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Gonzalo-Skok O, Casuso RA. Effects of Mitoquinone (MitoQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Oxidative Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:77. [PMID: 38981985 PMCID: PMC11233485 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contracting skeletal muscle produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from both mitochondrial and cytosolic sources. The use of non-specific antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, during exercise has produced inconsistent results in terms of exercise performance. Consequently, the effects of the mitochondrial-targeted coenzyme Q10, named Mitoquinone (MitoQ) on exercise responses are currently under investigation. METHODS In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesize research assessing the impact of MitoQ on aerobic endurance performance and exercise-induced oxidative damage. PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were used to select articles from inception to January 16th of 2024. Inclusion criteria were MitoQ supplementation must be compared with a placebo group, showing acute exercise responses in both; for crossover designs, at least 14 d of washout was needed, and exercise training can be concomitant to MitoQ or placebo supplementation if the study meets the other inclusion criteria points. The risk of bias was evaluated through the Critical Appraisal Checklist (JBI). RESULTS We identified eight studies encompassing a total sample size of 188 subjects. Our findings indicate that MitoQ supplementation effectively reduces exercise-induced oxidative damage (SMD: -1.33; 95% CI: -2.24 to -0.43). Furthermore, our findings indicate that acute and/or chronic MitoQ supplementation does not improve endurance exercise performance (SMD: -0.50; 95% CI: -1.39 to 0.40) despite reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress. Notably, our sensitivity analysis reveals that MitoQ may benefit subjects with peripheral artery disease (PAD) in improving exercise tolerance. CONCLUSION While MitoQ effectively reduces exercise-induced oxidative damage, no evidence suggests that aerobic exercise performance is enhanced by either acute or chronic MitoQ supplementation. However, acute MitoQ supplementation may improve exercise tolerance in subjects with PAD. Future research should investigate whether MitoQ supplementation concurrent with exercise training (e.g., 4-16 weeks) alters adaptations induced by exercise alone and using different doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael A Casuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Córdoba, Spain.
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2
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Cai M, Wan J, Cai K, Li S, Du X, Song H, Sun W, Hu J. The mitochondrial quality control system: a new target for exercise therapeutic intervention in the treatment of brain insulin resistance-induced neurodegeneration in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:749-763. [PMID: 38379083 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health concern because of its strong association with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetes, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, brain insulin resistance in obesity is likely to lead to neuroplasticity deficits. Since the evidence shows that insulin resistance in brain regions abundant in insulin receptors significantly alters mitochondrial efficiency and function, strategies targeting the mitochondrial quality control system may be of therapeutic and practical value in obesity-induced cognitive decline. Exercise is considered as a powerful stimulant of mitochondria that improves insulin sensitivity and enhances neuroplasticity. It has great potential as a non-pharmacological intervention against the onset and progression of obesity associated neurodegeneration. Here, we integrate the current knowledge of the mechanisms of neurodegenration in obesity and focus on brain insulin resistance to explain the relationship between the impairment of neuronal plasticity and mitochondrial dysfunction. This knowledge was synthesised to explore the exercise paradigm as a feasible intervention for obese neurodegenration in terms of improving brain insulin signals and regulating the mitochondrial quality control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Jinshan District Central Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Keren Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xinlin Du
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Wanju Sun
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
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3
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Disha B, Mathew RP, Dalal AB, Mahato AK, Satyamoorthy K, Singh KK, Thangaraj K, Govindaraj P. Mitochondria in biology and medicine - 2023. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101853. [PMID: 38423268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are an indispensable part of the cell that plays a crucial role in regulating various signaling pathways, energy metabolism, cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. Since mitochondria have their own genetic material, they differ from their nuclear counterparts, and dysregulation is responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with several disorders, including neuro-muscular disorders, cancer, and premature aging, among others. The intricacy of the field is due to the cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial genes, which has also improved our knowledge of mitochondrial functions and their pathogenesis. Therefore, interdisciplinary research and communication are crucial for mitochondrial biology and medicine due to the challenges they pose for diagnosis and treatment. The ninth annual conference of the Society for Mitochondria Research and Medicine (SMRM)- India, titled "Mitochondria in Biology and Medicine" was organized at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India, on June 21-23, 2023. The latest advancements in the field of mitochondrial biology and medicine were discussed at the conference. In this article, we summarize the entire event for the benefit of researchers working in the field of mitochondrial biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Disha
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Rohan Peter Mathew
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ashwin B Dalal
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Ajay K Mahato
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara (SDM) University, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad 580009, India
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Rm. 620, 720 20th St. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Periyasamy Govindaraj
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India; Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560029, India.
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4
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Heyne E, Zeeb S, Junker C, Petzinna A, Schrepper A, Doenst T, Koch LG, Britton SL, Schwarzer M. Exercise Training Differentially Affects Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Rats with Inherited High or Low Exercise Capacity. Cells 2024; 13:393. [PMID: 38474357 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise capacity has been related to morbidity and mortality. It consists of an inherited and an acquired part and is dependent on mitochondrial function. We assessed skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in rats with divergent inherited exercise capacity and analyzed the effect of exercise training. Female high (HCR)- and low (LCR)-capacity runners were trained with individually adapted high-intensity intervals or kept sedentary. Interfibrillar (IFM) and subsarcolemmal (SSM) mitochondria from gastrocnemius muscle were isolated and functionally assessed (age: 15 weeks). Sedentary HCR presented with higher exercise capacity than LCR paralleled by higher citrate synthase activity and IFM respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle of HCR. Exercise training increased exercise capacity in both HCR and LCR, but this was more pronounced in LCR. In addition, exercise increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass more in LCR. Instead, maximal respiratory capacity was increased following exercise in HCRs' IFM only. The results suggest that differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial subpopulations are mainly inherited. Exercise training resulted in different mitochondrial adaptations and in higher trainability of LCR. HCR primarily increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality while LCR increased mitochondrial quantity in response to exercise training, suggesting that inherited aerobic exercise capacity differentially affects the mitochondrial response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Heyne
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Zeeb
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Celina Junker
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzinna
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrepper
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Doenst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
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5
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Min SH, Kang GM, Park JW, Kim MS. Beneficial Effects of Low-Grade Mitochondrial Stress on Metabolic Diseases and Aging. Yonsei Med J 2024; 65:55-69. [PMID: 38288646 PMCID: PMC10827639 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria function as platforms for bioenergetics, nutrient metabolism, intracellular signaling, innate immunity regulators, and modulators of stem cell activity. Thus, the decline in mitochondrial functions causes or correlates with diabetes mellitus and many aging-related diseases. Upon stress or damage, the mitochondria elicit a series of adaptive responses to overcome stress and restore their structural integrity and functional homeostasis. These adaptive responses to low-level or transient mitochondrial stress promote health and resilience to upcoming stress. Beneficial effects of low-grade mitochondrial stress, termed mitohormesis, have been observed in various organisms, including mammals. Accumulated evidence indicates that treatments boosting mitohormesis have therapeutic potential in various human diseases accompanied by mitochondrial stress. Here, we review multiple cellular signaling pathways and interorgan communication mechanisms through which mitochondrial stress leads to advantageous outcomes. We also discuss the relevance of mitohormesis in obesity, diabetes, metabolic liver disease, aging, and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Min
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Park
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea.
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6
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Bordt EA, Moya HA, Jo YC, Ravichandran CT, Bankowski IM, Ceasrine AM, McDougle CJ, Carlezon WA, Bilbo SD. Gonadal hormones impart male-biased behavioral vulnerabilities to immune activation via microglial mitochondrial function. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:680-695. [PMID: 37972878 PMCID: PMC10996880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a strong male bias in the prevalence of many neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder. However, the mechanisms underlying this sex bias remain elusive. Infection during the perinatal period is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorder development. Here, we used a mouse model of early-life immune activation that reliably induces deficits in social behaviors only in males. We demonstrate that male-biased alterations in social behavior are dependent upon microglial immune signaling and are coupled to alterations in mitochondrial morphology, gene expression, and function specifically within microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain. Additionally, we show that this behavioral and microglial mitochondrial vulnerability to early-life immune activation is programmed by the male-typical perinatal gonadal hormone surge. These findings demonstrate that social behavior in males over the lifespan are regulated by microglia-specific mechanisms that are shaped by events that occur in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Bordt
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Haley A Moya
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Young Chan Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Caitlin T Ravichandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Izabella M Bankowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alexis M Ceasrine
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Christopher J McDougle
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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7
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Ziemkiewicz N, Au J, Chauvin HM, Garg K. Electrically stimulated eccentric contraction training enhances muscle mass, function, and size following volumetric muscle loss. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2588-2598. [PMID: 37132367 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) overwhelms muscle's innate capacity for repair and can lead to permanent disability. The standard of care for VML injuries includes physical therapy, which can improve muscle function. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a rehabilitative therapy using electrically stimulated eccentric contraction training (EST) and determine the structural, biomolecular, and functional response of the VML-injured muscle. This study implemented EST using three different frequencies (50, 100, and 150 Hz) in VML-injured rats starting at 2 weeks postinjury. Four weeks of EST at 150 Hz showed a progressive increase in eccentric torque with an improvement in muscle mass (~39%), myofiber cross-sectional area, and peak isometric torque (~37.5%) relative to the untrained VML-injured sham group. EST at 150 Hz group also increased the number of large type 2B fibers (>5000 µm2 ). Elevated gene expression of markers associated with angiogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis, and an anti-inflammatory response was also observed. These results suggest that VML-injured muscles can respond and adapt to eccentric loading. The results of this study may aid in developing physical therapy regimens for traumatized muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziemkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey Au
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hannah M Chauvin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Pi A, Villivalam SD, Kang S. The Molecular Mechanisms of Fuel Utilization during Exercise. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1450. [PMID: 37998049 PMCID: PMC10669127 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is widely recognized for its positive impact on human health and well-being. The process of utilizing substrates in skeletal muscle during exercise is intricate and governed by complex mechanisms. Carbohydrates and lipids serve as the primary fuel sources for skeletal muscle during exercise. It is now understood that fuel selection during exercise is not solely determined by physical activity itself but is also influenced by the overall metabolic state of the body. The balance between lipid and carbohydrate utilization significantly affects exercise capacity, including endurance, fatigue, and overall performance. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise is of utmost importance. The aim of this review is to provide an extensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the pathways involved in the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise. By synthesizing existing research, we can gain a holistic perspective on the intricate relationship between exercise, metabolism, and fuel selection. This advanced understanding has the potential to drive advancements in the field of exercise science and contribute to the development of personalized exercise strategies for individuals looking to optimize their performance and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sona Kang
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Hernandez-Resendiz S, Prakash A, Loo SJ, Semenzato M, Chinda K, Crespo-Avilan GE, Dam LC, Lu S, Scorrano L, Hausenloy DJ. Targeting mitochondrial shape: at the heart of cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:49. [PMID: 37955687 PMCID: PMC10643419 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
There remains an unmet need to identify novel therapeutic strategies capable of protecting the myocardium against the detrimental effects of acute ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size and prevent the onset of heart failure (HF) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this regard, perturbations in mitochondrial morphology with an imbalance in mitochondrial fusion and fission can disrupt mitochondrial metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species production, factors which are all known to be critical determinants of cardiomyocyte death following acute myocardial IRI. As such, therapeutic approaches directed at preserving the morphology and functionality of mitochondria may provide an important strategy for cardioprotection. In this article, we provide an overview of the alterations in mitochondrial morphology which occur in response to acute myocardial IRI, and highlight the emerging therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondrial shape to preserve mitochondrial function which have the future therapeutic potential to improve health outcomes in patients presenting with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauri Hernandez-Resendiz
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze Jie Loo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Gustavo E Crespo-Avilan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linh Chi Dam
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengjie Lu
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Singapore, Singapore.
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.
- University College London, The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, London, UK.
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Jacques M, Landen S, Romero JA, Hiam D, Schittenhelm RB, Hanchapola I, Shah AD, Voisin S, Eynon N. Methylome and proteome integration in human skeletal muscle uncover group and individual responses to high-intensity interval training. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23184. [PMID: 37698381 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300840rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a major beneficial contributor to muscle metabolism, and health benefits acquired by exercise are a result of molecular shifts occurring across multiple molecular layers (i.e., epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome). Identifying robust, across-molecular level targets associated with exercise response, at both group and individual levels, is paramount to develop health guidelines and targeted health interventions. Sixteen, apparently healthy, moderately trained (VO2 max = 51.0 ± 10.6 mL min-1 kg-1 ) males (age range = 18-45 years) from the Gene SMART (Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Training) study completed a longitudinal study composed of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of HIIT. DNA methylation (~850 CpG sites) and proteomic (~3000 proteins) analyses were conducted at all time points. Mixed models were applied to estimate group and individual changes, and methylome and proteome integration was conducted using a holistic multilevel approach with the mixOmics package. A total of 461 proteins significantly changed over time (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks), whilst methylome overall shifted with training only one differentially methylated position (DMP) was significant (adj.p-value < .05). K-means analysis revealed cumulative protein changes by clusters of proteins that presented similar changes over time. Individual responses to training were observed in 101 proteins. Seven proteins had large effect-sizes >0.5, among them are two novel exercise-related proteins, LYRM7 and EPN1. Integration analysis showed bidirectional relationships between the methylome and proteome. We showed a significant influence of HIIT on the epigenome and more so on the proteome in human muscle, and uncovered groups of proteins clustering according to similar patterns across the exercise intervention. Individual responses to exercise were observed in the proteome with novel mitochondrial and metabolic proteins consistently changed across individuals. Future work is required to elucidate the role of these proteins in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier Alvarez Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iresha Hanchapola
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anup D Shah
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Guo Y, Guan T, Shafiq K, Yu Q, Jiao X, Na D, Li M, Zhang G, Kong J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101955. [PMID: 37196864 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that features a functional decline in many organelles. Although mitochondrial dysfunction is suggested as one of the determining factors of aging, the role of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in aging is still poorly understood. A growing body of evidence points out that reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates mitochondrial dynamic changes and accelerates the accumulation of oxidized by-products through mitochondrial proteases and mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) are the frontline of MQC to dispose of oxidized derivatives. Besides, mitophagy helps remove partially damaged mitochondria to ensure that mitochondria are healthy and functional. Although abundant interventions on MQC have been explored, over-activation or inhibition of any type of MQC may even accelerate abnormal energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction-induced senescence. This review summarizes mechanisms essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and emphasizes that imbalanced MQC may accelerate cellular senescence and aging. Thus, appropriate interventions on MQC may delay the aging process and extend lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kashfia Shafiq
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xin Jiao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Donghui Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Meiyu Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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12
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Shadfar S, Parakh S, Jamali MS, Atkin JD. Redox dysregulation as a driver for DNA damage and its relationship to neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:18. [PMID: 37055865 PMCID: PMC10103468 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox homeostasis refers to the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and their elimination by antioxidants. It is linked to all important cellular activities and oxidative stress is a result of imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidant species. Oxidative stress perturbs many cellular activities, including processes that maintain the integrity of DNA. Nucleic acids are highly reactive and therefore particularly susceptible to damage. The DNA damage response detects and repairs these DNA lesions. Efficient DNA repair processes are therefore essential for maintaining cellular viability, but they decline considerably during aging. DNA damage and deficiencies in DNA repair are increasingly described in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease. Furthermore, oxidative stress has long been associated with these conditions. Moreover, both redox dysregulation and DNA damage increase significantly during aging, which is the biggest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the links between redox dysfunction and DNA damage, and their joint contributions to pathophysiology in these conditions, are only just emerging. This review will discuss these associations and address the increasing evidence for redox dysregulation as an important and major source of DNA damage in neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding these connections may facilitate a better understanding of disease mechanisms, and ultimately lead to the design of better therapeutic strategies based on preventing both redox dysregulation and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Shadfar
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Sonam Parakh
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Md Shafi Jamali
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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13
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Silva JV, Santiago J, Matos B, Henriques MC, Patrício D, Martins AD, Duarte JA, Ferreira R, Alves MG, Oliveira P, Oliveira PF, Fardilha M. Effects of Age and Lifelong Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training on Rats' Testicular Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911619. [PMID: 36232916 PMCID: PMC9570257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with testicular morphological and functional alterations, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and the impact of physical exercise are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of age and lifelong moderate-intensity exercise on rat testis. Mature adults (35 weeks) and middle-aged (61 weeks) Wistar Unilever male rats were maintained as sedentary or subjected to a lifelong moderate-intensity treadmill training protocol. Testis weight and histology, mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and proteins involved in protein synthesis and stress response were evaluated. Our results illustrate an age-induced testicular atrophy that was associated with alterations in stress response, and mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Aging was associated with increased testicular levels of heat shock protein beta-1 (HSP27) and antioxidant enzymes. Aging was also associated with decreased mRNA abundance of the nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), a key transcription factor for mitochondrial biogenesis, which was accompanied by decreased protein levels of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) complexes subunits in the testes of older animals. On the other hand, exercise did not protect against age-induced testicular atrophy and led to deleterious effects on sperm morphology. Exercise led to an even more pronounced decrease in the Nrf1 mRNA levels in testes of both age groups and was associated with decreased mRNA abundance of other mitochondrial biogenesis markers and decreased protein levels of OXPHOS complexes subunits. Lifelong moderate-intensity exercise training was also associated with an increase in testicular oxidative stress markers and possibly with reduced translation. Together, our results indicate that exercise did not protect against age-induced testicular atrophy and was not associated with beneficial changes in mitochondria and stress response, further activating mechanisms of protein synthesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana V. Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Santiago
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Matos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Magda C. Henriques
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Patrício
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana D. Martins
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José A. Duarte
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G. Alves
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-918-143-947
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14
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Burtscher J, Strasser B, Burtscher M, Millet GP. The Impact of Training on the Loss of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Aging Masters Endurance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191711050. [PMID: 36078762 PMCID: PMC9517884 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Elite masters endurance athletes are considered models of optimal healthy aging due to the maintenance of high cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) until old age. Whereas a drop in VO2max in masters athletes has been broadly investigated, the modifying impact of training still remains a matter of debate. Longitudinal observations in masters endurance athletes demonstrated VO2max declines between -5% and -46% per decade that were closely related to changes in training volume. Here, using regression analyses, we show that 54% and 39% of the variance in observed VO2max decline in male and female athletes, respectively is explained by changes in training volume. An almost linear VO2max decrease was observed in studies on young and older athletes, as well as non-athletes, starting a few days after training cessation, with a decline of as much as -20% after 12 weeks. Besides a decline in stroke volume and cardiac output, training cessation was accompanied by considerable reductions in citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase activity (reduction in mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity). This reduction could largely be rescued within similar time periods of training (re)uptake. It is evident that training reduction or cessation leads to a considerably accelerated VO2max drop, as compared to the gradual aging-related VO2max decline, which can rapidly nullify many of the benefits of preceding long-term training efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, A-1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Gregoire P. Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Yoon TK, Lee CH, Kwon O, Kim MS. Exercise, Mitohormesis, and Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c). Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:402-413. [PMID: 35656563 PMCID: PMC9171157 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of mitochondrial stress are beneficial for organismal health and survival through a process known as mitohormesis. Mitohormetic responses occur during or after exercise and may mediate some salutary effects of exercise on metabolism. Exercise-related mitohormesis involves reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and release of mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs). MDPs are a group of small peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA with beneficial metabolic effects. Among MDPs, mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most associated with exercise. MOTS-c expression levels increase in skeletal muscles, systemic circulation, and the hypothalamus upon exercise. Systemic MOTS-c administration increases exercise performance by boosting skeletal muscle stress responses and by enhancing metabolic adaptation to exercise. Exogenous MOTS-c also stimulates thermogenesis in subcutaneous white adipose tissues, thereby enhancing energy expenditure and contributing to the anti-obesity effects of exercise training. This review briefly summarizes the mitohormetic mechanisms of exercise with an emphasis on MOTS-c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwan Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, H+ Yangji Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of of Biomedical Science & Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Obin Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Burtscher J, Millet GP, Gatterer H, Vonbank K, Burtscher M. Does Regular Physical Activity Mitigate the Age-Associated Decline in Pulmonary Function? Sports Med 2022; 52:963-970. [PMID: 35113387 PMCID: PMC9023399 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Whereas the negative effects of aging and smoking on pulmonary function are undisputed, the potential favorable effects of physical activity on the aging process of the otherwise healthy lung remain controversial. This question is of particular clinical relevance when reduced pulmonary function compromises aerobic exercise capacity (maximal oxygen consumption) and thus contributes to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Here, we discuss whether and when the aging-related decline in pulmonary function limits maximal oxygen consumption and whether, how, and to what extent regular physical activity can slow down this aging process and preserve pulmonary function and maximal oxygen consumption. Age-dependent effects of reduced pulmonary function (i.e., FEV1, the volume that has been exhaled after the first second of forced expiration) on maximal oxygen consumption have been observed in several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Complex interactions between aging-related cellular and molecular processes affecting the lung, and structural and functional deterioration of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems account for the concomitant decline in pulmonary function and maximal oxygen consumption. Consequently, if long-term regular physical activity mitigates some of the aging-related decline in pulmonary function (i.e., FEV1 decline), this could also prevent a steep fall in maximal oxygen consumption. In contrast to earlier research findings, recent large-scale longitudinal studies provide growing evidence for the beneficial effects of physical activity on FEV1. Although further confirmation of those effects is required, these findings provide powerful arguments to start and/or maintain regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Karin Vonbank
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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17
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Kuang J, Saner NJ, Botella J, Lee MJ, Granata C, Wang Z, Yan X, Li J, Genders AJ, Bishop DJ. Assessing mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibres and biomarkers for mitochondrial content in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13772. [PMID: 34985815 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Assessments of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial content are common in skeletal muscle research and exercise science. However, many sources of technical and biological variation render these analyses susceptible to error. This study aimed to better quantify the reliability of different experimental designs and/or techniques so as to assist researchers to obtain more reliable data. METHODS We examined the repeatability of maximal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in permeabilized muscle fibres via high-resolution respirometry, and citrate synthase activity (a biomarker for mitochondrial content) in a microplate with spectrophotometery. RESULTS For mitochondrial respiration using permeabilized skeletal muscle fibres, the variability was reduced using three chambers and removing outliers compared to two chambers (CV reduced from 12.7% to 11.0%), and the minimal change that can be detected with 10 participants reduced from 17% to 13% according to modelling. For citrate synthase activity, the within-plate CV (3.5%) increased when the assay was repeated after 4 hours (CV = 10.2%) and 4 weeks (CV = 30.5%). The readings were correlated, but significantly different after 4 hours and 4 weeks. CONCLUSION This research provides evidence for important technical considerations when measuring mitochondrial respiration and content using citrate synthase activity as a biomarker. When assessing mitochondrial respiration in human skeletal muscle, the technical variability of high-resolution respirometry can be reduced by increasing technical repeats and excluding outliers, practices which are not currently common. When analysing citrate synthase activity, our results highlight the importance of analysing all samples from the same study at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Sports Cardiology Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew J.‐C. Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Cesare Granata
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Diabetes Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology German Diabetes Center Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Zhenhuan Wang
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- College of Physical Education Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jia Li
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- College of Physical Education Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Amanda J. Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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18
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Amirazodi M, Mehrabi A, Rajizadeh MA, Bejeshk MA, Esmaeilpour K, Daryanoosh F, Gaeini A. The effects of combined resveratrol and high intensity interval training on the hippocampus in aged male rats: An investigation into some signaling pathways related to mitochondria. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:254-262. [PMID: 35655601 PMCID: PMC9124540 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.57780.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a shape of interval training that provides ameliorated athletic capacity and has a good effect on health. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol abundant in grapes and red wine and has been demonstrated to apply various useful health impacts on the body. This research aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of swimming HIIT and resveratrol consumption on SIRTs 3 & 4, NAD+/NADH, AMPK and SOD2 expression in aged rats. Materials and Methods In total, forty-five old male albino rats (Wistar) with the age of twenty months were allocated into 5 groups randomly. Control group (Ctrl), Swimming HIIT group (Ex: Exercise), Swimming HIIT with Resveratrol consumption group (R+Ex), Resveratrol consumption group (R) and solvent of resveratrol consumption group (vehicle). R+Ex group accomplished the exercise and consumed resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day, gavage) for 6 weeks. Results HIIT & resveratrol significantly increased NAD+/NADH, SOD 2 and AMPK in the aged rats. HIIT increased SIRT3, but resveratrol reduced it. As for SIRT4, HIIT decreased it, while resveratrol positively affected it. Conclusion Resveratrol and HIIT, especially their combination, have anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects on the hippocampus of old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amirazodi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Shiraz University International Division, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mehrabi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Department of Exercise Physiology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran,Corresponding author: Amin Mehrabi. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Department of Exercise Physiology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran. Tel/Fax: +034-33231515;
| | - Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Abbasali Gaeini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Babaei P, Azari HB. Exercise Training Improves Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:771553. [PMID: 35153701 PMCID: PMC8829997 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.771553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractExercise, neurotransmitters, growth factors, myokines, and potential effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- *Correspondence: Parvin Babaei,
| | - Helya Bolouki Azari
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Role of Creatine Supplementation in Conditions Involving Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030529. [PMID: 35276888 PMCID: PMC8838971 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is one of the most widely used nutritional supplements among active individuals and athletes to improve high-intensity exercise performance and training adaptations. However, research suggests that CrM supplementation may also serve as a therapeutic tool in the management of some chronic and traumatic diseases. Creatine supplementation has been reported to improve high-energy phosphate availability as well as have antioxidative, neuroprotective, anti-lactatic, and calcium-homoeostatic effects. These characteristics may have a direct impact on mitochondrion's survival and health particularly during stressful conditions such as ischemia and injury. This narrative review discusses current scientific evidence for use or supplemental CrM as a therapeutic agent during conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on this analysis, it appears that CrM supplementation may have a role in improving cellular bioenergetics in several mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases, ischemic conditions, and injury pathology and thereby could provide therapeutic benefit in the management of these conditions. However, larger clinical trials are needed to explore these potential therapeutic applications before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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21
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The Effect of Long-Lasting Swimming on Rats Skeletal Muscles Energy Metabolism after Nine Days of Dexamethasone Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020748. [PMID: 35054933 PMCID: PMC8775511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment on blood and skeletal muscle metabolites level and skeletal muscle activity of enzymes related to energy metabolism after long-duration swimming. To evaluate whether Dex treatment, swimming, and combining these factors act on analyzed data, rats were randomly divided into four groups: saline treatment non-exercise and exercise and Dex treatment non-exercised and exercised. Animals in both exercised groups underwent long-lasting swimming. The concentration of lipids metabolites, glucose, and lactate were measured in skeletal muscles and blood according to standard colorimetric and fluorimetric methods. Also, activities of enzymes related to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism were measured in skeletal muscles. The results indicated that Dex treatment induced body mass loss and increased lipid metabolites in the rats’ blood but did not alter these changes in skeletal muscles. Interestingly, prolonged swimming applied after 9 days of Dex treatment significantly intensified changes induced by Dex; however, there was no difference in skeletal muscle enzymatic activities. This study shows for the first time the cumulative effect of exercise and Dex on selected elements of lipid metabolism, which seems to be essential for the patient’s health due to the common use of glucocorticoids like Dex.
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22
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Nijholt KT, Sánchez-Aguilera PI, Voorrips SN, de Boer RA, Westenbrink BD. Exercise: a molecular tool to boost muscle growth and mitochondrial performance in heart failure? Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 24:287-298. [PMID: 34957643 PMCID: PMC9302125 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired exercise capacity is the key symptom of heart failure (HF) and is associated with reduced quality of life and higher mortality rates. Unfortunately, current therapies, although generally lifesaving, have only small or marginal effects on exercise capacity. Specific strategies to alleviate exercise intolerance may improve quality of life, while possibly improving prognosis as well. There is overwhelming evidence that physical exercise improves performance in cardiac and skeletal muscles in health and disease. Unravelling the mechanistic underpinnings of exercise‐induced improvements in muscle function could provide targets that will allow us to boost exercise performance in HF. With the current review we discuss: (i) recently discovered signalling pathways that govern physiological muscle growth as well as mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that underlie metabolic adaptations to exercise; (ii) the mechanistic underpinnings of exercise intolerance in HF and the benefits of exercise in HF patients on molecular, functional and prognostic levels; and (iii) potential molecular therapeutics to improve exercise performance in HF. We propose that novel molecular therapies to boost adaptive muscle growth and mitochondrial quality control in HF should always be combined with some form of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten T Nijholt
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo I Sánchez-Aguilera
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne N Voorrips
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Daan Westenbrink
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Casuso RA, Al Fazazi S, Plaza-Díaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Rueda-Robles A, Aragón-Vela J, Huertas JR. Physiological Doses of Hydroxytyrosol Modulate Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Exercised Rats. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121393. [PMID: 34947924 PMCID: PMC8708182 DOI: 10.3390/life11121393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested whether physiological doses of hydroxytyrosol (HT) may alter the mRNA transcription of key metabolic genes in exercised skeletal muscle. Two groups of exercise-trained Wistar rats, HTlow and HTmid, were supplemented with 0.31 and 4.61 mg/kg/d of HT, respectively, for 10 weeks. Another two groups of rats were not supplemented with HT; one remained sedentary and the other one was exercised. After the experimental period, the soleus muscle was removed for qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. The consumption of 4.61 mg/kg/d of HT during exercise increased the mRNA expression of important metabolic proteins. Specifically, 4.61 mg/kg/d of HT may upregulate long-chain fatty acid oxidation, lactate, and glucose oxidation as well as mitochondrial Krebs cycle in trained skeletal muscle. However, a 4.61 mg/kg/d of HT may alter protein translation, as in spite of the increment showed by CD36 and GLUT4 at the mRNA level this was not translated to higher protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Casuso
- Department of Physiology, Campus University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.A.F.); (J.A.-V.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.-O.); (A.R.-R.)
- Correspondence: or (R.A.C.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Saad Al Fazazi
- Department of Physiology, Campus University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.A.F.); (J.A.-V.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.-O.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Ojeda
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.-O.); (A.R.-R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.-O.); (A.R.-R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Physiology, Campus University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.A.F.); (J.A.-V.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.-O.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Jesús R. Huertas
- Department of Physiology, Campus University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.A.F.); (J.A.-V.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.-O.); (A.R.-R.)
- Correspondence: or (R.A.C.); (J.R.H.)
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Acute RyR1 Ca 2+ leak enhances NADH-linked mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7219. [PMID: 34893614 PMCID: PMC8664928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ leak is associated with pathological conditions such as heart failure or skeletal muscle weakness. We report that a single session of sprint interval training (SIT), but not of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), triggers RyR1 protein oxidation and nitrosylation leading to calstabin1 dissociation in healthy human muscle and in in vitro SIT models (simulated SIT or S-SIT). This is accompanied by decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content, increased levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins, supercomplex formation and enhanced NADH-linked mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Mechanistically, (S-)SIT increases mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in mouse myotubes and muscle fibres, and decreases pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation in human muscle and mouse myotubes. Countering Ca2+ leak or preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake blunts S-SIT-induced adaptations, a result supported by proteomic analyses. Here we show that triggering acute transient Ca2+ leak through RyR1 in healthy muscle may contribute to the multiple health promoting benefits of exercise.
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25
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Vaishali K, Kumar N, Rao V, Kovela RK, Sinha MK. Exercise and Mitochondrial Function: Importance and InferenceA Mini Review. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:755-760. [PMID: 34844538 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211129110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles must generate and distribute energy properly in order to function perfectly. Mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells form vast networks to meet this need, and their functions may improve as a result of exercise. In the present review, we discussed exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations, age-related mitochondrial decline, and a biomarker as a mitochondrial function indicator and exercise interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali K
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka. India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar. India
| | - Vanishree Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka. India
| | - Rakesh Krishna Kovela
- Department of Neurophysiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra. India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Sinha
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka. India
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26
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Bajes HR, Hakooz NM, Dardeer KT, Al-Dujaili EAS. The effect of endurance, resistance training, and supplements on mitochondria and bioenergetics of muscle cells. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:673-681. [PMID: 34687594 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow between biological systems and the surroundings and is measured quantitatively. Energy flow can be affected by many variables, including lifestyle and exercise, where exercise comes in different types; endurance and resistance training play significant roles in enhancing bioenergetics and promoting health. In addition, a supplementary diet supports recovery and energy production. This review aims to study the effect of endurance training, resistance training, and supplement intake on the muscle cell's bioenergetics. As a conclusion of the information presented in this mini-review, it was found that resistance, endurance training, and supplements can increase mitochondrial biogenesis, fat oxidation, myofibril synthesis, and increase VO2 max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana R Bajes
- Department of Science, Atlantic Cape Community College, Mays Landing, NJ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nancy M Hakooz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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27
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Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Millet GP. The central role of mitochondrial fitness on antiviral defenses: An advocacy for physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101976. [PMID: 33932869 PMCID: PMC8062414 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central regulators of cellular metabolism, most known for their role in energy production. They can be "enhanced" by physical activity (including exercise), which increases their integrity, efficiency and dynamic adaptation to stressors, in short "mitochondrial fitness". Mitochondrial fitness is closely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. Given the importance of mitochondria in immune functions, it is thus not surprising that cardiorespiratory fitness is also an integral determinant of the antiviral host defense and vulnerability to infection. Here, we first briefly review the role of physical activity in viral infections. We then summarize mitochondrial functions that are relevant for the antiviral immune response with a particular focus on the current Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic and on innate immune function. Finally, the modulation of mitochondrial and cardiorespiratory fitness by physical activity, aging and the chronic diseases that represent the most common comorbidities of COVID-19 is discussed. We conclude that a high mitochondrial - and related cardiorespiratory - fitness should be considered as protective factors for viral infections, including COVID-19. This assumption is corroborated by reduced mitochondrial fitness in many established risk factors of COVID-19, like age, various chronic diseases or obesity. We argue for regular analysis of the cardiorespiratory fitness of COVID-19 patients and the promotion of physical activity - with all its associated health benefits - as preventive measures against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Perelló-Amorós M, Fernández-Borràs J, Sánchez-Moya A, Vélez EJ, García-Pérez I, Gutiérrez J, Blasco J. Mitochondrial Adaptation to Diet and Swimming Activity in Gilthead Seabream: Improved Nutritional Efficiency. Front Physiol 2021; 12:678985. [PMID: 34220544 PMCID: PMC8249818 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained exercise promotes growth in different fish species, and in gilthead seabream we have demonstrated that it improves nutrient use efficiency. This study assesses for differences in growth rate, tissue composition and energy metabolism in gilthead seabream juveniles fed two diets: high-protein (HP; 54% protein, 15% lipid) or high energy (HE; 50% protein, 20% lipid), under voluntary swimming (VS) or moderate-to-low-intensity sustained swimming (SS) for 6 weeks. HE fed fish under VS conditions showed lower body weight and higher muscle lipid content than HP fed fish, but no differences between the two groups were observed under SS conditions. Irrespective of the swimming regime, the white muscle stable isotopes profile of the HE group revealed increased nitrogen and carbon turnovers. Nitrogen fractionation increased in the HP fed fish under SS, indicating enhanced dietary protein oxidation. Hepatic gene expression markers of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis showed clear differences between the two diets under VS: a significant shift in the COX/CS ratio, modifications in UCPs, and downregulation of PGC1a in the HE-fed fish. Swimming induced mitochondrial remodeling through upregulation of fusion and fission markers, and removing almost all the differences observed under VS. In the HE-fed fish, white skeletal muscle benefited from the increased energy demand, amending the oxidative uncoupling produced under the VS condition by an excess of lipids and the pro-fission state observed in mitochondria. Contrarily, red muscle revealed more tolerant to the energy content of the HE diet, even under VS conditions, with higher expression of oxidative enzymes (COX and CS) without any sign of mitochondrial stress or mitochondrial biogenesis induction. Furthermore, this tissue had enough plasticity to shift its metabolism under higher energy demand (SS), again equalizing the differences observed between diets under VS condition. Globally, the balance between dietary nutrients affects mitochondrial regulation due to their use as energy fuels, but exercise corrects imbalances allowing practical diets with lower protein and higher lipid content without detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Perelló-Amorós
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Sánchez-Moya
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio J Vélez
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, UMR 1419 Nutrition Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Isabel García-Pérez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Burtscher J, Millet GP, Place N, Kayser B, Zanou N. The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6479. [PMID: 34204228 PMCID: PMC8235687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson's disease. While there is evidence that exercise induces signalling from skeletal muscle to the brain, the mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk along the muscle-brain axis is incompletely understood. Mitochondria in both organs, however, seem to be central players. Here, we provide an overview on the central role of mitochondria in exercise-induced communication routes from muscle to the brain. These routes include circulating factors, such as myokines, the release of which often depends on mitochondria, and possibly direct mitochondrial transfer. On this basis, we examine the reported effects of different modes of exercise on mitochondrial features and highlight their expected benefits with regard to neurodegeneration prevention or mitigation. In addition, knowledge gaps in our current understanding related to the muscle-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadège Zanou
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Liu S, Yu C, Xie L, Niu Y, Fu L. Aerobic Exercise Improves Mitochondrial Function in Sarcopenia Mice Through Sestrin2 in an AMPKα2-Dependent Manner. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1161-1168. [PMID: 33512470 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, contributes to high morbidity and mortality in the older population. Regular exercise is necessary to avoid the initiation and progression of sarcopenia, in which the underlying molecular mechanism is still not clear. Our data revealed that the outcomes induced by sarcopenia, including muscle mass and strength loss, decreased cross-sectional area of gastrocnemius fiber, chronic inflammation, and increased dysfunctional mitochondria, were reversed by regulation exercise. Knockout or silencing of Sestrin2 (Sesn2) resulted in imbalanced mitochondrial fusion and fission, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy damage in vivo and in vitro, which was attenuated by aerobic exercise or overexpression of Sesn2. Moreover, we found that the effects of Sesn2 on mitochondrial function are dependent on AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKα2). This study indicates that aerobic exercise alleviates the negative effects resulting from sarcopenia via the Sesn2/AMPKα2 pathway and provides new insights into the molecular mechanism by which the Sesn2/AMPKα2 signaling axis mediates the beneficial impact of exercise on sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Chunxia Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Lingjian Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Yanmei Niu
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, China
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31
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Machrina Y, Lindarto D, Pane YS, Harahap NS. The Pattern of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha Gene Expression in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Model Liver: Focus on Exercise. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) has an important role in mitochondria biogenesis which generated cellular metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism in the liver is crucial to maintain plasma blood glucose.
AIM: This research aimed to determine the expression of PGC-1α gene in the liver type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model, after treatment with a focus on exercise.
METHODS: We used 25 healthy male Wistar rats as subjects. Rats were modified to T2DM models by feeding a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin injection. We divided the rats into five groups, that is, sedentary group as a control and four others as treatment groups. The exercise was assigned for treatment groups by a run on the treadmill as moderate intensity continuous (MIC), highintensity continuous (HIC), slow interval (SI), and fast interval (FI). The treatment groups were exercise throughout 8 weeks with a frequency of 3 times a week.
RESULTS: The results showed that expression of PGC-1α gene was lower in all treatment groups compared to controls (p < 0.05). Expression in HIC was higher than MIC (p < 0.05), so was the expression in FI more than SI (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Exercise affected PGC-1α gene expression in the liver of the T2DM rat model. The expression of PGC-1α was linear with exercise intensity.
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32
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Hagman M, Fristrup B, Michelin R, Krustrup P, Asghar M. Football and team handball training postpone cellular aging in women. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11733. [PMID: 34083635 PMCID: PMC8175448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hallmarks of aging have been identified and examined separately in previous exercise studies. For the first time, this study investigates the effect of lifelong regular exercise in humans on two of the central aging hallmarks combined. This cross-sectional study involved 129 healthy, non-smoking women, including young elite football players (YF, n = 29), young untrained controls (YC, n = 30), elderly team handball players (EH, n = 35) and elderly untrained controls (EC, n = 35). From a resting blood sample, mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated and sorted into monocytes and lymphocytes. Telomere length, mitochondrial (mtDNA) copy number and key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function (PGC-1α and PGC-1β expression) were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Overall, young women showed significantly longer telomeres and higher PGC-1α and PGC-1β expression, but lower mtDNA copy number compared to elderly subjects. A multivariate analysis showed that YF had 22–24% longer telomeres in lymphocytes and MNCs compared to YC. In addition, YF showed 19–20% higher mtDNA copy number in lymphocytes and MNCs compared to YC. The two young groups did not differ in PGC-1α and PGC-1β expression. EH showed 14% lower mtDNA copy number in lymphocytes compared to EC, but 3.4-fold higher lymphocyte PGC-1α expression compared to EC. In MNCs, EH also showed 1.4–1.6-fold higher PGC-1α and PGC-1β expression. The two elderly groups did not differ in telomere length. Elite football training and lifelong team handball training are associated with anti-aging mechanisms in leukocytes in women, including maintenance of telomere length and superior mitochondrial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hagman
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Fristrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Rémi Michelin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark. .,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 6JA, UK. .,Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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33
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Effects of Feeding Time on Markers of Muscle Metabolic Flexibility Following Acute Aerobic Exercise in Trained Mice Undergoing Time Restricted Feeding. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051717. [PMID: 34069449 PMCID: PMC8159095 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is becoming a popular way of eating in physically active populations, despite a lack of research on metabolic and performance outcomes as they relate to the timing of food consumption in relation to the time of exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if the timing of feeding/fasting after exercise training differently affects muscle metabolic flexibility and response to an acute bout of exercise. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to one of three groups for 8 weeks. The control had ad libitum access to food before and after exercise training. TRF-immediate had immediate access to food for 6 h following exercise training and the TRF-delayed group had access to food 5-h post exercise for 6 h. The timing of fasting did not impact performance in a run to fatigue despite TRF groups having lower hindlimb muscle mass. TRF-delayed had lower levels of muscle HSL mRNA expression and lower levels of PGC-1α expression but displayed no changes in electron transport chain enzymes. These results suggest that in young populations consuming a healthy diet and exercising, the timing of fasting may not substantially impact metabolic flexibility and running performance.
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34
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IGF2 deficiency causes mitochondrial defects in skeletal muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:979-990. [PMID: 33825857 PMCID: PMC8055961 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training improves muscle fitness in many aspects, including induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics. The insulin-like growth factors were recently proposed as key regulators of myogenic factors to regulate muscle development. The present study aimed to investigate the physical exercise impact on insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and analyzed its functions on skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Using online databases, we stated that IGF2 was relatively highly expressed in skeletal muscle cells and increased after exercise training. Then, IGF2 deficiency in myotubes from C2C12 and primary skeletal muscle cells (PMSCs) led to impaired mitochondrial function, reduced mitochondria-related protein content, and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we explored the possible regulatory pathway and found that mitochondrial regulation in skeletal muscle cells might occur through IGF2-Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC1α) signaling pathway. Therefore, the present study first demonstrated the relationship between IGF2 and mitochondria in skeletal muscle.
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35
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Damal Villivalam S, Ebert SM, Lim HW, Kim J, You D, Jung BC, Palacios HH, Tcheau T, Adams CM, Kang S. A necessary role of DNMT3A in endurance exercise by suppressing ALDH1L1-mediated oxidative stress. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106491. [PMID: 33847380 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise can alter the skeletal muscle DNA methylome, yet little is known about the role of the DNA methylation machinery in exercise capacity. Here, we show that DNMT3A expression in oxidative red muscle increases greatly following a bout of endurance exercise. Muscle-specific Dnmt3a knockout mice have reduced tolerance to endurance exercise, accompanied by reduction in oxidative capacity and mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, Dnmt3a-deficient muscle overproduces reactive oxygen species (ROS), the major contributors to muscle dysfunction. Mechanistically, we show that DNMT3A suppresses the Aldh1l1 transcription by binding to its promoter region, altering its epigenetic profile. Forced expression of ALDH1L1 elevates NADPH levels, which results in overproduction of ROS by the action of NADPH oxidase complex, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial defects in myotubes. Thus, inhibition of ALDH1L1 pathway can rescue oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction from Dnmt3a deficiency in myotubes. Finally, we show that in vivo knockdown of Aldh1l1 largely rescues exercise intolerance in Dnmt3a-deficient mice. Together, we establish that DNMT3A in skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in endurance exercise by controlling intracellular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Damal Villivalam
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott M Ebert
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Emmyon, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Hee Woong Lim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics & Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jinse Kim
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dongjoo You
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Byung Chul Jung
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hector H Palacios
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tabitha Tcheau
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Emmyon, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA.,Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sona Kang
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Pengam M, Amérand A, Simon B, Guernec A, Inizan M, Moisan C. How do exercise training variables stimulate processes related to mitochondrial biogenesis in slow and fast trout muscle fibres? Exp Physiol 2021; 106:938-957. [PMID: 33512052 DOI: 10.1113/ep089231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Exercise is known to promote mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, but what are the most relevant training protocols to stimulate it? What is the main finding and its importance? As in mammals, training in rainbow trout affects slow and fast muscle fibres differently. Exercise intensity, relative to volume, duration and frequency, is the most relevant training variable to stimulate the processes related to mitochondrial biogenesis in both red and white muscles. This study offers new insights into muscle fibre type-specific transcription and expression of genes involved in mitochondrial adaptations following training. ABSTRACT Exercise is known to be a powerful way to improve health through the stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, which undergoes cellular and molecular adaptations. One of the current challenges in human is to define the optimal training stimulus to improve muscle performance. Fish are relevant models for exercise training physiology studies mainly because of their distinct slow and fast muscle fibres. Using rainbow trout, we investigated the effects of six different training protocols defined by manipulating specific training variables (such as exercise intensity, volume, duration and frequency), on mRNAs and some proteins related to four subsystems (AMP-activated protein kinase-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α signalling pathway, mitochondrial function, antioxidant defences and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) metabolism) in both red and white muscles (RM and WM, respectively). In both muscles, high-intensity exercise stimulated more mRNA types and enzymatic activities related to mitochondrial biogenesis than moderate-intensity exercise. For volume, duration and frequency variables, we demonstrated fibre type-specific responses. Indeed, for high-intensity interval training, RM transcript levels are increased by a low training volume, but WM transcript responses are stimulated by a high training volume. Moreover, transcripts and enzymatic activities related to mitochondria and LDH show that WM tends to develop aerobic metabolism with a high training volume. For transcript stimulation, WM requires a greater duration and frequency of exercise than RM, whereas protein adaptations are efficient with a long training duration and a high frequency in both muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Pengam
- EA 4324 ORPHY, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Brest, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest, F-29238, France
| | - Aline Amérand
- EA 4324 ORPHY, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Brest, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest, F-29238, France
| | - Bernard Simon
- EA 4324 ORPHY, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Brest, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest, F-29238, France
| | - Anthony Guernec
- EA 4324 ORPHY, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Brest, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest, F-29238, France
| | - Manon Inizan
- EA 4324 ORPHY, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Brest, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest, F-29238, France
| | - Christine Moisan
- EA 4324 ORPHY, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Brest, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, Brest, F-29238, France
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Pang BPS, Chan WS, Chan CB. Mitochondria Homeostasis and Oxidant/Antioxidant Balance in Skeletal Muscle-Do Myokines Play a Role? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020179. [PMID: 33513795 PMCID: PMC7911667 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to substantiate various biochemical activities. Instead of being a static intracellular structure, they are dynamic organelles that perform constant structural and functional remodeling in response to different metabolic stresses. In situations that require a high ATP supply, new mitochondria are assembled (mitochondrial biogenesis) or formed by fusing the existing mitochondria (mitochondrial fusion) to maximize the oxidative capacity. On the other hand, nutrient overload may produce detrimental metabolites such as reactive oxidative species (ROS) that wreck the organelle, leading to the split of damaged mitochondria (mitofission) for clearance (mitophagy). These vital processes are tightly regulated by a sophisticated quality control system involving energy sensing, intracellular membrane interaction, autophagy, and proteasomal degradation to optimize the number of healthy mitochondria. The effective mitochondrial surveillance is particularly important to skeletal muscle fitness because of its large tissue mass as well as its high metabolic activities for supporting the intensive myofiber contractility. Indeed, the failure of the mitochondrial quality control system in skeletal muscle is associated with diseases such as insulin resistance, aging, and muscle wasting. While the mitochondrial dynamics in cells are believed to be intrinsically controlled by the energy content and nutrient availability, other upstream regulators such as hormonal signals from distal organs or factors generated by the muscle itself may also play a critical role. It is now clear that skeletal muscle actively participates in systemic energy homeostasis via producing hundreds of myokines. Acting either as autocrine/paracrine or circulating hormones to crosstalk with other organs, these secretory myokines regulate a large number of physiological activities including insulin sensitivity, fuel utilization, cell differentiation, and appetite behavior. In this article, we will review the mechanism of myokines in mitochondrial quality control and ROS balance, and discuss their translational potential.
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Corrigendum to "Stay Fit, Stay Young: Mitochondria in Movement: The Role of Exercise in the New Mitochondrial Paradigm". OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9274841. [PMID: 33574988 PMCID: PMC7857901 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9274841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mitochondrial Functionality in Inflammatory Pathology-Modulatory Role of Physical Activity. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010061. [PMID: 33467642 PMCID: PMC7831038 DOI: 10.3390/life11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of metabolic diseases can be reduced by introducing healthy lifestyle habits including moderate exercise. A common observation in age-related metabolic diseases is an increment in systemic inflammation (the so-called inflammaging) where mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may have a key role. Exercise prevents these metabolic pathologies, at least in part, due to its ability to alter immunometabolism, e.g., reducing systemic inflammation and by improving immune cell metabolism. Here, we review how exercise regulates immunometabolism within contracting muscles. In fact, we discuss how circulating and resident macrophages alter their function due to mitochondrial signaling, and we propose how these effects can be triggered within skeletal muscle in response to exercise. Finally, we also describe how exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations can help to fight against virus infection. Moreover, the fact that moderate exercise increases circulating immune cells must be taken into account by public health agencies, as it may help prevent virus spread. This is of interest in order to face not only acute respiratory-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic but also for future virus infection challenges.
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Gil-Hernández A, Silva-Palacios A. Relevance of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria interactions in age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101193. [PMID: 33069818 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the elixir of youth remains in the darkness, medical and scientific advances have succeeded in increasing human longevity; however, the predisposition to disease and its high economic cost are raising. Different strategies (e.g., antioxidants) and signaling pathways (e.g., Nrf2) have been identified to help regulate disease progression, nevertheless, there are still missing links that we need to understand. Contact sites called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) allow bi-directional communication between organelles as part of the essential functions in the cell to maintain its homeostasis. Different groups have deeply studied the role of MAM in aging; however, it's necessary to analyze their involvement in the progression of age-related diseases. In this review, we highlight the role of contact sites in these conditions, as well as the morphological and functional changes of mitochondria and ER in aging. We emphasize the intimate relationship between both organelles as a reflection of the biological processes that take place in the cell to try to regulate the deterioration characteristic of the aging process; proposing MAM as a potential target to help limit the disease progression with age.
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Williamson J, Davison G. Targeted Antioxidants in Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress: Emphasis on DNA Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1142. [PMID: 33213007 PMCID: PMC7698504 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise simultaneously incites beneficial (e.g., signal) and harming (e.g., damage to macromolecules) effects, likely through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and downstream changes to redox homeostasis. Given the link between nuclear DNA damage and human longevity/pathology, research attempting to modulate DNA damage and restore redox homeostasis through non-selective pleiotropic antioxidants has yielded mixed results. Furthermore, until recently the role of oxidative modifications to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the context of exercising humans has largely been ignored. The development of antioxidant compounds which specifically target the mitochondria has unveiled a number of exciting avenues of exploration which allow for more precise discernment of the pathways involved with the generation of RONS and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Thus, the primary function of this review, and indeed its novel feature, is to highlight the potential roles of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants on perturbations to mitochondrial oxidative stress and the implications for exercise, with special focus on mtDNA damage. A brief synopsis of the current literature addressing the sources of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, and available mitochondria-targeted antioxidants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Williamson
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK;
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Marques Neto SR, Castiglione RC, da Silva TCB, Paes LDS, Pontes A, Oliveira DF, Ferraz EB, Ade Caldas CC, Nascimento JHM, Bouskela E. Effects of high intensity interval training on neuro-cardiovascular dynamic changes and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by high-fat diet in rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240060. [PMID: 33095799 PMCID: PMC7584217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mitochondrial swelling is involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases associated with oxidative stress including obesity. One of the strategies for prevention of deleterious effects related to obesity and overweight is engaging in regular physical activity, of which high intensity interval training (HIIT) is efficient in promoting biogenesis and improving the function of mitochondria. Therefore, our aims were to investigate the effects of HIIT on metabolic and neuro-cardiovascular dynamic control and mitochondrial swelling induced by high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-three male Wistar rats (60 - 80g) were divided into 4 subgroups: control (C), HIIT, HFD and HFD+HIIT. The whole experimentation period lasted for 22 weeks and HIIT sessions were performed 5 days a week during the last 4 weeks. At the end of the experiments, fasting glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Cerebral microcirculation was analyzed using cortical intravital microscopy for capillary diameter and functional density. Cardiac function and ergoespirometric parameters were also investigated. Mitochondrial swelling was evaluated on brain and heart extracts. HFD promoted an increase on body adiposity (p<0.001), fasting glucose levels (p<0.001), insulin resistance index (p<0.05), cardiac hypertrophy index (p<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), along with worsened cardiac function (p<0.05), reduced functional cerebral capillary density (p<0.05) and its diameter (p<0.01), and heart and brain mitochondrial function (p<0.001). HFD did not affect any ergoespirometric parameter. After 4 weeks of training, HIIT was able to improve cardiac hypertrophy index, diastolic blood pressure, cerebral functional capillary density (p<0.01) and heart and brain mitochondrial swelling (p<0.001). CONCLUSION In animals subjected to HFD, HIIT ameliorated both cerebral mitochondrial swelling and functional capillary density, but it did not improve cardiovascular function suggesting that the cardiovascular dysfunction elicited by HFD was not due to heart mitochondrial swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio R. Marques Neto
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory (LACAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Health Science School, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel C. Castiglione
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Teresa C. B. da Silva
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Health Science School, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena da S. Paes
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aiza Pontes
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dahienne F. Oliveira
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle B. Ferraz
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla Christina Ade Caldas
- Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory (LACAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Hamilton M. Nascimento
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliete Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Manfredini F, Straudi S, Lamberti N, Patergnani S, Tisato V, Secchiero P, Bernardi F, Ziliotto N, Marchetti G, Basaglia N, Bonora M, Pinton P. Rehabilitation Improves Mitochondrial Energetics in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: The Significant Role of Robot-Assisted Gait Training and of the Personalized Intensity. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100834. [PMID: 33080806 PMCID: PMC7602995 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal levels of pyruvate and lactate were reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied the response of markers of mitochondrial function to rehabilitation in relation to type, intensity and endurance performance in severely disabled MS patients. Forty-six progressive MS patients were randomized to receive 12 walking sessions of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT, n = 23) or conventional overground therapy (CT, n = 23). Ten healthy subjects were also studied. Blood samples were collected to determine lactate, pyruvate, and glutathione levels and lactate/pyruvate ratio pre–post rehabilitation. In vivo muscle metabolism and endurance walking capacity were assessed by resting muscle oxygen consumption (rmVO2) using near-infrared spectroscopy and by six-minute walking distance (6MWD), respectively. The levels of mitochondrial biomarkers and rmVO2, altered at baseline with respect to healthy subjects, improved after rehabilitation in the whole population. In the two groups, an enhanced response was observed after RAGT compared to CT for lactate (p = 0.012), glutathione (<0.001), lactate/pyruvate ratio (p = 0.08) and rmVO2 (p = 0.07). Metabolic biomarkers and 6MWD improvements were exclusively correlated with a training speed markedly below individual gait speed. In severely disabled MS patients, rehabilitation rebalanced altered serum metabolic and muscle parameters, with RAGT being more effective than CT. A determinable slow training speed was associated with better metabolic and functional recovery. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02421731.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Manfredini
- Department of Neuroscience and rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience/Rehabilitation, Unit of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (S.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience/Rehabilitation, Unit of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (S.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Neuroscience and rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-236187
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (M.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Nicole Ziliotto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Marchetti
- Department of Neuroscience and rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Nino Basaglia
- Department of Neuroscience/Rehabilitation, Unit of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (S.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (M.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (M.B.); (P.P.)
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Bordoni L, Gabbianelli R. Mitochondrial DNA and Neurodegeneration: Any Role for Dietary Antioxidants? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E764. [PMID: 32824558 PMCID: PMC7466149 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the mitochondrial function is essential in preventing and counteracting neurodegeneration. In particular, mitochondria of neuronal cells play a pivotal role in sustaining the high energetic metabolism of these cells and are especially prone to oxidative damage. Since overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, dietary antioxidants have been suggested to counteract the detrimental effects of ROS and to preserve the mitochondrial function, thus slowing the progression and limiting the extent of neuronal cell loss in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to their role in the redox-system homeostasis, mitochondria are unique organelles in that they contain their own genome (mtDNA), which acts at the interface between environmental exposures and the molecular triggers of neurodegeneration. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that mtDNA (including both genetics and, from recent evidence, epigenetics) might play relevant roles in modulating the risk for neurodegenerative disorders. This mini-review describes the link between the mitochondrial genome and cellular oxidative status, with a particular focus on neurodegeneration; moreover, it provides an overview on potential beneficial effects of antioxidants in preserving mitochondrial functions through the protection of mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
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Casuso RA, Al Fazazi S, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Rueda-Robles A, Aragón-Vela J, Huertas JR. Hydroxytyrosol modifies skeletal muscle GLUT4/AKT/Rac1 axis in trained rats. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:489-494. [PMID: 32542704 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Training induces a number of healthy effects including a rise in skeletal muscle (SKM) glucose uptake. These adaptations are at least in part due to the reactive oxygen species produced within SKM, which is in agreement with the notion that antioxidant supplementation blunts some training-induced adaptations. Here, we tested whether hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main polyphenol of olive oil, would modify the molecular regulators of glucose uptake when HT is supplemented during exercise. Rats were included into sedentary and exercised (EXE) groups. EXE group was further divided into a group consuming a low HT dose (0.31 mg·kg·d; EXElow), a moderate HT dose (4.61 mg·kg·d; EXEmid), and a control group (EXE). EXE raised glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) protein content, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activity, and protein kinase b (AKT) phosphorylation in SKM. Furthermore, EXElow blunted GLUT4 protein content and AKT phosphorylation while EXEmid showed a downregulation of the GLUT4/AKT/Rac1 axis. Hence, a low-to-moderate dose of HT, when it is supplemented as an isolated compound, might alter the beneficial effect of training on basal AKT phosphorylation and Rac1 activity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Casuso
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Saad Al Fazazi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - Jesús R Huertas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
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Boulghobra D, Coste F, Geny B, Reboul C. Exercise training protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury: A central role for mitochondria? Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:395-410. [PMID: 32294509 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Physical exercise is an effective lifestyle intervention to reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and also to improve cardiac function and survival in patients with ischemic heart disease. Among the strategies that contribute to reduce heart damages during ischemia and reperfusion, regular physical exercise is efficient both in rodent experimental models and in humans. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the cardioprotective effects of exercise remain unclear. During ischemia and reperfusion, mitochondria are crucial players in cell death, but also in cell survival. Although exercise training can influence mitochondrial function, the consequences on heart sensitivity to ischemic insults remain elusive. In this review, we describe the effects of physical activity on cardiac mitochondria and their potential key role in exercise-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion damage. Based on recent scientific data, we discuss the role of different pathways that might help to explain why mitochondria are a key target of exercise-induced cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Coste
- LAPEC EA4278, Avignon Université, F-84000, Avignon, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- EA3072, «Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant, et Protection Musculaire», Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Reboul
- LAPEC EA4278, Avignon Université, F-84000, Avignon, France.
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Casuso RA, Huertas JR. The emerging role of skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics in exercise and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101025. [PMID: 32018055 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the hub for energy production within living cells. They can undergo morphological changes in response to nutrient availability and cellular stress. Here, we review how exercise chronically and acutely affects mitochondrial dynamics. Moreover, we discuss whether mitochondrial dysfunction observed in elderly subjects is due to the ageing process per se or due to the associated sedentary state. Finally, we study how endurance exercise can improve mitochondrial dynamics in older subjects, thereby improving their overall health and likely limiting muscle waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Casuso
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Avda del conocimiento s/n. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Jesús R Huertas
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Avda del conocimiento s/n. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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Metformin and trimetazidine ameliorate diabetes-induced cognitive impediment in status epileptic rats. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 104:106893. [PMID: 32000097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes and epilepsy are more prone to cognitive impairment, dementia, and even Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes-induced inflammatory process is one of the main contributing factors; however, the impact on seizure is not clear. The current study is aimed to examine the role of metformin and trimetazidine in the reduction of neuronal damage caused by inflammatory mediators and apoptotic factors in diabetic epileptic rodent model. Diabetic epileptic rats received orally either metformin (100 mg/kg) or trimetazidine (10 mg/kg) for 3 weeks exhibited reduced cognitive function and ameliorated the disturbed brain neurotransmission. Besides, they improved both the inflammatory status and the histopathologic alterations. Administration of metformin or trimetazidine ameliorated the deterioration in cognitive function in Morris water maze (MWM) and reduced seizure score. Furthermore, brain neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were reverted back to their normal values. Both treatments reduced the rise in inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), apoptotic markers nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and caspase-3, and improved the pathological photomicrograph of the hippocampus of diabetic epileptic rats. Such effects were closely correlated to the observed increase in the adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio and reduction of death-associated protein (DAP) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In conclusion, the current study shed light on the potential neuroprotective role of metformin and trimetazidine in the amelioration of cognitive function via hindering inflammatory processes in diabetic epileptic rats.
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Pacifici F, Di Cola D, Pastore D, Abete P, Guadagni F, Donadel G, Bellia A, Esposito E, Salimei C, Sinibaldi Salimei P, Ricordi C, Lauro D, Della-Morte D. Proposed Tandem Effect of Physical Activity and Sirtuin 1 and 3 Activation in Regulating Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194748. [PMID: 31557786 PMCID: PMC6801856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are seven nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylases enzymes (SIRT1–7) that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Among those, the most studied are SIRT1 and SIRT3, a nuclear SIRT and a mitochondrial SIRT, respectively, which significantly impact with an increase in mammals’ lifespan by modulating metabolic cellular processes. Particularly, when activated, both SIRT1 and 3 enhance pancreatic β-cells’ insulin release and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress pancreatic damage, maintaining then glucose homeostasis. Therefore, SIRT1 and 3 activators have been proposed to prevent and counteract metabolic age-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Physical activity (PA) has a well-established beneficial effect on phenotypes of aging like β-cell dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Recent experimental and clinical evidence reports that PA increases the expression levels of both SIRT1 and 3, suggesting that PA may exert its healthy contribute even by activating SIRTs. Therefore, in the present article, we discuss the role of SIRT1, SIRT3, and PA on β-cell function and on diabetes. We also discuss the possible interaction between PA and activation of SIRTs as a possible therapeutic strategy to maintain glucose hemostasis and to prevent T2DM and its complications, especially in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacifici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Di Cola
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Pastore
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Abete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Donadel
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Esposito
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Salimei
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Neuroscience, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Sinibaldi Salimei
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Neurology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Huertas JR, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Díaz J, Nordsborg NB, Martín-Albo J, Rueda-Robles A, Casuso RA. Human muscular mitochondrial fusion in athletes during exercise. FASEB J 2019; 33:12087-12098. [PMID: 31398297 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900365rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to investigate whether mitochondrial fusion occurs in the skeletal muscle of well-trained athletes in response to high-intensity exercise. Well-trained swimmers (n = 9) performed a duration-matched sprint interval training (SIT) and high-intensity high-volume training (HIHVT) session on separate days. Muscle samples from triceps brachii were taken before, immediately after, and 3 h after the training sessions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to assess mitochondrial morphology. Moreover, expression of genes coding for regulators of mitochondrial fusion and fission were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. In addition, mitofusin (MFN)2 and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) were quantified by Western blot analysis. TEM analyses showed that mitochondrial morphology remained altered for 3 h after HIHVT, whereas SIT-induced changes were only evident immediately after exercise. Only SIT increased MFN1 and MFN2 mRNA expression, whereas SIT and HIHVT both increased MFN2 protein content 3 h after exercise. Notably, only HIHVT increased OPA1 protein content. Mitochondrial morphologic changes that suggest fusion occurs in well-adapted athletes during exercise. However, HIHVT appears as a more robust inducer of mitochondrial fusion events than SIT. Indeed, SIT induces a rapid and transient change in mitochondrial morphology.-Huertas, J. R., Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J., Plaza-Díaz, J., Nordsborg, N. B., Martín-Albo, J., Rueda-Robles, A., Casuso, R. A. Human muscular mitochondrial fusion in athletes during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús R Huertas
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,José Mataix Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (IBS.GRANADA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Adipocytes and Metabolism Unit, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- José Mataix Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (IBS.GRANADA), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS), Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesús Martín-Albo
- José Mataix Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- José Mataix Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael A Casuso
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,José Mataix Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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