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Khaleghi MM, Jamshidi A, Afrashteh S, Emamat H, Farhadi A, Nabipour I, Jalaliyan Z, Malekizadeh H, Larijani B. The association of body composition and fat distribution with hypertension in community-dwelling older adults: the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2001. [PMID: 37833665 PMCID: PMC10576374 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of the global burden of disability and premature mortality has caused by hypertension. It seems that the relationship between obesity and hypertension is not only associated with excessive body fat mass (FM) but also with body adipose distribution patterns. The present study investigated the association between regional fat distribution using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and hypertension in older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed using the data from Bushehr Elderly Health Program (BEH) on a total of 2419 participants aged 60 and over. Hypertension was defined as SBP of at least 140 mmHg and/or DBP of at least 90 mmHg. SBP between 120 and 139 mmHg and/or a DBP between 80 and 89 mmHg were considered prehypertension. Participants underwent body composition measurement by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to analyze FM, fat-free mass (FFM) in trunk and extremities composition. RESULTS The results showed that 460 (19.02%) of participants had prehypertension, and 1,818 (75.15% ) had hypertension. The odds of having prehypertension (OR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.12) and hypertension (OR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.03-1.13) increased with a rise in total body FM percentage. Moreover, people with a higher FM to FFM ratio had increased odds of being prehypertensive (OR: 9.93, 95%CI: 1.28-76.99) and hypertensive (OR: 16.15, 95%CI: 2.47-105.52). Having a higher android to gynoid FM ratio was related to increased odds of being prehypertensive and hypertensive. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that a higher body FM, particularly in the android region, is associated with higher odds of having hypertension in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Jamshidi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sima Afrashteh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hadi Emamat
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Akram Farhadi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Hasan Malekizadeh
- School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Feyisa BR, Tamiru A, Debelo S, Feyisa I, Tola EK, Tolesa EJ, Negeri A, Shibiru T, Galata A, Biru B. Magnitude of hypertension and its association with obesity among employees of Wallaga University, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070656. [PMID: 37438078 PMCID: PMC10347519 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the magnitude of hypertension, its association with obesity and the associated factors among employees of Wallaga University, Ethiopia. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This institution-based cross-sectional study was employed among 588 employees of the university. Respondents were selected by stratified random sampling technique and interviewed with the aid of a structured questionnaire. THE MAIN OUTCOME MEASURED Hypertension and obesity were measured using WHO Stepwise approach and recommendations. We used a stratified random sampling technique to select 588 employees of the university from 3 August 2021 to 15 October 2021. A structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were used for data collection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors independently associated with hypertension. A p value less than or equal to 0.05 and its 95% confidence level was used to declare the statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 578 participants consented and completed the study, giving a response rate of 98.3%. The mean age of the respondents was 31.78 years with SD of 5.4. The overall prevalence of hypertension, general obesity and central obesity was 14.4% (95% CI 11.6% to 17.5%), 31.3% (95% CI 27.6% to 35.3%) and 37% (95% CI 33.1% to 41.1%), respectively. Obesity was significantly associated with hypertension (adjusted OR (AOR): 6.3; 95% CI 2.60 to 8.19). Age range from 35 to 46 (AOR 7.01; 95% CI 1.56 to 31.74), age ≥46 years (AOR 8.45; 95% CI 1.14 to 62.04), being non-academic staff (AOR 2.74; 95% CI 1.56 to 4.81), having additional income (AOR 2.48; 95% CI 1.08 to 5.70), physical inactivity (AOR 2.36; 95% CI 1.44 to 3.88) and poor practice of dietary salt consumption (AOR 1.65; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.87) were factors associated with hypertension. CONCLUSION One in seven, more than two in seven and nearly two in six of the employees of Wallaga University were hypertensive, centrally obese and generally obese, respectively. There was a positive association between obesity and hypertension. Comprehensive awareness creation and devising workplace intervention strategies are highly recommended to reduce the hypertension burden and associated obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikila Regassa Feyisa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Tamiru
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Sidise Debelo
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Ilili Feyisa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Edosa Kifle Tola
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Edosa Jabesa Tolesa
- Sport Studies, College of Computational and Natural Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Asefa Negeri
- Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University Referral Hospital, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Shibiru
- Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University Referral Hospital, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Alemtsehay Galata
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bayise Biru
- Department of Public Health, Institutes of Health Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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Solomon M, Shiferaw BZ, Tarekegn TT, GebreEyesus FA, Mengist ST, Mammo M, Mewahegn AA, Mengiste BT, Terefe TF. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension Among Adults in Gurage Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231153473. [PMID: 36761364 PMCID: PMC9903024 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231153473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension affects over a billion people worldwide, making it a major public health problem. The problem is significant in both developed and developing countries. However, studies are scarce in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors at the community level, in South Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was employed on a sample of 680 participants in the study from April 1 to June 30, 2022. An interview administer was conducted using a standardized and pretested questionnaire was employed. The Epi data 3.1 versions were used to enter data and then exported into SPSS version 23 for analysis. All variables in the multivariable logistic analysis were a candidate with a bi-variable at p < .25. The multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictors of hypertension, and the significance level was established with p < .05. Results There were a total of 635 participants and the response rate was 93.4%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 22.0% [95% CI; 19.1-25.4]. The mean age of the participants was 40.8 ± 12.88 years. Being older age (AOR: 1.95; 95%CI; 1.13-3.36), family history [AOR: 2.65, 95%; CI (1.29-5.45)], eating animal fat [AOR: 0.21, 95%; CI (0.08-0.52)], smoking cigarettes [AOR: 4.06, 95%; CI (2.24-7.36)] and had poor knowledge about hypertension [AOR: 2.69, 95%; CI (1.61-4.49)] were significantly associated with raised blood pressure. Conclusions Hypertension was prevalent in one out of every five study participants. Older age, family history of hypertension, animal fat intake, cigarette smoking, and lack of knowledge were found to be significant factors for hypertension. To address the burden of hypertension, health care practitioners should provide broad health education, routine screening, and promotion of recommended lifestyle measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamo Solomon
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia,Mamo Solomon, Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, P O Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
| | - Bisrat Zeleke Shiferaw
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tsehay Tarekegn
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Fisha Alebel GebreEyesus
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Shegaw Tesfa Mengist
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mitiku Mammo
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Agerie Aynalem Mewahegn
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tamene Fetene Terefe
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
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Gelassa FR, Birhanu A, Shibiru A, Nagari SL, Jabena DE. Undiagnosed status and associated factors of hypertension among adults living in rural of central, Ethiopia, 2020: Uncovering the hidden magnitude of hypertension. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277709. [PMID: 36520859 PMCID: PMC9754235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular (CVD) disease related deaths worldwide. It affects more than 20% of adults in Ethiopia, making it a major public health concern. Although it is important to uncover the hidden extent of hypertension, there is limited information on the proportion of undiagnosed hypertension in rural areas of the country. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the magnitude of undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adults living in the rural Dano district, Central Ethiopia 2020. METHODS AND MATERIALS A quantitative, community-based cross-sectional study conducted from May to July 2020. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select a total of 605 study participants. A Validated tool was used to assess the participant's behavioral characteristics. Blood pressure was measured using digital blood pressure apparatus. The mean of three blood measurements was used to classify hypertension after intra-class correlation was tested. Standardized instruments were used to assess participants' health-seeking behavior and knowledge of the hypertensive disease. The proportion of undiagnosed hypertension was determined among patients with hypertension. The regression analyses were done to determine factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension. The adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was estimated to measure the strength of the association. The level of statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. RESULTS The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 21.32% (CI: 19.95%, 25.8%). Living in a household with the low wealth index [(AOR: 3.5,95%CI: (1.6,6.4)], far distance to health facility, [(AOR: 0.155,95%CI: (0.11.0.67)], underweight, [AOR = 2.2.1,95%CI:(2.00,4.22)], use of smokeless tobacco products, [AOR = 3.2,95%Cl:(1.88,4.75)], and participants' knowledge of hypertension were independently associated with undiagnosed hypertension. CONCLUSION This study shows that undiagnosed hypertension is a major public health problem in the study area. Living in a household with a low wealth index, being far from a health facility, being underweight, using smokeless tobacco products, and having little knowledge about hypertension increase the likelihood of having undiagnosed Hypertension. Hypertension health information, particularly to smokes tobacco users, could improve the perceived susceptibility to hypertensive disease, and reduce the hidden extent of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adamu Birhanu
- Ambo University, College of Medicine and Health sciences, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Shibiru
- Ambo University, College of Medicine and Health sciences, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Ewunie TM, Sisay D, Mekuriaw B, Kabthymer RH. Physical inactivity and its association with hypertension among adults in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Paulose T, Nkosi ZZ, Endriyas M. Factors associated with positive attitude towards hypertension control in Hawassa city administration: Community based cross‐sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e779. [PMID: 35989945 PMCID: PMC9376027 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims In low‐income countries where there is shortage of appropriate medical care to manage hypertension (HTN), understanding dynamics of communities' knowledge and attitude to prevent through lifestyle is crucial. Despite this fact, there was limited information on levels of awareness and attitude towards HTN and its prevention in the study setting. So, this study was conducted to assess level and factors associated with positive attitude in Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A community level study using cross‐sectional design was done in Hawassa city administration in 2017. Six hundred and twelve respondents were selected using a multi‐stage sampling technique. Knowledge and attitude were assessed using multiple questions and responses were categorized considering mean as cutoff points. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis at 95% confidence interval (CI) were performed. Results The level of mean score of knowledge was 62.7% (SD = 22.2) [95% CI: 60.9–64.4] while that of attitude was 68.1% (SD = 8.8) [95% CI: 67.4–68.8]. Divorced/widowed respondents were 73% less likely to have positive attitude as compared to married respondents (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 95% CI: 0.27 [0.14–0.51], p‐<0.001). Respondents who attended primary, secondary and higher education were 2.84 times (AOR 95% CI: [1.48–5.42], p 0.002), 5.59 times (AOR 95% CI: [2.87–10.89], p‐<0.001) and 9.28 times (AOR 95% CI: [4.39–19.65], p‐<0.001) more likely to have positive attitude as compared to those who cannot read and write. Moreover, respondents who have good knowledge were 2.24 times (AOR 95% CI: [1.49–3.37], p‐<0.001) more likely to have positive attitude as compared with those who have poor knowledge. Conclusion The overall levels of knowledge and attitude related to HTN and its prevention were moderate but not adequate to bring lifestyle modifications required to prevent and control HTN. Health promotion activities should be strengthened to improve awareness and attitude that are pillars to bring lifestyle modification practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegab Paulose
- Department of Health Studies University of South Africa Ethiopia Regional Learning Center Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Zerish Z. Nkosi
- Department of Health Studies University of South Africa Pretoria South Africa
| | - Misganu Endriyas
- Health Research and Technology Transfer Directorate SNNPR Health Bureau Hawassa Ethiopia
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Tesfay FH, Backholer K, Zorbas C, Bowe SJ, Alston L, Bennett CM. The Magnitude of NCD Risk Factors in Ethiopia: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095316. [PMID: 35564716 PMCID: PMC9106049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors are the leading contributors to morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. To date, there has been no synthesis of the literature on the relative prevalence of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia. Methodology: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary studies reporting on the prevalence of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia published in English from 2012 to July 2020. Pre-tested NCD search terms were applied to Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and Global Health. Three reviewers screened and appraised the quality of the identified papers. Data extraction was conducted using a pilot tested proforma. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 16 and pooled prevalence estimated with associated 95% confidence intervals. Clinically heterogeneous studies that did not fulfil the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis were narratively synthesised. I2 was used to assess statistical heterogeneity. Results: 47 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and contributed 68 NCD risk factor prevalence estimates. Hypertension was the most frequently examined NCD risk factor, with a pooled prevalence of 21% (n = 27 studies). The pooled prevalence percentages for overweight and obesity were 19.2% and 10.3%, respectively (n = 7 studies each), with a combined prevalence of 26.8% (n = 1 study). It was not possible to pool the prevalence of alcohol consumption, smoking, metabolic disorders, or fruit consumption because of heterogeneity across studies. The prevalence of alcohol use, as reported from the included individual studies, ranged from 12.4% to 13.5% (n = 7 studies). More than 90% of participants met the WHO-recommended level of physical activity (n = 5 studies). The prevalence of smoking was highly variable, ranging between 0.8% and 38.6%, as was the prevalence of heavy alcohol drinking (12.4% to 21.1%, n = 6 studies) and metabolic syndrome (4.8% to 9.6%, n = 5 studies). Fruit consumption ranged from 1.5% up to the recommended level, but varied across geographic areas (n = 3 studies). Conclusion and recommendations: The prevalence of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia is relatively high. National NCD risk factor surveillance is required to inform the prioritisation of policies and interventions to reduce the NCD burden in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisaha Haile Tesfay
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathryn Backholer
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Christina Zorbas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Steven J. Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia;
| | - Laura Alston
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Catherine M. Bennett
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (K.B.); (C.Z.); (L.A.); (C.M.B.)
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Israel E, Hassen K, Markos M, Wolde K, Hawulte B. Central Obesity and Associated Factors Among Urban Adults in Dire Dawa Administrative City, Eastern Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:601-614. [PMID: 35241919 PMCID: PMC8887614 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s348098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central obesity (CO) is a medical problem in which extra fat is accumulated in the abdomen and stomach extent that it may harm health. Furthermore, previous studies in Ethiopia predominantly relied on body mass index used to measure obesity and do not show distribution of fat. However, there is a paucity of information on the measurement of central obesity using waist circumference and associated factors in Ethiopia particularly in the study area. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of central obesity and associated factors among urban adults in Dire Dawa, administrative city, Eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 633 adults in selected kebeles of administrative city from October 15 to November 15, 2020. A multistage and systematic sampling procedure was used to select study participants. Central obesity is defined as a condition with waist circumference ≥83.7 cm for men and ≥78 cm for women with or without general obesity (GO). Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval was estimated to identify factors associated with central obesity using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of central obesity was 76.1%; at 95% CI (73%, 80%). Associated factors of central obesity were age 45 years and above [AOR = 3.75, 95% CI (1.86, 7.55)], being female [AOR = 2.52, 95% CI: (1.62, 3.94)], alcohol consumption [AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: (1.69, 4.05], physical inactivity [AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: (1.23, 3.42)], and two hour and more time spent on watching television [AOR = 3.30, 95% CI: (1.59, 6.82)]. CONCLUSION The study shows central obesity was high in the study area. Age 45 years and above, being females, married, physically inactive, alcohol consumption, and spending a long time watching television was associated with central obesity. Having regular physical activity, limiting alcohol drinking, and limiting time spent watching television were recommended to prevent central obesity and associated risk among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem Israel
- Dire Dawa Regional Health Bureau, Dire Dawa City Administration, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Hassen
- Department of Population and Family Health, Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Markos
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Wachemo University Durame Campus, Durame, Ethiopia
| | - Kiber Wolde
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Bahailu Hawulte
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Regea F, Birhanu A, Shibiru A. Distribution of risks and prevalence of unscreened hypertension among adults living in rural of Dano District, West Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020: Community based cross-sectional study. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Iradukunda A, Odjidja EN, Ndayishima SK, Ngendakumana E, Ndayishimiye GP, Sinarinzi D, Izere C, Ntakaburimvo N, Akimana A. Prevalence and predictive risk factors of hypertension in patients hospitalized in Kamenge Military hospital and Kamenge University teaching hospital in 2019: A fixed effect modelling study in Burundi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260225. [PMID: 34898616 PMCID: PMC8668094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a major threat to public health globally. Especially in sub-Saharan African countries, this coexists with high burden of other infectious diseases, creating a complex public health situation which is difficult to address. Tackling this will require targeted public health intervention based on evidence that well defines the at risk population. In this study, using retrospective data from two referral hospitals in Burundi, we model the risk factors of hypertension in Burundi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective data of a sample of 353 randomly selected from a population of 4,380 patients admitted in 2019 in two referral hospitals in Burundi: Military and University teaching hospital of Kamenge. The predictive risk factors were carried out by fixed effect logistic regression. Model performance was assessed with Area under Curve (AUC) method. Model was internally validated using bootstrapping method with 2000 replications. Both data processing and data analysis were done using R software. RESULTS Overall, 16.7% of the patients were found to be hypertensive. This study didn't showed any significant difference of hypertension's prevalences among women (16%) and men (17.7%). After adjustment of the model for cofounding covariates, associated risk factors found were advanced age (40-59 years) and above 60 years, high education level, chronic kidney failure, high body mass index, familial history of hypertension. In absence of these highlighted risk factors, the risk of hypertension occurrence was about 2 per 1000 persons. This probability is more than 90% in patients with more than three risk factors. CONCLUSION The relatively high prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension in Burundi raises a call for concern especially in this context where there exist an equally high burden of infectious diseases, other chronic diseases including chronic malnutrition. Targeting interventions based on these identified risk factors will allow judicious channel of resources and effective public health planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Iradukunda
- Department of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Department of Statistics, Lake Tanganyika University, Mutanga, Burundi
- Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Research and Innovation, ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Emmanuel Nene Odjidja
- Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Egide Ngendakumana
- Department of Applied Econometrics, University of Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
| | | | - Darlene Sinarinzi
- Department of Statistics, Lake Tanganyika University, Mutanga, Burundi
- Departement de Suivie-Evaluation des projects, Instututs Sciences Campus du Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Fasso
| | - Cheilla Izere
- Department of Research and Innovation, ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Department of Computer Mathematics, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nestor Ntakaburimvo
- Department of Statistics, Lake Tanganyika University, Mutanga, Burundi
- Department of Research and Innovation, ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Arlene Akimana
- Institut Universitaire des Sciences de la Santé et du Développement, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Alamnia TT, Tesfaye W, Abrha S, Kelly M. Metabolic risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049565. [PMID: 34764168 PMCID: PMC8587382 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are causing a new and yetsignificant health challenge in low-income countries. In Ethiopia, although 39% of deaths are NCD related, the health system remains underprepared, highlighting the clear need for evidence on risk factor distributions to inform resource planning and the health response. Therefore, this review investigates prevalence distributions and sex and age variations of metabolic risk factors among Ethiopian adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies published until 6 January 2021 were searched from PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest and Web of Science databases, reference lists of selected studies and grey literature. Studies reporting prevalence of metabolic risk factors: overweight/obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose homoeostasis and metabolic syndrome among Ethiopian adults were eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Two authors independently extracted data and used the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for quality appraisal. The random effects model was used to conduct meta-analysis using Stata V.16. Subgroup analyses examined prevalence differences by region, study year, sample size and settings. RESULTS From 6087 records, 74 studies including 104 382 participants were included. Most showed high prevalence of metabolic risk factors. Meta-analysis revealed pooled prevalence of metabolic risk factors from 12% to 24% with the highest prevalence observed for overweight/obesity (23.9%, 95% CI 19.9% to 28.0%) and hypertension (21.1%, 95% CI 18.7% to 23.5%), followed by metabolic syndrome (14.7%, 95% CI 9.8% to 19.6%) and impaired glucose tolerance (12.4%, 95% CI 8.7% to 16.1%). The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in women. All metabolic risk factors were higher among people aged above 45 years. CONCLUSIONS A signficant proportion of Ethiopian adults have at least one metabolic risk factor for NCDs. Despite heterogeneity of studies limiting the certainty of evidence, the result suggests the need for coordinated effort among policymakers, healthcare providers, non-governmental stakeholders and the community to implement appropriate preventive measures to reduce these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Tewabe Alamnia
- Department of Global Health, National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wubshet Tesfaye
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Solomon Abrha
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Matthew Kelly
- Department of Global Health, National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Tesfa E, Demeke D. Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e372. [PMID: 34589614 PMCID: PMC8459032 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of epidemiological studies were performed to know the prevalence of and the risk factors for hypertension. However, these studies reported inconsistent results. As a result, this systematic review and meta-analysis were planned to generate representative data on the prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension among the Ethiopian adult population. METHODS Five electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Hinari, and African Journals Online, were searched for studies published in English from 1 January 2010 to 31 August 2020. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were used for data extraction and quality assessment for this review. Stata version 14 statistical software was used for the analysis, and due to high heterogeneity a random effects model was used for meta-analysis at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS In this review, 35 observational studies were included. The pooled prevalence of hypertension in Ethiopia was 20.63% (95% CI [18.70, 22.55]) with the I 2 value of 96.1%. Older age (≥40 years) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.46 [95% CI: 2.67, 4.49]), urban residence (AOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.28, 1.70]), educational status less than grade 12 (AOR: 1.67 [95% CI: 1.38, 2.01]), family history of hypertension (AOR: 4.33 [95% CI: 2.95, 6.34]), diabetes mellitus (DM) (AOR: 5.18 [95% CI: 3.01, 8.88]), body mass index (BMI) ≥25 (AOR: 3.79 [95% CI: 2.61, 5.50]), central obesity (AOR: 1.91 [95% CI: 1.09, 3.36]), and alcohol consumption (AOR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.26, 2.34]) were the identified risk factors for hypertension. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of hypertension is relatively higher as compared to the previous reports in Ethiopia. Older age, urban residence, lower educational coverage, family history of hypertension, DM, BMI ≥25, alcohol consumption, and central obesity were the risk factors for hypertension. The governments and stakeholders should design an appropriate strategy to prevent and control the disease in the Ethiopian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalamaw Tesfa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
- Biotechnology Research Institute Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
| | - Dessalegn Demeke
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
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Dessu S, Tsehay T, Girum T, Timerga A, Solomon M, Tsegaye B, Geremew M, Migora B, Mesfin Y, Kemal A, Alebel F, Tolosa O, Tesfa S, Yasin F. The applicability of basic preventive measures of the pandemic COVID-19 and associated factors among residents in Guraghe Zone. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256598. [PMID: 34432844 PMCID: PMC8386865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Internationally, countries have reacted to the COVID-19 outbreak by introducing key public health non-pharmaceutical interventions to protect vulnerable population groups. In response to COVID-19, the Government of Ethiopia has been taking a series of policy actions beyond public health initiatives alone. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the applicability of basic preventive measures of the pandemic COVID-19 and associated factors among the residents of Guraghe Zone from 18th to 29th September, 2020. Methods Community based cross sectional study was conducted at Guraghe Zone from 18th to 29th September, 2020. Systematic random sampling method was applied among the predetermined 634 samples. Variables which had p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were considered as candidate for multivariable logistic regression model. P-value <0.05 was used as a cutoff point to determine statistical significance in multiple logistic regressions for the final model. Result In this study, 17.7% (95% CI: 14.7, 20.5) of the respondents apply the basic preventive measures towards the prevention of the pandemic COVID-19. In addition, being rural resident (AOR: 4.78,; 95%CI: 2.50, 8.90), being studied grade 1–8 (AOR: 3.70; 95%CI: 1.70, 7.90), being a farmer (AOR: 4.10; 95%CI: 1.25, 13.35), currently not married (AOR: 2.20, 95%CI: 1.24, 4.06), having family size 1-3(AOR: 6.50; 95%CI: 3.21, 3.35), have no diagnosed medical illness (AOR: 6.40; 95%CI: 3.85, 10.83) and having poor knowledge (AOR: 3.50; 95%CI: 1.60, 7.40) were factors which are statistically significant in multivariable logistic regression model. Conclusion Despite the application of preventive measures and vaccine delivery, the applicability of the pandemic COVID-19 preventive measures was too low, which indicate that the Zone is at risk for the infection. Rural residents, those who have lower educational level, farmers, non-marrieds, those who have lower family size, those who have diagnosed medical illnesses and those who have poor knowledge were prone to the infection with the pandemic COVID-19 due to the lower practice of applying the basic preventive measures. In addition, awareness creation should be in practice at all levels of the community especially lower educational classes and rural residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dessu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tsehay
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Girum
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Timerga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mamo Solomon
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Tsegaye
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Geremew
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Biru Migora
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Mesfin
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Abdurezak Kemal
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Fisha Alebel
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Omega Tolosa
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Shegaw Tesfa
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Fedila Yasin
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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Zewdu M, Kadir E, Berhane M, Alemayehu T. Variation of Ultrasonic Renal Volume between Hypertensive and Non-Hypertensive Individuals in Relation to Body Size Parameters. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 31:857-866. [PMID: 34703186 PMCID: PMC8512955 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i4.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimation of renal size is vital for the diagnosis of abnormal structural change on the kidneys due to the adverse effects of chronic diseases like hypertension. This study evaluated renal volume by ultrasound in relation to body size parameters, notably body mass index (BMI) and body surface area(BSA) in hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals. METHODS A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from February to September 2018 at the Radiology department of the Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC). The study included consecutively selected samples of 85 ambulatory hypertensive patients and 60non-hypertensive controls recruited consecutively on voluntary basis. After receiving verbal consent, each subject underwent abdominal ultrasound examination and length, width and thickness of both kidneys were measured and used for estimation of renal volume. The statistical evaluation included independent samples t-tests for mean differences with regard to ultrasonic renal measurements between hypertensive and non-hypertensive groups. RESULTS A total of 145 adults aged 16 - 80 years (mean ±SD=44 ±17) participated in the study. In the hypertensive group, mean renal volume of 97.7cm3 for the right kidney and104.4cm3 for the left kidney whereas in the control group, it was 101.1cm3 for the right and 111.8 cm3 for the left kidney. The mean right renal volume to BSA ratio was 58.2cm3/m2 in hypertensive group, while it was 62.6cm3/m2 among the control group (p=0.076). The mean left renal volume to BSA of the patients was 62.2cm3/m2 and significantly (p=0.012) lower than that of the non-hypertensive group, which was 69.3 cm3/m2. CONCLUSION Slightly smaller bilateral renal volume among hypertensive patients as compared the controls was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Zewdu
- Medical Physicist, Jimma University Radiology Department
| | - Elias Kadir
- Jimma University
- Medical Physicist, Jimma University Radiology Department
- Pediatrician, Jimma University Pediatrics & Child health Department
- Assistant Professor, Human Anatomy, Jimma University, Department of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Melkamu Berhane
- Pediatrician, Jimma University Pediatrics & Child health Department
| | - Tilehun Alemayehu
- Assistant Professor, Human Anatomy, Jimma University, Department of Biomedical Sciences
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Mosisa G, Regassa B, Biru B. Epidemiology of hypertension in selected towns of Wollega zones, Western Ethiopia, 2019: A community-based cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211024519. [PMID: 34178341 PMCID: PMC8202320 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211024519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertension remains an emerging public health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Age, income level, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, vegetables and fruit consumption, physical activity and chat chewing were some risk factors of hypertension. However, there are limited data on the epidemiology of hypertension in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess Epidemiology of Hypertension among the community of selected towns of Wollega zones. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 June 2019 in selected towns of Wollega zones. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 840 study participants. Data were collected using the WHO STEP wise approach. The data were coded and entered into EpiData 3, and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Results: The study included a total of 838 respondents with a response rate of 99.7%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 189 (22.6%) (95% confidence interval = 19.9%–25.2%). Of this, 108 (12.9%) and 81 (9.7%) of female and male were hypertensive, respectively. Age groups of 30–44 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65 (1.43, 4.89)), 45–59 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.55 (1.79, 7.04)), above 60 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.97 (1.43, 6.18)), having history of alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 4.29 (2.4, 7.66)), involving in vigorous physical activity (adjusted odds ratio = 0.096 (0.028, 0.33)), not walking to and from the work (adjusted odds ratio = 13.12 (8.34, 20.67)), being overweight (adjusted odds ratio = 1.98 (1.21, 3.25)), inadequate fruits serving per day (adjusted odds ratio = 2.93 (1.75, 4.88)) were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be high in the study area. Older age, alcohol consumption, not engaging in vigorous activity, physical inactivity, being overweight and inadequate intake of fruits were found to be risk factors for hypertension. Therefore, health care providers should provide extensive health education and promotion on recommended lifestyle modification to tackle the burden of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Mosisa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bikila Regassa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bayise Biru
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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Migora B, Geleso MG, Girum T, Bireda M, Gebru M, Dessu S. Survival Time to Development of Hypertension and Its Predictors among a Cohort of Diabetic Patients in Health Facilities of Gurage Zone: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:259-266. [PMID: 34079273 PMCID: PMC8164715 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s297968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is expected that around 50% of individuals with diabetes mellitus will develop hypertension in the course of medical follow-up. However, with strict medical follow-up and adherence to medical advice the incidence of hypertension can be highly reduced and the time to occurrence can be delayed. Therefore, this paper aimed to measure the time to development of hypertension and identify its predictors among a 10-year cohort of diabetic patients who have medical follow-up in health facilities of Gurage Zone. Methods An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted in diabetic follow-up clinics of Gurage Zone by reviewing 540 consecutively selected records among the records enrolled from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. The outcome variable was incidence rate and survival time to the occurrences of hypertension (a systolic blood pressure at or above 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure at or above 90 mm Hg and known hypertensive cases taken from adults’ age ≥18 years) among admitted diabetic patients (fasting blood sugar ≥126 mg/dL or random blood sugar ≥200 mg/dL). Data were collected using a standardized checklist by trained professionals by reviewing records of all clients ever enrolled. Data were cleaned and entered by Epi info version 7 and analyzed by STATA. A Cox-proportional hazard regression model was built to identify predictors of development of hypertension. Results A total of 540 clients were followed for different periods with a median follow-up period of 2.3 years which gives 3,200 person-years of observation. Two hundred and seventy-six (51.1%) participants were males and the mean age of was 52.2 (+11.7) years. Three hundred (55.6%) participants were urban dwellers. The overall incidence density rate (IDR) of hypertension in the cohort was 48.6 cases per 1,000 persons-year. Older ages adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=4.0 (95% CI=2.26–7.82), body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 AHR=2.3 (95% CI=1.06–3.68), Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) AHR=2.0 (95% CI=1.16–3.04), presence of comorbidity AHR=2.9 (95% CI=1.74–4.58), and poor drug adherence AHR=2.5 (95% CI=1.45–4.65) predicted the development of hypertension. Conclusion The risk of occurrences of hypertension among diabetic patients was high at the early periods and the risk was less at the late diabetic periods and the incidence density rate of hypertension among diabetic patients was high. In addition, age, BMI, type of DM, comorbidity, and drug adherence were independent predictors of occurrences of hypertension. Therefore, intervention to further reduce its occurrence has to focus on drug adherence and prevention of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biru Migora
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Geremew Geleso
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Girum
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Meskele Bireda
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mehari Gebru
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Dessu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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Musung JM, Kakoma PK, Kaut Mukeng C, Tshimanga SL, Munkemena Banze JP, Kaj NK, Kamuna MK, Mwamba JK, Nkulu DN, Katchunga PB, Mukuku O, Muyumba EK. Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Hypertens 2021; 2021:6674336. [PMID: 33880188 PMCID: PMC8046564 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6674336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. Its struggle involves knowing its prevalence. Insufficient data on hypertension in adults in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), prompted the conduct of this study. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the associated factors in adults in Lubumbashi. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 6,708 adults from October 15th to November 24th, 2018, in Lubumbashi. Anthropometric data, lifestyle, and medical history were collected. Hypertension was defined when the mean of the last two blood pressure (BP) measurements was greater than or equal for systolic (SBP) at 140 mmHg and for diastolic (DBP) at 90 mmHg or a history of taking antihypertensive medication whatever the value of the BP. Logistic regression was used to identify the relative effects of hypertension risk factors and all statistical tests were declared significant at a p value <0.05. RESULTS The female participants numbered 4479 (66.8%). The mean age of all participants was 47.9 ± 16.5 years. The mean SBP and DBP were 128.4 ± 25.9 mmHg and 79.1 ± 15.3 mmHg, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 33.6%. This prevalence was statistically higher in women than in men (34.5% vs. 31.7%; p=0.024). After logistic regression, the risk of hypertension increased with age >50 years (aOR = 5.85 [5.19-6.60]), overweight (aOR = 1.25 [1.11-1.41]), obesity (aOR = 1.25 [1.11-1.41]), central obesity (aOR = 1.37 [1.16-1.61]), diabetes mellitus (aOR = 2.19 [1.63-2.95]), alcohol consumption (aOR = 1.21 [1.05-1.39]), nonconsumption of vegetables (aOR = 1.35 [1.02-1.80]), and history of stroke (aOR = 2.57 [1.88-3.51]). Hypertension was inversely associated with being underweight (aOR = 0.68 [0.53-0.87]). CONCLUSION The prevalence of hypertension in the city of Lubumbashi is high as in other cities of the DRC and Africa. This situation requires the implementation of prevention, detection, and treatment programs for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Mbaz Musung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dophra Ngoy Nkulu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Congo
| | | | - Olivier Mukuku
- Department of Research, Institu Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Congo
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Ani PN, Eze SN, Abugu PI. Socio-demographic factors and health status of adults with disability in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. Malawi Med J 2021; 33:37-47. [PMID: 34422232 PMCID: PMC8360292 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v33i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disability is a major determinant of impaired health and nutritional status. This study aims to assess the health and nutritional status of adults with disability and their relationship with socio-demographic factors. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study of 323 adults with disability in support-centers/schools of disability in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria was conducted. The participants' socio-demographic factors, behavioural characteristics and 24-hour dietary recall were recorded. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements of height, weight, waist and hip circumference were obtained. The height and weight measurements of non-ambulatory participants were estimated from knee height and mid-arm circumference. Biochemical analyses of blood samples were also performed. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the effect of socio-demographic factors on health and nutritional status. Results The participants consisted of females (59.3%) within the age of 20 to 30 years (59.1%). The major area of difficulty was in physical mobility (51.1%) and this occurred mostly in females (26.9%). The participants' mean daily intakes of calorie, protein and fat were below the recommended dietary allowances. The participants were overweight (49.2%), obese (4.6%), hypertensive (29.7%) and diabetic (12.1%). Dyslipidemia (81.8%), anemia (63.6%) and zinc deficiency (51.1%) were highly prevalent among the study group. Gender difference was observed in alcohol consumption (p=0.000), smoking habit (p=0.001), waist circumference (WC)(p=0.000), waist-hip-ratio (WHR) (p=0.000), triglyceride (p=0.026) and haemoglobin concentration (p=0.007). Being boarder was a positive predictor of overweight/obesity (OR= 2.974, 95% CI=1.449-6.104), abnormal WHR (OR=2.893, 95% CI = 1.073-7.801) and hypertension (OR=8.381, 95% CI=1.598-13.959). Female gender was associated with abnormal WC (OR=7.219, 95% CI=3.116-14.228) and WHR (OR=3.590, 95% CI=2.095-6.150) whereas older age-group was associated with overweight/obesity (OR=1.908, 95% CI=1.137- 3.202). Being employed was a negative predictor of hypertension. Conclusion Overweight/obesity, anemia, zinc deficiency and dyslipidemia were highly prevalent among persons living with disability in Enugu Metropolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peace N Ani
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | - Scholastica N Eze
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
| | - Philomena I Abugu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Tola Gemeda A, Regassa LD, Weldesenbet AB, Merga BT, Legesse N, Tusa BS. Adherence to antihypertensive medications and associated factors among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2021; 8:2050312120982459. [PMID: 33489230 PMCID: PMC7768850 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120982459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The foundation of controlling hypertension is adherence to antihypertensive medication adherence. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of adherence to antihypertensive medication among adult hypertensive patients in Ethiopia. A comprehensible bibliographic searching was conducted from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science core collection. All published and unpublished studies that had been accessible before 31 May 2020, and written in English were eligible. Joanna Briggs Institute assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the findings of the included studies. Stata software 16.0 was used to analyze the data. Study-specific estimates were pooled to determine the overall prevalence estimate across studies using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Publication bias and heterogeneity were checked. Fourteen studies with a total of 4938 hypertensive patients were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of medication adherence among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia was 65.41% (95% confidence interval: 58.91-71.91). Sub-group analysis shown that the pooled prevalence of medication adherence was the highest (69.07%, 95% confidence interval: 57.83-80.31, I 2 = 93.51) among studies using questionnaire technique whereas the lowest in Morisky Medication Adherence Scale eight-items (60.66%, 95% confidence interval: 48.92-72.40, I 2 = 97.16). Moreover, medication adherence was associated with the presence of comorbidities (pooled odds ratio = 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.38, p = 0.030, I 2 = 54.9%) and knowledge about the disease and its management (pooled odds ratio = 2.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.72-4.24, p = 0.04, I 2 = 55.55%) but not with place of residence (pooled odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.51-1.93, p = 0.00, I 2 = 76.9%). Despite a lack of uniformity among included studies, adherence to antihypertensive medication among the hypertensive population in Ethiopia was moderate. The presence of comorbidities and/or complications reduced the odds of adherence whereas having good knowledge about the disease increased chance of medication adherence among hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assefa Tola Gemeda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Lemma Demissie Regassa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bedasa Taye Merga
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Nanti Legesse
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Shalmeno Tusa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Tujuba T, Ayele BH, Fage SG, Weldegebreal F. Anemia among Adult Diabetic Patients Attending a General Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia: a Cross-sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:467-476. [PMID: 33564253 PMCID: PMC7866907 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s289298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although anemia is a common condition among patients with diabetes mellitus, there is little evidence on anemia among this segment of population in Ethiopia at large and in the study setting in particular. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the magnitude of anemia and its associated factors among adult diabetic patients attending a general hospital in Eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 325 randomly selected adult diabetes mellitus patients attending a follow-up clinic at Gelemso General Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected through an interview using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire followed by physical and laboratory measurements. Data were then entered into EpiData Version.3.1 and analyzed by using STATA version 16.0. Binary logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with anemia. All statistical tests were declared significant at p-value < 0.05. RESULTS The magnitude of anemia among adult diabetic patients was 30.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25.4%-35.4%). Anemia was higher in males (36%) than females (20.5%). Male gender (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.8), DM duration of ≥5 years (AOR= 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.7), presence of comorbidity (AOR= 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.7), and having diabetic complications (AOR= 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.2) were significantly associated with anemia. CONCLUSION Anemia was a moderate public health problem among adult DM patients in the study setting. Being male in gender, duration of DM, presence of DM complications, and DM co-morbidities were factors associated with anemia. Therefore, routine screening and appropriate management of anemia targeting males, DM patients with longer duration of DM, and those with complications and co-morbidities should be devised to improve patients' quality of life. Early diagnosis and regular monitoring of DM could also help to minimize further complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshome Tujuba
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Gelemso General Hospital, Gelemso, Ethiopia
| | - Behailu Hawulte Ayele
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Sagni Girma Fage
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Sagni Girma Fage College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia Email
| | - Fitsum Weldegebreal
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Yadeta D, Walelgne W, Fourie JM, Scholtz W, Scarlatescu O, Nel G, Gebremichael M. PASCAR and WHF Cardiovascular Diseases Scorecard project. Cardiovasc J Afr 2021; 32:37-46. [PMID: 33646240 PMCID: PMC8756013 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2021-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Data collected for the World Heart Federation's Scorecard project regarding the current state of cardiovascular disease prevention, control and management, along with related non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia are presented. Furthermore, the strengths, threats, weaknesses and priorities identified from these data are highlighted in concurrence with related sections in the accompanying infographic. Information was collected using open-source data sets from the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, the International Diabetes Federation and relevant government publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuma Yadeta
- The Society of Cardiac Professionals in Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
| | - Wubaye Walelgne
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jean M Fourie
- Pan-African Society of Cardiology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wihan Scholtz
- Pan-African Society of Cardiology, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - George Nel
- Pan-African Society of Cardiology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mussie Gebremichael
- Diseases Prevention and Control Directorate, Ministry of Health, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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Tiruneh SA, Bukayaw YA, Yigizaw ST, Angaw DA. Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244642. [PMID: 33382819 PMCID: PMC7774863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension is a major public health problem globally and it is a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries. This review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted at the electronic databases (PubMed, Hinari, and Google Scholar) to locate potential studies. Heterogeneity between studies checked using Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test statistics and small study effect were checked using Egger’s statistical test at 5% significance level. Sensitivity analysis was checked. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Results In this review, 38 studies that are conducted in Ethiopia and fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total number of 51,427 study participants were reviewed. The overall pooled prevalence of hypertension in the country was 21.81% (95% CI: 19.20–24.42, I2 = 98.35%). The result of the review also showed that the point of prevalence was higher among males (23.21%) than females (19.62%). When we see the pervasiveness of hypertension from provincial perspective; the highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in Addis Ababa (25.35%) and the lowest was in Tigray region (15.36%). In meta-regression analysis as the mean age increases by one year, the likelihood of developing hypertension increases by a factor of 0.58 times (β = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31–0.86, R2 = 36.67). Male sex (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.61, I2 = 81.35%), age > 35 years (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 2.57–5.02, I2 = 93.48%), overweight and/or obese (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.12–5.26, I2 = 95.41%), khat chewing (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: I2 = 62%), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.21–1.85, I2 = 64%), family history of hypertension (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.64–3.99, I2 = 83.28%), and family history of diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.85–7.59, I2 = 89.9%) are significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion Hypertension is becoming a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Nearly two out of ten individuals who are older than 18 years living with hypertension. Sex, age, overweight and/or obese, khat chewing, alcohol consumption, and family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus are statistically significant determinant factors for hypertension in Ethiopia. Primary attention should be given for behavioral risk factors to tackle the alarming increase of hypertension in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruneh
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yeaynmarnesh Asmare Bukayaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Seblewongel Tigabu Yigizaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dessie Abebaw Angaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Zeru AB, Muluneh MA. Admission and Inpatient Mortality of Hypertension Complications in Addis Ababa. Integr Blood Press Control 2020; 13:103-110. [PMID: 32982396 PMCID: PMC7509485 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s268184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of people with undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled hypertension is higher in Ethiopia. This in turn increases the risk of developing complications and hospitalization. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension complication hospitalization among medical admissions and admission outcomes of hypertension complication patients in the medical ward of Saint Peter Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa. Methods We used a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Data were collected by reviewing all medical ward admission logbook records from January 1st, 2018 to December 30th, 2019. An individual patient folder of 308 patients admitted due to hypertension complications was selected for further detailed investigation and then entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 24 statistical software for analysis. Results Of the total 2728 medical admissions, 308 (11.3%) were patients with hypertension complications. Hypertension complications account for 308 (11.3%) of all medical admissions. Their mean age and length of hospital stay were 59.85 (± 16.36) years and 11.45 (± 11.48) days, respectively. Near to two-third of 196 (63.6%) of them were stroke patients followed by 76 (24.7%) heart disease. Fifty-two (16.9%) hypertension complication patients died at admission which accounts for 52 (14.6%) of all medical ward deaths. As age increases, the risk of death at admission increases by 6.5%. Similarly, the risk of death increased by three-fold for a month increase in the duration of anti-hypertensive drug discontinuation. Rural residents had a 3.5% lesser risk of death than urban patients. Conclusion Hypertension complications had a significant share of the medical ward mortality rate. Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular complications were common causes of hospitalization and inpatient death. Old age, urban residence, and prolonged duration of anti-hypertensive drug discontinuation increased the risk of death at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayneh Birlie Zeru
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Mikyas Arega Muluneh
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
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Hirigo AT, Teshome T. The magnitude of undiagnosed diabetes and Hypertension among adult psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotic treatment. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:79. [PMID: 32944092 PMCID: PMC7487878 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) are at increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases that could cause significantly lower life expectancy when compared to the general population. This study aimed to assess the magnitude and predictors of undiagnosed type-2 diabetes and hypertension among adult patients with SMI on antipsychotic treatments. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 237 psychiatric patients from January to June 2019 at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. All relevant information was collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire with a systematic random sampling technique. A total of 4-5 mL of overnight fasting venous blood was collected from each patient. Serum lipid profiles and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured using the A25™ BioSystem Random Access chemistry analyzer. To identify predictors of hyperglycemia and raised blood pressure, multiple linear regression analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Statistical significance was set at p value < 5%. RESULTS From 247 patients with SMI approached, 237 (58.2% male and 41.8% females) were take part in the study giving a response rate of 95.9%. The overall 31.2% (95%CI: 24.1-37.6) and 27.8% (95%CI: 23.2-33.4) of patients had hyperglycemia and raised BP. The magnitude of prediabetes and type-2 diabetes was 24.9% (95%CI:19.4-30.4), and 6.3% (95% CI: 3.4-10.1), respectively. While the magnitude of prehypertension and hypertension was 23.2% (95%CI: 17.3-29.5) and 4.6% (95%CI: 2.1-8.0), respectively. In multiple linear regression analyses: age, HDL-cholesterol, physical activity and Triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio were positively correlated with FBS. While, HDL-cholesterol, waist circumference, physical activity, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, and body mass index were positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures. CONCLUSION The findings indicate a need to assess blood glucose and blood pressure at baseline before the commencement of any antipsychotic therapy and during therapeutic follow up to manage any increasing trends. Moreover, close monitoring of patients with severe mental illness on antipsychotic therapy is exclusively recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agete Tadewos Hirigo
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Teshome
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology unit, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Chuka A, Gutema BT, Ayele G, Megersa ND, Melketsedik ZA, Zewdie TH. Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among adult residents in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237333. [PMID: 32776993 PMCID: PMC7416932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading risk factor for mortality and it is also one of the major risk factors for other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among adults residing in Arba Minch health and demographic surveillance site (HDSS), Southern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017 on the estimated sample size of 3,368 adults at Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance site (HDSS). Data were collected using the WHO STEPS survey tools. Bivariate analysis was done to detect candidate variables at P-value less than 0.25 and entered into the final model to identify the independent predictors of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was 18.92% (95% CI: 17.63-20.28). The magnitude increase among respondents in the older age group [AOR 1.39 (95%CI: 1.05-1.84), 1.68 (95% CI: 1.26-2.23) and 2.67 (95%CI: 2.01-3.56) for age group 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64, respectively, compared to 25-34 years old group] and those with the higher wealth index [AOR 1.86 (95%CI: 1.33-2.59), 2.68 (95% CI: 1.91-3.75) and 2.97 (95%CI: 2.08-4.25) for 3rd quantile, 4th quantile and 5th quantile, respectively, compared to 1st quantile]. The odds of hypertension reduce among married participants (AOR 0.66, 95%CI: 0.51-0.85). Respondents with overweight (AOR 1.44, 95%CI: 1.02-2.02), khat chewing (AOR3.31, 95%CI: 1.94-5.64), low fruit and/or vegetable consumption (AOR 1.27, 95%CI: 1.05-1.53) and those who do not use coffee and tea (AOR 1.52, 95%CI: 1.03-2.24) had significantly higher likelihood of hypertension. Nearly one out of five participants have hypertension in this population. As hypertension is one of the silent killers, it is advisable to develop a system for enabling early detection and monitoring in the older age groups and overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adefris Chuka
- CARE Ethiopia Hawassa Project Office, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Befikadu Tariku Gutema
- School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gistane Ayele
- School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Zawudie AB, Lemma TD, Daka DW. Cost of Hypertension Illness and Associated Factors Among Patients Attending Hospitals in Southwest Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2020; 12:201-211. [PMID: 32308448 PMCID: PMC7154006 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s241591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is a common vascular disease and the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Since the incidence of hypertension is rising in Ethiopia, one may expect that the household’s cost of healthcare services related to the disease will increase in the near future. Yet the cost associated with the disease is not known. We aimed to estimate the total cost of hypertension illness and identify associated factors among patients attending hospitals in Southwest Shewa zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Patients and Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed to conduct the study from 13 August to 2 September 2018. All hypertensive patients aged 18 years and older who were on follow-up were eligible for this study. The total cost of hypertension illness was estimated by summing the direct and indirect costs. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with hypertension costs of illnesses. Results A total of 349 patients participated in the study. The mean monthly total cost of hypertension illness was US$ 22.3 (95% CI, 21.3–23.3). Direct and indirect costs constitute 51% and 49% of the total cost, respectively. The mean direct cost of hypertension illness per patient per month was US$ 11.39 (95% CI, 10.6–12.1). Out of these, drugs comprised higher cost (31%), followed by food (25%). The mean indirect cost per patient per month was US$ 10.89 (95% CI, 10.4–11.4). In this study, the primary educational status, family size (4–6 and >6), distance from hospital (≥10 km), the presence of a companion and stage of hypertension (stage two) of patients were identified as the predictors of the cost of hypertension illnesses. Conclusion The cost of hypertension illness was very high when compared to the monthly income of households, exposing patients to catastrophic costs. Hence, the government should give due attention to protect patients from catastrophic health expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teferi Daba Lemma
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Wolde Daka
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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