correlated with in vitro bacteria-infected macrophage cultures where addition of leptin led to increased production of inflammatory cytokines. We conclude that increased basal leptin expression in obese individuals causes a persistent low-level inflammatory response making them more susceptible to F. tularensis infection and heightening the generation of the immunopathological cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya G. Ramos Muniz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Palfreeman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Setzu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Michelle A. Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Pamela Saenz Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Kristine M. Garza
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Kristin L. Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Charles T. Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Meng Q, Valentini D, Rao M, Liu Z, Xie S, Morgell A, Dodoo E, Löhr M, Rangelova E, Del Chiaro M, Ernberg I, Maeurer M. Prediction of improved survival in patients with pancreatic cancer via IL-21 enhanced detection of mesothelin epitope-reactive T-cell responses. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22451-22459. [PMID: 29854291 PMCID: PMC5976477 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with pancreatic cancer present with extensive metastasis at diagnosis, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 5%, despite chemotherapy and surgery. New treatment modalities are needed to improve survival. Mesothelin is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in patients with pancreatic cancer that could be used to gauge cellular immune responses directed against transformed cells since up to 100 percent of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells have been shown to strongly express mesothelin. A prospective, observational study was carried out in twenty-six, chemotherapy-naïve patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Participants were between 48 and 81 years (median age: 64.5 years), 15 males and 11 females. All participants were clinically followed-up between 439 and 853 days post-surgery (n=14) or until death (n=12). Peripheral blood drawn on the day of surgery was stimulated with a mesothelin peptide pool (42 peptides, non-overlapping), individual mesothelin peptides, positive (anti-CD3 antibody, OKT3) and negative controls (medium) with or without adding IL-21. Kaplan-Meier estimators were used to gauge patients’ survival pattern in relation to mesothelin-specific IFN-γ responses. A survival benefit was linked with IFN-γ responses to peptides corresponding to mature mesothelin (p=0.018) and targeted recognition of the mesothelin601-615 epitope (MQEALSGTPCLLGPG) (p=0.006) in the presence of IL-21. Conversely, production of high levels of IFN-γ to OKT3 stimulation with IL-21 conditioning was associated with reduced survival of patients (p=0.016). Gauging anti-Mesothelin- directed immune responses will aid to identify patients i) in need of a more intensive clinical follow-up and ii) who may benefit from immunotherapeutic approaches targeting mesothelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Meng
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Morgell
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Löhr
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Rangelova
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Del Chiaro
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Evaluating IL-21 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:5962624. [PMID: 29849593 PMCID: PMC5914125 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5962624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is primarily a T cell-derived cytokine; it is upregulated in patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) and could be a potential new therapeutic target in CD. Methods In human material, IL-21 and IL-21R expression was investigated by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in noninflammatory bowel disease (non-IBD) controls and patients with CD. The pathologic role of IL-21 was examined in murine models of T cell-dependent and T cell-independent colitis, either with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-21 or with the transfer of CD4+CD45RBhighIL-21R-/- T cells. Colonic pathology was examined by endoscopy, histopathology, IHC, ELISA, and Luminex. Results In the human intestine, IL-21 and IL-21R mRNA and protein-expressing cells were observed in the mucosa, in lymphoid aggregates of submucosa in non-IBD controls, and in lymphoid aggregates of muscularis externa in patients with CD. IL-21 expression was most abundant in germinal centers (GCs) of the lymphoid aggregates, and IL-21R expression assessed semiquantitatively, was significantly higher in patients with CD compared to non-IBD controls. Following prophylactic and interventive anti-IL-21 mAb treatment in the adoptive transfer (AdTr) model, clinical and pathological parameters were significantly reduced. The most persistent finding was a reduction in colonic infiltrating neutrophils. As well, Rag2-/- mice receiving CD4+CD45RBhighIL-21R-/- T cells developed less severe colitis compared to Rag2-/- mice receiving CD4+CD45RBhighIL-21R+/+ T cells. No effect of reduced IL-21 signalling was observed in T cell-independent colitis. Conclusion Our study shows that patients with CD have significant expression of IL-21 and IL-21R in the gut. As well, we show that neutralization of IL-21 in experimental T cell-driven colitis is associated with a reduction in clinical and pathological findings. This amelioration seems to be associated with a reduction in colon-infiltrating neutrophils.
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St Leger AJ, Hansen AM, Karauzum H, Horai R, Yu CR, Laurence A, Mayer-Barber KD, Silver P, Villasmil R, Egwuagu C, Datta SK, Caspi RR. STAT-3-independent production of IL-17 by mouse innate-like αβ T cells controls ocular infection. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1079-1090. [PMID: 29490936 PMCID: PMC5881461 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
St. Leger et al. identify and examine innate-like αβ T cells that circumvent canonical STAT-3 phosphorylation to produce protective IL-17. These cells can exist in the ocular mucosa and protect the ocular surface from pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus infection. Appropriate regulation of IL-17 production in the host can mean the difference between effective control of pathogens and uncontrolled inflammation that causes tissue damage. Investigation of conventional CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) has yielded invaluable insights into IL-17 function and its regulation. More recently, we and others reported production of IL-17 from innate αβ+ T cell populations, which was shown to occur primarily via IL-23R signaling through the transcription factor STAT-3. In our current study, we identify promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)–expressing iNKT, CD4−/CD8+, and CD4−/CD8− (DN) αβ+T cells, which produce IL-17 in response to TCR and IL-1 receptor ligation independently of STAT-3 signaling. Notably, this noncanonical pathway of IL-17 production may be important in mucosal defense and is by itself sufficient to control pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus infection at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna M Hansen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hatice Karauzum
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Inflammation and Innate Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Phyllis Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rafael Villasmil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles Egwuagu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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McCormack SE, Cruz CRY, Wright KE, Powell AB, Lang H, Trimble C, Keller MD, Fuchs E, Bollard CM. Human papilloma virus-specific T cells can be generated from naïve T cells for use as an immunotherapeutic strategy for immunocompromised patients. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:385-393. [PMID: 29331266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a known cause of cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and laryngeal cancer. Although treatments exist for HPV-associated malignancies, patients unresponsive to these therapies have a poor prognosis. Recent findings from vaccine studies suggest that T-cell immunity is essential for disease control. Because Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-specific T cells have been highly successful in treating or preventing EBV-associated tumors, we hypothesized that the development of a manufacturing platform for HPV-specific T cells from healthy donors could be used in a third-party setting to treat patients with high-risk/relapsed HPV-associated cancers. Most protocols for generating virus-specific T cells require prior exposure of the donor to the targeted virus and, because the seroprevalence of high-risk HPV types varies greatly by age and ethnicity, manufacturing of donor-derived HPV-specific T cells has proven challenging. We, therefore, made systematic changes to our current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant protocols to improve antigen presentation, priming and expansion for the manufacture of high-efficacy HPV-specific T cells. Like others, we found that current methodologies fail to expand HPV-specific T cells from most healthy donors. By optimizing dendritic cell maturation and function with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)γ, adding interleukin (IL)-21 during priming and depleting memory T cells, we achieved reliable expansion of T cells specific for oncoproteins E6 and E7 to clinically relevant amounts (mean, 578-fold expansion; n = 10), which were polyfunctional based on cytokine multiplex analysis. In the third-party setting, such HPV-specific T-cell products might serve as a potent salvage therapy for patients with HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McCormack
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Y Cruz
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaylor E Wright
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Allison B Powell
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haili Lang
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cornelia Trimble
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Keller
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ephraim Fuchs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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