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Vezzoli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Brizzolari A, Balestra C, Camporesi EM, Bosco G. Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3060. [PMID: 38474303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O2 availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status (Oxy-Inflammation) in underwater activities such as breath-hold (BH) diving, Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) diving, and saturation diving. Divers are exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, amplified by environmental conditions, hyperbaric pressure, cold water, different types of breathing gases, and air/non-air mixtures. The "diving response", including physiological adaptation, cardiovascular stress, increased arterial blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction, altered blood gas values, and risk of bubble formation during decompression, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Brizzolari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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2
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Gussoni M, Moretti S, Vezzoli A, Genitoni V, Giardini G, Balestra C, Bosco G, Pratali L, Spagnolo E, Montorsi M, Mrakic-Sposta S. Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): Evidences from Laboratory and In-Field Studies. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:146. [PMID: 37873905 PMCID: PMC10594470 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense, long exercise can increase oxidative stress, leading to higher levels of inflammatory mediators and muscle damage. At the same time, fatigue has been suggested as one of the factors giving rise to delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a specific electrical stimulation (ES) treatment (without elicited muscular contraction) on two different scenarios: in the laboratory on eleven healthy volunteers (56.45 ± 4.87 years) after upper limbs eccentric exercise (Study 1) and in the field on fourteen ultra-endurance athletes (age 47.4 ± 10.2 year) after an ultra-running race (134 km, altitude difference of 10,970 m+) by lower exercising limbs (Study 2). Subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental tasks in cross-over: Active or Sham ES treatments. The ES efficacy was assessed by monitoring the oxy-inflammation status: Reactive Oxygen Species production, total antioxidant capacity, IL-6 cytokine levels, and lactate with micro-invasive measurements (capillary blood, urine) and scales for fatigue and recovery assessments. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the time course of recovery and/or pre-post-race between Sham and Active groups in both study conditions. A subjective positive role of sham stimulation (VAS scores for muscle pain assessment) was reported. In conclusion, the effectiveness of ES in treating DOMS and its effects on muscle recovery remain still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Gussoni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta”, National Research Council (SCITEC-CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sarah Moretti
- National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20159 Roma, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20159 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Guido Giardini
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Mountain Medicine Center Valle d’ Aosta Regional Hospital Umberto Parini, 11100 Aosta, Italy;
- Società Italiana Medicina di Montagna, SIMeM, 35138 Padova, Italy
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Motor Sciences Department, Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Environmental Physiology & Medicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Pratali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20159 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (E.S.)
- Società Italiana Medicina di Montagna, SIMeM, 35138 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Spagnolo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20159 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Michela Montorsi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20159 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (E.S.)
- Società Italiana Medicina di Montagna, SIMeM, 35138 Padova, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Roma, Italy
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Ye X, Liu R, Qiao Z, Chai X, Wang Y. Integrative profiling of metabolome and transcriptome of skeletal muscle after acute exercise intervention in mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1273342. [PMID: 37869715 PMCID: PMC10587468 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1273342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of acute exercise in the skeletal muscle of mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the control group, and the exercise group, which were sacrificed immediately after an acute bout of exercise. The study was conducted to investigate the metabolic and transcriptional profiling in the quadriceps muscles of mice. The results demonstrated the identification of 34 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), with 28 upregulated and 6 downregulated, between the two groups. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that these DEMs were primarily enriched in several, including the citrate cycle, propanoate metabolism, and lysine degradation pathways. In addition, the results showed a total of 245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 155 genes upregulated and 90 genes downregulated. KEGG analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly enriched in various pathways such as ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and FoxO signaling pathway. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significant enrichment of DEMs and DEGs in signaling pathways such as protein digestion and absorption, ferroptosis signaling pathway. In summary, the identified multiple metabolic pathways and signaling pathways were involved in the exercise-induced physiological regulation of skeletal muscle, such as the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, protein digestion and absorption, the FoxO signaling pathway, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, ferroptosis signaling pathway, and the upregulation of KLF-15, FoxO1, MAFbx, and MuRF1 expression could play a critical role in enhancing skeletal muscle proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ye
- School of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- School of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixian Qiao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaocui Chai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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4
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Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Garetto G, Paganini M, Camporesi E, Giacon TA, Dellanoce C, Agrimi J, Bosco G. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Counters Oxidative Stress/Inflammation-Driven Symptoms in Long COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Outcomes. Metabolites 2023; 13:1032. [PMID: 37887357 PMCID: PMC10608857 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID-19 patients show systemic inflammation and persistent symptoms such as fatigue and malaise, profoundly affecting their quality of life. Since improving oxygenation can oppose inflammation at multiple tissue levels, we hypothesized that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) could arrest inflammation progression and thus relieve symptoms of COVID-19. We evaluated oxy-inflammation biomarkers in long COVID-19 subjects treated with HBOT and monitored with non-invasive methods. Five subjects (two athletes and three patients with other comorbidities) were assigned to receive HBOT: 100% inspired O2 at 2.4 ATA in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber for 90 min (three athletes: 15 HBOT × 5 days/wk for 3 weeks; two patients affected by Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: 30 HBOT × 5 days/wk for 6 weeks; and one patient with osteomyelitis: 30 HBOT × 5 days/wk for week for 6 weeks and, after a 30-day break, followed by a second cycle of 20 HBOT). Using saliva and/or urine samples, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity, cytokines, lipids peroxidation, DNA damage, and renal status were assessed at T1_pre (basal level) and at T2_pre (basal level after treatment), and the results showed attenuated ROS production, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NO metabolites, and inflammation biomarker levels, especially in the athletes post-treatment. Thus, HBOT may represent an alternative non-invasive method for treating long COVID-19-induced long-lasting manifestations of oxy-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Matteo Paganini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (T.A.G.); (J.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Enrico Camporesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (T.A.G.); (J.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Tommaso Antonio Giacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (T.A.G.); (J.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (T.A.G.); (J.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (E.C.); (T.A.G.); (J.A.); (G.B.)
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Leveque C, Mrakic Sposta S, Theunissen S, Germonpré P, Lambrechts K, Vezzoli A, Bosco G, Lévénez M, Lafère P, Guerrero F, Balestra C. Oxidative Stress Response Kinetics after 60 Minutes at Different (1.4 ATA and 2.5 ATA) Hyperbaric Hyperoxia Exposures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12361. [PMID: 37569737 PMCID: PMC10418619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a therapeutical approach based on exposure to pure oxygen in an augmented atmospheric pressure. Although it has been used for years, the exact kinetics of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) between different pressures of hyperbaric oxygen exposure are still not clearly evidenced. In this study, the metabolic responses of hyperbaric hyperoxia exposures for 1 h at 1.4 and 2.5 ATA were investigated. Fourteen healthy non-smoking subjects (2 females and 12 males, age: 37.3 ± 12.7 years old (mean ± SD), height: 176.3 ± 9.9 cm, and weight: 75.8 ± 17.7 kg) volunteered for this study. Blood samples were taken before and at 30 min, 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after a 1 h hyperbaric hyperoxic exposure. The level of oxidation was evaluated by the rate of ROS production, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and the levels of isoprostane. Antioxidant reactions were assessed through measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), cysteinylglycine, and glutathione (GSH). The inflammatory response was measured using interleukine-6, neopterin, and creatinine. A short (60 min) period of mild (1.4 ATA) and high (2.5 ATA) hyperbaric hyperoxia leads to a similar significant increase in the production of ROS and antioxidant reactions. Immunomodulation and inflammatory responses, on the contrary, respond proportionally to the hyperbaric oxygen dose. Further research is warranted on the dose and the inter-dose recovery time to optimize the potential therapeutic benefits of this promising intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Leveque
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 93837 Brest, France
| | - Simona Mrakic Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Sigrid Theunissen
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Germonpré
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Hyperbaric Centre, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kate Lambrechts
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Environmental Physiology & Medicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Morgan Lévénez
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lafère
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Guerrero
- Laboratoire ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 93837 Brest, France
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Vezzoli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Dellanoce C, Montorsi M, Vietti D, Ferrero ME. Chelation Therapy Associated with Antioxidant Supplementation Can Decrease Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: Preliminary Results. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1338. [PMID: 37507878 PMCID: PMC10376540 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of oxy-inflammation status has been involved in axonal damage and demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an antioxidant treatment (calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetracetic acid-EDTA) chelation therapy associated with a micronutrient complex in MS patients. A total of 20 MS patients and 20 healthy subjects, enrolled as a control group (CTR), were recruited. We measured the plasma ROS production and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by a direct assessment using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance; activities of the antioxidant system (thiols' redox status and enzymes); and the urinary presence of biomarkers of oxidative stress by immunoenzymatic assays. We also evaluated the levels of inflammation by plasmatic cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) and assessed the sICAM levels, as well as the nitric oxide (NO) catabolism and transthyretin (TTR) concentration. Comparing CTR and MS, in the latter ROS production, oxidative damage, inflammatory biomarkers, and NO metabolite concentrations results were significantly higher, while TAC was significantly lower. Treatment in MS induced significant (p < 0.05) down-regulating of pro-inflammatory sICAM1, TNF-α, IL6, as well as biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage production. The protective effect exhibited may occur by decreasing ROS production and increasing antioxidant capacity, turning into a more reduced thiols' status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20159 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20159 Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20159 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Montorsi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Vietti
- Driatec Srl, Via Leonardo da Vinci 21/E, 20060 Cassina de' Pecchi, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Ferrero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Demartini B, Nisticò V, Benayoun C, Cigognini AC, Ferrucci R, Vezzoli A, Dellanoce C, Gambini O, Priori A, Mrakic-Sposta S. Glutamatergic dysfunction, neuroplasticity, and redox status in the peripheral blood of patients with motor conversion disorders (functional movement disorders): a first step towards potential biomarkers discovery. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:212. [PMID: 37330537 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional movement disorders (FMD) are characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by typical neurological diseases or other medical conditions. First evidence showed that, compared to healthy controls (CTR), FMD patients presented increased levels of glutamate+glutamine in the anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex, and decreased levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting that a glutamatergic dysfunction might play a role in FMD pathophysiology. In this study, 12 FMD patients and 20 CTR were recruited and underwent venous blood sampling and urine collection: levels of glutamate, BDNF, dopamine, oxidative stress, creatinine, neopterin, and uric acid were analyzed. Participants also underwent a psychometric assessment investigating depression, anxiety, and alexithymia. We found that levels of glutamate, BDNF, and dopamine were significantly lower in the blood of FMD patients than CTR. Glutamate and dopamine levels were positively associated with levels of alexithymia. Our findings give further evidence that glutamatergic dysfunction might be involved in the pathophysiology of FMD, possibly representing a biomarker of disease; moreover, since glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems are closely interconnected, our results might have a relevance in terms of treatment options for FMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Demartini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
- Unità di Psichiatria 52, Presidio San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy.
- "Aldo Ravelli" Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Veronica Nisticò
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
- "Aldo Ravelli" Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Caroline Benayoun
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Cigognini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Unità di Psichiatria 52, Presidio San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
- III Clinica Neurologica, Presidio San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - Milan, National Research Council (CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - Milan, National Research Council (CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Orsola Gambini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Unità di Psichiatria 52, Presidio San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
- "Aldo Ravelli" Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Unità di Psichiatria 52, Presidio San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
- III Clinica Neurologica, Presidio San Paolo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - Milan, National Research Council (CNR), Milano, Italy
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8
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Di Pumpo F, Meloni G, Paganini M, Cialoni D, Garetto G, Cipriano A, Giacon TA, Martani L, Camporesi E, Bosco G. Comparison between Arterial Blood Gases and Oxygen Reserve Index™ in a SCUBA Diver: A Case Report. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11081102. [PMID: 37107936 PMCID: PMC10138174 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and hyperoxia are both worrisome issues potentially affecting SCUBA divers, but validated methods to monitor these two conditions underwater are still lacking. In this experiment, a volunteer SCUBA diver was equipped with a pulse oximeter to detect peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and a device to monitor the oxygen reserve index (ORi™). ORi™ values were compared with arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) and the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) obtained from the cannulated right radial artery at three steps: at rest out of water; at -15 m underwater after pedaling on a submerged bike; after resurfacing. SpO2 and ORi™ mirrored the changes in SaO2 and PaO2, confirming the expected hyperoxia at depth. To confirm the potential usefulness of an integrated SpO2 and ORi™ device, further studies are needed on a broader sample with different underwater conditions and diving techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Pumpo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- ComSubIn, Italian Navy, 19025 Varignano-Le Grazie, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Paganini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Danilo Cialoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Cipriano
- Emergency Medicine Unit and Emergency Department, Nuovo Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luca Martani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Camporesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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9
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Brizzolari A, Bosco G, Vezzoli A, Dellanoce C, Barassi A, Paganini M, Cialoni D, Mrakic-Sposta S. Seasonal Oxy-Inflammation and Hydration Status in Non-Elite Freeskiing Racer: A Pilot Study by Non-Invasive Analytic Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3157. [PMID: 36833850 PMCID: PMC9960265 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Freeskiing is performed in an extreme environment, with significant physical effort that can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and dehydration. This study aimed to investigate the evolution of the oxy-inflammation and hydration status during a freeskiing training season with non-invasive methods. Eight trained freeskiers were investigated during a season training: T0 (beginning), T1-T3 (training sessions), and T4 (after the end). Urine and saliva were collected at T0, before (A) and after (B) T1-T3, and at T4. ROS, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) derivatives, neopterin, and electrolyte balance changes were investigated. We found significant increases in ROS generation (T1A-B +71%; T2A-B +65%; T3A-B +49%; p < 0.05-0.01) and IL-6 (T2A-B +112%; T3A-B +133%; p < 0.01). We did not observe significant variation of TAC and NOx after training sessions. Furthermore, ROS and IL-6 showed statistically significant differences between T0 and T4 (ROS +48%, IL-6 +86%; p < 0.05). Freeskiing induced an increase in ROS production, which can be contained by antioxidant defense activation, and in IL-6, as a consequence of physical activity and skeletal muscular contraction. We did not find deep changes in electrolytes balance, likely because all freeskiers were well-trained and very experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brizzolari
- Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- DAN Europe Research Division, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barassi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Paganini
- Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Danilo Cialoni
- Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- DAN Europe Research Division, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
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10
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Bosco G, Giacon TA, Paolocci N, Vezzoli A, Noce CD, Paganini M, Agrimi J, Garetto G, Cialoni D, D'Alessandro N, Camporesi EM, Mrakic-Sposta S. Dopamine/BDNF loss underscores narcosis cognitive impairment in divers: a proof of concept in a dry condition. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:143-158. [PMID: 36214902 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Divers can experience cognitive impairment due to inert gas narcosis (IGN) at depth. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rules neuronal connectivity/metabolism to maintain cognitive function and protect tissues against oxidative stress (OxS). Dopamine and glutamate enhance BDNF bioavailability. Thus, we hypothesized that lower circulating BDNF levels (via lessened dopamine and/or glutamate release) underpin IGN in divers, while testing if BDNF loss is associated with increased OxS. METHODS To mimic IGN, we administered a deep narcosis test via a dry dive test (DDT) at 48 msw in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber to six well-trained divers. We collected: (1) saliva samples before DDT (T0), 25 msw (descending, T1), 48 msw (depth, T2), 25 msw (ascending, T3), 10 min after decompression (T4) to dopamine and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; (2) blood and urine samples at T0 and T4 for OxS too. We administered cognitive tests at T0, T2, and re-evaluated the divers at T4. RESULTS At 48 msw, all subjects experienced IGN, as revealed by the cognitive test failure. Dopamine and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) reached a nadir at T2 when ROS emission was maximal. At decompression (T4), a marked drop of BDNF/glutamate content was evidenced, coinciding with a persisting decline in dopamine and cognitive capacity. CONCLUSIONS Divers encounter IGN at - 48 msw, exhibiting a marked loss in circulating dopamine levels, likely accounting for BDNF-dependent impairment of mental capacity and heightened OxS. The decline in dopamine and BDNF appears to persist at decompression; thus, boosting dopamine/BDNF signaling via pharmacological or other intervention types might attenuate IGN in deep dives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
- ATIP Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Della Noce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Paganini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Danilo Cialoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy
- ATIP Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Dan Europe Foundation, Research Division, Roseto degli Abbruzzi, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162, Milano, Italy.
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11
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Bojarczuk A, Dzitkowska-Zabielska M. Polyphenol Supplementation and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010158. [PMID: 36615815 PMCID: PMC9823453 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants in sports exercise training remain a debated research topic. Plant-derived polyphenol supplements are frequently used by athletes to reduce the negative effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate the recovery of muscular function, and enhance performance. These processes can be efficiently modulated by antioxidant supplementation. The existing literature has failed to provide unequivocal evidence that dietary polyphenols should be promoted specifically among athletes. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding polyphenols' bioavailability, their role in exercise-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and supplementation strategies in athletes. Overall, we draw attention to the paucity of available evidence suggesting that most antioxidant substances are beneficial to athletes. Additional research is necessary to reveal more fully their impact on exercise-induced oxidative stress and athletes' antioxidant status, as well as optimal dosing methods.
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12
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Borzykh AA, Gaynullina DK, Shvetsova AA, Kiryukhina OO, Kuzmin IV, Selivanova EK, Nesterenko AM, Vinogradova OL, Tarasova OS. Voluntary wheel exercise training affects locomotor muscle, but not the diaphragm in the rat. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1003073. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1003073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Functional tests and training regimens intensity-controlled by an individual are used in sport practice, clinical rehabilitation, and space medicine. The model of voluntary wheel running in rats can be used to explore molecular mechanisms of such training regimens in humans. Respiratory and locomotor muscles demonstrate diverse adaptations to treadmill exercise, but the effects of voluntary exercise training on these muscle types have not been compared yet. Therefore, this work aimed at the effects of voluntary ET on rat triceps brachii and diaphragm muscles with special attention to reactive oxygen species, which regulate muscle plasticity during exercise.Methods: Male Wistar rats were distributed into exercise trained (ET) and sedentary (Sed) groups. ET group had free access to running wheels, running activity was continuously recorded and analyzed using the original hardware/software complex. After 8 weeks, muscle protein contents were studied using Western blotting.Results: ET rats had increased heart ventricular weights but decreased visceral/epididymal fat weights and blood triglyceride level compared to Sed. The training did not change corticosterone, testosterone, and thyroid hormone levels, but decreased TBARS content in the blood. ET rats demonstrated higher contents of OXPHOS complexes in the triceps brachii muscle, but not in the diaphragm. The content of SOD2 increased, and the contents of NOX2 and SOD3 decreased in the triceps brachii muscle of ET rats, while there were no such changes in the diaphragm.Conclusion: Voluntary wheel running in rats is intensive enough to govern specific adaptations of muscle fibers in locomotor, but not respiratory muscle.
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13
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Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia on Oxidative Stress: Overwintering in Antarctic Concordia Station. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4430032. [PMID: 35535360 PMCID: PMC9078816 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4430032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Concordia Station is the permanent, research station on the Antarctic Plateau at 3230 m. During the eleventh winter-over campaign (DC11-2015; February 2015 to November 2015) at Antarctic Concordia Station, 13 healthy team members were studied and blood samples were collected at six different time points: baseline measurements (T0), performed at sea level before the departure, and during the campaign at 3, 7, 20, 90, and 300 days after arrival at Concordia Station. Reducing the partial pressure of O2 as barometric pressure falls, hypobaric hypoxia (HH) triggers several physiological adaptations. Among the others, increased oxidative stress and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), resulting in severe oxidative damage, were observed, which can share potential physiopathological mechanisms associated with many diseases. This study characterized the extent and time-course changes after acute and chronic HH exposure, elucidating possible fundamental mechanisms of adaptation. ROS, oxidative stress biomarkers, nitric oxide, and proinflammatory cytokines significantly increased (range 24-135%) during acute and chronic hypoxia exposure (peak 20th day) with a decrease in antioxidant capacity (peak 90th day: -52%). Results suggest that the adaptive response of oxidative stress balance to HH requires a relatively long time, more than 300th days, as all the observed variables do not return to the preexposition level. These findings may also be relevant to patients in whom oxygen availability is limited through disease (i.e., chronic heart and lung and/or kidney disease) and/or during long-duration space missions.
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14
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Fovet T, Guilhot C, Delobel P, Chopard A, Py G, Brioche T. Ergothioneine Improves Aerobic Performance Without Any Negative Effect on Early Muscle Recovery Signaling in Response to Acute Exercise. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834597. [PMID: 35222093 PMCID: PMC8864143 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is now recognized as an essential element of healthy lifestyles. However, intensive and repeated exercise practice produces a high level of stress that must be managed, particularly oxidative damage and inflammation. Many studies investigated the effect of antioxidants, but reported only few positive effects, or even muscle recovery impairment. Secondary antioxidants are frequently highlighted as a way to optimize these interactions. Ergothioneine is a potential nutritional supplement and a secondary antioxidant that activates the cellular NRF2 pathway, leading to antioxidant response gene activation. Here, we hypothesized that ergothioneine could improve performance during aerobic exercise up to exhaustion and reduce exercise-related stress without impairing early muscle recovery signaling. To test this hypothesis, 5-month-old C56B6J female mice were divided in two groups matched for maximal aerobic speed (MAS): control group (Ctrl; n = 9) and group supplemented with 70 mg ergothioneine/kg/day (ET; n = 9). After 1 week of supplementation (or not), mice performed a maximum time-to-exhaustion test by running on a treadmill at 70% of their MAS, and gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were collected 2 h after exercise. Time to exhaustion was longer in the ET than Ctrl group (+41.22%, p < 0.01). Two hours after exercise, the ET group showed higher activation of protein synthesis and satellite cells, despite their longer effort. Conversely, expression in muscles of metabolic stress and inflammation markers was decreased, as well as oxidative damage markers in the ET group. Moreover, ergothioneine did not seem to impair mitochondrial recovery. These results suggest an important effect of ergothioneine on time-to-exhaustion performance and improved muscle recovery after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Fovet
- DMEM, INRAE, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pierre Delobel
- DMEM, INRAE, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, INRAE, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Py
- DMEM, INRAE, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, INRAE, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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15
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Mrakic-Sposta S, Biagini D, Bondi D, Pietrangelo T, Vezzoli A, Lomonaco T, Di Francesco F, Verratti V. OxInflammation at High Altitudes: A Proof of Concept from the Himalayas. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020368. [PMID: 35204250 PMCID: PMC8869289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-altitude locations are fascinating for investigating biological and physiological responses in humans. In this work, we studied the high-altitude response in the plasma and urine of six healthy adult trekkers, who participated in a trek in Nepal that covered 300 km in 19 days along a route in the Kanchenjunga Mountain and up to a maximum altitude of 5140 m. Post-trek results showed an unbalance in redox status, with an upregulation of ROS (+19%), NOx (+28%), neopterin (+50%), and pro-inflammatory prostanoids, such as PGE2 (+120%) and 15-deoxy-delta12,14-PGJ2 (+233%). The isoprostane 15-F2t-IsoP was associated with low levels of TAC (−18%), amino-thiols, omega-3 PUFAs, and anti-inflammatory CYP450 EPA-derived mediators, such as DiHETEs. The deterioration of antioxidant systems paves the way to the overload of redox and inflammative markers, as triggered by the combined physical and hypoxic stressors. Our data underline the link between oxidative stress and inflammation, which is related to the concept of OxInflammation into the altitude hypoxia fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy; (S.M.-S.); (A.V.)
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (T.L.); (F.D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy; (S.M.-S.); (A.V.)
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (T.L.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (T.L.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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16
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Giacon TA, Bosco G, Vezzoli A, Dellanoce C, Cialoni D, Paganini M, Mrakic-Sposta S. Oxidative stress and motion sickness in one crew during competitive offshore sailing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1142. [PMID: 35064225 PMCID: PMC8782845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive Offshore Ocean Sailing is a highly demanding activity in which subjects are exposed to psychophysical stressors for a long time. To better define the physiological adaptations, we investigated the stress response of subjects exposed to 3-days long ocean navigation with disruption of circadian rhythms. 6 male subjects were involved in the study and provided urine and saliva samples before setting sail, during a single day of inshore sailing, during 3-days long ocean navigation, and at the arrival, to measure oxidative stress, cortisol, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and metabolic response. Motion Sickness questionnaires were also administered during the navigation. The crew suffered a mean weight loss of 1.58 kg. After the long navigation, a significant increase in ROS production and decrease in total antioxidant capacity and uric acid levels were observed. Lipid peroxidation, NO metabolites, ketones, creatinine, and neopterin levels were also increased. Furthermore, a significant increase in cortisol levels was measured. Finally, we found a correlation between motion sickness questionnaires with the increase of NOx, and no correlation with cortisol levels. Physical and psychological stress response derived from offshore sailing resulted in increased oxidative stress, nitric oxide metabolites, and cortisol levels, unbalanced redox status, transient renal function impairment, and ketosis. A direct correlation between motion sickness symptoms evaluated through questionnaires and NOx levels was also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Antonio Giacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Respiratory Physiology, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Respiratory Physiology, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Cialoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Respiratory Physiology, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Paganini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Environmental and Respiratory Physiology, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
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17
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Berilli P, Fanaro GB, Santos JP, Reyes Reyes FG, Iglesias AH, Reis M, Cazarin CBB, Maróstica Junior MR. White tea modulates antioxidant defense of endurance-trained rats. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:256-264. [PMID: 35800140 PMCID: PMC9253650 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in nutritional strategies that may counteract the deleterious oxidative effects induced by strenuous exercises is remarkable. Herein, the impact of white tea (Camellia sinensis) (WT), a polyphenol-rich beverage, on antioxidant status in endurance-trained rats after one session of exhaustive exercise were evaluated. Male Wistar rats were divided into groups, which received: control groups - water, and testing groups - WT1 (0.25%; w/v) or WT2 (0.5%; w/v). Drinks were consumed, ad libitum, for 5 or 10 weeks, concomitantly with the running training. Exhaustive running tests were applied before and after the experimental periods. WT intake increased the serum antioxidant capacity of rats in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001), which was unaccompanied by the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes SOD, GPx, and GR, and GSH content. Inflammatory markers in serum [IL-1β (P = 0.004) and IL-6 (P = 0.001)] could be downregulated by tea intake. In liver tissue, lower levels of lipid oxidation (P < 0.05) and improved antioxidant defenses (SOD, GPx, GR, and GSH, P < 0.05) were related to the consumption of 10.13039/100010269WT in both doses, supporting protective effects in this responsible metabolic organ. In conclusion, long-term consumption of WT could be a promising adjuvant to exercise-stress management, emphasizing its ability to regulate antioxidant responses and prevent oxidative tissue damage. White tea intake improved antioxidant status of blood and liver of runner rats. White tea intake promoted protective effect against liver lipid peroxidation after an exhaustive exercise. Long term white tea intake did not enhance physical performance.
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18
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Non-Invasive Measurement of Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Response to Physical Activity. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122008. [PMID: 34943111 PMCID: PMC8698343 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity may benefit health by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the selection of suitable exercise-induced oxidative stress biomarkers is still challenging. This study aimed at systematically summarizing the available evidence on exercise-induced oxidative stress measured in urine and/or saliva. Two meta-analyses including the most frequently quantified biomarkers of oxidative stress, namely, urinary isoprostane and DNA oxidation products, were performed. Three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL) were interrogated. Among 4479 records, 43 original articles were included in the systematic review and 11 articles were included in meta-analysis I and II, respectively. We observed a pooled trend of increase of urinary isoprostanes in response to physical activity (+0.95, 95% CI: -0.18; 2.09). In comparison with aerobic exercise, anaerobic training determined a greater induction of isoprostanes (+5.21, 95% CI: 2.76; 7.66, p < 0.0001), which were markedly increased after vigorous physical activity (+6.01, 95% CI: 1.18; 10.84, p < 0.001) and slightly decreased in response to exercise interventions protracted over time (e.g., months) (-1.19, 95% CI: -2.25; -0.12, p < 0.001). We recommend the most integrative approach of oxidative stress multi-marker panels in response to physical activity instead of selecting one preferential biomarker to quantify physical activity-induced oxidative stress in humans.
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19
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Schenk K, Rauch S, Procter E, Grasegger K, Mrakic-Sposta S, Gatterer H. Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km. Front Physiol 2021; 12:764694. [PMID: 34867470 PMCID: PMC8637410 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.764694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overdrinking and non-osmotic arginine vasopressin release are the main risk factors for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in ultra-marathon events. However, particularly during ultra-marathon running in mountainous regions, eccentric exercise and hypoxia, which have been shown to modulate inflammation, hormones regulating fluid homeostasis (hypoxia), and oxidative stress, could contribute to serum sodium changes in a dose-dependent manner. To the best of our knowledge, the contribution of these factors, the extent of which depends on the duration and geographical location of the race, has not been well studied. Twelve male participants (11 finishers) of the short (69km, 4,260m elevation-gain) and 15 male participants (seven finishers) of the long (121km, 7,554m elevation-gain) single-stage Südtirol Ultra Sky-Race took part in this observational field study. Venous blood was drawn immediately before and after the race. Analyses included serum sodium concentration, copeptin (a stable marker for vasopressin), markers of inflammation, muscle damage and oxidative stress. Heart rate was measured during the race and race time was obtained from the race office. During the short and the long competition two and one finishers, respectively showed serum sodium concentrations >145mmol/L. During the long competition, one athlete showed serum sodium concentrations <135mmol/L. Only during the short competition percent changes in serum sodium concentrations of the finishers were related to percent changes in body mass (r=-0.812, p=0.002), total time (r=-0.608, p=0.047) and training impulse (TRIMP) (r=-0.653, p=0.030). Data show a curvilinear (quadratic) relationship between percent changes in serum sodium concentration and body mass with race time when including all runners (short, long, finishers and non-finishers). The observed prevalence of hypo- and hypernatremia is comparable to literature reports, as is the relationship between serum sodium changes and race time, race intensity and body mass changes of the finishers of the short race. The curvilinear relationship indicates that there might be a turning point of changes in serum sodium and body mass changes after a race time of approximately 20h. Since the turning point is represented mainly by non-finishers, regardless of race duration slight decrease in body mass and a slight increase in serum sodium concentration should be targeted to complete the race. Drinking to the dictate of thirst seems an adequate approach to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schenk
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Rauch
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, "F. Tappeiner" Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Emily Procter
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Katharina Grasegger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, BG Klinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- National Research Council-Institute of Clinical Physiology (CNR-IFC), Milan, Italy
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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20
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Abstract
Hereditary diseases under the age of 35 are the most common underlying heart disease, leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD) in competitive sports, while in older people, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause. The following preventive measures are recommended: (a) The pre-participation cardiovascular screening, (b) the genetic testing, (c) the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), (d) the prohibition of doping in sports, (e) the prevention of 'exercise-induced' cardiac complications, (f) the reduction of high-risk factors for CAD, and (g) the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The cost-effectiveness of the electrocardiograms in the pre-participation screening programs remains questionable. Genetic testing is recommended in borderline cases and positive family history. Athletes with ICD can, under certain conditions, participate in competitive sports. Excessive endurance exercise appears to harm the endothelium, promotes inflammatory processes and leads to fibrosis in the myocardium, and calcium deposition in the coronary vessels. Cardiac arrest may be reversed if cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed and a defibrillator is immediately used. Thus, equipping all fields with automatic external defibrillators are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Deligiannis
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Devrim-Lanpir A, İlktaç HY, Wirnitzer K, Hill L, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Vegan vs. omnivore diets paradox: A whole-metagenomic approach for defining metabolic networks during the race in ultra-marathoners- a before and after study design. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255952. [PMID: 34555041 PMCID: PMC8459986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of vegan diets on metabolic processes in the body is still controversial in ultra endurance athletes. The study aims to determine gut microbiome adaptation to extreme exercise according to vegan or omnivore diet consumed in ultra-marathoners. We also seek to evaluate long-term vegan diets' effects on redox homeostasis, and muscle fatigue, and assess energy availability. METHODS Seventy participants will be assigned to the study, including 35 vegan ultra-marathoners and 35 omnivores competing in the Sri-Chinmoy ultra marathon race. Research data will be collected from the participants at four steps (three visits to the research laboratory and the race day) throughout the study. At the first visit (seven days before the race), fecal samples, and anthropometric measurements will be collected. Body composition will be measured using DXA. Participants will be informed about keeping detailed food records and will be asked to record their diet data and activity logs during the entire study period. At second visit, maximum oxygen consumption will be measured on treadmill. On race day, blood samples will be collected immediately before, and 0. min, 2 hours, and 24 hours after the race. Body weight will be measured before and after the race. The blood and fecal samples will be stored at -80 C until analysis. Plasma malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen metabolites, total antioxidant capacity, Heatshockprotein-70, and serum Orosomucoid-1 will be analyzed in blood samples. Fecal samples will be analyzed with shotgun metagenomic analysis and interpreted using bioinformatics pipeline (HumanN2). Statistical tests will be analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and R Software. DISCUSSION Study findings will determine the effects of the vegan diet on sports performance, revealing the multiple interactions between host and gut microbiome at the whole metagenomic level. Additionally, results will show the possible adaptation throughout the race by analyzing blood and fecal samples. Furthermore, by assessing energy availability and determining host-metabolite crosstalk for ultra-endurance athletes, possible nutritional deficiencies can be identified. Thus, advanced nutritional strategies can be developed based on metabolic needs. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current controlled trials, ISRCTN registry 69541705. Registered on 8 December 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Havvanur Yoldaş İlktaç
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Centre Medical Humanities, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tyrol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, Tyrolean University Conference, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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22
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Potential Long-Term Health Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Running: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 52:725-740. [PMID: 34542868 PMCID: PMC8450723 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that physical activity reduces all-cause mortality and can prolong life. Ultra-endurance running (UER) is an extreme sport that is becoming increasingly popular, and comprises running races above marathon distance, exceeding 6 h, and/or running fixed distances on multiple days. Serious acute adverse events are rare, but there is mounting evidence that UER may lead to long-term health problems. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the potential long-term health problems derived from UER, specifically potential maladaptation in key organ systems, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, renal, immunological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and integumentary systems. Special consideration is given to youth, masters, and female athletes, all of whom may be more susceptible to certain long-term health issues. We present directions for future research into the pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin athlete susceptibility to long-term issues. Although all body systems can be affected by UER, one of the clearest effects of endurance exercise is on the cardiovascular system, including right ventricular dysfunction and potential increased risk of arrhythmias and hypertension. There is also evidence that rare cases of acute renal injury in UER could lead to progressive renal scarring and chronic kidney disease. There are limited data specific to female athletes, who may be at greater risk of certain UER-related health issues due to interactions between energy availability and sex-hormone concentrations. Indeed, failure to consider sex differences in the design of female-specific UER training programs may have a negative impact on athlete longevity. It is hoped that this review will inform risk stratification and stimulate further research about UER and the implications for long-term health.
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23
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Bosco G, Paganini M, Giacon TA, Oppio A, Vezzoli A, Dellanoce C, Moro T, Paoli A, Zanotti F, Zavan B, Balestra C, Mrakic-Sposta S. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, MicroRNA, and Hemoglobin Variations after Administration of Oxygen at Different Pressures and Concentrations: A Randomized Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189755. [PMID: 34574676 PMCID: PMC8468581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), creating a redox imbalance towards oxidation when inadequately intense. Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) breathed while not exercising induces antioxidant enzymes expression, but literature is still poor. Twenty-two athletes were assigned to five groups: controls; 30%, or 50% O2; 100% O2 (HBO) at 1.5 or 2.5 atmosphere absolute (ATA). Twenty treatments were administered on non-training days. Biological samples were collected at T0 (baseline), T1 (end of treatments), and T2 (1 month after) to assess ROS, antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation, redox (amino-thiols) and inflammatory (IL-6, 10, TNF-α) status, renal function (i.e., neopterin), miRNA, and hemoglobin. At T1, O2 mixtures and HBO induced an increase of ROS, lipid peroxidation and decreased TAC, counterbalanced at T2. Furthermore, 50% O2 and HBO treatments determined a reduced state in T2. Neopterin concentration increased at T1 breathing 50% O2 and HBO at 2.5 ATA. The results suggest that 50% O2 treatment determined a reduced state in T2; HBO at 1.5 and 2.5 ATA similarly induced protective mechanisms against ROS, despite the latter could expose the body to higher ROS levels and neopterin concentrations. HBO resulted in increased Hb levels and contributed to immunomodulation by regulating interleukin and miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.A.G.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Paganini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.A.G.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Tommaso Antonio Giacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.A.G.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Oppio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.A.G.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.A.G.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.A.G.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Ageing (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.); (S.M.-S.)
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24
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Balestra C, Lambrechts K, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Levenez M, Germonpré P, Virgili F, Bosco G, Lafère P. Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Breathing as a Complement to Low-Intensity Physical Exercise Programs: A Proof-of-Principle Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179600. [PMID: 34502508 PMCID: PMC8431767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response to both external and internal stimuli including infection, trauma, surgery, ischemia-reperfusion, or malignancy. A number of studies indicate that physical activity is an effective means of reducing acute systemic and low-level inflammation occurring in different pathological conditions and in the recovery phase after disease. As a proof-of-principle, we hypothesized that low-intensity workout performed under modified oxygen supply would elicit a "metabolic exercise" inducing a hormetic response, increasing the metabolic load and oxidative stress with the same overall effect expected after a higher intensity or charge exercise. Herein, we report the effect of a 5-week low-intensity, non-training, exercise program in a group of young healthy subjects in combination with the exposure to hyperoxia (30% and 100% pO2, respectively) or light hypoxia (15% pO2) during workout sessions on several inflammation and oxidative stress parameters, namely hemoglobin (Hb), redox state, nitric oxide metabolite (NOx), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10), and renal functional biomarkers (creatinine, neopterin, and urates). We confirmed our previous reports demonstrating that intermittent hyperoxia induces the normobaric oxygen paradox (NOP), a response overlapping the exposure to hypoxia. Our data also suggest that the administration of modified air composition is an expedient complement to a light physical exercise program to achieve a significant modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters, including cytokines expression, iNOS activity, and oxidative stress parameters. This strategy can be of pivotal interest in all those conditions characterized by the inability to achieve a sufficient workload intensity, such as severe cardiovascular alterations and articular injuries failing to effectively gain a significant improvement of physical capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
- Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Kate Lambrechts
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; (S.M.-S.); (A.V.)
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; (S.M.-S.); (A.V.)
| | - Morgan Levenez
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Peter Germonpré
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
- DAN Europe Research Division, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Virgili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.E.A.-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Environmental Physiology & Medicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Pierre Lafère
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
- DAN Europe Research Division, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Exercise-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Not Related to Oxidative Damage or Impaired Vascular Function in Amateur Middle-Aged Runners under Controlled Nutritional Intake. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093033. [PMID: 34578910 PMCID: PMC8471188 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the influence of different doses of maximal acute exercise on the kinetics of plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and its relationship with oxidative status and vascular function, nine recreational runners completed a 10 km race (10K) and a marathon (M). Blood samples were collected before (Basal), immediately post-exercise (Post0), and after 24 h (Post24). Nutritional intake was controlled at each sample point. A significant increase in tHcy was observed after both races, higher after M. Basal levels were recovered at Post24 after 10K, but remained elevated at Post 24 for M. A significant decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio was observed in Post0, especially marked after M. Furthermore, this increase in pro-oxidant status remained at Post24 only after M. Other oxidative status markers failed to confirm this exercise-induced pro-oxidant status except glutathione peroxidase activity that was lower in Post24 compared to Basal in 10K and in Post0 and Post24 in M. No statistical correlation was found between oxidative markers and tHcy. No significant changes were observed in the concentration of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and E-Selectin) and VEGF. In conclusion, tHcy increases in an exercise–dose–response fashion but is not related to endothelial dysfunction mediated by oxidative stress mechanisms.
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26
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Thirupathi A, Pinho RA, Ugbolue UC, He Y, Meng Y, Gu Y. Effect of Running Exercise on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 11:610112. [PMID: 33551836 PMCID: PMC7854914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.610112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise induced health benefits are limited by the overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS and further oxidative stress could potentially induce muscle damage which could result in poor exercise performance. However, predicting ROS induced oxidative stress in response to endurance training has several limitations in terms of selecting biomarkers that are used to measure oxidative stress. Objective: The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the suitable biomarkers that predict oxidative stress status among runners. Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, a search for relevant articles was carried out on PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar using related search terms such as oxidative damage, ROS, exercise, physical training, running, marathon, and ultramarathon. Results: Outcomes included (1) running programs like a half-marathon, ultramarathon, and iron-man race, (2) measuring biochemical assessment of oxidative damage markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and F1-isoprostones, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants level. Conclusions: This study concluded that a running exercise does not elicit a response to specific biomarkers of oxidative stress, instead, oxidative damage markers of lipids, proteins, and various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are expressed according to the training status of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhuan He
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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27
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Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? Sports Med 2021; 51:895-915. [PMID: 33502701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have roused speculation that they might be predisposed to success in such events. Indeed, while the male-to-female performance gap in traditional endurance sport (e.g., marathon) remains at ~ 10%, the disparity in ultra-endurance competition has been reported as low as 4% despite the markedly lower number of female participants. Moreover, females generally outperform males in extreme-distance swimming. The issue is complex, however, with many sports-specific considerations and caveats. This review summarizes the sex-based differences in physiological functions and draws attention to those which likely determine success in extreme exercise endeavors. The aim is to provide a balanced discussion of the female versus male predisposition to ultra-endurance sport. Herein, we discuss sex-based differences in muscle morphology and fatigability, respiratory-neuromechanical function, substrate utilization, oxygen utilization, gastrointestinal structure and function, and hormonal control. The literature indicates that while females exhibit numerous phenotypes that would be expected to confer an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (e.g., greater fatigue resistance, greater substrate efficiency, and lower energetic demands), they also exhibit several characteristics that unequivocally impinge on performance (e.g., lower O2-carrying capacity, increased prevalence of GI distress, and sex-hormone effects on cellular function/injury risk). Crucially, the advantageous traits may only manifest as ergogenic in the extreme endurance events which, paradoxically, are those that females less often contest. The title question should be revisited in the coming years, when/if the number of female participants increases.
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28
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Bilgic P, Kocahan T, Deliceoğlu G, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Total Dietary Antioxidant Intake Including Polyphenol Content: Is it Capable to Fight against Increased Oxidants within the Body of Ultra-Endurance Athletes? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061877. [PMID: 32586010 PMCID: PMC7353279 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dietary antioxidants on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress has been well investigated. However, the contribution of total dietary antioxidant capacity on exogenous antioxidant defense and exercise performance has commonly been disregarded. The aims of the present investigation were to examine (i) the effects of dietary total antioxidant intake on body antioxidant mechanisms, and (ii) an exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative damage in ultra-endurance athletes. The study included 24 ultra-marathon runners and long-distance triathletes (12 male and 12 female) who underwent an acute exhaustive exercise test (a cycle ergometer (45 min at 65% VO2max) immediately followed by a treadmill test (75% VO2max to exhaustion). Oxidative stress-related biomarkers (8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso PGF2a), total oxidant status (TOS, total antioxidant status (TAS)) in plasma were collected before and after exercise. Oxidative stress index was calculated to assess the aspect of redox balance. Blood lactate concentrations and heart rate were measured at the 3rd and 6th min after exercise. Dietary antioxidant intake was calculated using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Dietary total antioxidant intake of the subjects was negatively correlated with pre-exercise TOS concentrations (rs = -0.641 in male, and rs = -0.741 in females) and post- vs. pre- (∆) 8-iso PGF2a levels (rs = -0.702 in male; p = 0.016, and rs = -0.682 in females; p = 0.024), and positively correlated with ∆ TAS concentrations (rs = 0.893 in males; p = 0.001, and rs = 0.769 in females; p = 0.002) and post- exercise lactate concentrations (rs = 0.795 for males; p = 0.006, and rs = 0.642 for females; p = 0.024). A positive meaningful (p = 0.013) interaction was observed between time at exhaustion and dietary antioxidant intake (rs = 0.692) in males, but not in females. In conclusion, the determination of total dietary antioxidant intake in ultra-endurance athletes may be crucial for gaining a better perspective on body antioxidant defense against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effects of dietary antioxidant on exercise performance and recovery rate needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34862 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Pelin Bilgic
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Tuğba Kocahan
- Sport Medicine Physician, Department of Health Services, Sports General Directorship, The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Center of Athlete Training and Health Research, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Gökhan Deliceoğlu
- Sport Scientist, Faculty of Sports Science, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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29
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Urinary 8-OHdG as a Biomarker for Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113743. [PMID: 32466448 PMCID: PMC7313038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress reflects a disturbance in the balance between the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are scavenged by the antioxidant system, but when in excess concentration, they can oxidize proteins, lipids, and DNA. DNA damage is usually repaired, and the oxidized products are excreted in urine. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine is considered a biomarker for oxidative damage of DNA. It is needed to define background ranges for 8-OHdG, to use it as a measure of oxidative stress overproduction. We established a standardized protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess background ranges for urinary 8-OHdG concentrations in healthy populations. We computed geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD) as the basis for the meta-analysis. We retrieved an initial 1246 articles, included 84 articles, and identified 128 study subgroups. We stratified the subgroups by body mass index, gender, and smoking status reported. The pooled GM value for urinary 8-OHdG concentrations in healthy adults with a mean body mass index (BMI) ≤ 25 measured using chemical methods was 3.9 ng/mg creatinine (interquartile range (IQR): 3 to 5.5 ng/mg creatinine). A significant positive association was observed between smoking and urinary 8-OHdG concentrations when measured by chemical analysis. No gender effect was observed.
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Huang WC, Tung YT, Wu MS, Liu MC, Lin TJ, Yang MT. Low-Osmolality Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution Ingestion Avoid Fluid Loss and Oxidative Stress After Exhaustive Endurance Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040336. [PMID: 32326004 PMCID: PMC7222420 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-osmolality carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (LCS) ingestion can replace losses from exercise-induced dehydration, but the benefits of LCS ingestion strategy after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of LCS ingestion on dehydration, oxidative stress, renal function, and aerobic capacity after EEE. In our study with its double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced design, 12 healthy male participants were asked to consume LCS (150 mL four times per hour) or placebo (water) 1 h before and 1 h after EEE. All participants completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill for the determination of maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), applied to further intensity calibration, and then completed the EEE test. The average heart rate, maximal heart rate, running time to exhaustion, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were recorded during the exercise period. The participants’ body weight was recorded at different time points before and after the EEE to calculate the dehydration rate. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 2 h after EEE to determine indicators of oxidative stress and renal function. The results indicated that the dehydration rates in participants with LCS ingestion at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min after EEE were significantly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (−1.86 ± 0.47% vs. −2.24 ± 0.72%; −1.78 ± 0.50% vs. −2.13 ± 0.74%; −1.54 ± 0.51% vs. −1.94 ± 0.72%, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of catalase in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was significantly higher than in participants with placebo ingestion (2046.21 ± 381.98 nmol/min/mL vs. 1820.37 ± 417.35 nmol/min/mL; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of protein carbonyl in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was slightly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (2.72 ± 0.31 nmol carbonyl/mg protein vs. 2.89 ± 0.43 nmol carbonyl/mg protein; p = 0.06). No differences were noted for other variables. Our findings conclude that LCS ingestion can effectively avoid fluid loss and oxidative stress after EEE. However, LCS ingestion had no benefits for renal function or aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11301, Taiwan;
| | - Mai-Szu Wu
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medicine University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, College of oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Jung Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ta Yang
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27361661 (ext. 2275)
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31
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Mrakic-Sposta S, Gussoni M, Vezzoli A, Dellanoce C, Comassi M, Giardini G, Bruno RM, Montorsi M, Corciu A, Greco F, Pratali L. Acute Effects of Triathlon Race on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3062807. [PMID: 32256948 PMCID: PMC7109587 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3062807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The response to strenuous exercise was investigated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative damage, thiol redox status, and inflammation assessments in 32 enrolled triathlon athletes (41.9 ± 7.9 yrs) during Ironman® (IR), or half Ironman® (HIR) competition. In biological samples, inflammatory cytokines, aminothiols (glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), and cysteinylglycine (CysGly)), creatinine and neopterin, oxidative stress (OxS) biomarkers (protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)), and ROS were assessed. Thirteen HIR and fourteen IR athletes finished the race. Postrace, ROS (HIR +20%; IR +28%; p < 0.0001), TBARS (HIR +57%; IR +101%), PC (HIR +101%; IR +130%) and urinary neopterin (HIR +19%, IR +27%) significantly (range p < 0.05-0.0001) increased. Moreover, HIR showed an increase in total Cys +28%, while IR showed total aminothiols, Cys, Hcy, CysGly, and GSH increase by +48, +30, +58, and +158%, respectively (range p < 0.05-0.0001). ROS production was significantly correlated with TBARS and PC (R 2 = 0.38 and R 2 = 0.40; p < 0.0001) and aminothiols levels (range R 2 = 0.17-0.47; range p < 0.01-0.0001). In particular, ROS was directly correlated with the athletes' age (R 2 = 0.19; p < 0.05), with ultraendurance years of training (R 2 = 0.18; p < 0.05) and the days/week training activity (R 2 = 0.16; p < 0.05). Finally, the days/week training activity (hours/in the last 2 weeks) was found inversely correlated with the IL-6 postrace (R 2 = -0.21; p < 0.01). A strenuous performance, the Ironman® distance triathlon competition, alters the oxidant/antioxidant balance through a great OxS response that is directly correlated to the inflammatory parameters; furthermore, the obtained data suggest that an appropriate training time has to be selected in order to achieve the lowest ROS production and IL-6 concentration at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Maristella Gussoni
- Institute of Science and Chemical Technology, National Council of Research (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Comassi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Giardini
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Mountain Medicine Center Valle d' Aosta Regional Hospital Umberto Parini, Aosta, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Bruno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Montorsi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anca Corciu
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvia Greco
- Institute of Science and Chemical Technology, National Council of Research (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pratali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
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Acute effect of a maximum incremental test until exhaustion on malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamins in plasma and erythrocytes in athletes. NUTR HOSP 2020; 38:374-382. [PMID: 33371708 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Background: it is well known that moderate or vigorous physical exercise produces an increase in free radicals. Aim: the aims of this study were to observe changes in malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamins after a maximum incremental test, and to relate malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamin values to performance parameters. Methods: eighty-four male athletes participated in this study. Participants performed a maximum incremental test until exhaustion on a treadmill. Malondialdehyde in plasma and antioxidant vitamins in plasma and erythrocytes were determined before and after the test. Results: in plasma, there was a decrease in malondialdehyde after the test. In erythrocytes, results showed increases in vitamin C and decreases in vitamin E after the test. Maximal oxygen uptake values were associated positively with vitamin C and negatively with malondialdehyde levels before the test. On the other hand, maximal oxygen uptake, total test time, and total test distance were positively related to the malondialdehyde values obtained after the test. Conclusions: a maximum incremental test did not produce any changes in plasma vitamins in athletes. However, it increased the levels of vitamin C in erythrocytes and decreased malondialdehyde values in plasma and vitamin E in erythrocytes. The levels of malondialdehyde, vitamin C and vitamin E were related to performance parameters. These results may be linked to the adaptation of antioxidant systems due to regular training.
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Oxidative stress assessment in breath-hold diving. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2449-2456. [PMID: 31520216 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breath-hold diving results in significant changes in blood gases' levels. Challenging variations in oxygen partial pressures may induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that exacerbate oxidative stress and, consequently, affect endothelial function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of breath-hold diving on oxidative stress damage, assessing ROS production. Nitric oxide metabolites, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), aminothiols, and renal function were evaluated too as markers of redox status and renal damage. METHODS ROS production was assessed with electron paramagnetic resonance. Oxidative status values were measured at pre- and post-40 m dive in a deep swimming pool (Y-40) from six divers (mean age 46.6 ± 9.3 years; height 176 ± 4 cm; BMI 25 ± 2.9 kg/m2). RESULTS Significant (p < 0.05) increases at post-dive of ROS production rate (0.158 ± 0.003 vs 0.195 ± 0.006 μmol min-1), lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane: 375.67 ± 195.62 vs 420.49 ± 232.31 pg mg-1 creatinine), nitrate (27.91 ± 19.71 vs 30.80 ± 20.44 μM), iNOS (31.30 ± 4.52 vs 35.68 ± 6.72 IU mL-1) and neopterin concentration (96.20 ± 40.41 vs 118.76 ± 27.84 μmol mol-1 creatinine) were recorded. Conversely, the antioxidant capacity significantly decreased (3.423 ± 0.089 vs 3.015 ± 0.284 mM) after immersion. CONCLUSION Overproduction of ROS and consequent oxidative damage to lipids of membrane and antioxidant capacity decreasing reflect also a hypoxic condition, which in the breath-hold diving typically occurs in the last few meters below the surface. iNOS produces NO in large quantities under the examined extreme conditions. Neopterin and creatinine concentration level increased, suggesting an "impairment of renal function" as a likely physiological response to PaO2 variations during dive activity.
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Precompetitional Weight Reduction Modifies Prooxidative-Antioxidative Status in Judokas. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2164698. [PMID: 31428221 PMCID: PMC6679850 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2164698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective The main aim of the study was an assessment of the influence of rapid weight loss on oxidative stress parameters in judokas differing in weight reduction value. Materials and Methods The study included 30 judokas with an age range of 18-30 years (mean age: 22.4 ± 3.40 years). Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidative markers, lipid peroxidation markers, and total oxidative stress were assessed three times: one week before a competition (the first stage), after gaining the desired weight (the second stage), and one week after the competition (the third stage). Results Between the first and the second stage, the concentration of lipid hydroperoxides (LPH) decreased significantly. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), ceruloplasmin (CER), malondialdehyde (MDA), LPH, and total oxidative stress (TOS) concentrations were the lowest one week after the competition. Linear regression indicated that the emphases on increased weight reduction increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and protein sulfhydryl (PSH) between the first and the second stage of the study. Moderate weight reduction (2-5%) resulted in elevated levels of SOD, Mn-SOD, LPH, MDA, and TOS in comparison to low and high reductions. An opposite relation was observed in PSH. In judokas, the precompetitional weight reduction range was 0.44-6.10% (mean: 2.93% ± 1.76%) of the initial body weight. Concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD; p < .01), manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD; p < .001), and ceruloplasmin (CER; p < .05) decreased between the first and the third stage of the study as well between the second and third one. Before competitions, a decrease in lipid hydroperoxide (LPH; p < .01) concentration was observed. A reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA; p < .05), LPH (p < .01), and total oxidative stress (TOS; p < .05) levels between the first and the final stage occurred. The increase in weight reduction was linearly correlated with the rise of glutathione peroxidase (GPx; p < .05), glutathione reductase (GR; p < .05), glutathione S-transferase (GST; p < .05), and protein sulfhydryl (PSH; p < .05) concentrations between the first and the second stage of the study. Moderate weight reduction (2-5%) resulted in elevated levels of SOD (p < .05), Mn-SOD (p < .05), LPH (p < .05), MDA (p < .05), and TOS (p < .05) in comparison to low and high reductions. An opposite relation was observed in PSH (p < .005). Conclusions The effect of weight reduction in judo athletes on prooxidative-antioxidative system diversity depends on the weight reduction value.
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Bevelacqua JJ, Welsh J, Mortazavi SMJ. Commentary: Introduction to the Frontiers Research Topic: Optimization of Exercise Countermeasures for Human Space Flight-Lessons From Terrestrial Physiology and Operational Considerations. Front Physiol 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31379613 PMCID: PMC6659347 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S M J Mortazavi
- Medical Physics Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Panizo González N, Reque Santivañez JE, Hernando Fuster B, Collado Boira EJ, Martinez-Navarro I, Chiva Bartoll Ó, Hernando Domingo C. Quick Recovery of Renal Alterations and Inflammatory Activation after a Marathon. KIDNEY DISEASES 2019; 5:259-265. [PMID: 31768383 DOI: 10.1159/000500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We evaluated the incidence of acute kidney injury in a cohort of marathon participants. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study focused on evaluating the incidence of kidney damage after a marathon, and its evolution in the first 48 h after the marathon in 88 runners who completed the Valencia Marathon. Results From the 88 participants, 42 (48.28%) presented with acute kidney injury, mainly grade 1 (95.20%). Microscopic haematuria was observed in 29 runners (33%). Levels of interleukin 6, leukocytes, and neutrophils were markedly increased at the marathon's finish line. Conclusions Our results confirmed that there are slight transient changes in glomerular filtration rate and inflammatory activation after a marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Panizo González
- Hospital Universitario Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Martinez-Navarro
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas-Nisa 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Hernando Domingo
- Department of Education, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain.,Sports Service, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain
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Estruel-Amades S, Massot-Cladera M, Garcia-Cerdà P, Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À, Castell M, Camps-Bossacoma M. Protective Effect of Hesperidin on the Oxidative Stress Induced by an Exhausting Exercise in Intensively Trained Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040783. [PMID: 30987366 PMCID: PMC6520900 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive exercise can lead to oxidative stress, which can be particularly deleterious for lymphoid tissues. Hesperidin has demonstrated its antioxidant activity, but few studies focus on its influence on intensive training. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of hesperidin on the oxidant/antioxidant status of lymphoid tissues after an intensive training program. Wistar rats were trained for five weeks (five days per week), including two exhaustion tests plus three trainings per week. During this period, animals were orally administrated with 200 mg/kg of hesperidin or vehicle (three days per week). The oxidative status was determined before, immediately after and 24 h after an additional exhaustion test. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peritoneal macrophages, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in spleen, thymus and liver, and hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) were assessed. Hesperidin prevented an increase in ROS production induced by the additional exhaustion test. Likewise, hesperidin avoided a decrease in SOD and catalase activities in the thymus and spleen that was found after the additional exhaustion test. The antioxidant effects of hesperidin were associated with a higher performance in the assessed training model. These results suggest that hesperidin, acting as an antioxidant, can prevent oxidative stress induced by exercise and improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Pau Garcia-Cerdà
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
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Moretti S, Mrakic-Sposta S, Roncoroni L, Vezzoli A, Dellanoce C, Monguzzi E, Branchi F, Ferretti F, Lombardo V, Doneda L, Scricciolo A, Elli L. Oxidative stress as a biomarker for monitoring treated celiac disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:157. [PMID: 29880904 PMCID: PMC5992147 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant defense systems lead to oxidative stress (OxS) and tissue injury in different intestinal and extra intestinal conditions, including celiac disease (CD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and potential use of ROS and other biomarkers of OxS in the clinical management of CD. METHODS We collected duodenal specimens and blood samples from naïve patients (N-CD), patients on a gluten free diet (GFD) including responders (CD-GFD) and non-responders (NRCD). We measured plasmatic ROS production (electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS), protein oxidation (protein carbonyl, PC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxides and glutathione (GSH) in erythrocytes. RESULTS Fifty-four patients affected by CD were enrolled (17 N-CD, 18 CD-GFD and 19 NRCD; 44 F; age 44 ± 13 years). A significant increase of plasmatic OxS biomarkers (ROS, peroxidated lipids, oxidized proteins, and nitrate concentrations) and decrease of antioxidant species (TAC and GSH levels) were found in NRCD and N-CD compared to CD-GFD. Comparably, a significant direct relationship between the severity of duodenal atrophy, ROS production rates and TBARS was found; conversely, TAC and GSH presented an inverse correlation. DISCUSSION OxS is involved in CD tissue damage and correlates with the degree of duodenal atrophy. These findings suggest the possible role of OxS biomarkers as indicators of CD activity during the clinical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moretti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Italy
| | - Leda Roncoroni
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease- Div. of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 20122, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Monguzzi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Branchi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferretti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenza Lombardo
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease- Div. of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Doneda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Scricciolo
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease- Div. of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease- Div. of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy.
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Impact of the 24-h ultramarathon race on homocysteine, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and paraoxonase 1 levels in professional runners. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192392. [PMID: 29394290 PMCID: PMC5796729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the 24-h ultramarathon race on homocysteine (Hcy) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels, two well-recognized cardiovascular risk factors, has not been deeply investigated. Similarly, no information exists on paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme associated with high-density lipoproteins, which may detoxify oxLDL and Hcy-thiolactone, hence preventing their proatherogenic action. Taking this into account, a competitive 24-h ultramarathon race was organized in Reggio-Emilia (Italy) recruiting professional runners (n = 14) from the Italian Ultramarathon and Trail Association. Blood samples were collected from each participant before, during (14 h), and immediately after (24 h) the competition, thus to monitor the serum changes in Hcy, oxLDL, and PON1 levels, as well as other oxidative stress-related parameters, namely reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and total antioxidant capacity (PAT). As a result, a significant PON1 increase was recorded after 14 h of racing that persisted until the end of the performance. The same trend was observed for PAT values, which positively correlated to PON1 levels (R = 0.643, P<0.001). Hcy, oxLDL, and ROM remained almost unchanged throughout the competition. In conclusion, the present study suggested a protective role of PON1 in sustaining the antioxidant defense system and contrasting lipoprotein oxidative modifications over the 24-h race, and did not specifically evidence either Hcy or oxLDL accumulation in such challenging sporting events.
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Muñoz Marín D, Barrientos G, Alves J, Grijota FJ, Robles MC, Maynar M. Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation indexes and antioxidant vitamins in long and middle distance athletes during a sport season. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1713-1719. [PMID: 29072036 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to observe any changes and possible adaptations produced in MDA and antioxidants vitamins on plasma and erythrocytes in endurance male athletes among an athletic season (12 months). METHODS Twenty three long and middle distance male athletes participated in this study. Basal MDA on plasma and antioxidant vitamins in plasma and erythrocytes were measured at four moments along the season (0, 3, 6 and 9 months). Fatty acid concentrations in erythrocytes were obtained to determine lipid peroxidation indexes. RESULTS In plasma, vitamin C suffered significant decreases at 3 and 6 months compared with the begin (P<0.01), and an increase at 9 months, compared with 3 months. On the other hand, vitamin A level was significantly lower at 9 months compared with the other periods (P<0.01 compared with 0 and 6 months; P<0.05 compared with 3 months). In erythrocytes, significant decreases were observed in vitamin E among the season at 6 months and an increase from 6 to 9 months (P<0.05). Vitamin A suffers a significant decrease in both for competitive periods, at 3 and 9 months, compared with the beginning of the season. The most of changes in lipid peroxidation indexes were produced along the firsts 3 months. CONCLUSIONS 1) Physical training improves the antioxidant systems in order to reduce lipid peroxidation in trained athletes along the season; 2) PUFA/SFA ratios seem more reliable than MDA to observe oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Muñoz Marín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain -
| | - Gema Barrientos
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Alves
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria C Robles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Zhang Z, Ma X, Xia Z, Chen J, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhu J, Li J, Yu H, Zong Y, Lu G. NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates fatigue-like behaviors in mice via neuroinflammation. Neuroscience 2017; 358:115-123. [PMID: 28684277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and clinical studies have suggested that the interaction between the immune system and the brain plays an important role in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important part of the innate immune system. This complex regulates proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) maturation, which triggers different kinds of immune-inflammatory reactions. We employed repeated forced swims to establish a model of CFS in mice. NLRP3 knockout (KO) mice were also used to explore NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the mechanisms of CFS, using the same treatment. After completing repeated swim tests, the mice displayed fatigue-like behaviors, including locomotor activity and reduced fall-off time on the rota-rod test, which was accompanied by significantly higher mature IL-1β level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum. We also found increased NLRP3 protein expression, NLRP3 inflammasome formation and increased mature IL-1β production in the PFC, relative to untreated mice. The NLRP3 KO mice displayed significantly moderated fatigue behaviors along with decreased PFC and serum IL-1β levels under the same treatment. These findings demonstrated the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the mechanism of swimming-induced fatigue. Future therapies targeting the NLRP3/IL-1β pathway may have significant potential for fatigue prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiujuan Ma
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenna Xia
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jikuai Chen
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yangang Liu
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongchun Chen
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangbo Zhu
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huaiyu Yu
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Zong
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guocai Lu
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Suzhou CTI Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu 215300, China.
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Gwozdzinski K, Pieniazek A, Tabaczar S, Jegier A, Brzeszczynska J. Investigation of oxidative stress parameters in different lifespan erythrocyte fractions in young untrained men after acute exercise. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:190-201. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - Sabina Tabaczar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - Anna Jegier
- Department of Sport Medicine; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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