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Zhang J, Zhou J, He Z, Li H. Bacteroides and NAFLD: pathophysiology and therapy. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1288856. [PMID: 38572244 PMCID: PMC10988783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1288856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition observed globally, with the potential to progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any drugs for the treatment of NAFLD. NAFLD is characterized by histopathological abnormalities in the liver, such as lipid accumulation, steatosis, hepatic balloon degeneration, and inflammation. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its metabolites significantly contribute to the initiation and advancement of NAFLD. Bacteroides, a potential probiotic, has shown strong potential in preventing the onset and progression of NAFLD. However, the precise mechanism by which Bacteroides treats NAFLD remains uncertain. In this review, we explore the current understanding of the role of Bacteroides and its metabolites in the treatment of NAFLD, focusing on their ability to reduce liver inflammation, mitigate hepatic steatosis, and enhance intestinal barrier function. Additionally, we summarize how Bacteroides alleviates pathological changes by restoring the metabolism, improving insulin resistance, regulating cytokines, and promoting tight-junctions. A deeper comprehension of the mechanisms through which Bacteroides is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD should aid the development of innovative drugs targeting NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheyun He
- Liver Diseases Institute, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongshan Li
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Liu M, Kang Z, Cao X, Jiao H, Wang X, Zhao J, Lin H. Prevotella and succinate treatments altered gut microbiota, increased laying performance, and suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation in laying hens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:26. [PMID: 38369510 PMCID: PMC10874536 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work aimed to investigate the potential benefits of administering Prevotella and its primary metabolite succinate on performance, hepatic lipid accumulation and gut microbiota in laying hens. RESULTS One hundred and fifty 58-week-old Hyline Brown laying hens, with laying rate below 80% and plasma triglyceride (TG) exceeding 5 mmol/L, were used in this study. The hens were randomly allocated into 5 groups and subjected to one of the following treatments: fed with a basal diet (negative control, NC), oral gavage of 3 mL/hen saline every other day (positive control, PC), gavage of 3 mL/hen Prevotella melaninogenica (107 CFU/mL, PM) or 3 mL/hen Prevotella copri (107 CFU/mL, P. copri) every other day, and basal diet supplemented with 0.25% sodium succinate (Succinate). The results showed that PM and P. copri treatments significantly improved laying rate compared to the PC (P < 0.05). The amount of lipid droplet was notably decreased by PM, P. copri, and Succinate treatments at week 4 and decreased by P. copri at week 8 (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the plasma TG level in Succinate group was lower than that of PC (P < 0.05). Hepatic TG content, however, was not significantly influenced at week 4 and 8 (P > 0.05). PM treatment increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of genes PGC-1β and APB-5B at week 4, and ACC and CPT-1 at week 8. The results indicated enhanced antioxidant activities at week 8, as evidenced by reduced hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level and improved antioxidant enzymes activities in PM and Succinate groups (P < 0.05). Supplementing with Prevotella or succinate can alter the cecal microbiota. Specifically, the abundance of Prevotella in the Succinate group was significantly higher than that in the other 4 groups at the family and genus levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oral intake of Prevotella and dietary supplementation of succinate can ameliorate lipid metabolism of laying hens. The beneficial effect of Prevotella is consistent across different species. The finding highlights that succinate, the primary metabolite of Prevotella, represents a more feasible feed additive for alleviating fatty liver in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Zeyue Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xikang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Zhong X, Zhang G, Huang J, Chen L, Shi Y, Wang D, Zheng Q, Su H, Li X, Wang C, Zhang J, Guo L. Effects of Intestinal Microbiota on the Biological Transformation of Arsenic in Zebrafish: Contribution and Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2247-2259. [PMID: 38179619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Both the gut microbiome and their host participate in arsenic (As) biotransformation, while their exact roles and mechanisms in vivo remain unclear and unquantified. In this study, as3mt-/- zebrafish were treated with tetracycline (TET, 100 mg/L) and arsenite (iAsIII) exposure for 30 days and treated with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG, 1 × 108 cfu/g) and iAsIII exposure for 15 days, respectively. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the contribution rates of the intestinal microbiome to the total arsenic (tAs) and inorganic As (iAs) metabolism approached 44.0 and 18.4%, respectively. Compared with wild-type, in as3mt-/- zebrafish, microbial richness and structure were more significantly correlated with tAs and iAs, and more differential microbes and microbial metabolic pathways significantly correlated with arsenic metabolites (P < 0.05). LGG supplement influenced the microbial communities, significantly up-regulated the expressions of genes related to As biotransformation (gss and gst) in the liver, down-regulated the expressions of oxidative stress genes (sod1, sod2, and cat) in the intestine, and increased arsenobetaine concentration (P < 0.05). Therefore, gut microbiome promotes As transformation and relieves As accumulation, playing more active roles under iAs stress when the host lacks key arsenic detoxification enzymes. LGG can promote As biotransformation and relieve oxidative stress under As exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Zhong
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang 524045, PR China
| | - Guiwei Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jieliang Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Linkang Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Dongbin Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Qiuyi Zheng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hongtian Su
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Chunchun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Lianxian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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Zhu L, Liao R, Huang J, Xiao C, Yang Y, Wang H, He D, Yan H, Yang C. Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 Regulates Liver Lipid Metabolism Partly via the miR-130a-5p/MBOAT2 Pathway in a NAFLD Model of Laying Hens. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244133. [PMID: 36552896 PMCID: PMC9776975 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus spp., as probiotics, have shown efficacy in alleviating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we screened a new probiotic strain, Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 (L. salivarius SNK-6), which was isolated from the ileum of healthy Xinyang black-feather laying hens in China. We investigated the beneficial activity of L. salivarius SNK-6 in a NAFLD model in laying hens and found that L. salivarius SNK-6 inhibited liver fat deposition and decreased serum triglyceride levels and activity of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase. MBOAT2 (membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 2) was directly targeted by miR-130a-5p, which was downregulated in the liver of NAFLD laying hens but reversed after L. salivarius SNK-6 treatment. Downregulation of MBOAT2, L. salivarius SNK-6 supplementation in vivo, and L. salivarius SNK-6 cell culture treatment in vitro suppressed the mRNA expression of genes involved in the PPAR/SREBP pathway. In addition, 250 metabolites were identified in the supernatants of L. salivarius SNK-6 culture media, and most of them participated in metabolic pathways, including amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed that acetate, butyrate, and propionate were the most abundant short-chain fatty acids, while cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid were the four most-enriched bile acids among L. salivarius SNK-6 metabolites. This may have contributed to the reparative effect of L. salivarius SNK-6 in the NAFLD chicken model. Our study suggested that L. salivarius SNK-6 alleviated liver damage partly via the miR-130a-5p/MBOAT2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
- National Poultry Research Center for Engineering and Technology, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Rongrong Liao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Jiwen Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Changfeng Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
- National Poultry Research Center for Engineering and Technology, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yunzhou Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Daqian He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Huaxiang Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (C.Y.); Tel.: +86-216-220-5472 (H.Y. & C.Y.)
| | - Changsuo Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
- National Poultry Research Center for Engineering and Technology, Shanghai 201106, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (C.Y.); Tel.: +86-216-220-5472 (H.Y. & C.Y.)
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Virwani PD, Cai L, Yeung PKK, Qian G, Chen Y, Zhou L, Wong JWH, Wang Y, Ho JWK, Lau KK, Qian PY, Chung SK. Deficiency of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)-1 in mice augments glucose intolerance, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis associated with Western diet. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:187. [PMID: 36329549 PMCID: PMC9635209 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota (GM) dysregulation, known as dysbiosis, has been proposed as a crucial driver of obesity associated with "Western" diet (WD) consumption. Gut dysbiosis is associated with increased gut permeability, inflammation, and insulin resistance. However, host metabolic pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of gut dysbiosis are still elusive. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) plays a critical role in cell-cell junction formation and insulin secretion. Here, we used homozygous Epac1-knockout (Epac1-/-), Epac2-knockout (Epac2-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the role of Epac proteins in mediating gut dysbiosis, gut permeability, and inflammation after WD feeding. RESULTS The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA showed that the baseline GM of Epac2-/-, but not Epac1-/-, mice was represented by a significantly higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and significant alterations in several taxa compared to WT mice, suggesting that Epac2-/- mice had gut dysbiosis under physiological conditions. However, an 8-week WD led to a similar gut microbiome imbalance in mice regardless of genotype. While Epac1 deficiency modestly exacerbated the WD-induced GM dysbiosis, the WD-fed Epac2-/- mice had a more significant increase in gut permeability than corresponding WT mice. After WD feeding, Epac1-/-, but not Epac2-/-, mice had significantly higher mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and F4/80 in the epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), increased circulating lipocalin-2 protein and more severe glucose intolerance, suggesting greater inflammation and insulin resistance in WD-fed Epac1-/- mice than corresponding WT mice. Consistently, Epac1 protein expression was significantly reduced in the EWAT of WD-fed WT and Epac2-/- mice. CONCLUSION Despite significantly dysregulated baseline GM and a more pronounced increase in gut permeability upon WD feeding, WD-fed Epac2-/- mice did not exhibit more severe inflammation and glucose intolerance than corresponding WT mice. These findings suggest that the role of gut dysbiosis in mediating WD-associated obesity may be context-dependent. On the contrary, we demonstrate that deficiency of host signaling protein, Epac1, drives inflammation and glucose intolerance which are the hallmarks of WD-induced obesity. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dinesh Virwani
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Ocean Science and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R. China
| | - Patrick Ka Kit Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Gordon Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yingxian Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Jason Wing Hon Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Joshua Wing Kei Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.), China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau S.A.R., China
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Ebrahimi-Mousavi S, Alavian SM, Sohrabpour AA, Dashti F, Djafarian K, Esmaillzadeh A. The effect of daily consumption of probiotic yogurt on liver enzymes, steatosis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:102. [PMID: 35255811 PMCID: PMC8899796 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, it is necessary to find an easy and cost-effective method in its management and treatment. Probiotics are a group of living microorganisms that might affect NAFLD through the intestinal-liver axis. The present clinical trial aims to examine the effect of probiotic yogurt consumption on liver enzymes, steatosis and liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Methods Sixty-eight patients with NAFLD will be recruited in this study. After block matching for sex, BMI and age, patients will be randomly assigned to receive 300 g/d probiotic yogurt containing 106 cfu/g of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis strains or 300 g/d plain yogurt daily for 12 weeks and those in the control group would receive similar amounts of plain yogurts. Weight, height, and waist circumference will be measured at study baseline and after the intervention. Biochemical indicators including plasma glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, liver markers (ALT, AST and GGT) will be examined at study baseline and at the end of the trial. Insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity will be determined using the HOMA-IR and QUICKI equation. The degree of steatosis and hepatic fibrosis will also be assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention by the same gastroenterologist using elastography with fibroscan. Discussion Probiotics have been suggested as a new strategy in the management of NAFLD. Their effects might be mediated through intestinal microbiota modification and production of short-chain fatty acids. Consumption of probiotic-enriched foods, rather than their supplements, might be a cost-effective method for long-term use in these patients. In case of finding the beneficial effects of probiotic yogurt consumption in the current clinical trial, its inclusion in the dietary plan of NAFLD patients can be recommended. Trial registration This clinical trial was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) at 2021-04-19 with code number of IRCT20210201050210N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ebrahimi-Mousavi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqyiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Sohrabpour
- The Liver, Pancreatic, and Biliary Disease Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dashti
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran. .,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Gut Microbiome in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Role. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030550. [PMID: 35327352 PMCID: PMC8945462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be a significant health threat globally, and has attracted growing concern in the research field of liver diseases. NAFLD comprises multifarious fatty degenerative disorders in the liver, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis. The fundamental pathophysiology of NAFLD is complex and multifactor-driven. In addition to viruses, metabolic syndrome and alcohol, evidence has recently indicated that the microbiome is related to the development and progression of NAFLD. In this review, we summarize the possible microbiota-based therapeutic approaches and highlight the importance of establishing the diagnosis of NAFLD through the different spectra of the disease via the gut–liver axis.
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Effects of Moderate Alcohol Consumption in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030890. [PMID: 35160340 PMCID: PMC8836912 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have emerged as leading causes of chronic liver diseases worldwide. ALD and NAFLD share several pathophysiological patterns as well as histological features, while clinically, they are distinguished by the amount of alcohol consumed daily. However, NAFLD coexists with moderate alcohol consumption in a growing proportion of the population. Here, we investigated the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on liver injury, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota in 30 NAFLD-patients. We anonymously assessed drinking habits, applying the AUDIT- and CAGE-questionnaires and compared subgroups of abstainers vs. low to harmful alcohol consumers (AUDIT) and Cage 0-1 vs. Cage 2-4. Patients who did not drink any alcohol had lower levels of γGT, ALT, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. While the abundance of Bacteroidaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Ruminococcaceae was higher in the low to harmful alcohol drinking cohort, the abundance of Rikenellaceae was higher in the abstainers. Our study suggests that even moderate alcohol consumption has an impact on the liver and lipid metabolism, as well as on the composition of gut microbiota.
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Wuethrich I, W. Pelzer B, Khodamoradi Y, Vehreschild MJGT. The role of the human gut microbiota in colonization and infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-13. [PMID: 33870869 PMCID: PMC8078746 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1911279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
About 100 years ago, the first antibiotic drug was introduced into health care. Since then, antibiotics have made an outstanding impact on human medicine. However, our society increasingly suffers from collateral damage exerted by these highly effective drugs. The rise of resistant pathogen strains, combined with a reduction of microbiota diversity upon antibiotic treatment, has become a significant obstacle in the fight against invasive infections worldwide.Alternative and complementary strategies to classical "Fleming antibiotics" comprise microbiota-based treatments such as fecal microbiota transfer and administration of probiotics, live-biotherapeutics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. Other promising interventions, whose efficacy may also be influenced by the human microbiota, are phages and vaccines. They will facilitate antimicrobial stewardship, to date the only globally applied antibiotic resistance mitigation strategy.In this review, we present the available evidence on these nontraditional interventions, highlight their interaction with the human microbiota, and discuss their clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Wuethrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt W. Pelzer
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany,CONTACT Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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Losurdo G, Brescia IV, Lillo C, Mezzapesa M, Barone M, Principi M, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Rendina M. Liver involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: What should the clinician know? World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1534-1551. [PMID: 34904028 PMCID: PMC8637677 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may show a wide range of extraintestinal manifestations. In this context, liver involvement is a focal point for both an adequate management of the disease and its prognosis, due to possible serious comorbidity. The association between IBD and primary sclerosing cholangitis is the most known example. This association is relevant because it implies an increased risk of both colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Additionally, drugs such as thiopurines or biologic agents can cause drug-induced liver damage; therefore, this event should be considered when planning IBD treatment. Additionally, particular consideration should be given to the evidence that IBD patients may have concomitant chronic viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Chronic immunosuppressive regimens may cause a hepatitis flare or reactivation of a healthy carrier state, therefore careful monitoring of these patients is necessary. Finally, the spread of obesity has involved even IBD patients, thus increasing the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which has already proven to be more common in IBD patients than in the non-IBD population. This phenomenon is considered an emerging issue, as it will become the leading cause of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Losurdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Irene Vita Brescia
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Chiara Lillo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Martino Mezzapesa
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Mariabeatrice Principi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Rendina
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
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11
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Dongiovanni P, Meroni M, Longo M, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL. Genetics, Immunity and Nutrition Boost the Switching from NASH to HCC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1524. [PMID: 34829753 PMCID: PMC8614742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading contributor to the global burden of chronic liver diseases. The phenotypic umbrella of NAFLD spans from simple and reversible steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may worsen into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notwithstanding, HCC may develop also in the absence of advanced fibrosis, causing a delayed time in diagnosis as a consequence of the lack of HCC screening in these patients. The precise event cascade that may precipitate NASH into HCC is intricate and it entails diverse triggers, encompassing exaggerated immune response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress, organelle derangement and DNA aberrancies. All these events may be accelerated by both genetic and environmental factors. On one side, common and rare inherited variations that affect hepatic lipid remodeling, immune microenvironment and cell survival may boost the switching from steatohepatitis to liver cancer, on the other, diet-induced dysbiosis as well as nutritional and behavioral habits may furtherly precipitate tumor onset. Therefore, dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed to restore patients' health contribute to counteract NASH progression towards HCC. Even more, the combination of therapeutic strategies with dietary advice may maximize benefits, with the pursuit to improve liver function and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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12
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Haberl EM, Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Höring M, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Buechler C. Accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides and ceramides in hepatocellular carcinomas of diethylnitrosamine injected mice. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:135. [PMID: 34629057 PMCID: PMC8502393 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated lipid metabolism is critically involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The respective metabolic pathways affected in HCC can be identified using suitable experimental models. Mice injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and fed a normal chow develop HCC. For the analysis of the pathophysiology of HCC in this model a comprehensive lipidomic analysis was performed. METHODS Lipids were measured in tumor and non-tumorous tissues by direct flow injection analysis. Proteins with a role in lipid metabolism were analysed by immunoblot. Mann-Whitney U-test or paired Student´s t-test were used for data analysis. RESULTS Intra-tumor lipid deposition is a characteristic of HCCs, and di- and triglycerides accumulated in the tumor tissues of the mice. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase protein were low in the tumors whereas proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis were not changed. Higher rates of de novo lipogenesis cause a shift towards saturated acyl chains, which did not occur in the murine HCC model. Besides, LDL-receptor protein and cholesteryl ester levels were higher in the murine HCC tissues. Ceramides are cytotoxic lipids and are low in human HCCs. Notably, ceramide levels increased in the murine tumors, and the simultaneous decline of sphingomyelins suggests that sphingomyelinases were involved herein. DEN is well described to induce the tumor suppressor protein p53 in the liver, and p53 was additionally upregulated in the tumors. CONCLUSIONS Ceramides mediate the anti-cancer effects of different chemotherapeutic drugs and restoration of ceramide levels was effective against HCC. High ceramide levels in the tumors makes the DEN injected mice an unsuitable model to study therapies targeting ceramide metabolism. This model is useful for investigating how tumors evade the cytotoxic effects of ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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13
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Birková A, Hubková B, Čižmárová B, Bolerázska B. Current View on the Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9686. [PMID: 34575850 PMCID: PMC8472195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is widely used and, unfortunately, often abused. In addition to acute effects such as intoxication, it may cause many chronic pathological conditions. Some of the effects are very well described and explained, but there are still gaps in the explanation of empirically co-founded dysfunction in many alcohol-related conditions. This work focuses on reviewing actual knowledge about the toxic effects of ethanol and its degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Birková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Beáta Hubková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Beáta Čižmárová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Beáta Bolerázska
- 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
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14
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Dallio M, Romeo M, Gravina AG, Masarone M, Larussa T, Abenavoli L, Persico M, Loguercio C, Federico A. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics in Metabolic- (Dysfunction) Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Novel Insights and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051679. [PMID: 34063372 PMCID: PMC8156164 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) represents the predominant hepatopathy and one of the most important systemic, metabolic-related disorders all over the world associated with severe medical and socio-economic repercussions due to its growing prevalence, clinical course (steatohepatitis and/or hepatocellular-carcinoma), and related extra-hepatic comorbidities. To date, no specific medications for the treatment of this condition exist, and the most valid recommendation for patients remains lifestyle change. MAFLD has been associated with metabolic syndrome; its development and progression are widely influenced by the interplay between genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics findings suggest nutrition’s capability, by acting on the individual genetic background and modifying the specific epigenetic expression as well, to influence patients’ clinical outcome. Besides, immunity response is emerging as pivotal in this multifactorial scenario, suggesting the interaction between diet, genetics, and immunity as another tangled network that needs to be explored. The present review describes the genetic background contribution to MAFLD onset and worsening, its possibility to be influenced by nutritional habits, and the interplay between nutrients and immunity as one of the most promising research fields of the future in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815666740
| | - Mario Romeo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Mario Masarone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
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15
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Gut Microbiota and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Severity in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030238. [PMID: 33807075 PMCID: PMC8004607 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains an important health issue worldwide. The increasing prevalence of NAFLD is linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The gut microbiota is associated with the development of NAFLD and T2D. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and NAFLD severity has remained unclear in T2D patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of gut microbiota with the severity of NAFLD in T2D patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study used transient elastography (FibroScan) to evaluate the severity of hepatic steatosis. We utilized qPCR to measure the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium leptum group, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Escherichia coli. Results: Of 163 T2D patients, 83 with moderate to severe NAFLD had higher abundance of bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes with respect to 80 patients without NAFLD or with mild NAFLD. High abundance of the phylum Firmicutes increased the severity of NAFLD in T2D patients. A positive correlation between NAFLD severity and the phylum Firmicutes was found in T2D male patients with body mass index ≥24 kg/m2 and glycated hemoglobin <7.5%. Conclusion: Enrichment of the fecal microbiota with the phylum Firmicutes is significantly and positively associated with NAFLD severity in T2D patients. The gut microbiota is a potential predictor of NAFLD severity in T2D patients.
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16
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Khan A, Ding Z, Ishaq M, Bacha AS, Khan I, Hanif A, Li W, Guo X. Understanding the Effects of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Possible Probiotics Role: Recent Updates. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:818-833. [PMID: 33767591 PMCID: PMC7975705 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is leading chronic liver syndrome worldwide. Gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and severity of NAFLD. However, its role is complex and even unclear. Treatment of NAFLD through chemotherapeutic agents have been questioned because of their side effects on health. In this review, we highlighted and discussed the current understanding on the importance of gut microbiota, its dysbiosis and its effects on the gut-liver axis and gut mucosa. Further, we discussed key mechanisms involved in gut dysbiosis to provide an outline of its role in progression to NAFLD and liver cirrhosis. In addition, we also explored the potential role of probiotics as a treatment approach for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Based on the latest findings, it is evident that microbiota targeted interventions mostly the use of probiotics have shown promising effects and can possibly alleviate the gut microbiota dysbiosis, regulate the metabolic pathways which in turn inhibit the progression of NAFLD through the gut-liver axis. However, very limited studies in humans are available on this issue and suggest further research work to identify a specific core microbiome association with NAFLD and to discover its mechanism of pathogenesis, which will help to enhance the therapeutic potential of probiotics to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiq Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering & Management Sciences Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Zitong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ali Sher Bacha
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Israr Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbiology Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Anum Hanif
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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17
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Insights into the Impact of Microbiota in the Treatment of NAFLD/NASH and Its Potential as a Biomarker for Prognosis and Diagnosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020145. [PMID: 33546191 PMCID: PMC7913217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver illness associated with obesity and metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or type 2 diabetes mellitus. A more severe type of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is considered an ongoing global health threat and dramatically increases the risks of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several reports have demonstrated that liver steatosis is associated with the elevation of certain clinical and biochemical markers but with low predictive potential. In addition, current imaging methods are inaccurate and inadequate for quantification of liver steatosis and do not distinguish clearly between the microvesicular and the macrovesicular types. On the other hand, an unhealthy status usually presents an altered gut microbiota, associated with the loss of its functions. Indeed, NAFLD pathophysiology has been linked to lower microbial diversity and a weakened intestinal barrier, exposing the host to bacterial components and stimulating pathways of immune defense and inflammation via toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, this activation of inflammation in hepatocytes induces progression from simple steatosis to NASH. In the present review, we aim to: (a) summarize studies on both human and animals addressed to determine the impact of alterations in gut microbiota in NASH; (b) evaluate the potential role of such alterations as biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis of this disorder; and (c) discuss the involvement of microbiota in the current treatment for NAFLD/NASH (i.e., bariatric surgery, physical exercise and lifestyle, diet, probiotics and prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation).
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18
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Srinivas AN, Suresh D, Santhekadur PK, Suvarna D, Kumar DP. Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD. Front Immunol 2021; 11:627424. [PMID: 33603757 PMCID: PMC7884478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.627424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease in most parts of the world affecting one-third of the western population and a growing cause for end-stage liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Majorly driven by obesity and diabetes mellitus, NAFLD is more of a multifactorial disease affected by extra-hepatic organ crosstalk. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) progressed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) predisposes multiple complications such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Although the complete pathogenic mechanisms of this disease are not understood, inflammation is considered as a key driver to the onset of NASH. Lipotoxicity, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and intestinal dysbiosis trigger both hepatic and systemic inflammatory cascades simultaneously activating immune responses. Over a few years, extracellular vesicles studied extensively concerning the pathobiology of NAFLD indicated it as a key modulator in the setting of immune-mediated inflammation. Exosomes and microvesicles, the two main types of extracellular vesicles are secreted by an array of most mammalian cells, which are involved mainly in cell-cell communication that are unique to cell type. Various bioactive cargoes containing extracellular vesicles derived from both hepatic and extrahepatic milieu showed critical implications in driving steatosis to NASH reaffirming inflammation as the primary contributor to the whole process. In this mini-review, we provide brief insights into the inflammatory mediators of NASH with special emphasis on extracellular vesicles that acts as drivers of inflammation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha N Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Diwakar Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Deepak Suvarna
- Department of Gastroenterology, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
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19
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Kwong EK, Puri P. Gut microbiome changes in Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease & alcoholic liver disease. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:3. [PMID: 33409398 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.02.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are some of the most common liver diseases worldwide. The human gut microbiome is dynamic and shifts in bacterial composition have been implicated in many diseases. Studies have shown that there is a shift in bacterial overgrowth favoring pro-inflammatory mediators in patients with advanced disease progression such as cirrhosis. Further investigation demonstrated that the transplantation of gut microbiota from advanced liver disease patients can reproduce severe liver inflammation and injury in mice. Various techniques in manipulating the gut microbiota have been attempted including fecal transplantation and probiotics. This review focuses on the changes in the gut microbiota as well as emerging lines of microbiome work with respect to NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Kwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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20
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Xu J, Wu N, Wang Y, Lin T, Liu Y, Liu Y. E. coli NF73-1 Isolated From NASH Patients Aggravates NAFLD in Mice by Translocating Into the Liver and Stimulating M1 Polarization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:535940. [PMID: 33363046 PMCID: PMC7759485 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.535940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The gut microbiota is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We isolated the Escherichia coli strain NF73-1 from the intestines of a NASH patient and then investigated its effect and underlying mechanism. Methods 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) amplicon sequencing was used to detect bacterial profiles in healthy controls, NAFLD patients and NASH patients. Highly enriched E. coli strains were cultured and isolated from NASH patients. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics were performed to investigate gene expression. Depending on the diet, male C57BL/6J mice were further grouped in normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups. To avoid disturbing the bacterial microbiota, some of the ND and HFD mice were grouped as “bacteria-depleted” mice and treated with a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotic complex (ABX) from the 8th to 10th week. Then, E. coli NF73-1, the bacterial strain isolated from NASH patients, was administered transgastrically for 6 weeks to investigate its effect and mechanism in the pathogenic progression of NAFLD. Results The relative abundance of Escherichia increased significantly in the mucosa of NAFLD patients, especially NASH patients. The results from whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics showed a specific gene expression profile in E. coli strain NF73-1, which was isolated from the intestinal mucosa of NASH patients. E. coli NF73-1 accelerates NAFLD independently. Only in the HFD-NF73-1 and HFD-ABX-NF73-1 groups were EGFP-labeled E. coli NF73-1 detected in the liver and intestine. Subsequently, translocation of E. coli NF73-1 into the liver led to an increase in hepatic M1 macrophages via the TLR2/NLRP3 pathway. Hepatic M1 macrophages induced by E. coli NF73-1 activated mTOR-S6K1-SREBP-1/PPAR-α signaling, causing a metabolic switch from triglyceride oxidation toward triglyceride synthesis in NAFLD mice. Conclusions E. coli NF73-1 is a critical trigger in the progression of NAFLD. E. coli NF73-1 might be a specific strain for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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High-Fructose Diet Increases Inflammatory Cytokines and Alters Gut Microbiota Composition in Rats. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6672636. [PMID: 33312070 PMCID: PMC7721508 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6672636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fructose diet induced changes in gut microbiota structure and function, which have been linked to inflammatory response. However, the effect of small or appropriate doses of fructose on gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines is not fully understood. Hence, the abundance changes of gut microbiota in fructose-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The effects of fructose diet on metabolic disorders were evaluated by blood biochemical parameter test, histological analysis, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis, ELISA analysis, and Western blot. Rats were intragastrically administered with pure fructose at the dose of 0 (Con), 2.6 (Fru-L), 5.3 (Fru-M), and 10.5 g/kg/day (Fru-H) for 20 weeks. The results showed that there were 36.5% increase of uric acid level in the Fru-H group when compared with the Con group. The serum proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and MIP-2) were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with fructose treatment. A higher fructose intake induced lipid accumulation in the liver and inflammatory cell infiltration in the pancreas and colon and increased the abundances of Lachnospira, Parasutterella, Marvinbryantia, and Blantia in colonic contents. Fructose intake increased the expressions of lipid accumulation proteins including perilipin-1, ADRP, and Tip-47 in the colon. Moreover, the higher level intake of fructose impaired intestinal barrier function due to the decrease of the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin). In summary, there were no negative effects on body weight, fasting blood glucose, gut microbiota, and SCFAs in colonic contents of rats when fructose intake is in small or appropriate doses. High intake of fructose can increase uric acid, proinflammatory cytokines, intestinal permeability, and lipid accumulation in the liver and induce inflammatory response in the pancreas and colon.
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22
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Cui H, Li Y, Wang Y, Jin L, Yang L, Wang L, Liao J, Wang H, Peng Y, Zhang Z, Wang H, Liu X. Da-Chai-Hu Decoction Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Remodeling the Gut Microbiota and Modulating the Serum Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:584090. [PMID: 33328987 PMCID: PMC7732620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysbiosis in gut microbiota could affect host metabolism and contribute to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Da-Chai-Hu decoction (DCH) has demonstrated protective effects on NAFLD, however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a NAFLD rat model using a high fat diet (HFD) and provided treatment with DCH. The changes in gut microbiota post DCH treatment were then investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, serum untargeted metabolomics were performed to examine the metabolic regulations of DCH on NAFLD. Our results showed that DCH treatment improved the dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR) and ameliorated pathological changes in NAFLD model rats. 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics showed significant dysfunction in gut microbiota community and serum metabolites in NAFLD model rats. DCH treatment restored the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and improved the dysfunction in serum metabolism. Correlation analysis indicated that the modulatory effects of DCH on the arachidonic acid (AA), glycine/serine/threonine, and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways were related to alterations in the abundance of Romboutsia, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Lachnoclostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in the gut microflora. In conclusion, our study revealed the ameliorative effects of DCH on NAFLD and indicated that DCH's function on NAFLD may link to the improvement of the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and the modulation of the AA, glycerophospholipid, and glycine/serine/threonine metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantian Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lulu Jin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Wang
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiabao Liao
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Haoshuo Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfei Peng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaiyi Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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23
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Khodamoradi Y, Kessel J, Vehreschild JJ, Vehreschild MJGT. The Role of Microbiota in Preventing Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 116:670-676. [PMID: 31658936 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of industrially produced antibiotics was a milestone in the history of medicine. Now, almost a century later, the adverse consequences of these highly effective drugs have become evident in the form of antibiotic-resistant infections, which are on the rise around the world. The search for solutions to this problem has involved both the introduction of newer types of antibiotics and, increasingly, the development of alternative strategies to prevent infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this article, we review the pathophysiological connection between the use of antibiotics and the occurrence of such infections. We also discuss some alternative strategies that are currently under development. METHODS This review is based on pertinent articles that appeared from January 2000 to April 2019 and were retrieved by a selective search in the PubMed database employing the search term "(microbiota OR microbiome) AND infection." Further suggestions by our author team regarding relevant literature were considered as well. RESULTS The spectrum of preventive strategies encompasses measures for the protection of the intestinal microbiota (antimicrobial stewardship, neutralization of antibiotic residues in the bowel, use of phages and species-specific antibiotics) as well as measures for its reconstitution (prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transfer). CONCLUSION In view of the major problem that multidrug-resistant bacteria pose for the world's population and the resources now being spent on the search for a solution, derived both from public funding and from the pharmaceutical industry, we hope to see new, clinically useful approaches being developed and implemented in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main; Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Köln, Düsseldorf; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne
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24
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Li Y, Liu M, Liu H, Wei X, Su X, Li M, Yuan J. Oral Supplements of Combined Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng® and Xylooligosaccharides Improve High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Modulate the Gut Microbiota in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9067821. [PMID: 32509874 PMCID: PMC7251432 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9067821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis induced by high-fat diet (HFD) may result in low-grade inflammation leading to diverse inflammatory diseases. The beneficial effects of probiotics and prebiotics on obesity have been reported previously. However, their benefits in promoting human health and the underlying mechanisms still need to be further characterized. This study is aimed at understanding how probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng® (BL) and prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) influence the health of a rat model with HF (60 kcal %) diet-induced obesity. Five groups of male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed a normal fat diet (CON) or an HFD with or without BL and XOS supplementation for 3 weeks. Lipid profiles, inflammatory biomarkers, and microbiota composition were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Rats fed an HFD exhibited increased body weight and disordered lipid metabolism. In contrast, combined BL and XOS supplementation inhibited body weight gain and returned lipid metabolism to normal. Furthermore, BL and XOS administration changed the gut microbiota composition and modulated specific bacteria such as Prevotellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Ruminococcaceae. In addition, supplements of combined BL and XOS obviously reduced the serum LPS level, which was significantly related to microbial variations. Our findings suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota as a result of probiotic BL and prebiotic XOS supplementation has a positive effect on HFD-induced obesity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wei
- The Core Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianying Su
- Research Institute of Northeastern Pharmaceutical Group (NEPG), Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jieli Yuan
- Department of Microecology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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25
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Ji Y, Yin Y, Sun L, Zhang W. The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut-Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093066. [PMID: 32357561 PMCID: PMC7247681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most frequent classification of liver disease around the globe. Along with the sequencing technologies, gut microbiota has been regarded as a vital factor for the maintenance of human and animal health and the mediation of multiple diseases. The modulation of gut microbiota as a mechanism affecting the pathogenesis of NAFLD is becoming a growing area of concern. Recent advances in the communication between gut and hepatic tissue pave novel ways to better explain the molecular mechanisms regarding the pathological physiology of NAFLD. In this review, we recapitulate the current knowledge of the mechanisms correlated with the development and progression of NAFLD regulated by the gut microbiome and gut-liver axis, which may provide crucial therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. These mechanisms predominantly involve: (1) the alteration in gut microbiome profile; (2) the effects of components and metabolites from gut bacteria (e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA)); and (3) the impairment of intestinal barrier function and bile acid homeostasis. In particular, the prevention and therapy of NAFLD assisted by nutritional strategies are highlighted, including probiotics, functional oligosaccharides, dietary fibers, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, functional amino acids (L-tryptophan and L-glutamine), carotenoids, and polyphenols, based on the targets excavated from the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Yin
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.Z.); Fax.: +86-10-82802183 (Y.Y.); +86-10-82802183 (W.Z.)
| | | | - Weizhen Zhang
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (W.Z.); Fax.: +86-10-82802183 (Y.Y.); +86-10-82802183 (W.Z.)
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26
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Chen Z, Xie Y, Zhou F, Zhang B, Wu J, Yang L, Xu S, Stedtfeld R, Chen Q, Liu J, Zhang X, Xu H, Ren J. Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:383. [PMID: 32265857 PMCID: PMC7098974 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota during the progression of HBV-related liver disease is not well understood, as there are very few reports that discuss the featured bacterial taxa in different stages. The aim of this study was to reveal the featured bacterial species whose abundances are directly associated with HBV disease progression, that is, progression from healthy subjects to, chronic HBV infection, chronic hepatitis B to liver cirrhosis. Approximately 400 fecal samples were collected, and 97 samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing after age and BMI matching. Compared with the healthy individuals, significant gut microbiota alterations were associated with the progression of liver disease. LEfSe results showed that the HBV infected patients had higher Fusobacteria, Veillonella, and Haemophilus abundance while the healthy individuals had higher levels of Prevotella and Phascolarctobacterium. Indicator analysis revealed that 57 OTUs changed as the disease progressed, and their combination produced an AUC value of 90% (95% CI: 86-94%) between the LC and non-LC groups. In addition, the abundances of OTU51 (Dialister succinatiphilus) and OTU50 (Alistipes onderdonkii) decreased as the disease progressed, and these results were further verified by qPCR. The LC patients had the higher bacterial network complexity, which was accompanied with a lower abundance of potential beneficial bacterial taxa, such as Dialister and Alistipes, while they had a higher abundance of pathogenic species within Actinobacteria. The compositional and network changes in the gut microbiota in varied CHB stages, suggest the potential contributions of gut microbiota in CHB disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangran Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yurou Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bangzhou Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingtong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Luxi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuangbin Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Robert Stedtfeld
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Qiongyun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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27
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Pinheiro-Machado E, Gurgul-Convey E, Marzec MT. Immunometabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: tissue-specific interactions. Arch Med Sci 2020; 19:895-911. [PMID: 37560741 PMCID: PMC10408029 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is frequently described in the context of its protective function against infections and its role in the development of autoimmunity. For more than a decade, the interactions between the immune system and metabolic processes have been reported, in effect creating a new research field, termed immunometabolism. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the development of metabolic diseases may be linked to inflammation, and reflects, in some cases, the activation of immune responses. As such, immunometabolism is defined by 1) inflammation as a driver of disease development and/or 2) metabolic processes stimulating cellular differentiation of the immune components. In this review, the main factors capable of altering the immuno-metabolic communication leading to the development and establishment of obesity and diabetes are comprehensively presented. Tissue-specific immune responses suggested to impair metabolic processes are described, with an emphasis on the adipose tissue, gut, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pinheiro-Machado
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ewa Gurgul-Convey
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michal T. Marzec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Meroni M, Longo M, Dongiovanni P. The Role of Probiotics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Insight into Therapeutic Strategies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112642. [PMID: 31689910 PMCID: PMC6893730 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of pathological hepatic conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may predispose to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to the epidemic obesity, NAFLD is representing a global health issue and the leading cause of liver damage worldwide. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely related to insulin resistance (IR), adiposity and physical inactivity as well as genetic and epigenetic factors corroborate to the development and progression of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. Emerging evidence has outlined the implication of gut microbiota and gut-derived endotoxins as actively contributors to NAFLD pathophysiology probably due to the tight anatomo-functional crosstalk between the gut and the liver. Obesity, nutrition and environmental factors might alter intestinal permeability producing a favorable micro-environment for bacterial overgrowth, mucosal inflammation and translocation of both invasive pathogens and harmful byproducts, which, in turn, influence hepatic fat composition and exacerbated pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes. To date, no therapeutic interventions are available for NAFLD prevention and management, except for modifications in lifestyle, diet and physical exercise even though they show discouraging results due to the poor compliance of patients. The premise of this review is to discuss the role of gut–liver axis in NAFLD and emphasize the beneficial effects of probiotics on gut microbiota composition as a novel attractive therapeutic strategy to introduce in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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29
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Cai C, Chen DZ, Ge LC, Chen WK, Ye SS, Ye WW, Tao Y, Wang R, Li J, Lin Z, Wang XD, Xu LM, Chen YP. Synergistic effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus culture supernatant and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5703-5715. [PMID: 31632541 PMCID: PMC6789285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been shown to play an important role in chronic liver disease. It has been found that both Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its culture supernatant have the potential to mitigate alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the exact mechanism is still not fully understood. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have immunosuppressive effects with few side effects. The synergistic effect between Lactobacillus rhamnosus culture supernatant and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) deserves further observation. In this study, a mouse model of chronic alcoholic hepatitis was established by eight weeks of Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet feeding; and LGG-s, BMMSCs or a combination of the two were used to explore a new therapeutic method for alcoholic liver disease and to study the mechanism. The results showed that the combined LGG-s and BMMSC treatment might have a synergistic effect and could improve the symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis by regulating inflammation, autophagy and lymphocyte subsets through the PI3k/NF-kB and PI3K/mTOR pathways. With the treatment, the autophagy rate accelerated, and alcohol-induced natural killer B (NKB) cell and follicular helper T (TFH) cell numbers decreased. These findings suggest that the development of alcoholic hepatitis may occur via PI3K/NF-kB and PI3K/mTOR pathway overactivation as well as through NKB and TFH cell imbalances. Moreover, LGG-s and BMMSCs can regulate these factors and alleviate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Zhi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Li-Chao Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sha-Sha Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Wei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Yiwu Central Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Tao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Man Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern HospitalNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical CenterNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
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30
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Camilleri M. Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans. Gut 2019; 68:1516-1526. [PMID: 31076401 PMCID: PMC6790068 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this review on 'leaky gut' for clinicians are to discuss the components of the intestinal barrier, the diverse measurements of intestinal permeability, their perturbation in non-inflammatory 'stressed states' and the impact of treatment with dietary factors. Information on 'healthy' or 'leaky' gut in the public domain requires confirmation before endorsing dietary exclusions, replacement with non-irritating foods (such as fermented foods) or use of supplements to repair the damage. The intestinal barrier includes surface mucus, epithelial layer and immune defences. Epithelial permeability results from increased paracellular transport, apoptosis or transcellular permeability. Barrier function can be tested in vivo using orally administered probe molecules or in vitro using mucosal biopsies from humans, exposing the colonic mucosa from rats or mice or cell layers to extracts of colonic mucosa or stool from human patients. Assessment of intestinal barrier requires measurements beyond the epithelial layer. 'Stress' disorders such as endurance exercise, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administration, pregnancy and surfactants (such as bile acids and dietary factors such as emulsifiers) increase permeability. Dietary factors can reverse intestinal leakiness and mucosal damage in the 'stress' disorders. Whereas inflammatory or ulcerating intestinal diseases result in leaky gut, no such disease can be cured by simply normalising intestinal barrier function. It is still unproven that restoring barrier function can ameliorate clinical manifestations in GI or systemic diseases. Clinicians should be aware of the potential of barrier dysfunction in GI diseases and of the barrier as a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Ge MX, Niu WX, Ren JF, Cai SY, Yu DK, Liu HT, Zhang N, Zhang YX, Wang YC, Shao RG, Wang JX, He HW. A novel ASBT inhibitor, IMB17-15, repressed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development in high-fat diet-fed Syrian golden hamsters. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:895-907. [PMID: 30573812 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by blocking the ileal apical Na+-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT/SLC10A2) may have therapeutic effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We developed a novel ASBT inhibitor, an N-(3,4-o-dichlorophenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethoxy) benzamide derivative referred to as IMB17-15, and investigated its therapeutic effects and the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects. Syrian golden hamsters were challenged with high-fat diet (HFD) to induce NAFLD and were subsequently administered 400 mg/kg IMB17-15 by gavage daily for 21 days. Serum, liver, and fecal samples were collected for further analysis. Plasma concentration-time profiles of IMB17-15 were also constructed. The human hepatocyte cell line HL-7702 was treated with Oleic acid (OA) with or without IMB17-15. Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to study the molecular mechanisms of IMB17-15. We found that IMB17-15 inhibited ASBT and subsequently suppressed ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and FXR-activated fibroblast growth factor15/19 (FGF15/19) expression, which reduced the hepatic phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) levels and upregulated the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity. Additionally, IMB17-15 stimulated adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) phosphorylation and enhanced peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) expression and thus promoted triglyceride (TG) oxidation and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) metabolism through an ASBT-independent mechanism. In conclusion, a novel ASBT inhibitor known as IMB17-15 protected hamsters against HFD-induced NFALD by manipulating BA and lipid homeostasis. IMB17-15 also reduced lipid deposition in human hepatic cell lines, indicating that it may be useful as a therapy for NAFLD patients.
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Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for more than 90% of primary liver cancers, is an important public health problem. In addition to cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B viral (HBV) or hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major risk factor for liver cancer because of the prevalence of obesity. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will likely become the leading indication for liver transplantation in the future. It is well recognized that gut microbiota is a key environmental factor in the pathogenesis of liver disease and cancer. The interplay between gut microbiota and liver disease has been investigated in animal and clinical studies. In this article, we summarize the roles of gut microbiota in the development of liver disease as well as gut microbiota-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,The College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. (Y.-J.Y. Wan)
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Ding Y, Yanagi K, Cheng C, Alaniz RC, Lee K, Jayaraman A. Interactions between gut microbiota and non-alcoholic liver disease: The role of microbiota-derived metabolites. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:521-529. [PMID: 30660825 PMCID: PMC6392453 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a mechanistic role in the etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Animal and human studies have linked small molecule metabolites produced by commensal bacteria in the gut contribute to not only intestinal inflammation, but also to hepatic inflammation. These immunomodulatory metabolites are capable of engaging host cellular receptors, and may mediate the observed association between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. This review focuses on the effects and potential mechanisms of three specific classes of metabolites that synthesized or modified by gut bacteria: short chain fatty acids, amino acid catabolites, and bile acids. In particular, we discuss their role as ligands for cell surface and nuclear receptors regulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways in the intestine and liver. Studies reveal that the metabolites can both agonize and antagonize their cognate receptors to reduce or exacerbate liver steatosis and inflammation, and that the effects are metabolite- and context-specific. Further studies are warranted to more comprehensively understand bacterial metabolite-mediated gut-liver in NAFLD. This understanding could help identify novel therapeutics and therapeutic targets to intervene in the disease through the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Karin Yanagi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Clint Cheng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kyongbum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA; Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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Yu Y, Cai J, She Z, Li H. Insights into the Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801585. [PMID: 30828530 PMCID: PMC6382298 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease which affects ≈25% of the adult population worldwide, placing a tremendous burden on human health. The disease spectrum ranges from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and ultimately, cirrhosis and carcinoma, which are becoming leading reasons for liver transplantation. NAFLD is a complex multifactorial disease involving myriad genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors; it is closely associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and many other diseases. Over the past few decades, countless studies focusing on the investigation of noninvasive diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutics have revealed different aspects of the mechanism and progression of NAFLD. However, effective pharmaceuticals are still in development. Here, the current epidemiology, diagnosis, animal models, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for NAFLD are comprehensively reviewed, emphasizing the outstanding breakthroughs in the above fields and promising medications in and beyond phase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityJiefang Road 238Wuhan430060P. R. China
- Institute of Model AnimalWuhan UniversityDonghu Road 115Wuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityJiefang Road 238Wuhan430060P. R. China
- Institute of Model AnimalWuhan UniversityDonghu Road 115Wuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityJiefang Road 238Wuhan430060P. R. China
- Institute of Model AnimalWuhan UniversityDonghu Road 115Wuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityJiefang Road 238Wuhan430060P. R. China
- Institute of Model AnimalWuhan UniversityDonghu Road 115Wuhan430071P. R. China
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Update on pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Clin Exp Hepatol 2019; 5:11-21. [PMID: 30915402 PMCID: PMC6431091 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2019.83152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common cause of chronic liver disease. Increasing prevalence of NAFLD in children may be the cause of unfavorable metabolic implications and development of end stage liver disease. NAFLD is a “multiple-hit” disease mediated by several metabolic, environmental, genetic and microbiological mechanisms. Additionally, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation predispose to progressive liver damage. According to current guidelines, liver biopsy is an imperfect gold standard for NAFLD diagnosis, but due to its invasive character its use is limited in children and it should be performed only in children who need exclusion of coexisting diseases. Noninvasive methods should be preferred and current research is focused on serum markers and novel imaging or elastographic techniques. Therapeutic approaches for NAFLD are currently focused on lifestyle modification, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and the gut microbiome. However, a number of clinical studies on novel therapeutic molecules are ongoing.
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Ginwala R, Bhavsar R, Chigbu DI, Jain P, Khan ZK. Potential Role of Flavonoids in Treating Chronic Inflammatory Diseases with a Special Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Apigenin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8020035. [PMID: 30764536 PMCID: PMC6407021 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been reported to be intimately linked to the development or worsening of several non-infectious diseases. A number of chronic conditions such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders emerge as a result of tissue injury and genomic changes induced by constant low-grade inflammation in and around the affected tissue or organ. The existing therapies for most of these chronic conditions sometimes leave more debilitating effects than the disease itself, warranting the advent of safer, less toxic, and more cost-effective therapeutic alternatives for the patients. For centuries, flavonoids and their preparations have been used to treat various human illnesses, and their continual use has persevered throughout the ages. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids against chronic illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neuroinflammation with a special focus on apigenin, a relatively less toxic and non-mutagenic flavonoid with remarkable pharmacodynamics. Additionally, inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) due to diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) gives ready access to circulating lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), causing edema, further inflammation, and demyelination. As the dearth of safe anti-inflammatory therapies is dire in the case of CNS-related disorders, we reviewed the neuroprotective actions of apigenin and other flavonoids. Existing epidemiological and pre-clinical studies present considerable evidence in favor of developing apigenin as a natural alternative therapy against chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashida Ginwala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and Neuroimmunology, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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Abstract
All natural animals and plants are holobionts, consisting of the host and microbiome, which is composed of abundant and diverse microorganisms. Health and disease of holobionts depend as much on interactions between host and microbiome and within the microbiome, as on interactions between organs and body parts of the host. Recent evidence indicates that a significant fraction of the microbiome is transferred by a variety of mechanisms from parent to offspring for many generations. Genetic variation in holobionts can occur in the microbiome as well as in the host genome, and it occurs more rapidly and by more mechanisms in genomes of microbiomes than in host genomes (e.g. via acquisition of novel microbes and horizontal gene transfer of microbial genes into host chromosomes). Evidence discussed in this review supports the concept that holobionts with their hologenomes can be considered levels of selection in evolution. Though changes in the microbiome can lead to evolution of the holobiont, it can also lead to dysbiosis and diseases (e.g. obesity, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and autism). In practice, the possibility of manipulating microbiomes offers the potential to prevent and cure diseases.
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The Interplay between Immunity and Microbiota at Intestinal Immunological Niche: The Case of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030501. [PMID: 30682772 PMCID: PMC6387318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is central to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. While multiple mechanisms are involved, the immune system clearly plays a special role. Indeed, the breakdown of the physiological balance in gut microbial composition leads to dysbiosis, which is then able to enhance inflammation and to influence gene expression. At the same time, there is an intense cross-talk between the microbiota and the immunological niche in the intestinal mucosa. These interactions may pave the way to the development, growth and spreading of cancer, especially in the gastro-intestinal system. Here, we review the changes in microbiota composition, how they relate to the immunological imbalance, influencing the onset of different types of cancer and the impact of these mechanisms on the efficacy of traditional and upcoming cancer treatments.
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Wu C, Zhou Y, Qi G, Liu D, Cao X, Yu J, Zhang R, Lin W, Guo P. Asperlin Stimulates Energy Expenditure and Modulates Gut Microbiota in HFD-Fed Mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E38. [PMID: 30634484 PMCID: PMC6356881 DOI: 10.3390/md17010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asperlin is a marine-derived, natural product with antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities. In the present study, we showed that asperlin effectively prevented the development of obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Oral administration of asperlin for 12 weeks significantly suppressed HFD-induced body weight gain and fat deposition without inhibiting food intake. Hyperlipidemia and liver steatosis were also substantially ameliorated. A respiratory metabolism monitor showed that asperlin efficiently increased energy expenditure and enhanced thermogenic gene expression in adipose tissue. Accordingly, asperlin-treated mice showed higher body temperature and were more tolerant of cold stress. Meanwhile, asperlin also increased the diversity and shifted the structure of gut microbiota. Oral administration of asperlin markedly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, leading to a higher Bacteroidetes-to-Fimicutes ratio. The HFD-induced abnormalities at both phylum and genus levels were all remarkably recovered by asperlin. These results demonstrated that asperlin is effective in preventing HFD-induced obesity and modulating gut microbiota. Its anti-obesity properties may be attributed to its effect on promoting energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guihong Qi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Cao
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Gut Microbiota-Derived Mediators as Potential Markers in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8507583. [PMID: 30719448 PMCID: PMC6334327 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8507583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common, multifactorial, and poorly understood liver disease whose incidence is globally rising. During the past decade, several lines of evidence suggest that dysbiosis of intestinal microbiome represents an important factor contributing to NAFLD occurrence and its progression into NASH. The mechanisms that associate dysbiosis with NAFLD include changes in microbiota-derived mediators, deregulation of the gut endothelial barrier, translocation of mediators of dysbiosis, and hepatic inflammation. Changes in short chain fatty acids, bile acids, bacterial components, choline, and ethanol are the result of altered intestinal microbiota. We perform a narrative review of the previously published evidence and discuss the use of gut microbiota-derived mediators as potential markers in NAFLD.
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Meng X, Li S, Li Y, Gan RY, Li HB. Gut Microbiota's Relationship with Liver Disease and Role in Hepatoprotection by Dietary Natural Products and Probiotics. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1457. [PMID: 30297615 PMCID: PMC6213031 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of dietary natural products have shown hepatoprotective effects. Increasing evidence has also demonstrated that gut microorganisms play an important role in the hepatoprotection contributed by natural products. Gut dysbiosis could increase permeability of the gut barrier, resulting in translocated bacteria and leaked gut-derived products, which can reach the liver through the portal vein and might lead to increased oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby threatening liver health. Targeting gut microbiota modulation represents a promising strategy for hepatoprotection. Many natural products could protect the liver from various injuries or mitigate hepatic disorders by reverting gut dysbiosis, improving intestinal permeability, altering the primary bile acid, and inhibiting hepatic fatty acid accumulation. The mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects also include reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, attenuating fibrosis, and decreasing apoptosis. This review discusses the hepatoprotective effects of dietary natural products via modulating the gut microbiota, mainly focusing on the mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Response to: Comment on "Gut Microbiota as a Driver of Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease". Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7328057. [PMID: 30210263 PMCID: PMC6120259 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7328057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Comment on "Gut Microbiota as a Driver of Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease". Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3746509. [PMID: 30116145 PMCID: PMC6079468 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3746509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Roychowdhury S, Selvakumar PC, Cresci GAM. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E47. [PMID: 29874807 PMCID: PMC6024579 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease, with prevalence increasing in parallel with the rising incidence in obesity. Believed to be a "multiple-hit" disease, several factors contribute to NAFLD initiation and progression. Of these, the gut microbiome is gaining interest as a significant factor in NAFLD prevalence. In this paper, we provide an in-depth review of the progression of NAFLD, discussing the mechanistic modes of hepatocyte injury and the potential role for manipulation of the gut microbiome as a therapeutic strategy in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, M17, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | | - Gail A M Cresci
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, M17, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, M17, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
- Director for Nutrition Research Center for Human Nutrition, M17, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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