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Ahmed MA, Ameyaw EO, Armah FA, Fynn PM, Asiamah I, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Zoiku FK, Ofori-Attah E, Adokoh CK. Alkaloidal Extracts from Avicennia africana P. Beauv. (Avicenniaceae) Leaf: An Antiplasmodial, Antioxidant, and Erythrocyte Viable. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:4541581. [PMID: 38235482 PMCID: PMC10791479 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4541581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of drug-resistant parasites impedes disease management and eradication efforts. Hence, a reinvigorated attempt to search for potent lead compounds in the mangroves is imperative. Aim This study evaluates in vitro antiplasmodial activity, antioxidant properties, and cytotoxicity of A. africana leaf alkaloidal extracts. Methods The A. africana leaves were macerated with 70% ethanol to obtain a total crude extract. Dichloromethane and chloroform-isopropanol (3 : 1, v/v) were used to extract the crude alkaloids and quaternary alkaloids from the total crude. The antiplasmodial activities of the alkaloidal extracts were performed against 3D7 P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive clone via the SYBR Green I fluorescence assay with artesunate serving as the reference drug. The alkaloidal extracts were further evaluated for antioxidant properties via the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the total glutathione concentration (GSH), the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The cytotoxic activity of the alkaloidal extracts was tested on erythrocytes using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-MTT assay with little modification. The phytocompounds in the alkaloidal extracts were identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Results The total crude extract showed good antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 11.890 µg/mL). The crude and quaternary alkaloidal extracts demonstrated promising antiplasmodial effects with IC50 values of 6.217 and 6.285 µg/mL, respectively. The total crude and alkaloidal extracts showed good antioxidant properties with negligible cytotoxicity on erythrocytes with good selectivity indices. The GC-MS spectral analysis of crude alkaloidal extracts gave indole and isoquinoline alkaloids and several other compounds. Dexrazoxane was found to be the main compound predicted, with an 86% peak area in the quaternary alkaloidal extract. Conclusion The crude and quaternary alkaloidal extracts exhibited antiplasmodial activities and ability to inhibit oxidative stress with negligible toxicity on erythrocytes. This may be good characteristics to avoid oxidative stress related to Plasmodium infection in the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha A. Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, SVM, CBAS, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elvis O. Ameyaw
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Francis A. Armah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Patrick M. Fynn
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Asiamah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Felix K. Zoiku
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Ofori-Attah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian K. Adokoh
- Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Tadege G, Sirak B, Abebe D, Nureye D. Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of crude leave extract and solvent fractions of Commelina latifolia Hochst. ex C.B.Clarke (Commelinaceae) leaves in murine model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1284087. [PMID: 38130405 PMCID: PMC10733449 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1284087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the past, Ethiopian traditional medicine employed the leaves of the native Commelina latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke plant to treat wounds, pain, and malaria. Aim of the study: The crude extract and solvent fractions of C. latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke leaves were examined in the present investigation to determine their ability to have an antiinflammatory effect and provide an antinociceptive effect in animal models. Materials and methods: The leaves of C. latifolia were extracted with 80% methanol, and the CL crude extract was further fractionated with chloroform, pure methanol, and distilled water. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to test the extracts' ability to reduce inflammation. The hotplate model and the acetic acid-induced writhing test on rodents were used to test the extracts' potential antinociceptive effect to reduce pain. Results: Inflammation was decreased by 64.59% with CL crude extract (400 mg/kg); 56.34% (400 mg/kg) of methanol fraction, 64.59% of aqueous fraction (400 mg/kg), and 38.27% of chloroform fraction in the carrageenan-induced inflammatory model. All extracts demonstrated a considerable lengthening of the nociception reaction time in the hot plate test, with a maximum antinociceptive effect of 78.98% (crude extract) and 71.65% (solvent fractions). At a dosage of 400 mg/kg, the natural C. latifolia crude extract and aqueous fraction demonstrated considerable antinociceptive effects against acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) during the writhing test (48.83% and 45.37than%, respectively). The current findings support Ethiopia's traditional user's assertions that the herb can alleviate inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Tadege
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Marqos, Ethiopia
| | - Betelhem Sirak
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine Health Sciences, Arbaminch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Dehnnet Abebe
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Marqos, Ethiopia
| | - Dejen Nureye
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
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Phuwajaroanpong A, Chaniad P, Plirat W, Konyanee A, Septama AW, Punsawad C. Phytochemical Analysis, Antimalarial Properties, and Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Extracts of Trisamo and Jatu-Phala-Tiga Recipes. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:6624040. [PMID: 37745261 PMCID: PMC10516693 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6624040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a significant problem that threatens antimalarial drug treatment. Hence, the challenge is to find new effective antimalarial drugs. Based on our previous study, aqueous extracts of trisamo (TSM) and jatu-phala-tiga (JPT) had good in vitro antimalarial activities, and these recipes contain multiple beneficial pharmacological effects that could be useful for malaria therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity and toxicity of the aqueous extracts of TSM and JPT in mouse models. The aqueous extractions were carried out using the decoction method. Compound identification was conducted using LC-QTOF-MS analysis. The antimalarial activities of TSM and JPT at doses 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg were evaluated against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection using a four-day suppressive test. The toxic effects of oral administration of the extracts at 2 g/kg dose were determined using an acute toxicity test. The chemical constituents of TSM contained 83 compounds, whereas JPT contained 84 compounds. All doses of the extracts exhibited a significant suppression (p < 0.05) of the parasite compared to the negative control in a four-day test. The maximum activities were observed at 600 mg/kg dose with 67.02% suppression for TSM and 79.34% for JPT, followed by 400 mg/kg dose (57.63% for TSM and 64.79% for JPT) and then 200 mg/kg dose (52.35% for TSM and 54.46% for JPT). In addition, there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the RBC, MCV, and MCH levels of mice receiving JPT extract compared to the uninfected control. The WBC level of mice receiving 400 and 600 mg/kg of TSM, and 200 and 400 mg/kg of JPT, was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the infected control, and the extracts did not significantly prevent the loss of platelets. For the acute toxicity test, there were no signs of toxicity or deaths in mice, and there were no differences in the histology, weight, or enzyme biochemistry of the liver and kidney between the extract and vehicle groups. However, the platelet count in the extract-treated mice was significantly higher than that in the control group. In conclusion, this study suggests that aqueous extracts of TSM and JPT have potent antimalarial activities and could be promising as new candidates for antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Chaniad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Atthaphon Konyanee
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16915, Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Rani R, Sethi K, Gupta S, Virmani N, Kumar S, Kumar R. Intracellular ROS production and apoptotic effect of quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids on the growth of Trypanosoma evansi. Acta Trop 2023; 245:106980. [PMID: 37419379 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate poses huge economic threat to the livestock industry of several countries of Asia, Africa, South America and Europe continents of the world. Limited number of available chemical drugs, incidents of growing drug resistance, and related side effects encouraged the use of herbal substitutes. In the present investigation, the impact of six alkaloids of quinoline and isoquinoline group was evaluated on the growth and multiplication of Trypanosoma evansi and their cytotoxic effect was examined on horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an in vitro system. Quinine, quinindine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, berbamine and emetine showed potent trypanocidal activities with IC50/24 h values 6.631 ± 0.244, 8.718 ± 0.081, 16.96 ± 0.816, 33.38 ± 0.653, 2.85 ± 0.065, and 3.12 ± 0.367 µM, respectively, which was comparable to the standard anti-trypanosomal drug, quinapyramine sulfate (20 µM). However, in the cytotoxicity assay, all the drugs showed dose dependent cytotoxic effect and quinine, berbamine and emetine showed selectivity index more than 5, based of ration of CC50 to IC50. Among the selected alkaloids, quinidine, berbamine and emetine exhibited higher apoptotic effects in T. evansi. Likewise, drug treated parasites showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, increased apoptosis in combination with ROS generation could be responsible for the observed trypanocidal effect which could be further evaluated in T. evansi-infected mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Rani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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Indradi RB, Muhaimin M, Barliana MI, Khatib A. Potential Plant-Based New Antiplasmodial Agent Used in Papua Island, Indonesia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091813. [PMID: 37176870 PMCID: PMC10181418 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to antimalarial medicine remains a threat to the global effort for malaria eradication. The World Health Organization recently reported that artemisinin partial resistance, which was defined as delayed parasite clearance, was detected in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Greater Mekong subregion, and in Africa, particularly in Rwanda and Uganda. Therefore, the discovery of a potential new drug is important to overcome emerging drug resistance. Natural products have played an important role in drug development over the centuries, including the development of antimalarial drugs, with most of it influenced by traditional use. Recent research on traditional medicine used as an antimalarial treatment on Papua Island, Indonesia, reported that 72 plant species have been used as traditional medicine, with Alstonia scholaris, Carica papaya, Andrographis paniculata, and Physalis minima as the most frequently used medicinal plants. This review aimed to highlight the current research status of these plants for potential novel antiplasmodial development. In conclusion, A. paniculata has the highest potential to be developed as an antiplasmodial, and its extract and known bioactive isolate andrographolide posed strong activity both in vitro and in vivo. A. scholaris and C. papaya also have the potential to be further investigated as both have good potential for their antiplasmodial activities in vivo. However, P. minima is a less studied medicinal plant; nevertheless, it opens the opportunity to explore the potential of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raden Bayu Indradi
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Herbal Study, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Muhaimin
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Herbal Study, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
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Mogaka S, Molu H, Kagasi E, Ogila K, Waihenya R, Onditi F, Ozwara H. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:71. [PMID: 36879244 PMCID: PMC9987147 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senna occidentalis (L.) Link has been used worldwide in traditional treatment of many diseases and conditions including snakebite. In Kenya, a decoction from the plant roots taken orally, is used as a cure for malaria. Several studies have demonstrated that extracts from the plant possess antiplasmodial activity, in vitro. However, the safety and curative potency of the plant root against established malaria infection is yet to be scientifically validated, in vivo. On the other hand, there are reports on variation in bioactivity of extracts obtained from this plant species, depending on the plant part used and place of origin among other factors. In this study, we demonstrated the antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis roots extract in vitro, and in mice. METHODS Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane and water extracts of S. occidentalis root were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, strain 3D7. Cytotoxicity of the most active solvent extracts was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the curative potency in Plasmodium berghei infected mice evaluated by Rane's test. RESULTS All of the solvent extracts tested in this study inhibited the propagation of P. falciparum, strain 3D7, in vitro, with polar extracts being more active than non-polar ones. Methanolic extracts had the highest activity (IC50 = 1.76) while hexane extract displayed the lowest activity (IC50 = 18.47). At the tested concentrations, methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited high selectivity index against P. falciparum strain 3D7 (SI > 10) in the cytotoxicity assay. Further, the extracts significantly suppressed the propagation of P. berghei parasites (P < 0.05) in vivo and increased the survival time of the infected mice (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits the propagation of malaria parasites in vitro and in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Mogaka
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya.
- Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Halkano Molu
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya
| | - Esther Kagasi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya
| | - Kenneth Ogila
- Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rebeccah Waihenya
- Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Faith Onditi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hastings Ozwara
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya
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Faisal S, Badshah SL, Kubra B, Emwas AH, Jaremko M. Alkaloids as potential antivirals. A comprehensive review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:4. [PMID: 36598588 PMCID: PMC9812014 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are a diverse group of natural phytochemicals. These phytochemicals in plants provide them protection against pests, and herbivorous organisms and also control their development. Numerous of these alkaloids have a variety of biological effects, and some have even been developed into medications with different medicinal properties. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the numerous naturally occurring alkaloids (isolated from both terrestrial and aquatic species) along with synthetically produced alkaloid compounds having prominent antiviral properties. Previous reviews on this subject have focused on the biological actions of both natural and synthetic alkaloids, but they have not gone into comprehensive detail about their antiviral properties. We reviewed here several antiviral alkaloids that have been described in the literature in different investigational environments i.e. (in-vivo, in-ovo, in-vitro, and in-silico), and found that these alkaloid compounds have significant antiviral properties against several infectious viruses. These alkaloids repressed and targeted various important stages of viral infection at non-toxic doses while some of the alkaloids reported here also exhibited comparable inhibitory activities to commercially used drugs. Overall, these anti-viral effects of alkaloids point to a high degree of specificity, implying that they could serve as effective and safe antiviral medicines if further pursued in medicinal and pharmacological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Syed Lal Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Bibi Kubra
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Saki E, Murthy V, Wang H, Khandanlou R, Wapling J, Weir R. Formulation and Biomedical Activity of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Combining Tinospora smilacina Water Extract and Calophyllum inophyllum Seeds Oil. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1159-1174. [PMID: 37153724 PMCID: PMC10162105 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s405427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tinospora smilacina is a native plant used in traditional medicine by First Nations peoples in Australia to treat inflammation. In our previous study, an optimised Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) nanoemulsion (NE) showed improved biomedical activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, cell viability and in vitro wound healing efficacy compared to CSO. Methods In this study, a stable NE formulation combining T. smilacina water extract (TSWE) and CSO in a nanoemulsion (CTNE) was prepared to integrate the bioactive compounds in both native plants and improve wound healing efficacy. D-optimal mixture design was used to optimise the physicochemical characteristics of the CTNE, including droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI). Cell viability and in vitro wound healing studies were done in the presence of CTNE, TSWE and CSO against a clone of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK-21 cell clone BSR-T7/5). Results The optimised CTNE had a 24 ± 5 nm particle size and 0.21± 0.02 PDI value and was stable after four weeks each at 4 °C and room temperature. According to the results, incorporating TSWE into CTNE improved its antioxidant activity, cell viability, and ability to promote wound healing. The study also revealed that TSWE has >6% higher antioxidant activity than CSO. While CTNE did not significantly impact mammalian cell viability, it exhibited wound-healing properties in the BSR cell line during in vitro testing. These findings suggest that adding TSWE may enhance CTNE's potential as a wound-healing treatment. Conclusion This is the first study demonstrating NE formulation in which two different plant extracts were used in the aqueous and oil phases with improved biomedical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Saki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Correspondence: Elnaz Saki, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia, Tel +61 42439 3238, Email
| | - Vinuthaa Murthy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Roshanak Khandanlou
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Johanna Wapling
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Antiplasmodial Properties of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Ten Herbal Traditional Recipes Used in Thailand against Plasmodium falciparum. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120417. [PMID: 36548672 PMCID: PMC9786625 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial efficacy and toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from traditional recipes used in Thailand. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ten traditional recipes were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity (parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay), cytotoxicity (MTT assay), and hemolysis). Oxidant levels were measured using cell-permeable probe 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent dye-based assays. The best candidate was chosen for testing in mouse models using 4-day suppressive and acute toxicity assays. An in vitro study showed that ethanolic extracts and three aqueous extracts exhibited antiplasmodial activity, with an IC50 in the range of 2.8-15.5 µg/mL. All extracts showed high CC50 values, except for ethanolic extracts from Benjakul, Benjalotiga, and Trikatuk in HepG2 and Benjalotiga and aqueous extract from Chan-tang-ha in a Vero cell. Based on the results of the in vitro antiplasmodial activity, an aqueous extract of Triphala was chosen for testing in mouse models. The aqueous extract of Triphala exhibited good antiplasmodial activity, was safe at an oral dose of 2 g/kg, and is a potential candidate as a new source for the development of antimalarial drugs.
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Akinyele ST, Elusiyan CA, Omisore NO, Adewunmi CO. ANTIMALARIAL activities and alkaloids from Crinum jagus (Thomps) DANDY. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115359. [PMID: 35605920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Locally, among the Yoruba speaking people of South Western, Nigeria, the bulb of Crinum jagus (CJ), known as "ogede odo" is used to treat malaria and as an anthelmintic among other uses. AIMS OF THIS STUDY Study aimed at identifying the purified active fractions and constituents of this fraction in an antiplasmodial activity-guided process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antiplasmodial activity-guided fractionation of the bulb and leaf extracts of CJ was investigated against chloroquine-sensitive (NK 65) Plasmodium berghei using 4-day suppressive and prophylactic methods. Molluscicidal activity of the extracts was assayed on adult Biomphalaria glabrata molluscs following WHO test protocols. Fractionation and purification of the active bulb extract was achieved using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to isolate its constituents. Isolated compounds were identified using different spectroscopic methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Both extracts had oral median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.). The leaf extract had 40% lethality on molluscs while the bulb extract was inactive. The chemosuppressive and prophylactic antimalarial effects of the bulb extract were 76.55 ± 2.76% and 90.49 ± 2.70% (p<0.05) respectively at 1000 mg/kg b. wt. while the reference drugs; chloroquine and pyrimethamine, had 80.26 ± 3.09% and 50.39 ± 6.80% chemosuppressive effects, respectively. Lycorine (1) and crinamine (2) were isolated from the alkaloidal fraction with 71.36 ± 12.54% antiplasmodial activity. CONCLUSION The leaf and bulb extracts of Crinum jagus displayed low molluscicidal and moderate antimalarial activities. Lycorine and crinamine were identified from the antiplasmodial alkaloidal active fraction of the bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Toluwani Akinyele
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Christianah Abimbola Elusiyan
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Nusrat Omotayo Omisore
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Clement Oladapo Adewunmi
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
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11
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Chowdhary S, Shalini, Mosnier J, Fonta I, Pradines B, Cele N, Seboletswe P, Singh P, Kumar V. Synthesis, Anti-Plasmodial Activities, and Mechanistic Insights of 4-Aminoquinoline-Triazolopyrimidine Hybrids. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1068-1076. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Chowdhary
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Nosipho Cele
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Pule Seboletswe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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12
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Patel N, Zinzuvadia A, Prajapati M, Tyagi RK, Dalai S. Swertiamarin-mediated immune modulation/adaptation confers protection against Plasmodium berghei. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:931-941. [PMID: 35704297 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Development of resistance by the malaria parasite, a systemic inflammatory and infectious pathogen, has raised the need for novel efficacious antimalarials. Plant-derived natural compounds are known to modulate the immune response and eradicate the infectious pathogens. Therefore we carried out experiments with swertiamarin to dissect its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential. Materials & methods: We carried out studies in Swiss albino mice that received infectious challenge with Plasmodium berghei and swertiamarin treatment in a prophylactic manner. Results & conclusion: Oral administration of swertiamarin prior to infectious challenge with P. berghei in experimental mice showed delayed parasite development as compared with untreated control. IFN-γ and IL-10 appeared to be adapted/modulated by regular swertiamarin treatment. Further, withdrawal of swertiamarin pressure did not affect parasite replication. However, the short half-life of swertiamarin limited its long-lasting therapeutic effect, requiring higher and frequent dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisargee Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Mitali Prajapati
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology LabCSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)Sec-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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13
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Beer LC, Petrone-Garcia VM, Graham BD, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G, Vuong CN. Histomonosis in Poultry: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:880738. [PMID: 35601402 PMCID: PMC9120919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.880738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomonas meleagridis, the etiological agent of histomonosis, is a poultry parasite primarily detrimental to turkeys. Characteristic lesions occur in the liver and ceca, with mortalities in turkey flocks often reaching 80-100%. Chickens and other gallinaceous birds can be susceptible but the disease was primarily considered sub-clinical until recent years. Treating and preventing H. meleagridis infection have become more difficult since 2015, when nitarsone was voluntarily removed from the market, leaving the poultry industry with no approved prophylactics, therapeutics, or vaccines to combat histomonosis. Phytogenic compounds evaluated for chemoprophylaxis of histomonosis have varied results with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Some recent research successes are encouraging for the pursuit of antihistomonal compounds derived from plants. Turkeys and chickens exhibit a level of resistance to re-infection when recovered from H. meleagridis infection, but no commercial vaccines are yet available, despite experimental successes. Safety and stability of live-attenuated isolates have been demonstrated; furthermore, highly efficacious protection has been conferred in experimental settings with administration of these isolates without harming performance. Taken together, these research advancements are encouraging for vaccine development, but further investigation is necessary to evaluate proper administration age, dose, and route. A summary of the published research is provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesleigh C. Beer
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Victor M. Petrone-Garcia
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico
| | - B. Danielle Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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14
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Anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Kei Apple (Dovyalis caffra) fruit. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5914. [PMID: 35396383 PMCID: PMC8990652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary plant metabolites remain one of the key sources of therapeutic agents despite the development of new approaches for the discovery of medicinal drugs. In the current study, chemical analysis, and biological activities of Kei apple (Dovyalis caffra) methanolic extract were evaluated. Chemical analysis was performed using HPLC and GC–MS. Antiviral and anticancer effect were assessed using the crystal violet technique and activity against human liver cells (HepG2), respectively. Antibacterial activity was tested with the disc diffusion method. The obtained results showed that chlorogenic acid (2107.96 ± 0.07 µg/g), catechin (168 ± 0.58 µg/g), and gallic acid (15.66 ± 0.02 µg/g) were the main bioactive compounds identified by HPLC techniques. While, compounds containing furan moieties, as well as levoglucosenone, isochiapin B, dotriacontane, 7-nonynoic acid and tert-hexadecanethiol, with different biological activities were identified by GC–MS. Additionally, inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) scavenging was 79.25% at 2000 µg/mL, indicating its antioxidant activity with IC50 of 728.20 ± 1.04 µg/mL. The tested extract exhibited potential anticancer activity (58.90% toxicity) against HepG2 cells at 1000 µg/mL. Potential bacterial inhibition was observed mainly against Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with a diameter of growth inhibition ranging from 13 to 24 mm. While weak activities were recorded for fungi Candida albicans (10 mm). The extract showed mild antiviral activity against human coronavirus 229E with a selective index (SI) of 10.4, but not against human H3N2 (SI of 0.67). The molecular docking study's energy ratings were in good promise with the experiment documents of antibacterial and antiviral activities. The findings suggest that D. caffra juice extract is a potential candidate for further experiments to assess its use as potential alternative therapeutic agent.
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15
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Million E, Mulugeta T, Umeta B. Traditional Medicine Practice and Its Role in the Management of Malaria in Jimma Town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2022. [DOI: 10.2147/idr.s339782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Ajani OO, Iyaye KT, Ademosun OT. Recent advances in chemistry and therapeutic potential of functionalized quinoline motifs – a review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18594-18614. [PMID: 35873320 PMCID: PMC9231466 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline, which consists of benzene fused with N-heterocyclic pyridine, has received considerable attention as a core template in drug design because of its broad spectrum of bioactivity. This review aims to present the recent advances in chemistry, medicinal potential and pharmacological applications of quinoline motifs to unveil their substantial efficacies for future drug development. Essential information in all the current and available literature used was accessed and retrieved using different search engines and databases, including Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google and PUBMED. Numerous derivatives of the bioactive quinolines have been harnessed via expeditious synthetic approaches, as highlighted herein. This review reveals that quinoline is an indisputable pharmacophore due to its tremendous benefits in medicinal chemistry research and other valuable areas of human endeavour. The recent in vivo and in vitro screening reported by scientists is highlighted herein, which may pave the way for novel drug development. Owing to the array of information available and highlighted herein on the medicinal potential of quinoline and its functionalized derivatives, a new window of opportunity may be opened to medicinal chemists to access more biomolecular quinolines for future drug development. Quinoline, which consists of benzene fused with N-heterocyclic pyridine, has received considerable attention as a core template in drug design because of its broad spectrum of bioactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka O. Ajani
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10, Idiroko Road, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - King T. Iyaye
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10, Idiroko Road, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olabisi T. Ademosun
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10, Idiroko Road, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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17
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Chaniad P, Phuwajaroanpong A, Techarang T, Viriyavejakul P, Chukaew A, Punsawad C. Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plant extracts from the Asteraceae and Rubiaceae families. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08848. [PMID: 35141436 PMCID: PMC8814390 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance of parasites to antimalarial drugs and the limited number of effective drugs are the greatest challenges in the treatment of malaria. It is necessary to search for an alternative medicine for use as a new, more effective antimalarial drug. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts from plants belonging to the Asteraceae and Rubiaceae families. The phytoconstituents of one hundred ten ethanolic and aqueous extracts from different parts of twenty-three plant species were analyzed. Evaluation of their antimalarial activities against the chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (K1) strain was carried out using the lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay, and their cytotoxicity in Vero cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method. A total of 40.91% of the extracts were active antimalarial agents. Three extracts (2.73%) exhibited high antiplasmodial activity (IC50 < 10 μg/ml), twenty-four extracts (21.82%) were moderately active with IC50 values ranging from 10–50 μg/ml, and eighteen extracts (16.36%) were mildly active with IC50 values ranging from 50–100 μg/ml. The ethanolic leaf extract of Mussaenda erythrophylla (Dona Trining; Rubiaceae) exhibited the highest activity against P. falciparum, with an IC50 value of 3.73 μg/ml and a selectivity index (SI) of 30.74, followed by the ethanolic leaf extract of Mussaenda philippica Dona Luz x M. flava (Dona Marmalade; Rubiaceae) and the ethanolic leaf extract of Blumea balsamifera (Camphor Tree; Asteraceae), with IC50 values of 5.94 and 9.66 μg/ml and SI values of 25.36 and >20.70, respectively. GC–MS analysis of these three plant species revealed the presence of various compounds, such as squalene, oleic acid amide, β-sitosterol, quinic acid, phytol, oleamide, α-amyrin, sakuranin, quercetin and pillion. In conclusion, the ethanolic leaf extract of M. erythrophylla, the leaf extract of M. philippica Dona Luz x M. flava and the leaf extract of B. balsamifera had strong antimalarial properties with minimal toxicity, indicating that compounds from these plant species have the potential to be developed into new antiplasmodial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.,Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.,Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Tachpon Techarang
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.,Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Arnon Chukaew
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Tani 84100, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.,Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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18
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Endo T, Nakagomi Y, Kawaguchi E, Hayakawa ESH, Vu HN, Takemae H, Shinohara Y, Yang D, Usui T, Mizutani T, Nakao Y, Furuya T. Anti-malarial activity in a Chinese herbal supplement containing Inonotus obliquus and Panax notoginseng. Parasitol Int 2021; 87:102532. [PMID: 34933121 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent human malaria parasite, causes serious diseases among the infected patients in the world and is particularly important in African regions. Although artemisinin combination therapy is recommended by the WHO for treatment of P. falciparum-malaria, the emergence of artemisinin-resistant parasites has become a serious issue which underscores the importance of sustained efforts to obtain novel chemotherapeutic agents against malaria. As a part of such efforts, thirty-nine herbal extracts from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were assayed for their anti-malarial activity using 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. Three herbal supplements appeared to possess higher specific anti-malarial activity than the others. One of them (D3) was separated by two sequential fractionations with reverse-phase (the first step) and normal-phase (the second step) liquid chromatography, in which some fractions resulted in higher specific activities than those of D3 or the previous fractions. Cell toxicity assay was performed with the fractions of the first fractionation and demonstrated no obvious cell toxicity. These results suggest that structure determination of the major compound for the anti-malarial activity in D3 may help the development of more potent chemicals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Endo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakagomi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Eri Saki H Hayakawa
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hoai Nam Vu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Viet Nam National University of Agriculture, Viet Nam
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | - Da Yang
- Iskra Industry Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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19
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Antimalarial, Antioxidant Activities and Chemoprofile of Sansevieria liberica Gerome and Labroy (Agavaceae) Leaf Extract. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021; 2021:9053262. [PMID: 34913035 PMCID: PMC8668317 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9053262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sansevieria liberica Gerome and Labroy (Agavaceae) is a religious and ornamental perennial plant with highly valued medicinal usage in Nigeria. Sansevieria liberica is used in the management of malarial fever. The ease of development of resistance to available antimalarial drugs has resulted in increased clinical failure and mortality. The study investigated the antimalarial effects of Sansevieria liberica (SL) leaf extract in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Materials and Methods The ability of SL leaf extract to suppress the growth of malaria parasites in early (suppressive) and established (curative) infections was established using animal models. The mean survival time (MST) was determined. The antioxidant potential was established using two standard in vitro models. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and phytochemical analysis methods were used to create a chemoprofile fingerprint of SL hydroethanolic leaf extract. Results At 200, 400, and 400·mg kg−1, SL produced 68.71, 70.74, and 75.09% parasite suppression in the suppressive model while the curative model gave a percentage of cure of 71.09, 72.60, and 62.09, respectively. The animals lived longer compared to both negative and positive controls but were not fully protected. The IC50 values of SL and vitamin C were calculated to be 3.599 µg mL−1 and 3.08 µg mL−1, respectively. The reducing power of vitamin C was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of SL extract. Some flavonoids were established as possible marker compounds for SL leaf extract. Discussion and Conclusions. The antimalarial assay results demonstrated that the use of SL in folk medicine may have scientific support.
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Zuccato C, Cosenza LC, Zurlo M, Lampronti I, Borgatti M, Scapoli C, Gambari R, Finotti A. Treatment of Erythroid Precursor Cells from β-Thalassemia Patients with Cinchona Alkaloids: Induction of Fetal Hemoglobin Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13433. [PMID: 34948226 PMCID: PMC8706579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemias are among the most common inherited hemoglobinopathies worldwide and are the result of autosomal mutations in the gene encoding β-globin, causing an absence or low-level production of adult hemoglobin (HbA). Induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is considered to be of key importance for the development of therapeutic protocols for β-thalassemia and novel HbF inducers need to be proposed for pre-clinical development. The main purpose on this study was to analyze Cinchona alkaloids (cinchonidine, quinidine and cinchonine) as natural HbF-inducing agents in human erythroid cells. The analytical methods employed were Reverse Transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) (for quantification of γ-globin mRNA) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (for analysis of the hemoglobin pattern). After an initial analysis using the K562 cell line as an experimental model system, showing induction of hemoglobin and γ-globin mRNA, we verified whether the two more active compounds, cinchonidine and quinidine, were able to induce HbF in erythroid progenitor cells isolated from β-thalassemia patients. The data obtained demonstrate that cinchonidine and quinidine are potent inducers of γ-globin mRNA and HbF in erythroid progenitor cells isolated from nine β-thalassemia patients. In addition, both compounds were found to synergize with the HbF inducer sirolimus for maximal production of HbF. The data obtained strongly indicate that these compounds deserve consideration in the development of pre-clinical approaches for therapeutic protocols of β-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zuccato
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Matteo Zurlo
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Section of Biology and Evolution, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology (C.I.B.), 34148 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology (C.I.B.), 34148 Trieste, Italy
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Banzragchgarav O, Batkhuu J, Myagmarsuren P, Battsetseg B, Battur B, Nishikawa Y. In Vitro Potently Active Anti-Plasmodium and Anti-Toxoplasma Mongolian Plant Extracts. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1442-1447. [PMID: 34023977 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malaria and toxoplasmosis are important public health diseases affecting millions of people and animals each year, and there is a continuing need for new and improved treatments for them. Plants have provided many opportunities for new drug leads in pharmacology. METHODS We examined 43 crude extracts from Mongolian plants for their activities against the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain and the Toxoplasma gondii RH strain using a SYBR Green-based fluorescence assay and a fluorescence-based assay, respectively. The potential toxicity of these extracts was also assessed on human foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF) using a cell viability assay. RESULTS From the initial screenings, 11 and 7 crude extracts were effective against T. gondii and P. falciparum, respectively, at 100 µg/ml concentration (≥ 80% inhibition activity). The 50% cytotoxic concentrations of the extracts were estimated on HFF cells, and their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) were calculated. According to our lead criteria (selective index, SI; value ≥ 10), six plants (Galatella dahurica leaf + flower, Leonurus deminutus leaf + flower, Oxytropis trichophysa aerial part, Schultzia crinita whole plant, Leontopodium campestre root, Spirea salicifolia aerial part) inhibited P. falciparum growth at IC50 values of 5.99-64.15 µg/ml (SI values: 10.11-17.02). Amaranthus retroflexus root was highly active against T. gondii (IC50, 19.89 µg/ml; SI value, 38). CONCLUSION This first observation of the anti-Plasmodium and anti-Toxoplasma activities of Mongolian plant extracts shows them to be interesting potential candidates for drug discovery.
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Abd-Alla HI, Souguir D, Radwan MO. Genus Sophora: a comprehensive review on secondary chemical metabolites and their biological aspects from past achievements to future perspectives. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:903-986. [PMID: 34907492 PMCID: PMC8671057 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sophora is deemed as one of the most remarkable genera of Fabaceae, and the third largest family of flowering plants. The genus Sophora comprises approximately 52 species, 19 varieties, and 7 forms that are widely distributed in Asia and mildly in Africa. Sophora species are recognized to be substantial sources of broad spectrum biopertinent secondary metabolites namely flavonoids, isoflavonoids, chalcones, chromones, pterocarpans, coumarins, benzofuran derivatives, sterols, saponins (mainly triterpene glycosides), oligostilbenes, and mainly alkaloids. Meanwhile, extracts and isolated compounds from Sophora have been identified to possess several health-promising effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antiplatelets, antipyretic, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-osteoporosis, anti-ulcerative colitis, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antidiarrheal, and insecticidal activities. Herein, the present review aims to provide comprehensive details about the phytochemicals and biological effects of Sophora species. The review spotlighted on the promising phytonutrients extracted from Sophora and their plethora of bioactivities. The review also clarifies the remaining gaps and thus qualifies and supplies a platform for further investigations of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howaida I Abd-Alla
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Giza-Dokki, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Dalila Souguir
- Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Université de Carthage, 10 Rue Hédi Karray, Manzeh IV, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Giza-Dokki, 12622, Egypt.
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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Gontijo DC, do Nascimento MFA, Rody HVS, Magalhães RA, Margalho LF, Brandão GC, de Oliveira AB. In vitro antiplasmodial activity, targeted LC-MS metabolite profiling, and identification of major natural products in the bioactive extracts of Palicourea and Psychotria species from the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest biomes, Brazil. Metabolomics 2021; 17:81. [PMID: 34480651 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A great variety of bioactive natural products has been reported for different Palicourea and Psychotria species (Rubiaceae). However, few of them as well as few of species of these botanical genera have been evaluated for antiplasmodial activity. OBJECTIVE To assess the antiplasmodial activity of 24 extracts from Palicourea and Psychotria genera, along with the targeted LC-MS metabolite profiling, as well as identification of the main metabolites in the bioactive extracts. METHODS Twenty four ethanol and acid-base extracts from Palicourea and Psychotria genera collected in the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest, Brazil, were evaluated against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain by PfLDH. The metabolite profiling and putative identification of metabolites from bioactive extracts were determined by LC-DAD-ESI-MS and LC-HRMS, respectively. RESULTS The ethanol extracts disclosed low antiplasmodial activity (% GI < 50%). High antiplasmodial effect was observed for the acid-base extracts from Psychotria apoda and Psychotria colorata with 100% inhibition of parasite growth inhibition. Fragment ions related to pyrrolidinoindoline alkaloids were observed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS mainly in the most bioactive extracts. The results of the in vitro screening associated with the LC-DAD-ESI-MS and LC-HRMSn data allowed to predict, for the first time, the pyrrolidinoindoline alkaloids as possible antiplasmodial representing, then, new potential natural antimalarial hits. In addition, other metabolite classes such as flavanones, lignans and chalcones were also putatively identified in the bioactive extracts of Psychotria apoda, Psychotria capitata, and Psychotria poeppigiana. CONCLUSION The present results point to Palicourea and Psychotria species as sources of new antimalarial hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Costa Gontijo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Alves do Nascimento
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vianna Silva Rody
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Andrade Magalhães
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro Do Cruzeiro, s/n, Ouro Prêto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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In Vivo Antimalarial Activity and Toxicity Study of Extracts of Tagetes erecta L. and Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. from the Asteraceae Family. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1270902. [PMID: 34306134 PMCID: PMC8270710 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1270902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the antimalarial effects and toxicity of the extracts of the flowers of Tagetes erecta L. and the leaves of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. in a mouse model. Methods To determine the in vivo antimalarial activity of the extracts, mice were intraperitoneally injected with the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and then administered T. erecta or S. nodiflora extract daily for 4 days. Parasitemia was observed by light microscopy. For the detection of acute toxicity, the mice received a single dose of T. erecta or S. nodiflora extract and were observed for 14 days. Biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and the histopathology of liver and kidney tissues of the acute toxicity group were then examined. Results T. erecta and S. nodiflora crude extracts at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight significantly suppressed parasitemia in malaria-infected mice by 65.65% and 62.65%, respectively. Mice treated with 400 mg/kg T. erecta and S. nodiflora crude extracts showed 50.82% and 57.67% suppression, and mice treated with 200 mg/kg displayed 26.33% and 38.57% suppression, respectively. Additionally, no symptoms of acute toxicity were observed in the T. erecta- and S. nodiflora-treated groups. Moreover, no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and no histological changes in the liver or kidney tissues were observed. Conclusions This study revealed that both T. erecta and S. nodiflora extracts have antimalarial properties in vivo with less toxic effects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of the active compounds from both plants.
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Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Latex of Aloe weloensis (Aloaceae) against Plasmodium Parasites. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6664711. [PMID: 34221087 PMCID: PMC8221875 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6664711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The lack of available vaccines and the emerging resistance to antimalarial drugs have provided the necessity to find noble antimalarial plant-based medicines. The leaf latex Aloe weloensis has been used in folk medicine against malarial and other human ailments in Ethiopia. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity of the leaf latex of A. weloensis against Plasmodium parasites. Materials and Methods The prophylactic and curative models were employed to determine the in vivo antimalarial activity of the leaf latex A. weloensis against P. berghei infected mice, and the antioxidant activity of the latex was assessed using diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) assay. Female mice were recruited for toxicity study, and the leaf latex was administered to fasted mice at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. The mice were kept under continuous observation for fourteen days for any signs of overt toxicity. Results The leaf latex of A. weloensis was safe up to 5000 mg/kg, and the latex endowed free radical inhibition activity (IC50 = 10.25 μg/ml). The latex of A. weloensis leaf demonstrated the inhibitory activity against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 = 9.14 μg/ml). The prophylactic and curative effect of the latex was found to be dose-dependent. The mice's parasitemia level was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced at all tested doses of the leaf latex compared to negative control in the curative test. Parasitemia reduction was significant (200 mg/kg, p < 0.01, and 400 and 600 mg/kg, p < 0.001) in the prophylactic test compared to the control. In addition, the leaf latex significantly (p < 0.01) improved mean survival time, packed cell volume, rectal temperature, and bodyweight of P. berghei infected mice. Conclusion The leaf latex of Aloe weloensis was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use.
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Pallaval VB, Kanithi M, Meenakshisundaram S, Jagadeesh A, Alavala M, Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Chidipi B. Chloroquine Analogs: An Overview of Natural and Synthetic Quinolines as Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1185-1193. [PMID: 33308117 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a positive single-stranded RNA enveloped coronavirus, currently poses a global health threat. Drugs with quinoline scaffolds have been studied to repurpose their useful broad-spectrum properties into treating various diseases, including viruses. Preliminary studies on the quinoline medications, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, against SARS-CoV-2, have shown to be a potential area of interest for drug development due to their ability to prevent viral entry, act as anti-inflammatory modulators, and inhibit key enzymes allowing reduced viral infectivity. In addition to Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, we discussed analogs of the drugs to understand the quinoline scaffold's potential antiviral mechanisms. The heterocyclic scaffold of quinoline can be modified in many ways, primarily through the modification of its substituents. We studied these different synthetic derivatives to understand properties that could enhance its antiviral specificity thoroughly. Chloroquine and its analogs can act on various stages of the viral life cycle, pre and post entry. In this study, we reviewed chloroquine and its synthetic and natural analogs for their antiviral properties in a variety of viruses. Furthermore, we reviewed the compound's potential abilities to attenuate symptoms associated with viral infections. Natural compounds that share scaffolding to chloroquine can act as antivirals or attenuate symptoms through the stimulation of the host immune system or reduction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, we discuss perspectives of the drug's repurposing due to its ability to inhibit the beta-hematin formation and to be a Zinc Ionophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera B Pallaval
- Department of Biotechnology, Krishna University, Machilipatnam-521003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Manasa Kanithi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | | | - Achanta Jagadeesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Mattareddy Alavala
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh 533296, India
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- Department of Chemistry, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bojjibabu Chidipi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
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Chaniad P, Mungthin M, Payaka A, Viriyavejakul P, Punsawad C. Antimalarial properties and molecular docking analysis of compounds from Dioscorea bulbifera L. as new antimalarial agent candidates. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:144. [PMID: 34006257 PMCID: PMC8132342 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At present, the emergence and spread of antimalarial drug resistance has become a significant problem worldwide. There has been a challenge in searching for natural products for the development of novel antimalarial drugs. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate compounds from Dioscorea bulbifera responsible for antimalarial properties and investigate potential interactions of the compounds with Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH), an essential glycolytic enzyme in the parasite’s life cycle. Methods An in vitro study of antimalarial activity against chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (K1 strain) and CQ-sensitive P. falciparum (3D7 strain) was performed using the 3H-hypoxanthine uptake inhibition method. The cytotoxic effects of the pure compounds were tested against Vero cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The interactions of the compounds with the PfLDH active site were additionally investigated using a molecular docking method. Results Quercetin (6) exhibited the highest antimalarial activity against the P. falciparum K1 and 3D7 strains, with IC50 values of 28.47 and 50.99 μM, respectively. 2,4,3′,5′-Tetrahydroxybibenzyl (9), 3,5-dimethoxyquercetin (4) and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (14) also possessed antimalarial effects against these two strains of P. falciparum. Most pure compounds were nontoxic against Vero cells at a concentration of 80 μg/ml, except for compound 9, which had a cytotoxic effect with a CC50 value of 16.71 μM. The molecular docking results indicated that 9 exhibited the best binding affinity to the PfLDH enzyme in terms of low binding energy (− 8.91 kcal/mol) and formed strong hydrogen bond interactions with GLY29, GLY32, THR97, GLY99, PHE100, THR101 and ASN140, amino acids as active sites. In addition, 6 also possessed remarkable binding affinity (− 8.53 kcal/mol) to PfLDH by interacting with GLY29, ILE31, ASP53, ILE54, THR97 and THR101. Conclusion Quercetin is a major active compound responsible for the antimalarial activity of D. bulbifera and is an inhibitor of PfLDH. These findings provide more evidence to support the traditional use of D. bulbifera for malaria treatment. Structural models of its interactions at the PfLDH active site are plausibly useful for the future design of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Apirak Payaka
- School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
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Kaewdana K, Chaniad P, Jariyapong P, Phuwajaroanpong A, Punsawad C. Antioxidant and antimalarial properties of Sophora exigua Craib. root extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:24. [PMID: 33741053 PMCID: PMC7980637 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sophora exigua Craib. is commonly used in Thailand to reduce fever and increase postpartum breast milk production in women who have hypogalactia. However, there has been no report on the antioxidant and antimalarial properties of this plant. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antimalarial activities of S. exigua root extract and to evaluate its acute toxicity in mice to confirm its safety. Methods The in vitro antioxidant activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. The in vivo antioxidant activities were determined by detecting the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the livers of malaria-infected mice. The in vivo antimalarial activity was determined by Peters’ 4-day suppressive test in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and orally administered S. exigua root aqueous and ethanolic extracts at different doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight). In addition, the acute oral toxicity of the plant extracts was assessed in mice at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Results The ethanolic extract of S. exigua root exhibited inhibition of DPPH radicals, superoxide anions, and hydroxyl radicals, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 24.63 ± 1.78, 129.78 ± 0.65, and 30.58 ± 1.19 μg/ml, respectively. Similarly, research on the in vivo antioxidant activity indicated that the ethanolic extract of S. exigua root exerted a stronger effect than the aqueous extract. The aqueous extract at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg had stronger antimalarial activity than the ethanolic extract. The aqueous extract at 600 mg/kg exhibited 60.46% suppression of parasitemia. Increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected in the mice treated with 2000 mg/kg ethanolic extract, which was related to the results of histopathological analysis of liver tissue, showing ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, diffuse hepatic hemorrhage, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the ethanolic S. exigua root extract possessed antioxidant properties, and the aqueous extract also had antimalarial activity. Therefore, this plant is an alternative source of new antioxidant and antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantarakorn Kaewdana
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Chaniad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Pitchanee Jariyapong
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
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Plant Allelochemicals as Sources of Insecticides. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030189. [PMID: 33668349 PMCID: PMC7996276 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the role of plant-derived biochemicals that are toxic to insect pests. Biotic stress in plants caused by insect pests is one of the most significant problems, leading to yield losses. Synthetic pesticides still play a significant role in crop protection. However, the environmental side effects and health issues caused by the overuse or inappropriate application of synthetic pesticides forced authorities to ban some problematic ones. Consequently, there is a strong necessity for novel and alternative insect pest control methods. An interesting source of ecological pesticides are biocidal compounds, naturally occurring in plants as allelochemicals (secondary metabolites), helping plants to resist, tolerate or compensate the stress caused by insect pests. The abovementioned bioactive natural products are the first line of defense in plants against insect herbivores. The large group of secondary plant metabolites, including alkaloids, saponins, phenols and terpenes, are the most promising compounds in the management of insect pests. Secondary metabolites offer sustainable pest control, therefore we can conclude that certain plant species provide numerous promising possibilities for discovering novel and ecologically friendly methods for the control of numerous insect pests.
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Noto F, Recuero S, Valencia J, Saporito B, Robbe D, Bonet S, Carluccio A, Yeste M. Inhibition of Potassium Channels Affects the Ability of Pig Spermatozoa to Elicit Capacitation and Trigger the Acrosome Exocytosis Induced by Progesterone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041992. [PMID: 33671466 PMCID: PMC7922121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During capacitation, sperm undergo a myriad of changes, including remodeling of plasma membrane, modification of sperm motility and kinematic parameters, membrane hyperpolarization, increase in intracellular calcium levels, and tyrosine phosphorylation of certain sperm proteins. While potassium channels have been reported to be crucial for capacitation of mouse and human sperm, their role in pigs has not been investigated. With this purpose, sperm samples from 15 boars were incubated in capacitation medium for 300 min with quinine, a general blocker of potassium channels (including voltage-gated potassium channels, calcium-activated potassium channels, and tandem pore domain potassium channels), and paxilline (PAX), a specific inhibitor of calcium-activated potassium channels. In all samples, acrosome exocytosis was induced after 240 min of incubation with progesterone. Plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, membrane lipid disorder, intracellular calcium levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and total and progressive sperm motility were evaluated after 0, 120, and 240 min of incubation, and after 5, 30, and 60 min of progesterone addition. Although blocking potassium channels with quinine and PAX prevented sperm to elicit in vitro capacitation by impairing motility and mitochondrial function, as well as reducing intracellular calcium levels, the extent of that inhibition was larger with quinine than with PAX. Therefore, while our data support that calcium-activated potassium channels are essential for sperm capacitation in pigs, they also suggest that other potassium channels, such as the voltage-gated, tandem pore domain, and mitochondrial ATP-regulated ones, are involved in that process. Thus, further research is needed to elucidate the specific functions of these channels and the mechanisms underlying its regulation during sperm capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Noto
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain; (F.N.); (S.R.); (S.B.)
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, IT-64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.S.); (D.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Sandra Recuero
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain; (F.N.); (S.R.); (S.B.)
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Julián Valencia
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain;
- University Antonio Nariño, Calle 53 #9-35, Popayán CO-190002, Colombia
| | - Beatrice Saporito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, IT-64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.S.); (D.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Domenico Robbe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, IT-64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.S.); (D.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Sergi Bonet
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain; (F.N.); (S.R.); (S.B.)
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Augusto Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, IT-64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.S.); (D.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain; (F.N.); (S.R.); (S.B.)
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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The use of antimalarial plants as traditional treatment in Papua Island, Indonesia. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05562. [PMID: 33344788 PMCID: PMC7736719 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The residents of the Eastern part of Indonesia, specifically, Papua and West Papua provinces, are dependent on traditional medicines with the use of plants, which includes treating malaria. However, there are limited information on the diversity of medicinal plants in Papua Island. Hence, the Indonesian Ministry of Health put together a database of all the natural plant-based raw materials in Indonesia, to address part of the issues encountered as a result of the limited information on the diversity of plants. Based on this background, the aim of the research was to analyze the information on medicinal plants used by the traditional healers in Papua Island based on the results of research on medicinal plants and Jamu (RISTOJA), especially in treating malaria. Data were obtained through ethnomedicine research conducted in 2012 and 2017 involving 54 ethnicities in Papua. Based on the results, 72 species of medicinal plants from 67 genera and 40 families were used traditionally in treating malaria on Papua Island. The most common medicinal plants used as traditional antimalarial concoction are Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Carica papaya L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, and Physalis minima L. Similar to other ethnobotany research, the leaves were the most used plant parts in preparing the various traditional concoctions.
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Pontes KAO, Silva LS, Santos EC, Pinheiro AS, Teixeira DE, Peruchetti DB, Silva-Aguiar RP, Wendt CHC, Miranda KR, Coelho-de-Souza AN, Leal-Cardoso JH, Caruso-Neves C, Pinheiro AAS. Eugenol disrupts Plasmodium falciparum intracellular development during the erythrocytic cycle and protects against cerebral malaria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129813. [PMID: 33321150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a parasitic disease that compromises the human host. Currently, control of the Plasmodium falciparum burden is centered on artemisinin-based combination therapies. However, decreased sensitivity to artemisinin and derivatives has been reported, therefore it is important to identify new therapeutic strategies. METHOD We used human erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum and experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) animal model to assess the potential antimalarial effect of eugenol, a component of clove bud essential oil. RESULTS Plasmodium falciparum cultures treated with increasing concentrations of eugenol reduced parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 of 532.42 ± 29.55 μM. This effect seems to be irreversible and maintained even in the presence of high parasitemia. The prominent effect of eugenol was detected in the evolution from schizont to ring forms, inducing important morphological changes, indicating a disruption in the development of the erythrocytic cycle. Aberrant structural modification was observed by electron microscopy, showing the separation of the two nuclear membrane leaflets as well as other subcellular membranes, such as from the digestive vacuole. Importantly, in vivo studies using ECM revealed a reduction in blood parasitemia and cerebral edema when mice were treated for 6 consecutive days upon infection. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a potential effect of eugenol against Plasmodium sp. with an impact on cerebral malaria. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide a rational basis for the use of eugenol in therapeutic strategies to the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesley A O Pontes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edgleyson C Santos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Teixeira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Peruchetti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Silva-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila H C Wendt
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kildare R Miranda
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem /CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTIC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-Regenera, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTIC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health - NanoSAUDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health - NanoSAUDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ibrahim ZY, Uzairu A, Shallangwa G, Abechi S. In-silico Design of Aryl and Aralkyl Amine-Based Triazolopyrimidine Derivatives with Enhanced Activity Against Resistant Plasmodium falciparum. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA blend of genetic algorithm with multiple linear regression (GA-MLR) method was utilized in generating a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model on the antimalarial activity of aryl and aralkyl amine-based triazolopyrimidine derivatives. The structures of derivatives were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) DFT/B3LYP/6–31 + G* basis set to generate their molecular descriptors, where two (2) predictive models were developed with the aid of these descriptors. The model with an excellent statistical parameters; high coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.8884, cross-validated R2 (Q2cv) = 0.8317 and highest external validated R2 (R2pred) = 0.7019 was selected as the best model. The model generated was validated through internal (leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation), external test set, and Y-randomization test. These parameters are indicators of robustness, excellent prediction, and validity of the selected model. The most relevant descriptor to the antimalarial activity in the model was found to be GATS6p (Geary autocorrelation—lag 6/weighted by polarizabilities), in the model due to its highest mean effect. The descriptor (GATS6p) was significant in the in-silico design of sixteen (16) derivatives of aryl and aralkyl amine-based triazolopyrimidine adopting compound DSM191 with the highest activity (pEC50 = 7.1805) as the design template. The design compound D8 was found to be the most active compound due to its superior hypothetical activity (pEC50 = 8.9545).
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Doshi K, Pandya N, Datt M. In silico assessment of natural products and approved drugs as potential inhibitory scaffolds targeting aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Plasmodium. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:470. [PMID: 33088666 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains the leading cause of deaths globally, despite significant advancement towards understanding its epidemiology and availability of multiple therapeutic interventions. Poor efficacy of the approved vaccine, and the rapid emergence of antimalarial drug resistance, warrants an urgent need to expedite the process of development of new lead molecules targeting malaria. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes crucial for ribosomal protein synthesis and are valid antimalarial targets. This study explores the prospects of (re-)positioning the repertoire of approved drugs and natural products as potential malarial aaRS inhibitors. Molecular docking of these two sets of small-molecules to lysyl-, prolyl-, and tyrosyl- synthetases from Plasmodium followed by a comparison of the top-ranking docked compounds against human homologs facilitated identification of promising molecular scaffolds. Raltitrexed and Cefprozil, an anticancer drug and an antibiotic, respectively, showed stronger binding to Plasmodium aaRSs compared to human homologs with > 4 kcal/mol difference in the docking scores. Similarly, a difference of ~ 3 kcal/mol in Glide scores was observed for docked Calcipotriol, a drug used for psoriasis treatment, against the two lysyl-tRNA synthetases. Natural products such as Dihydroxanthohumol and Betmidin, having aromatic rings as a substructure, showed preferential docking to the purine binding pocket in Plasmodium tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase as evident from the calculated change in binding free energies. We present detailed analyses of the calculated intermolecular interaction for all top-scoring docked poses. Overall, this study provides a compelling foundation to design and develop specific antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Doshi
- Biological and Life Sciences Division, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Niyati Pandya
- Biological and Life Sciences Division, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Manish Datt
- Biological and Life Sciences Division, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
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Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100664. [PMID: 33092236 PMCID: PMC7590051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt to utilise toxic secondary metabolites. The ability of rumen microorganisms to metabolise these toxins has been used as a basis for the development of preventative probiotics to confer resistance against the poisoning to naïve ruminants. In this review, detoxification of various toxins, which include plant toxins, cyanobacteria toxins and plant-associated fungal mycotoxins, by rumen microorganisms is discussed. The review will include clinical studies of the animal poisoning caused by these toxins, the toxin mechanism of action, toxin degradation by rumen microorganisms, reported and hypothesised detoxification mechanisms and identified toxin metabolites with their toxicity compared to their parent toxin. This review highlights the commercial potential of rumen inoculum derived probiotics as viable means of improving ruminant health and production.
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